LESSON 9: Spiritual Self  evidence of this is the Manunungul Jar where

theremains of the dead were kept.

Religion is a cultural system of commonly  The memories of the dead are remained
sharedbeliefs and rituals that provide a sense of through carving their imageusing gold and
ultimate meaning bycreating an idea of reality stone. This is called:
that is sacred, all encompassing
andsupernatural.  “larawan” or “likha” in Tagalog
 “diwata” in Bisaya
 religion is a form of culture-shares all  “bul-ol” in Ifugao
characteristics of culture such as shared beliefs,
values that create anidentity  Early Filipinos practiced polytheism, a belief in
 religion involves beliefs that take the form of many gods, which was brought by the early
ritualizedpractices - all members engage in Chinese and Indian merchants. Some of their
behaviors that identifythem as members of the gods are:
community; and
 religion provides a sense of purpose feeling that  Bathala, (the Almighty God)
life isultimately meaningful.  Agni (god of fire)
 Religion came from the Latin word religio  Mandarangan (god of war)
means torespect or care for.  Sidapa (god of death)
 According to Santrock (2014), religion is an  Lalahon (god of harvest)
organizedset of beliefs, practices, rituals and  Siginarugan (god of hell)
symbols thatincreases an individual’sconnection These beliefs are passed orally to the next
to a sacred ortranscendent other (God, higher generation.
power, ultimate truth).
 Monotheism was introduced by Spaniards, a
 Philippines is the only Christian country in belief in onlyGod, which has three personas,
theSouth East Asia. Filipinos show their God the Father, God the Son,and God the Holy
religiositythrough participating on different Spirit.
religious practices such as baptism, fiestas,
“sinakulo,”prayer, fellowship, communion, and  According to the Holy Bible, they already
other activitiesrelated to church. existed before thecreation of the world.

 Before the Spanish colonization,  According to Daskeo (2012), many Filipinos still
Filipinosbelieved in animism, a belief that all spice their life with superstitious beliefs that
objects havespirits. They also believed in they strongly believe could help them cope with
supernatural being. day to day activities especially most important
events in life such as marriage, finding a job,
 According to McClenon (1991), the concept of and moving to a new house.
supernatural has been shaped by the Western
notion of nature and causality and it is culturally  These superstition beliefs are passed by the
specific. early ancestors orally and still practiced by
some of the Filipinos in recent times.
 They also praised the spirit of their
ancestors,which is called “cult of the dead.”  With the influence of Americans and science,
the numbers of Filipinos following superstitious
 They believed on the immortality of the soul. An beliefs were diminished.
 One of the influences of American colonization
is the introduction of science in the day to day
lives of Filipinos especially on health and  Function of Rituals:
sanitation.
 to enhance and maintain the balance
 Their influence taught the Filipinos that between man and
believing in superstitious beliefs may be  nature;
detrimental to health.  have a good harvest;
 ask for the guidance and protection
 Kaluluwa, Ikararuwa or kararuwa (duwa) which from their
means two. The soul has two parts – one is the  ancestors and unseen forces;
physical part, where it is connected to the body  to heal the sick;
and its life, and other spiritual, where it exists  to bring good luck; and
on its own.  to conceive.

 For Ibanags, the soul is the principle of life in  Religiousness is the degree by which one is
man. Body is the matter; soul is the form. As affiliate with an organized religion in terms of
long as the body and soul are one unit, man is the person’s participation in the prescribed
alive. rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs
and involvement with its community of
 The Dungan may leave the body voluntarily believers.
while the person is asleep according to
BIsayans. Among the ancient Filipinos, when the  Spirituality, on the other hand, involves
person is asleep they should not be awakened experiencing something beyond oneself in a
quickly in order to give ample time for the transcendent manner and living in a way that
Dungan to return to the body. benefits others and society. It could be related
to a search for the sacred.
 While the Dungan is travelling outside of the
body it should be free from accidents because  Spiritual Identity is the persistent sense of
there is a possibility that it might be trapped in self that addresses ultimate questions
a jar or be poured out with liquid from a vessel. aboutnthe nature, purpose and meaning
oflife.
 When the soul has safety returned home to the  The definition of a sense of spiritual identity
body of its owner, they could then be focuses on the individual construction of
awakened. arelationship to the sacred and ultimate
meaning.
 Rituals is a sequence of activities involving  The term “sacred” may signify aperson, an
gestures, words, actions, or revered objects. object, a principle, or aconcept that
Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions of a transcends the self.The sacred can include a
community, including a religious community. divine being or a divine object that is “set
apart” and considered as holy or beyond
 Dance and chants are a very essential part of ordinary.
their ritual.
 It represents the distillation of collective
memory, affect,
religious piety, humility, and purity of intention.
 Magic is the power apparently influencing the LESSON 10: POLITICAL SELF
course of events by using mysterious or
supernatural forces.  POLITICAL SELF
 Politics refers to the actions or activities
 Balang is the Filipino term for a sorcerer. It is concerned with achieving and using power in a
used to describe malignant sorcery or familiar nation or society.
spirits (usually a swarm of destructive insects,
specially carnivorous beetles).  It is also defined as the ways that power is
shared in an organization and the ways it is
 Mambabarang is a person who practices this affected by personal relationships between
specific type of sorcery or witchcraft. Binarang people who work together.
is the target (usually a person) of sorcery
orwitchcraft.  According to Aristotle: “Man is, by
nature, a political animal.”
 Kulam is the Tagalog word for “voodoo” or
“witchcraft”.  This is because man is a social being and
A mangkukulam is a person who uses black that people naturally drawn to
magic or spells on a victim. After the spell is variouspolitical involvements in order to
cast, the victim will experience a form of illness satisfy their social needs.
which cannot be cured by modern medicine, Politics as imbibed by man implies several
misfortunes to himself and loved ones, inability things:
to concentrate, lack of sleep, loss of appetite,
freak accidents, and other unexplained events. 1. Politics is concerned with power. Power
inequalities can be observed within societies.
 Albulario/mananambal is a Filipino practitioner The one who holds power holds influence.
of traditional medicine (a Filipino doctor); they
also a medicine man who is also capable of 2. Politics functions based on a particular social
performing sorcery. economic and cultural context. The nature of
politics and political systems is dependent on
 According to Frankl, everybody can discover the the culture of the state. Political claims made by
meaning in their life in three different ways: advocates are influenced by their geographical
location and ideology.
 By creating a work or doing a deed.
3. The political is also personal. One’s personal
 By experiencing something orencountering choices reflect his/her personal politics; both
someone areindistinguishable.

 By the attitude we take towardunavoidable 4. Politics goes hand in hand with the society.
suffering and that everything can be taken from Politics pervades the structure of society, and
a man but one thing: the last of the human thus influences inhabitants in their beliefs,
freedoms—to choose one's attitude in any ethics, and behavior.
given set of circumstances
ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP
 Active citizenship refers to the structured forms
of engagement with political processes and
everyday forms of participation in society.
 It is also defined as the process of sharing
decisions which affect one’s life and the life of a
community in which one lives.

 Participation is the fundamental right of

citizenship.

 Active citizenship is anchored on one’s

cognitive and behavioral engagement to
participate in formal and informal political
activities.

 Active citizenship is a practice of

democracy.

 Active citizenship is a social construct.

 The most important goal of active

citizenship is to instill change and influence
society at large.

 Active citizenship is also associated with the

“sense of community.”

 Active citizenship can contribute to their social

development.

 Active citizenship will enhance the efficacy and

competence of the younger generation.

 The participation of the youth in nation-building

activities enhances their value orientation and
fosters integrity, compassion, and the sense of
justice, which are crucial to the holistic
development of a citizen of a nation.

 The political self is a result of various personal

and environmental factors that impact the
individual.

 “The man who standsup is greater than the

one who hasn't fallen” - Concepción Arenal
 CHAPTER 12 A: LEARNING TO BE A BETTER
STUDENT  In fact, as information races across billions
of neurons’ axons, which transmit signals to
 Learning is simply what the brain does. the next neuron via synapse, some
 Learning is a physical process in which new degradation is common. That’s why many
knowledge is represented by new brain cell of our memories are incomplete or include
connections. false portions that we make up to fill holes
 Neuroscience research (neuroimaging and in the real memory.
neuro-electric) observes how the brain
responds during learning. o  Researchers found that when two neurons
 These technologies provide visible frequently interact, they form a bond that
representations of the brain's response to allows them to transmit more easily and
instructional practices, accurately.
 Brain is an enormous network of neurons.
 It “listens” for electrical and chemical  When learning new things, memory and
signals from other neurons and fires its own recall are strengthened by frequency and
signal, an action potential, when it receives recency. The more we practice and
enough input from the neurons that rehearse something new and the more
connect to it. recently we have practiced, the easier it is
 The action potential gets “heard” by other for our brain to transmit these experiences
neurons and influences their firing as well. efficiently and store them for ready access
Put together billions and billions of these later. This process is called fluency.
neurons into a network; wire up some of
the inputs to senses like vision, touch, and
hearing; wire up some of the outputs to
muscles... and you get an amazingly
complex system capable of thought, METACOGNITION
learning, memory, and emotion. John H. Flavell (1979)
So how does learning happen? Metacognition as “thinking about your own
thinking.”
 Through a network of neurons, sensory
information is transmitted by synapses along Cognition means thinking
the neural pathway and stored temporarily in Meta means beyond
short-term memory─a volatile region of the (so the phrase means beyond thinking.)
brain that acts like a receiving center for the
flood of sensory information we encounter in Metacognition is a higher order thinking which
our daily lives. control the cognitive process involved in
thelearning process.
 Once processed in short-term memory, our
brain’s neural pathways carry these memories Metacognitive Knowledge It is a learner’s
to the structural core, where they are compared awareness of one’s ability to understand and
with existing memories and stored in our long- learn concepts, and knowledge about one’s
term memory, the vast repository of everything learning strategies.
we have ever experienced in our lives. 1. Declarative knowledge (person knowledge)
is the understanding of ones capacities. It is
 This process occurs in an instant, but it is not one’s subjective assessment.
always perfect.
2. Procedural knowledge (task knowledge) it is • The student matches the result of their
the person’s awareness of one’s knowledge and performance to their objectives.
assessment whether a task is easy or difficult.
3. Strategy knowledge (conditional knowledge) Phase 1: Forethought
is the person’s ability to use strategies to • When is the best time for me to get the task
acquire information, learn new skills or done?
understand concepts. It also refers to one’s • Where is the best place to complete the task?
ability to cope or adapt other strategies to • How will I start?
different situations.
Phase 2: Performance Control
Metacognitive Study Skills and Strategies • Am I following the plan correctly?
1. Listening to your own thoughts by speaking • Am I focused or not?
clearly. • What strategies can I use to help me keep
2. Self-monitoring. Observing and evaluating working?
one’s behavior or performance on specific task.
3. Reflection. Think deeply about what is being Phase 3: Self-Reflection
learned. • Did I meet the goal?
4. Awareness of rubrics. Identify basis for • Which condition distracted me or helped me
evaluation which aids in planning and decision succeed?
making. • Which strategies are most effective?
5. Self-tests.
6. Observing overt teacher demonstration and CHAPTER 12 B: GOAL SETTING FOR SUCCESS
modeling.
7. Comprehension. Knowing the meaning of the A GOAL is the desired outcome anticipated by a
text being read or concept being learned. person or organization.
8. Rehearsing. Repeatedly doing a skill or
acquiring information and adapting strategies It may be a long term vision or a short term
to ensure better performance or retention. outcome which can be achieved through careful
9. Knowing one’s limits. Awareness of one’s planning, execution and evaluation.
mental and physical capacities for specific task.
Locke (1969) said that working toward a goal is
MANAGING YOUR OWN LEARNING: also a major source of motivation and improves
SELF-REGULATED LEARNING performance and that clear goals and
appropriate feedback motivates a person.
Self-Regulated Learning Model Locke (2002) claimed that a person’s uppermost
- pioneered by Barry Zimmerman, self- moral goal is the attainment of one's own
regulation is composed of three phases: happiness and even coined the phrase 'pursuit
1. Forethought. of happiness’.
The self-regulated student expects and
prepares for the approaching learning task. Short term goals
2. Performance control.  Take anywhere from a few days to a
• The student organizes and performs the year complete
procedures while learning.  Are less ambitious
• This consists of self-talk and self-monitoring to  More specific, less flexible
make the most of the learning opportunity. Long term goals
3. Self-reflection.  Take several years to achieve
• The self-regulated student reflects at the end  Are more ambitious
of the learning task.  Are more flexible
Goal-setting theory refers to the effects of
setting goals on subsequent performance.

Edwin Locke found that individuals who set

specific, difficult goals performed better
than those who set general, easy goals.