3engine Terminology

Engine terminology
and
measurements
Engine Size Measurement
• Engine size is determined by:-
– the number of cylinders,
– the cylinder diameter, and
– the amount of piston travel per stroke.
Engine Size Measurement
• Any of these variables can be changed

to alter engine size.
• Engine size information is used when:-
– ordering parts and
– measuring wear during major engine
repairs.
• Cylinder bore (b):-is the diameter of the
engine cylinder.
• It is measured across the cylinder, parallel
with the top of the block.
• Stroke (s) is the distance the piston travels from
BDC to TDC is referred to as the engine stroke.
TDC, & BDC
• Top dead centre (TDC) refers to
the position of the piston at the
top of its stroke.
• The crown of the piston has

reached its closest point to the
cylinder head.
Bottom dead centre (BDC)
refers to the opposite extreme of
piston movement,
i.e., the piston position at the

lower limit of its travel in the
cylinder when the cylinder
volume is at its maximum.
• Crankshaft throw
• The crankshaft throw of an engine is considered to be
the distance from the main bearing to the centre of the
big end journal.
• It is half of the stroke of the engine.

Stroke to bore ratio
If b < s, it is called under-square

engine.
If b=s, it is called square engine.
 If b>s, it is called over-square engine

Swept volume (Vs)
• This is the volume of cylinder displaced or swept
by a single stroke of the piston. The volume of a
cylinder is given by the formula:
Engine capacity
• It is the displacement volume of a cylinder
multiplied by the number of cylinders in an
engine will give the engine capacity.
The clearance volume (Vc)
• The clearance volume (Vc) is the volume

enclosed between the piston crown and the
cylinder head when the piston is at TDC.
The total volume of the cylinder will be

• = clearance volume + swept volume (Vc + Vs)
The clearance volume (Vc)
Compression ratio (r)
Compression ratio is the ratio of the total
cylinder volume when the piston is at BDC to
the clearance volume when the piston is at
TDC or the top of its stroke).
Example
When the gasoline engine piston is at BDC, the
cylinder volume is (0.65 L). When the piston
slides to TDC, the volume is reduced to (0.08
L).
• Dividing (0.65 by 0.08), the compression ratio

for this engine would be 8:1.
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
What is the compression ratio of an engine
with 50.3-cubic in. displacement in one
cylinder and a combustion chamber volume
of 6.7 cubic inch?
• CR = 50.3 + 6.7 cu. in. = 57.0 = 8.5:1

6.7 cu. in. 6.7
• Diesel engines have a very high compression
ratio compared to engines designed to burn
gasoline.
• Typical compression ratios for diesel engines

range from 17:1 for automotive diesel engines to
25:1 for industrial diesels.
………. (continued)
• Being a compression-ignition engine, the fuel
charge must be pressurized until it is hot enough
to burn.
• Unlike a gasoline engine, no spark plug is used to

produce an electric arc to start combustion.
• Compression pressure alone must start

combustion of the fuel.
• A gasoline engine has compression pressure
from 130-180 psi (900-1200 kPa).
• A diesel engine has a much higher compression

pressure of about 250-400 psi (1700-2800 kPa).
Volumetric efficiency
• Volumetric efficiency is the ratio between the
amount of air-fuel ratio that actually enters
the cylinder and the amount that could
possibly enter..
Volumetric Efficiency
• If volumetric efficiency was 100%, the cylinder

would completely fill with air on the intake
stroke. Engines are capable of only 80—90%
volumetric efficiency. Restrictions in the ports
and around the valves limit airflow.
Indicated horse power (ihp)
• It is the power that the engine develops inside

the combustion chambers during the
combustion process. Indicated horse power is
always higher than brake horse power. Some
of the power developed in the engine
cylinders is used in overcoming the friction in
the engine.
Friction horse power (fhp)
• It is the power required to overcome the
friction of moving parts in the engine. One of
the major causes of friction loss is piston rings
friction.
• Bhp = ihp- fhp
Engine efficiency
• The term efficiency means the comparison of
the effort exerted with the results obtained.
• For engines, efficiency is the relation between
the power delivered and the power that could
be obtained if the engine operated without
any power loss. Engine efficiency can be
calculated as mechanical efficiency.
Mechanical efficiency
• Mechanical efficiency is the relationship between
bhp and ihp.
=
• Ex. Mechanical efficiency of 86% means that 86% of
the power developed in the cylinder is available to
do work. The other 14% is consumed as frictional
horse power, fhp.
Engine torque
• Torque may be defined as ‘turning’ or ‘twisting’
effort, and is a measure of the effect of a force
acting at a distance from a shaft centre.
• The pressure developed in the engine cylinders by
the ignition and combustion exerts a force on the
piston. This force is, in turn, transmitted to the
crankshaft by the connecting rod. The pressure acts
through the crank arm to develop a torque or
turning effort at the crankshaft.
Engine torque
• In practice, the amount of torque developed
depends upon the pressure exerted on the
piston and the length of the crank arm.
• Engine torque is expressed in Newton metres,

N m (pounds feet).
ASSIGMENT
1. A six-cylinder engine has a bore of 70mm and a stroke of 80mm. If the clearance
volume of one cylinder is 42,000mm3,
calculate:
• a. The compression ratio of the engine
• b. The capacity of the engine, in litre.
2. The compression ratio of an engine is 12 to 1, the bore diameter is 110mm and the
stroke is 140 mm. Calculate the clearance volume of the engine.
3. The piston of an engine sweeps out a volume of 475cm3. If the clearance volume at
the top of the stroke is 96 cm3, calculate the compression ratio.

3engine Terminology

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Engine terminology

• Any of these variables can be changed

• The crown of the piston has

i.e., the piston position at the

• It is half of the stroke of the engine.

If b < s, it is called under-square

If b=s, it is called square engine.

 If b>s, it is called over-square engine

• The clearance volume (Vc) is the volume

The total volume of the cylinder will be

• Dividing (0.65 by 0.08), the compression ratio

• CR = 50.3 + 6.7 cu. in. = 57.0 = 8.5:1

• Typical compression ratios for diesel engines

• Unlike a gasoline engine, no spark plug is used to

• Compression pressure alone must start

• A diesel engine has a much higher compression

• If volumetric efficiency was 100%, the cylinder

• It is the power that the engine develops inside

• Engine torque is expressed in Newton metres,

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