GCSE Geog B Paper 1 Specimen Paper

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Pearson Edexcel
Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1)
Geography B
Paper 1: Global Geographical Issues
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S52148A
©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.
*S52148A0121*
1/1
SECTION A
Hazardous Earth
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Study Figure 1a which shows four locations in the African continent
30° N
N
Tropic of
Cancer W
15° N
Y
0° N Equator
Z
15° S
Tropic of
Capricorn
30° S
0 800 km
Figure 1a
2
*S52148A0221*
(a) (i) Identify which one of the following is the location of an arid area.
(1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z
(ii) Identify which one of the following statements describes the movement of air
in a Hadley Cell?
(1)
A Warm air rises at the tropics.

B Warm air rises at the Equator.
C Cool air rises at the tropics.
D Cool air rises at the Equator.
(iii) Explain one role of ocean currents.

(2)
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*S52148A0321* Turn over
(b) Food prices can be influenced by changes in climate.
Study Figure 1b, which shows the changing global price of sugar and meat from
1990 to 2015.
400
350
300
Price in $ per tonne
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Sugar Price Index Meat Price Index
Figure 1b
(i) Compare the changes in the price of meat and sugar between 1990 and 2015.
(2)
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(ii) Explain one reason why climate change might affect the price of food.
(2)
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*S52148A0421*
(c) Tropical cyclones can cause coastal flooding.
(i) Identify the most useful source of information to help predict the spatial
extent of a tropical cyclone event.
(1)
A Storm surge data

B Social Media
C Satellite images
D Socio-economic data
(ii) Identify the two skills most frequently used by countries to prepare for
tropical cyclones.
(2)
A GIS
B Line graphs
C Cost-benefit analysis
D Flow-line map
E Geological cross-sections
5
Study Figure 1c, which shows areas at risk from flooding in Manhattan,
New York (USA).
Where Manhattan is at Risk of Flooding
Subway tunnels
unlikely to be flooded
Underground railway
stations at risk
from flooding
Hudson River
Subway tunnels that could
be flooded
N
Areas that could be
flooded if water rises by:
0 500m
3 6 9 12 ft.
Figure 1c
6
*S52148A0621*
(iii) Suggest two reasons why some areas of Manhattan are more vulnerable to
coastal flooding than others.
(4)
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(iv) Explain two ways a map like Figure 1c is useful when countries prepare for a
tropical storm.
(4)
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(d) Explain one cause for the movement of tectonic plates.

(3)
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7
(e) Using named countries, evaluate whether the impacts of tectonic hazards on
emerging or developing countries are greater than those in developed countries
Named emerging or developing country ...........................................................................................................................
Named developed country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................................................................................

(8)
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(Total for Question 1 = 30 marks)
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 30 MARKS
8
*S52148A0821*
SECTION B
Development Dynamics
Spelling, punctuation, grammar and use of specialist terminology will be assessed in 2 (f).
2 (a) (i) Rostow’s modernisation theory is a series of stages of development.
Identify which stage is characterised by rapid growth of the secondary sector?
(1)
A Age of mass consumption

B Drive to maturity
C Take off
D Traditional society
(ii) State one feature of colonialism.

(1)
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(b) Explain one advantage of top-down development strategies.

(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
(c) Analyse Figure 2a, which shows information about the development of air
transport infrastructure in three countries.
Airport sizes
World’s busiest airports
by area
Beijing Capital Jakarta London Heathrow
Existing runway (China) (Indonesia) (UK)
Planned runway 24.7 km2 18.0 km2 12.3 km2
0 5km
One or more terminals

New or planned terminals
Number of 83.7m 60.1m 72.4m

passengers, 2013
(million) Emerging countries
Figure 2a
(i) Calculate the difference between the number of passengers using Beijing
Capital and London Heathrow.
(1)
...................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain how the transport developments shown in Figure 2a may have
helped cause rapid economic change in emerging countries.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*S52148A01021*
(d) Study Figure 2b which shows the fertility rate for different states in India.
State Fertility rate 2013

West Bengal 1.60
Punjab 1.70
Tamil Nadu 1.70
Delhi 1.70
Kerala 1.80
Andhra Pradesh 1.80
Gujarat 2.30
Assam 2.30
Rajasthan 2.80
Uttar Pradesh 3.10
Bihar 3.40
Figure 2b
(i) Calculate the mean fertility rate.
(2)
...................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Describe what the data in Figure 2b indicates about population growth
in India.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
(iii) Explain how the economic growth in an emerging country such as India could
lead to demographic change.
(4)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*S52148A01221*
(e) Study Figure 2c which shows the contribution to Turkey’s Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) from different sectors of the economy from 2002 to 2013.
Contribution to Turkey's GDP
Contribution tobyTurkey’s GDP
different by different
economic economic
sector sector
in 2002 to 2013in 2002 to 2013
Agriculture
Manufacturing 23.3%
27%
Retail
14.3%
Finance
18.3%
Communications
17.1%
Figure 2c
(i) Identify which economic sector made the largest contribution to
Turkey’s GDP?
(1)
A Primary
B Secondary
C Tertiary
D Quaternary
(ii) Describe a data presentation technique to show the change in Turkey’s

economic sectors over time.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
(iii) Explain one way in which outsourcing affects economic development in an
emerging country.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*S52148A01421*
In this question, 4 additional marks will be awarded for your spelling,
punctuation and grammar, and for your use of specialist terminology.
*(f ) For a named emerging country, assess how far its development has been
influenced by its location.
(8)
Named emerging country: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Total marks for spelling, punctuation and grammar = 4 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 34 MARKS
15
SECTION C
Challenges of an Urbanising World
3 (a) Identify which one of the following continents has the most megacities.
(1)
A Asia
B Africa
C Europe
D North America
(b) (i) Define what is meant by the term urban primacy.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain one challenge of rapid population growth for people in megacities.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*S52148A01621*
(c) Study Figure 3, a satellite image showing different land use types in Belfast.
M2 motorway Belfast Harbour Belfast City Airport
X Titanic Quarter: regeneration Y

on a brownfield site
(Source: Map data ©2016 Google Imagery ©2016,

DigitalGlobe, Infoterra Ltd & Bluesky, Landsat)
Figure 3
(i) Identify the land use found at locations X and Y by completing the table using
the list below.
(2)
A Residential
Location Land use
B Motorway
X
C Industrial ..................................
D Farmland Y ..................................
E Recreational
(ii) State one factor that influences land-use in an urban area.

(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
(iii) Describe the pattern of transport infrastructure in Belfast shown in Figure 3.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iv) Suggest how the land use in Belfast (Figure 3) may encourage migration at a
national and international scale.
(4)
National
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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International
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18
*S52148A01821*
(d) (i) For a named megacity in a developing or emerging country, state one way
that site and one way that situation are significant in a national context.
(2)
Named megacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................
Site
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Situation
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(ii) For the megacity named in (d)(i), explain the building age in the
urban-rural fringe.
(2)
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(iii) For the megacity named in (d)(i), explain two opportunities for people living
there as a result of its rapid growth.
(4)
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19
(e) Assess whether economic development always leads to urban growth.
(8)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 30 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 94 MARKS
20
*S52148A02021*
BLANK PAGE
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright
material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such
rectifications in future editions.
21
*S52148A02121*
Paper 1 Mark scheme
Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) A (1)

1(a)(ii) B (1)

1(a)(iii) Award 1 mark for identifying a role (1) and a further mark for
development or exemplification (1)
 Movement / redistribution of heat energy (1) to regulate

uneven global temperatures / high temperatures at the
equator / moderate colder temperatures away from the
Equator (UK / North Atlantic Drift) (1)
 Counteract extreme temperatures at the equator (1) due to
uneven distribution of solar radiation at the Earth’s surface
(1)
Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

1(b)(i) Award 1 mark for each comparative statement (1)
eg. Sugar is generally more expensive/higher priced than meat

(1)
 The prices of both rose after 2004 (1)
 Between 1990 and 2004, the changes in price for meat and
sugar were similar (1)
 Between 2007 and 2011 the price of sugar rose much faster
than the price of meat. (1)
 Between 2011 and 2014 the price of sugar fell whilst the
price of meat continue to rise (1)
 Sugar shows more changes and fluctuations than meat / has
a bigger range of prices than meat (1)
Accept any other appropriate response.

Do not double credit mirrored answers. (2)
1(b)(ii) Award 1 mark for identifying one feature of climate change
linked to crop change, and a further mark for explaining why this
affect the food price, up to a maximum of 2 marks:
 Lower rainfall causes drought (1) so less successful harvest

limits supply of food / pushes up price of food (1)
 Higher temperatures destroy some crops (1) limiting supply
of food (1)
 Higher temperatures also improve growing conditions in
some regions (1) increasing supply of food / lowering prices,
e.g. grapes in Southern England
 Extreme weather events wipe out food harvest (1) limiting
food exports and supply (1)
1(c)(i) C (1)

1(c)(ii) A
C (2)

1(c)(iii) Award 1 mark for each correctly identified physical or human
feature of Manhattan, and a further mark for a justification of
how that might cause increased vulnerability, up to a maximum
two marks each:
 Lower-lying land along the coast / Manhattan waterfront (1)

is more exposed to the ocean / funnelling of water into New
York harbour / associated storm surges (1)
 Higher concentration of infrastructure in southern Manhattan
/ many underground railways below sea level so flood easily
(1) damage stops commuters getting to work / takes longer
to repair and return to service / financial cost of high-value
repairs (1)
 Higher density of people in some areas (1) puts higher
pressure on emergency services / infrastructure on the water
front to remain operational (1)

1(c)(iv) Award 1 mark for each correctly identified feature of the figure
and 1 mark for a reason / justification why this feature is useful
for preparation, up to a maximum of 2 marks each:
 Shows affected subways that might be closed (1) encourages

commuters to consider alternative plans for getting to work /
evacuate from areas that are likely to be cut off (1)
 Shows low-lying areas that might be flooded (1) might
encourage funding to be allocated for storm surge defences
 Shows threat to vulnerable and high value infrastructure (1)
so planning permission might not be given (1)

1(d) Award 1 mark for identifying one way plates move and a further
2 marks for explanation up to a maximum of 3 marks
 Convection cells in the Earth’s mantle (1), initiated by the

heat / created by the breakdown of radioactive isotopes in
the core (1) causes hot upflowing rock weakens the
lithosphere resulting in rifting / sea floor spreading (1)
 At convergent boundaries, gravity (1) causes denser oceanic

crust to subduct (1), dragging the rest of the tectonic plate
down (1)
Question Indicative content
1(e) AO2 (4 marks)/AO3 (4 marks)
AO2 (4 marks)
 Impact are worse because of high vulnerability – e.g. population or
building density on either low-lying land (tsunami) or hill-slope
locations.
 Impacts can also be economic, e.g. damage to high value buildings
particularly in developed countries, loss of economic earnings.
 Impacts can be worse because of low capacity to cope – e.g. lack of
medical care, awareness of who is affected, lack of communication
limits effectiveness, lack of government planning or legislation over
building design
 Countries may or may not be on or near plate boundaries.
 Countries on plate boundaries may be on different plate boundaries
and therefore maybe affected by different tectonic hazards (at
different levels of severity).
 Hazards also happen away from boundaries/ have different areas of
extent e.g. coastal locations (tsunami) or hillslopes (landslides),
possibly hotspots/ global effects of volcanoes (ash clouds).
AO3 (4 marks)
 Judgement about whether impact is measured by economic or social
loss (e.g. number of deaths)
 Judgement about long-term vs. short-term impact – how long (and
is it possible) to rebuild, and what is the impact on people during the
interim period.
 Judgement about whether impact on the environment compared to
people, e.g. does a EQ lower the strength of a landslide prone slope
 Comment about traditionally designed buildings being able to survive
tectonic events, e.g. Dharji Dewarri design in Kashmir survived).
 Judgement about relative impact of an economic/social loss (e.g. the
same economic cost may have less impact on a developed country).
 Judgement about whether the impact is higher because of magnitude
or vulnerability, e.g. a high-magnitude event in developed country
can still be worse than low-magnitude in developing.
 Judgement about whether impact is worse because of physical
environment, e.g. plate boundary location or human environment
(vulnerability).
Level Mark Descriptor

0  No acceptable response
Level 1 1–3  Demonstrates isolated elements of understanding of
concepts and the interrelationship of places, environments
and processes. (AO2)
 Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information
but understanding and connections are flawed.
An unbalanced or incomplete argument that provides limited
synthesis of understanding. Judgements are supported by
limited evidence. (AO3)
Level 2 4–6  Demonstrates elements of understanding of concepts and
the interrelationship of places, environments and processes.
(AO2)
 Applies understanding to deconstruct information and
provide some logical connections between concepts.
An imbalanced argument that synthesises mostly relevant
understanding but not entirely coherently, leading to
judgements that are supported by evidence occasionally.
(AO3)
Level 3 7–8  Demonstrates accurate understanding of concepts and the
interrelationship of places, environments and processes.
(AO2)
provide logical connections between concepts throughout.
A balanced, well-developed argument that synthesises
relevant understanding coherently, leading to judgements
that are supported by evidence throughout. (AO3)
number
2(a)(i) C (1)

number
2(a)(ii) Any one feature from:
 Expansion of a country into a new territory

 Exploitation of the ethnic majority by the colonial power
 Exploitation of local resources / labour / plantation colonies
 Slave trade
 Forced changes to the lives of colonized people Imposing new
country boundaries
Creating new maps of the world showing Europe at the centre. (1)

number
2(b) Award 1 mark for correctly identifying a characteristic of top-
down development projects, and a further mark for the
advantage of that characteristics, up to a maximum of 2 marks:
 Capital investment is available from the government (1)

making possible large scale projects that are otherwise
unaffordable (1)
 They can help fund projects (1) making possible additional
services (health / leisure / safety) / or compensation for local
people (1)
 Investment creates large numbers of jobs (1) and increased
spending power supports other services (1)
 Large infrastructure projects become viable (1) improving
travel / trade / access / regional development (1)
 Successful delivery of large projects can enhance a country’s
reputation (1) attracting further investment by other
companies (1)

number
2(c) (i) Award one mark for the correct final answer.
(83.7 – 72.4)
11.3 (million) (1)

Answer Marks
Question
number
2(c) (ii) Award one mark for identifying each change using data /
information from figure 3, and a further mark for a correct
economic impact, up to a maximum of 3 marks.
• Heathrow only has 2 runways, compared to 3 in Beijing /

planned in Jakarta (1) higher airport capacity encourages
global shift of TNCs / outsourcing of business (1)
• Jakarta plans to build two more terminals / will have four in
comparison to Heathrow’s three (1) capital investment
creates jobs and multiplier effects (1)
• Larger airport size in Beijing / Jakarta (1) allows continued
increase in flow of goods / people into / out / within
emerging countries (1)
• There are roughly 10 million more passengers travelling
through Beijing than Heathrow (1) reflects an increased
market for making / selling goods in emerging countries (1) (3)

number
2(d)(i) Award one mark to reflect each stage in the calculation (totalling
of fertility rate and division by 11.
Final answer = 2.2 (2)

number
2(d)(ii) Award 1 mark for each statement about population growth, up to
a maximum of 2 marks.
 There is considerable variation of population growth

regionally / across different states (1).
 The population growth is just below replacement level (1) so
population growth overall has probably slowed (1).
 Fertility rates for most countries are less than 2.2 (1)
showing that population growth might be slowing (1).
 Fertility rates in some states are significantly higher than 2.2
(1) where regional population growth is higher.
If candidate refers to an incorrect average from (d)(i) give marks

for correct statements based on this value.

number
2(d)(iii) Award 1 mark for identifying a way in which economic growth
might affect demographic change and a further mark for how
this would happen, up to a maximum of 4 marks:
 Higher economic growth leads to lower fertility rate (1) as

families become used to the idea that children will survive /
women choose careers over children (1) this could lead to
lower population growth.
 Higher economic growth leads to decreased fertility rate(1)
because of improved medical care / agricultural technology
(1)

number
2(e)(i) C - Tertiary (1)

number
2(e)(ii) Award 1 mark for each data presentation technique and a further
mark for how it would help judge, up to a maximum of 2 marks:
• Compound bar graph / line graph (1) would show the relative
share of each sector (1)
• Could accept pie charts over time.

number
2(e)(iii) Award 1 mark for identification of a reason, and a further two
marks for an explanation of this reason, up to a maximum of 3
marks.
• Capital investment by TNCs for infrastructure (electricity / rail

/ telephone) (1), encourages multiplier effects as other
companies co-locate (1) creating further job opportunities (1)
• Increased manufacturing / production (1) could grow bilateral
trade links with surrounding countries (1) providing income
for government spending (health / education etc)
•
• Training and education upskills the labour force making them
more employable (1) over time demand higher wages (1)
which might in turn raise consumer spending power (1)

number
2*(f) AO2 (4 marks)/AO3 (4 marks)
AO2
 Style of government is an important factor – most emerging countries
are market orientated, or might be classified as Federal Republic, or
certainly democratic
 History – particularly ex-colonies had their resources exploited, but
since independence political freedom has resulted in surge of growth.
 Current civil conflict slows the potential for growth and development (by
average of -3%/yr)
 Rights of workers and other groups in society promotes social
development but can slow economic growth
 ‘Good governance’ promotes political support, aid and financial
assistance from other countries and tackles corruption
 Countries interact within trade blocs facilitating investment, trade, or
sometimes promoting manipulation of emerging countries by developed
economies.
AO3
o Other influences include:

o Social context – divisions between different social groups (e.g.
ethnicity) can lead to corruption as political leaders preference
one group over another (e.g. Nigeria)
o Cultural context – the attitudes and mindset towards work and
economic growth; people and leaders in some countries have
more desire for development and change,
o Environmental context – geographical location influences control
over trade (E.g. UAE), influence over neighbouring countries (e.g.
Indonesia), availability of natural resources (e.g. Nigerian oil),
climate as a limiting factor (e.g. more temperate Turkey), or the
geography of the country encourages the country to exploit and
export its resources (E.g. Yellow River, China).
 Political context often shapes the social and cultural context – sometimes
reinforcing it (e.g. India’s caste system), sometimes counteracting (e.g.
China challenging corruption)
 Political context can be shaped by geographical situation, e.g. Turkey is
positioning itself as a bridge between East and West
 Sometimes the environmental context is a more powerful limiting factor,
e.g. continued flooding in Bangladesh
0 No acceptable response
 Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct
information but understanding and connections are flawed.
An unbalanced or incomplete argument that provides
limited synthesis of understanding. Judgements are
supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
the interrelationship of places, environments and
processes. (AO2)
(AO3)
(AO2)
Marks for SPGST
Performance Marks Descriptor
SPaG 0 0 No marks awarded
 Learners write nothing.

 Learner’s response does not relate to the question.
 Learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold
performance level, for example errors in spelling,
punctuation and grammar severely hinder meaning.
SPaG 1 1 Threshold performance
 Learners spell and punctuate with reasonable accuracy.

 Learners use rules of grammar with some control of
meaning and any errors do not significantly hinder meaning
overall.
 Learners use a limited range of specialist terms as
appropriate.
SPaG 2 2–3 Intermediate performance
 Learners spell and punctuate with considerable accuracy.

 Learners use rules of grammar with general control of
meaning overall.
 Learners use a good range of specialist terms as
appropriate.
SPaG 3 4 High performance
 Learners spell and punctuate with consistent accuracy.

 Learners use rules of grammar with effective control of
meaning overall.
 Learners use a wide range of specialist terms as
appropriate.
number
3(a) A (1)

number
3(b)(i) Definition of urban primacy with some reference to
disproportionate relationships with other cites e.g. Bangkok
 A city that has the disproportionate role in

politics/economy/population than other cities in a
country.
Accept any other appropriate answers. (1)

number
3(b)(ii) Award 1 mark for identification of a negative impact (1) with a
further mark for development or exemplification (1)
 Housing shortages (1) lead to the development of squatter

and slum settlements
 Inadequate water supply (1) leads to poor health
 Inadequate waste disposal (1) leads to spread of disease
 Poor employment opportunities (1) leads to growth of
informal job sector / black market / crime
 Limited service provision (1) leads to increased prices / poor
health
 Traffic congestion (1) causes respiratory illness / loss of
economic growth

number
3(c) (i) X = C. Industrial
Y = A. Residential (2)

number
3(c) (ii) Any one from
 Accessibility
 Availability
 Cost
 Physical geography features
 Planning regulations

number
3(c)(iii) Award 1 mark for each correctly described feature of
communications infrastructure.
 Belfast is dominated by harbour (1) in the centre / towards

the NE (1)
 A motorway runs through the centre of the city from East to
West (1) around the harbour mouth (1)
 There is an airport to the North East of Belfast (1)

number
3(c)(iv) Award 1 mark for each identified change due to land use and a
further mark for a linked extension to that reason, up to a
maximum of 4 marks.
National
 Brownfield site being regenerated might lead to
reurbanisation (1) as young graduates decide to continue
living in the city centre (1)
 Motorway proximity to city centre / airport might encourage
counter-urbanisation (1) as families decide to move to rural
areas but maintain easy commuting (1)
International
 Presence of port / airport allows easy access (1) for economic
migrants, e.g. A8
 Proximity of commercial land to the airport might encourage
TNC investment (1) with workers moving to live / visit (1)

number
3(d)(i) The chosen megacity should be in a developing or emerging
country.
Clarify which points are site & which situation- must do one of
each
Award 1 mark for an identified aspects of a named city’s location
and 1 mark each for a link to why this makes the city significant
within the national context, up to a maximum of 2 marks.
Site:
 Coastal locations might be vital for exporting goods
manufactured in that country (1) – e.g. Shanghai / Karachi
 At critical / nodal points where transport infrastructure meet
(1) (e.g. Delhi)
 Along major navigable or trading rivers (1) (e.g. Kinshasa,
Shenzen)
Situation
 Proximity to key trading markets (1) (e.g. Moscow)
 At geographical divides between different cultural groups (1)
(e.g. Istanbul)
 Home to relatively well performing stock exchanges (1) (e.g.

Tehran)
Answer should refer to named aspects of the site and situation of

the named megacity.
Accept any other reasonable ideas
Do not accept ideas that are outlined in relation to developed

countries, e.g. world governance (e.g. New York) (2)

number
3(d)(ii) Award 1 mark for identifying the type/age of buildings on the
urban fringe and a further one mark for explanation of the age,
up to a maximum of 2 marks.
Features (of cities in an emerging or developing context) might

include:
 Spontaneous / squatter settlements will be newly constructed
(1) because new migrants to the city set up homes on any
patch of land that they can find, e.g. Lagos / Kinshasa (1)
 Newest buildings are on urban fringe (1) where land is
considerably less expensive / organic city growth, e.g. Lahore
(1)
 Slum resettlement projects are newly built on the fringe (1),
because of lack of available land in the city centre e.g.
Chandivali resettlement complex, Mumbai (1)
Answer should refer to an actual feature of the named megacity.

number
3(d)(iii) Award 1 mark for identifying a correct opportunity found in a
developing world megacity, and a further mark for expansion, up
to a maximum of 4 marks:
 Job opportunities (1) because TNCs often encourage

industrial growth / build infrastructure (1)
 Food availability is higher (1) than subsistence-based villages
where the risks of crop failure is high (1)
 Income (1) because cash-flow is higher with greater people
and businesses operating (1)
 Water (1) because there is better infrastructure than in rural
areas
 Internet / Telecommunications (1) because the number of
people makes it cost-effective for cables to be laid (1)
 Health care (1) because specialist services are justifiable in
areas of high demand (1)
Accept any other appropriate response
Max 3 for answers that contain no specific details about the

chosen megacity?
Do not accept answers that relate to opportunities found only in

developed world megacities. (4)
number
3(e) AO2 (4 marks)/AO3 (4 marks)
Candidate responses may be based on either developed, emerging, or
developing world locations.
AO2
 Urbanisation is a gradual increase in the number of people living in
urban areas, typically looking for economic opportunities – i.e. spatial
growth.
 Industrialisation creates jobs in urban areas, causing rural urban
migration. Service sector jobs are often also created as a result.
 Suburbanisation at the fringes of urban areas causes spatial growth –
and is caused by increased use of technology (commuting /
telecommunications), a by-product of global economic change.
 Increased wealth of workers over time leads to counterurbanisation;
the movement of people from urban to rural areas, also because of
inner-city deprivation and overcrowding in urban areas .
AO3
 Although suburbanisation causes spatial growth of the city
boundaries, it often leaves urban decay in the inner city.
 Post war deindustrialisation has led to industrial jobs moving away
from some urban areas in Western Europe and N America, to others,
for example in South Asia.
 Shrinking cities have been a post-recession phenomenon, where
there is particularly quick migration away from urban areas, e.g.
huge competition for car sales led to rapid decline of Detroit.
 Global economic change to quaternary and knowledge-industries in
cities like London has caused economic growth, but regeneration of
inner-city areas – i.e. not spatial growth. But improved transport
infrastructure might cause workers to live away from the cities, in
suburbanised villages.
 Although counter-urbanisation leads to decline of cities, it also causes
new urbanism in rural areas – and some smaller cities are now
growing faster because of stronger community institutions / shorter
commutes.
 Larger cities sometimes drive global economic change – e.g. large
pool of cheap labour in some cities attracts major TNCs away from
the West.
0 No acceptable response
 Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct
information but understanding and connections are flawed.
An unbalanced or incomplete argument that provides
limited synthesis of understanding. Judgements are
supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
the interrelationship of places, environments and
processes. (AO2)
(AO3)
(AO2)

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Specimen papers for first teaching Paper Reference

A Warm air rises at the tropics.

(iii) Explain one role of ocean currents.

A Storm surge data

Where Manhattan is at Risk of Flooding

(d) Explain one cause for the movement of tectonic plates.

Named emerging or developing country ...........................................................................................................................

Named developed country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................................................................................

(Total for Question 1 = 30 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 30 MARKS

A Age of mass consumption

(ii) State one feature of colonialism.

(b) Explain one advantage of top-down development strategies.

One or more terminals

Number of 83.7m 60.1m 72.4m

State Fertility rate 2013

(ii) Describe a data presentation technique to show the change in Turkey’s

Named emerging country: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................................................................................

(Total marks for spelling, punctuation and grammar = 4 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 34 MARKS

(b) (i) Define what is meant by the term urban primacy.

M2 motorway Belfast Harbour Belfast City Airport

X Titanic Quarter: regeneration Y

(Source: Map data ©2016 Google Imagery ©2016,

(ii) State one factor that influences land-use in an urban area.

Named megacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................

(Total for Question 3 = 30 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 30 MARKS

Question Answer Marks

Question Answer Marks

Question Answer Marks

 Movement / redistribution of heat energy (1) to regulate

Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

Question Answer Marks

eg. Sugar is generally more expensive/higher priced than meat

Accept any other appropriate response.

 Lower rainfall causes drought (1) so less successful harvest

Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

Question Answer Marks

Question Answer Marks

Question Answer Marks

 Lower-lying land along the coast / Manhattan waterfront (1)

Accept any other appropriate response. (4)

Question Answer Marks

 Shows affected subways that might be closed (1) encourages

Accept any other appropriate response. (4)

Question Answer Marks

 Convection cells in the Earth’s mantle (1), initiated by the

 At convergent boundaries, gravity (1) causes denser oceanic

Accept any other appropriate response. (3)

Question Indicative content

1(e) AO2 (4 marks)/AO3 (4 marks)

Level Mark Descriptor

Question Answer Marks

 Expansion of a country into a new territory

Question Answer Marks