Verb

National University of Cheasim Kamchaymear Parts of Speech
Verbs
Definition: the words doing the action by the subjects

I. Kinds of Verbs: there are two main kinds- ordinary and auxiliary verbs
1. Ordinary Verbs: there are:
1.1. Transitive or Intransitive Verbs
* Transitive Verbs
Definition: Transitive Verbs are the verbs that can’t stand alone. It needs an object to
complete its meaning.
- The hunter killed a big deer.
We can ask that “what/who did he kill?
- I hit the ball.
- She needs rooster because she has a lot of hens.
- I have met her since 1898.
There are 4 kinds of Transitive Verb.

a. Mono Transitive Verb
b. Di-Transitive Verb
c. Transitive Verb of Complete predication
d. Transitive Verb of Incomplete predication
a. Mono Transitive Verb

Mono-Transitive Verb is that it needs only one object (=direct object).
Subject + Mono-Transitive Verb + Direct Object.
Examples
- I don’t like mangoes and jack fruit.
- They killed the peacock and pigeon yesterday.
- I think he will hit the ball.
- The driver stopped the train.
- The horse kicked a boy seriously.
- We don’t like to disturb you.
- She stops smoking.
- Do you know how to do ?
- He decided what to do next.
- I hope that you will come here.
b. Di-Transitive Verb
Definition: Di-Transitive Verb is one that needs two objects.
The objects are direct object and indirect object.
Subject + Di-Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object.
By Kan Sovannthourn 1
- He gave his wife a camera for Khmer New Year.
I.D D.O
- Could you send me a bill?
- She denied herself nothing.
- I show them how to do it.
- They told us where to stop cheaply.
- Will you advise me what to do?
- She asks her teacher how to pronounce the word “Architect”.
Subject + Di-Transitive V. + Direct Obj. + Prep. To/for + Indirect Obj.
- Can you buy this ring for me?

D.O Pre. I.O
- She always makes coffee for her husband every morning.
- He explains his idea to us.
- Yesterday the government announced an important report to the public.
- My younger sister has gotten a lot of things for her brother.
Here are certain verbs used in this pattern.

need make wish award sell
bring offer ask fix order
buy owe refuse describe borrow
cost tell send deliver save
get pass show mention hand
give pay sing say read
teach play take report advise
leave promise write return
lend read announce charge
c. Transitive Verb of Complete Predication

Definition: Transitive Verb of complete Predication is a verb that
needs the object only but it still makes complete sense.
I. Subject + T.V of Complete
- I believe him strongly.

- You will pass the exam, if you work hard.
- When I arrived, she is making coffee.
d. Transitive Verb of Incomplete Predication
Definition: Transitive Verb of Incomplete Predication is a verb
that needs both object and complement called Objective Complement (OC).
Subject + T.V of incomplete Predication + Object +
-This story is very long; therefore. I will cut it short.

(cut is T.V.I.P. If we put only object” It”, the meaning is not complete. (So must put
another complete” short” in order to complete its meaning.)
- The thief thought himself rather unlucky.
- The court has found him guilty of robbery.
- I prefer my soup hot.
- They have elected him representative.
- The journey made the driver tired.
- He called his dog Johnny.
- We painted the wall yellow.
Here are some common verbs that are used in this pattern:
Believe Leave Think Send Vote

Call Like Want Turn
Consider Make Drive Cut
Declare Paint Hold Appoint
Find Prefer Pull Elect
Keep Prove Push Name
Exercises
I. Consider the following sentence: True or False. If true ,
Tick () and if false, cross ().
1. We returned the defective machine to the store immediately.
2. I hope you will write to me long letter while you are away.
3. When do you think you can deliver them the package?
4. That is the third time you have asked me the same question.
5. My mother is making for Mary a new skirt.
6. Please pass the potatoes to me after you talk some.
7. The belt buckle cost over ten dollars to Bob.
8. He taught to me everything he knew.
9. When she was abroad, Laura got several pairs of earring for her mother.
10. He sent me a beautiful latter from Spain.
II. Put all these words into correct order.
1. Handed/Ann/a/restaurant/menu/the/someone/at.
2. Tom/AEI university/awarded/has/scholarship/a.
3. Will/you/send/a/at/the/bill/of/this/they/month.
4. company/Fred/paid/some/hundred/in/three/dollars fees/consulting.
III. Read the article and underline direct and indirect object.
My birthday
I think my birthday was brilliant this year. There are a lot
friends. They had bought many different gifts for me. I was really happy in my life.
Especially, my parents give me some equipment like book, money, clothes, wristwatch,
computer, and other. On the other hand, my girlfriend, Kunthea, she gave an extraordinary
kiss to me. That kind of them! And I hope that I will celebrate my birthday again next year.
* INTRABSITIVE VERBS
Definition: intransitive verbs can stand alone. They don’t need any objects to complete their
meaning. They have complete senses. Remember I.V can’t be used in Passive Voice.
For example
- He runs fast.
- She sings well.
- He comes here everyday.
Intransitive verbs can be followed by:
A.ADVERB
- They had run quickly to the market.

- She sings sweetly.
- Her arms burnt seriously.
- They drive fast.
B. ADVERB EQUIVALENT
- They work two hours on Saturdays and Sunday.

- The inspector and the thief out of coach.
- One day a man walked casually into a hotel.
- That man is waiting for you at that corner.
- C..TO INFINITIVE(PHRASE)
-She die to love her.

-They cry to get freedom.
-He walks to be healthy.
D. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
-She walks on the road.
-The baby cries in the cradle.
There are 2 types of Intransitive Verbs.

1. Intransitive Verbs of Complete Predication
2. Intransitive Verbs of Incomplete predication
………… …………………… ………………..
1. IV. Of Complete predication.

Definition: Intransitive Verbs of Complete Predication are verbs that can express an idea
quite fully without an objective or anything else to complete their meanings.
Subject + I.V of complete Predication

- The sun shines; the birds are singing.
- The crowd cheered.
- The baby sleeps.
- They walks
- They run
2. IV. Of Incomplete Predication
Definition: Intransitive Verbs of Incomplete Predication are verbs that don’t need objects,
but they need another (complement) to make their meanings full.
Subject + I.V of complete Predication + Complement.

- The baby sleeps in bed.

- He walks on the roof of the house.
2.Finite/Main/Principle/Full Verbs and Nonfinite Verbs

A. Finite Verbs: are the verbs that conjugated according to some limited subjects and
tenses or voice.
1. Some limited subjects:
- She works in the bank.
- I work in a school.
2. Tenses:
- I love you. (present)
- She went to New York. (past)
- I have learned English for 3 years. (perfect)
- She will marry soon. (future)
3. Voice:
- The hunter was killed the deer. (passive)
- This house was built in 2000. (passive)
B. Infinite Verbs: are the verbs that don’t agree with the subjects, tenses or voice. They
have another function like a noun, adjectives and adverbs. Some called ” Verbial ”:
they are: participles, infinitive and gerunds.
Ex: - She likes reading.
- She wants to be a teacher.
- I want to be an educated person.
1. Infinitive Verbs: There are 3:
a. Bare Infinitive verbs:(no to)
 As a main verbs: (used with modal)
S + modal + Bare-infinite……….
Ex:- I will go to university.

- You should listen to him.
- He must go now.
 As verbial/non finite verbs (uses with verbs patterns)
Ex: - I help do this exercise.
-I bid him go there.
- Let him sit down.
- She makes me cry.
- We need go there.
- You dare not do it.
- I saw him do it.
- I heard him cry.
b. To-infinitive verbs: (as in-finite)
- I want to be here.
- She teaches him to be polite.
- They advise me to study English in SFL.
c. Spilt infinitive as finite (old English)
…….to + adv + infinitive
-I need you to quickly go there.

-I told him to early come here.
-She wants me to clearly tell this secret.
 Uses of Infinitive:
 As a noun : it is called the Simple Infinite.
1. As the subject of a verbs:
Ex:- To find fault is easy.
- To study is important.
- To break your promise would be wrong.
2. Object or Verbs
Ex:- I don’t want to read.
- He likes to play cards.
- We expect to arrive there on time.
3. Object of preposition. (only with: about, except, but)

- He had no choice but (except) to abbey.
- The speaker is about to begin.
- She needs nothing except to marry me.
4. Complement of a Verb:
- They are to go now.
- It seems to have a problem.
- His custom is to ride daily.
5. Objective Complement.
- I saw him go.
- I heard him cry.
+ Qualifying Infinite or Gerundial.
6.As adverb to quality verb. (Intransitive Verb)
- We eat to live (purpose)
- He come to buy trousers.
- I sleeps to get good health.
7. As adverb to qualify adjective/ or adverb
- The boy is anxious to learn.
- He is too old to work.
- He is well to anticipate in the race again.
8. As adj.Eq to qualify the noun.
- This is not the time to play.
- He is a man to be admired.
- Here is a house to buy.
9. As apposition to qualify the noun.
- Your plan, to change the car, is not good idea.
- Our opinion, to be a doctor, will be successful.
- My promise, to buy a house, can not be true.
- I’m thinking my ambition, to study master degree.
- No body agrees with his idea, to cancel the new plan.
10. As introductory phrase to qualify the whole sentence (comma)
- To tell the, I quite forgot my promise
- To hear her cry, you should pinch her
- You need to study hard, to get a good result
11. As a noun phrase, used after question words like
(what, which, when, where and how)
- I don’t know what to do
- I don’t know where to go
- I don’t know when go
- I don’t know how to go
Infinitive Pattern
1: Verbs that take the infinite. S + V+ inf (phrase)……….
-agree -decide -offer -try

-afford 20 -demand -omit -turn out
-aim -expect - ought (to) -volunteer
-appear -fail -plan -undertake
-arrange -get (succeed) -prepare -used
-ask -grow 40 –pretend -wish
-attempt -guarantee -promise -wait
-be -happen -prove -want
-be dying -hasten -refuse 60 -deserve
-beg -have -regret -……..
-can’t wait -help -seek -………
-care (= want) -hesitate -seem
-choose -hope -struggle
-claim -ling -swear
-come -manage -tend
-dare -neglect -threaten
-dare -train
-do one’s best
Ex. - The government agreed to sign on the proposal of many NGO.
- He pretends to be angry with me.
- She promised not to be late more.
- He seems to know me well.
- I decided to study English in SFL.
2: Verb + pro (noun) + Infinitive
-advise -entitle -persuade
-allow -entreat -press
-announce -empower -report
-ask -expect -required
-assume -feel -remind
-authorize -find -request
-beseech (beg) -forbid -stop
-beg -force -teach
-bribe -get/help -tell
-ban -impel/imagine -try
-believe -induce -train
-compel -instruct -temp
-cause -incite -urge
-challenge -invite -understand
-convince -judge -want
-drive -know -warn
-declare -lead -would hate
-discover -mean -would like
-entice -need -would love
-enable -oblige -would prefer
-offer
-order
-permit
Ex: - He reminded me to keep calm.
- I taught him to swim.
- She encouraged me to try again.
- We persuaded our children to be polite to old people.
3: Adjective + Infinitive
-advisable -essential -perfect
-afraid -eager -pleasant
-able -foolish -prepared
-anxious -great -pleased
-awful -gorgeous -polite
-better / best -good -proud / possible
-boring -generous -right
-careless -hard -rare
-confusing -helpful -rude
-convenient -hesitant -ready
-cheap -intelligent -sensible
-content -interesting -stupid
-dangerous -impossible -sorry
-difficult -important -sad
-dreadful -incredible -surprised
-depressing -kind -shocked
-discontent -key -strange
-disappointed -legible -terrified
-easy -lovely -useful
-exciting -marvelous -usual
-embarrassing -necessary -expensive
-old -lucky / unlucky
Ex: She was anxious to hear the result
It is hard to lose in the forest.
It is marvelous to visit Angkor Wat.
It is difficult to solve the problem
4. Noun (phrase) + Infinitive
-ability -intention -work
-agreement -need -opportunity
-ambition -offer -effort
-arrangement -plan -time
-preparation -idea -attempt
-choice -proposal -willingness
-decision -request -demand
-refusal -determination -chance
-eagerness -wish
Ex: There is an agreement to support the children
I have some letter to write
His ability to speak English makes me interested
She made her decision to do it again
5. Verb/Adjective + Question Words + Infinitive
A- Verb
- ask -discuss -find out
-show -teach -advise
-decide -forget -say
-tell -choose -consider
-learn -remember -think
-discover -know -explain
-request -wonder
B- Adjective
-afraid -obvious -sorry
-certain -please -worried about
-convinced -sure -confident
Ex: I was worried about what to wear in Khmer New Year
I don’t know what to do
She isn’t sure how much to pay for this bag
She explains where to go
6. Adjective + for/of +pronoun (Noun) +infinitive
a. with “for”
-anxious -difficult -fantastic -wonderful
-awful -eager -important -willing
-better/best -easy -keen -wrong………..
-cheap -essential -marvelous
-convenient -silly
-dangerous -stupid
Ex: It is awful for me to have this foot
I think it is cheap for me to buy this book
It is dangerous for us not to obey the traffic law
b. with “of”
-helpful -nice -stupid -brave
-honest -rude -silly -clever
-intelligent -good -sensible -careless
-kind -generous -wrong -foolish
-mean -polite
Ex: It is kind of you to help me
It was rude of your friend not to shake hand
It is stupid of your son not to study here.
7. Bare infinitive
a. with modal Verb
Ex: I can speak English well
You should be more careful
They must be having a party next week
Note: You ought to go there alone
She had better not be late
I was able to get home on time
I didn’t enjoy it. I had rather have stayed at home
b. Verb + Object +Bare infinitive
Ex: Don’t make me cry

He lets the pupils go home
I heard him sing in the bathroom
+ For more information: look at the Verbs of perception and causative Verbs.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Participle:
The Participle is the verbal. It is partly a verb and partly an adjective. There are two
Participles: Present participle and Past participle.
1. Present Participle (-ing form)
a- Finite Verb
- I’m trying
- They are swimming in the pond
- He is teaching English
b- Infinite Verb
- He saw me learning English
- All students sit on the table writing grammar
- She stood here talking to him yesterday
2. Past Participle (-ed form)
a. Finite Verb
- He was given a present by his girlfriend.
- She was criticized by the neighbor.
- I have met him many times.
b. Infinite Verb
- I need my motor repaired.
- He gets his hair cut.
 Use of Participle
1. To make Progressive tense ( Pre.P) , Prefect tense and Passive voice (PP)
- I’m sitting. She was crying. I will be sitting here.
- I’ve cried. She had cried. She shall have cried.
- I’m kissed. She was kissed. She shall be kissed.
2. Attributive adjective.
- A smiling boy loves Dary.
- He is an educated man.
- A lost opportunity never returns.
3. Predicative adjective
- Your idea is interesting.
- I’m disappointed.
- The man seems worried.
4. Adj-phrase reducing from adj-clause
- The man living a lone is a teacher.
- The student sitting next to Thida is her boyfriend.
- The book bought from the shop is very good.
- The dog killed by the unknown man is mine.
5. Object Complement
- She heard you shouting.
- I want my house rebuilt.
- She get her hair washed.
6. Absolute Phrase used with Nominative Absolute.
- The weather being fine, I went out.
- God willing, we shall have another good monsoon.
- The sea being smooth, we went for sail.
- His master being absent, the business was neglected.
Note: Absolute Phrase can be changed into a subordinate clause.
- The weather being fine, I went out.
=> When the weather was fine, I went out. (time)
- God willing, we shall meet again.
=> If God is willing, we shall meet again. (condition)
- The rain falling down, I’m in home.
=> Because the rain falls down, I’m in home. (reason)
7. Compound word combined with other word.
- a well-dressed man.
- a good-looking boy
-a
- a glass
8. Introductory Phrase / Absolutely Adverb Phrase
- Walking to the park, I saw an accident. (When I walking to the park)
- Looking at me, you will love me. ( If you look at me….)
- Blamed by his parents, he was sad. ( Because he was blamed …)
- Supported by many students, SFL could be more popular.
(Because It was supported by many students…)
Note1: The subjects of the introductory phrase (dangling modifier) and the subjects of the main clause
must be the same.
ex)- Illegal : (After) jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man.
-correct: (After) jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten by the shark.
Note2: The ensue of the phrase is up to the tense in main clause. The two actions
usually happen the same time.
ex)- Walking on the street, I see a boy crying. ( present )
 When I walk on the street, I see a boy crying
-Having a bath, I heard the phone ringing. ( past )
Note3: (not) having + past participle…, sentence.
It used to refer to past participle phrase occurred before the main verb.
ex) - Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
-Not having prio-prepared, he failed in his test.
-having had breakfast, she went to school.
Note4: The participle phrases can be also have the passive meaning.
ex) - Blamed for his study by the teacher, I was so sad.
-Having been finished by the homework, he went to bed.
-Not having been introduced, I couldn’t say “Hello” to her.
( Exercise: Grammar High school. p.131-134)
I. Illogical Participle Modifiers following the example given above, correct these illogical
participle modifiers. You may have to reword the main clause and add a subject.
1. Being thoroughly dissatisfied with the picture, it was hidden in the closest.
2. Seeing the advancing army, all valuable were hidden under the stairwell.
3. Plunging into the water, the drowning child was rescued.
4. Criticizing the defendant for his cruel behavior, the sentence was handed down by the judge.
5. After painting the car, it was given to the man’s wife by the man.
6. Being an early riser, it was easy for Enda to adjust to her company’s new summer schedule.
7. After winning the tennis match, the victory made Nancy jump for joy.
8. Having wandered through the mountain passes for days, an abandoned shack where they
could take shelter was discovered by the hikers.
9. Being very protective of it young, all those who approach to the nest attacked by the mother
eagle.
10. Before playing ball, a two-minute period of silence was observed by the baseball players for
their recently deceased teammate.
11. Running home from school, a dog bit me.
12. When being only a child, my father took me to the circus.
13. Walking to the park, a dog was stepped on by me.
14. Killing some wildlife in the deep forests, any wildlife was released by people.
15. Teaching in the room, some student asked their teacher.
PARTICIPLE PATTERN
1: Verb + Present participle
- Sit : He sits reading a newspaper.

- Lie : The baby lies crying on the floor.
- Go : She goes shopping.
- Stand : She stands waving on the street.
- Run : People run screaming for help.
2: Verb + Object /Expression + Pre-participle
- Catch - keep- notice - stand

- Find/ feel - leave - observe- start
- Have - lose - see - spend
- Hear - listen to - sit
- Get - lie - smell
Note :
- To sit
- To stand + exp-place + doing s.th
- To lie
- To spend + money / time doing s.th

- To waste
- To find + pro (noun) doing s.th

- To catch
ex) :
- I saw him cutting down the tree.
- She heard me singing in the bathroom.
- We watched a horse jumping the field.
- The trainer had the players running round the field.
- We soon got the machine working again.
- I left him talking to Bob = He was talking to Bob when I left.
3: Verbs + Object + PP
- Get - want
- Have - would like
- Found - would love
- Need - would prefer
- See - would hate
ex)
- My mother wanted her hair ( to be ) wash.
- She would like this document ( to be )
photocopied.
- The police found the body hurried.
- I have /get the car cleaned.
- I need this motor ( to be ) repaired.
4: Perfect Participle (happened before the main verb in main clause)
a - Active: Having + V3 ……, Past simple
ex):
- Having eating some mangoes, I called my brother to come in.
- Having arrived in Cambodia, she want to see Angkor.
- Having done this job, I could practice my experience.
b - Passive: Having + been + V3 ……., Past simple
ex):
- Having been written his essay, the boy was allowed to go back.
- Having been punished, he was permitted to go home.
- Having been notified by the court, John reported for jury.
- Having been delayed by the snowstorm, my wife and I couldn’t go back home.
2 Gerund
A gerund is that form of the verb which ending in ing, and has the force of a noun
and a verb. 
ex):
- She likes walking alone.
- She enjoys playing football.
- No one stops look at his/her behavior.
 Function of Gerund (phrase)
1- Subject of a verb
- Seeing is believing.
- Hunting tigers is a favorite sport for this country.
-
2- Object of a transitive verb
- Stop playing.
- Children like making castles.
4: Perfect Participle (happened before the main verb in main clause)
a - Active: Having + V3 ……, Past simple
ex):
- Having eating some mangoes, I called my brother to come in.
- Having arrived in Cambodia, she want to see Angkor.
- Having done this job, I could practice my experience.
b - Passive: Having + been + V3 ……., Past simple

ex):
- Having been written his essay, the boy was allowed to go back.
- Having been punished, he was permitted to go home.
- Having been notified by the court, John reported for jury.
- Having been delayed by the snowstorm, my wife and I couldn’t go back home.
3. Gerund
A gerund is that form of the verb which ending in ing, and has the force of a noun
ex):
- She likes walking alone.
- She enjoys playing football.
- No one stops look at his/her behavior.
 Function of Gerund (phrase)
1-Subject of a verb
- Hunting tigers is a favorite sport for this country.
2-Object of a transitive verb
- Stop playing.
- Children like making castles.
3- Object of Preposition
- I’m tired of waiting.
- He was punished for telling a lie.
- My intention of studying is successful.
4- Complement of a Verb
- What I most like is being friendship.
5- Apposition
- The sport, hunting wildlife, is very dangerous.
- Tom’s habit, come to class early, is good.
- I read Bush’s idea, fighting Irak.
6- Noun Head Following by Article or Possessive Adjective
- Your speaking is good.
- I’m interested in his singing.
- The greeting is welcome.
7- Short Prohibitions
- No smoking No cheating……..
- No talking No walking……...
Gerund Pattern
1- Some verbs + Gerund (phrase)
- Admit - delay/defer - like - recollect

- Advise - deny/detest - love - recommend
- Anticipate - discuss - mention - regret
- Appreciate - dislike/dread - mind - remember
- Avoid - enjoy/escape - miss - resent
- Can’t beer - finish - postpone - resist
- Begin - forget - practice - risk
- Complete - hate - prefer - can’t stand
- Consider - can’t help - quit - start - Continue - keep
- recall - stop
- Fancy(imagine) - loathe - save - suggest
- Forgive - mean (involve) - to relate
- Imagine - prevent - try
- Involve - propose (suggest) - understand
ex):
- She advised waiting until tomorrow.
- I anticipated having a good time on vacation.
- I hate making silly mistake
- Let’s postpone leaving till tomorrow
- He quit trying to solve the problem.
- I don’t recall meeting him before
- It starts raining
- I don’t understand his leaving school
2- Verb + Object + Gerund
- Avoid - can’t forget - love - prevent

- Can’t help - hate - mean - remember
- Dislike - imagine - mention - resent
- Dread - involve - mean - resist
- Excuse - justify - miss - risk
- Understand - like - prefer - save
- tolerate
ex):
- Do you mind me sitting here?
- Please excuse me/ my being late.
- He dislike me/ my working late.
- He resented me/ my being promoted before him.
- I love you smiling to me.
3- Verb + Pre + Gerund
- Admit to - benefit from - object to

- Agree with - confess to - put up with
- Disagree with - feel like - look forward to
- Aim - count on - take to……….
- Apologize for - get on with -…………………
- Believe in - insist on -…………………
ex):
- I believe in working here.
- She get on with living here.
- He confess to killing the man.
- She object to doing this homework.
4- Some Adjective + Pre + Gerund
- Afraid of - familiar with

- Absent from - fond of
- Accused of - friendly to/with
- Acquainted with - frightened of/by
- Amazed at - guilty of
- Angry at/with - jealous of
- Annoyed with/ by - polite to
- Aware of - proud of
- Bad at - responsible for
- Blessed with - tired of/ from
- Bored with/by - upset with
- Capable of - worried about
- Crowded with ………………...
- Disappointed with/ in ………………...
- engaged in/ to ………………...
- Exhausted from ………………...
- Faithful to ………………...
ex):
- She is angry with my being late.
- She was aware learning English well.
- He wad bad at speaking.
- I’m exhausted from working too long.
- She is very friendly to speaking with old people.
5- Some Nouns + Pre + Gerund
- Advantage of/ in - choice of - intention of

- Idea of - possibility of/for - method of/for
- Purpose in/of - excuse for ………………
- Task of - reason for ………………
ex):
- He has no intention of given up now
- There was no reason for canceling the race.
- Do you have an idea of having a party.
- This is the advantage in learning English.
6- Some expressions + V(ing) Form
- To have fun - It’s worth

- To have a good time - It’s not good
- To have trouble - It’s no use
- To have difficult - There is no point in
- To have a hard time - There is no good……..
ex):
- There is no good helping you.
- It’s worth buying this bag.
Gerund or infinitive:
7-
- advise - agree - allow - attempt - begin

- continue - dislike - dread - forget - hate
- intend - leave - like - love - mean
- neglect - permit - plan - prefer - propose
- regret - remember - start - stop
- study - try - want -…………..
Ex: I love to watch TV

I love watching TV.
II. In the following sentences say whether each of the bold-printed words is participle or
gerund.
1. Hearing the noise outside, the baby woke up.
2. Speaking English is easier than writing.
3. She has been washing clothes for two hours
4. That old man has a walking stick in his right hand.
5. They go swimming every Sunday, but dislike fishing.
6. The only thing that interests her is dancing.
7. He begins by explaining the meaning of certain verbs.
8. The girl who is dancing is a student of dancing.
9. The sports, hunting the wildlife, are very dangerous.
10. The standing boy is afraid of the opening crocodile.
III. Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.
1. The teacher watched us……………football in front of the school.
a. played b. been played c. playing d. be played
2. The…………pupil is the first son of his family. He is only six months.
a. to sleep b. sleeping c. sleep d. slept
3. The car………….in Thailand is cheaper than in Japan.
a. buying b. bought c. in buying d. is bought
4. ……………..along the street yesterday, he saw an accident.
a. walking b. to walk c. walks d. have walked
5. …………….in London, they continued to see the Phnom Penh.

a. to arrive b. have arrive c. having arrived d. arriving
6. Is there a cat………………under the table in the house?
a. sleeping b. to sleep c. is sleeping d. sleeps
7. While………………, I don’t like to be interrupted.
a. to work b. working c. have work d. worked
8. The police found the……………..buffalo last week.
a. to be stolen b. stealing c. stolen d. steal
Comparing Gerund with Infinitive
A. Without changing the meaning

- begin, start, continue, cease
- can’t bear
- intend
- advise, allow, permit, recommend
- It needs / requires / wants……
Ex: I began working / I begin to work
He continued living / to live above the shop
B. Changing the meaning

Like + Gerund
1.
- She likes cooking

- I like eating meat
- She like fishing
Like + infinitive
(Special time)
- She likes to cook this evening. ( as usual, she doesn’t like cooking)
- My mother likes to go to the market.
- My brother likes to have a dinner with me tonight.
Remember + Gerund
2.
(happened in the past)
-I remember visiting Angkor Wat with you. The

sight was impressive.
-I remember talking with you that time.
Remember + infinitive
(Express responsibility, duty or task)
It can be something happening in the future

-Bob always remembers to lock the door before leaving
-She often remembers to do her homework.
3.
Forget + Gerund
Forget something in the past. It is usually used with the negative or question. (I’ll never forget, have you
ever forgotten).
- I’ll never forget seeing the alps for the first time.
- Have you ever forgotten having working in the rain with her?
Forget + infinitive (forget to perform a responsibity, duty or task)
- Sam often forgets to lock the door.

- Sara usually forgets to do her homework.
4 Regret + gerund (Regret s.th happing in the past)
- I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back.

- I regret helping you. You never said the word that “thank”.
Regret + infinitive (regret to say,
to tell someone, to inform someone of some bad news).

- I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
- I regret to tell her a bad result of exams.
5 Try + Gerund
(Experiment with a new or different approach to see if it works)

- The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but it doesn’t help, so I tried turning on the fan, but i was
still not. Finally I turned on the air conditioner.
Try + Infinitive
(To make an effort to do something)
- I try to learn English.

- I try to do my homework.
6 Stop + Gerund (to quit doing s.th)
- It stops raining.
- Students stop speaking when the teacher comes in
Stop + Infinitive (Stop one in order to do the other)
- While i was jogging, I was tired. So I stop to drink a water.
7 Mean + Gerund (to cause to do s.th)
- Buying a car mean spending a lot of money.

- Having high knowledge mean having a good job.
Mean + Infinitive (intend to do s.th)
- I meant to tell you, but I forgot.

- I mean to rewrite this book.
Note the pattern with “prefer”
Prefer + gerund:
I prefer staying home to going to the concert.
Prefer + Infinitive:
I’d prefer to stay home (rather) than (to) go to the concert.
 Note : - I like being cooking. (Continuous gerund)
- He forgot having taken the car key. (Perfect gerund)
3. LINKING/COPULAR VERB
 S + Verb + Adjective
V(ing)
These are some common link verb:

1. appear 10.go 19.feel
2. be 11.look 20seem
3. Become 12.sound 21.teste
4. Come 13.smell 22.remain
5. Fall 14.stay 23. turn
6. Fly 15. run …………………
7. Get. 16.find
8. keep 17.find ……………………..
9. prove 18.remain ………………………..
Ex: She feels happy today.
He looks sad because of the result in his exam
She stays younger than her age.
Everything go wrong with Sam.
Complement
It is the word or phrase that completes the meaning of subject or object.

There are 4 types:
1 Direct object(D.O)
It receives the action directly from the transitive verbs.
Ex):
- I hit him.
- She loves me.
- She tells me a story.
2 Indirect objects (I.O)
It receives the action indirectly from the transitive verbs.
EX) :
- She gives you a rose or
She gives a rose to you.
- I buy you a ring or
I buy a ring for you.
Note: “to/ for” are used when D.O directly followed verb.
 The object can be:
+ Word:
- Noun: I need a pen.
- Pronoun: She loves him.
- Adj used as noun: I help the poor in my village.
- Infinitive: I want to go.
- Gerund: He stops smoking.
- Formal obj “it”: We love it me.
+ Phrases:
- Infinitive Phr: I want to read a book.
- Gerund Phr : She is afraid of living alone.
- Noun Phr: She controls a very competitive company.
- Wh. Phr(wh.word): I know where to live.
+ clause :
- N. Clause : I wonder why she love me.
Exercises:
I. Find and underline the direct object in each sentence.
Example: Last weekend, we took a trip to the Toul Sleng museum.
1. We attended a show on electricity.
2. A huge generator produced light and energy.
3. Then, we saw a model of the Apollo spacecraft.
4. We examined the large control board.
5. Lauren and Rodrigo watched a film about rockets.
6. Later we visited the exhibit on natural history.
7. I like the stuffed giraffes and elephants.
8. My friends preferred the dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals.
9. The Queen of England encouraged him.
10. Drake treated the members of his crew well.
II. Underline the indirect object in each sentence. If a sentence has no indirect object, write
none.
1. I almost always write my parents a letter every month.
2. I may not write any letters this month.
3. The university granted the incoming freshman a four-year scholarship.
4. The builders showed the prospective owners some special additions to the house.
5. You have already bought them some detergent.
6. The article had a warming for cigarette smokers.
7. Doctors must be able to read symptoms correctly.
8. He brought me a wedding present although he could not attend my wedding.
9. Don’t forget to bring your dictionary here tomorrow.
10. She had been sighing a lullaby to her child, but he did not go to sleep.
3 Subject complement:
It is used with linking verbs to modify to subject.
Ex)
- I feel dizzy.
- She seems that sad today.
- My cat looks nice.
+ The main point of sub. Complement
- Is found only with copular verbs.
- Is realized by a noun phrase or adj-phrase or pre-phrase
- Typically followed immediately after verb phrases.
- Is in the nominative or accusative case of pronoun.
Form:
+ Word
- Noun: I’m a teacher
- Pronoun: It was you. If I were you……..
- Adjective: She is pretty.
- Adverb: My teacher is here. He is at work.
- Gerund (ph) What she needs is learning. My hobby is working.
- Infinitive (ph) To know him is to love him.
- Pre-P (ph) It is annoying to be interrupted.
- P.P(ph) They will get married soon.
- Pre-Phrase The dog is under the table.
- N-clause (only): That is what i want to tell you.
Exercises: Underline each of the following subjective complements.
Example: The Sea became rough.
1. Murassaki Shikibu was an early Japanese novelist.
2. This cheese tastes salty.
3. The Cadillac was shiny and new.
4. We were his good friend.
5. They are very pretty.
6. We were the winners.
7. We were happy.
8. Lola is a brave explorer.
9. I am a scary monster.
10. This is a secret tunnel
4 Objective complement: To complete the meaning of D.O. It usually modifies or rename and
comes after D.O. It is used with transitive verb of incomplete predication.
Ex)
- I consider you my friend.
- The villagers call me a superman.
- We appointed him our leader.
 Form:
- Noun (Ph):They selected me a chief of the village.
The called me Dara.
- Adjective: She teaches me clever.
- Pre.P : The teacher left me standing here alone.
- P.P : I want my watch repaired.
- Prep.Phrase : His words filled them with terror.
Exercises: Underline O.C

1. We appointed Kosal our representative
2. After the World War II, man leaders declared their countries independent.
3. We considered Mr. Chan our best manager.
4. Most of my friends call me Ouknha.
5. They have elected him representative.
6. The journey made the driver tired.
7. He called his dog Johnny.
8. We painted the wall yellow.
9. He promoted me a supervisor
10. They believe her a kind and nice girl in their group.
4. Regular and Irregular Verb
A. Regular Verb(weak verb): Formed their past tense and past participle by adding “ed or d”
Ex) Visit  visited
Open  opened
Ask  asked
- I visited Angkor in 2003.
- I walked another guy last night.
B. Irregular Verb (strong): formed their V2or V3 by changing the vowel without adding “ed or d”.
+ Class 1:
Send  sent  sent
Spend  spent  spent
Spoil  spoilt  spoilt
Learn  learnt  learnt
+ Class2: Take “t or d” suffix
Fell  felt  felt
Keep  kept kept
Mean  meant  meant
Bring  brought  brought
Sell  sold  sold
Tell  told  told
+ Class3: Take “ed” in V2, but the “(e)n” in V3
Show ð showed ð shown
+ Class4 : No suffix in V2 but take the suffix –(e)n for V3 ,with a change in the base vowel for one with
both.
Break ð broke ð broken
Choose ð chose ð chosen
Eat ð ate ð eaten
Grow ð grew ð grown
See ð saw ð seen
Take ð took ð taken
+ Class5: Verb changing the base vowel in V2 & V3
Come ð came ð come
Begin ð began ðbegun
Fine ð found ð found
Meet ð met ð met
+ Class6: The same in 3 forms
Cut ð cut ð cut
Hit ð hit ð hit
Let ð let ð let
Shut ð shut ð shut
+ Class7:
Go ð went ð gone
Ex) :
- I saw her last night.
- I‘ve never hit anyone in my life.
Note: Some verbs are both regular and irregular.
Learn ð learned ð learned
Learn ð learnt ð learnt
Exercise: Practice the following pronouncing the following past form of regular verbs. If you think it
pronounce “t, d, id” at the end of verbs, please write the letters “t, d and id” at the end.
1. looked ……………….
2. asked ……………….
3. helped ……………….
4. laughed ……………….
5. pushed ……………….
6. watched ……………….
7. dressed ……………….
8. boxed ……………….
9. addressed ……………….
10. booked ……………….
11. needed ……………….
12. believed ……………….
13. filed ……………….
14. poured ……………….
15. dried ……………….
5. Active Verbs:
Express the activities and can be used in progressive tense.
Ex):
- I ‘m playing tennis.
- She is drinking water.
- They are writing down the lesson.
6. State Verbs: They describe states: condition or situation that exist and can not be used in progressive
tense.
A. Mental state: know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, think, imagine,
doubt, remember, forget, want, need, desire, mean.
B. Emotional state: Love, like, appreciate, please, prefer, hate, dislike, fear, envy, mind, care,
astonish, amaze, surprise
C. Possession: Possess, own, belong, and have.
D. Senses: Taste, smell, hear, feel, see.
E. Other existing state: Seem, look, appear, sound, resemble, look like, cost, owe, weigh, equal, be,
exist, matter, consist of, contain, include.
Note1: Am/ is/ are + Being +Adj
Ex): Jack doesn’t feel well, but he refuses to see a doctor. He is being foolish.
(Jack’s foolishness is temporary and probably uncharacteristic of him)
Note2: The continuous can be used with appreciate meaning “increase in value”
Care for = look after, long for = look after/ concern oneself with, enjoy or love/ like = enjoy, hate =
opposite, though it is safer to use the simple tense with like/ love/ hate.
Exercise: Some sentences are right and some are wrong. Put “√” next to the right ones and a cross
“X” next to the wrong ones.
1. I am thinking you are very impolite.
2. Where are you thinking of going on holiday next week?
3. Why do you leave so early? Don’t you enjoy the party?
4. Nobody is ever laughing at my husband’s jokes. It is so embarrassing.
5. I don’t believe a word he says. He always tells lies.
6. We’re seeing what your problem is.
7. I’m seeing my son’s teacher.
8. Does the newsagent sell stamps?
9. He’s never knowing the answers of the questions.
10. I am hearing what they are talking.
8 Verb of Perceptions: Are used when we want to mention to “five souls or our mind” such as: bid, behold,
feel, hear, look at, listen, know, let, notice, perceive, observe, see, help, smell, watch, make, hold, recognize,
test ………
Note1: We used the bare-infinitive or pre-participle after them with difference in meaning.
V-per + Ob +Bare Inf :
We can see or know the full action from the starter to the end.
Ex):
- I hear her sing in the bathroom. (from starter to the end)
- She saw me walk on the street.
- They watch me play tennis.
V-per + Ob + Pre-Participle
= We saw/ hear in the middle of action, only for a while.

Ex) :
- I hear her singing in the bathroom.
- She saw me walking on the street.
- They watching me play tennis.
9. Prepositional Verb or Verb of Preposition
They are the verbs that need the preposition for them. They don’t change original meaning. The can be both
transitive and intransitive verbs.
Ex):
-They are charged of killing people.
-She waits for her friend.
- She agrees with the document.
- He works for World Vision Organization.
- Mothers always care for children.
10. Phrasal Verbs : Are the verbs combined with different prepositions or adverb particle to make new
meaning. They can be both transitive and intransitive verbs.
- Look for (tv) = find, search for
- Look down on = scorn, frown on, disdain
- Look up to = be devoted to, admire, respect
- Look out (iv) = watch
- Look after (tv) = care for
 Verb + Particle (not object)
 Verb + Particle + Object
 Verb + Object + particle
 Verb + Particle + Pre
 Some common adverb particle

Aback among in past
With ahead forth along
Before over upon against
At onto back from
Up after aside for
Forward out of across as
Down on towards under
Around by off ahead of
Out above between of
Through away about behind
Into round without
11.Causative Verbs: are the verbs that one cause one else to do s.th. They are: have, get, make, let, and
help…….
A. Have : give the idea that X request Y to do s.th
+ Active: To have sb do s.th
- I had the plumber repair the leak.
- Jane had the waiter bring her some tea.
+ Passive:
- I have my watch repaired.
- I have my hair cut.
B. Get: give the idea that “X” persuades “Y” to do sth.
+ Active To get sb to do s.th
- The students got the teacher to dismiss class early.
- Jack got his friends to play soccer with him
after school.
+ Passive: To get sth + V3
- I got my hair cut.
- She got her motor repaired.
C. Make: give the idea that “X” forces “Y” to do sth.
+ Active Make sb do s.th
- Mrs. Lee make her son clean his room.
- Sad movies make me cry.
D. Let: It is not actually causative, but it usually added to the list of causative verbs in grammar book.
To let sb do s.th
To allow/ permit sb to do s.th
- I let my friend borrow my bicycle.

- Let’s go to a movie.
E. Help: is not actual causative, but a connected list
To help sb do s.th
to do s.th
- My brother helped me wash my motor.

- My brother helped me to wash my motor.
11. Empty Verbs: To express some action as a verb. It is empty meaning.
They are: have, make, get, take………
Verb Empty Verb + Noun
- Leisure activities
Walk: have/ take a walk, go for a walk.
Run : have a run, go for a run.
Jog : have a jog, go for a jog.
Ride : have a ride, go for a ride.
Swim : have a swim, go for a swim.
- Resting/ sleeping
Sit : have/ take a seat.
Rest : have/ take a rest.
Lie-down : have/ take a lie-down.
Sleep : have a sleep.
- Eating/ Drinking
Eat : have a meal/ a snack/ a lunch.
Drinking : have a drink.
- Washing (yourself)
Wash : have a wash.
Bath : have/ take a bath.
Shower : have/ take a shower.
- Speech
Talk : have a talk/ a word.
Chat : have a chat……….
…… …………………….
…… ……………………
Verb Patterns
1. S + I.V
+ S + I.V
- The baby was crying.
- The sun shines.
- The moon set.
+ S + I.V + Adv/ Adv equivalent

- We walked five miles.
- The meeting lasted two hours.
+ S + I.V + Inf (purpose)
- We stop to have a rest.
- He got up to answer the bell.
- He come to meet his friend.
2. S + L.V + S.C
+ S + L.V + S.C
- His father is a lawyer.
- The trouble is that we are short of money.
- He seemed much older.
+ There be + S + S.C
(Narrative)
- There are 50 students in the class.
- Are there any students in the class?
3. S + T.V + O
+ S + T.V + Pro (noun) (statement)

- The students answer my question.
- Do you know him?
+ S + T.V + Inf (purpose)
- He will try to better next time.
- He pretended not to see me.
- Would you like to go with me?
+ S + T.V + Pro (noun)  Adverbial prep/ adv .particle
- I put on my shirt/ I put my shirt on.
- The bus knocked him down.
Note: Rarely: The bus knocked down him.
+ S + T.V + N. clause (statement/ reported)
- I suppose you will be there.
- She suggested that we should start early.
+ S + T.V + QW + Inf
- She doesn’t know how to get there.
- I don’t know what to do.
+ S + T.V + QW + N. clause
- I wonder why she hasn’t come.
- Nobody knows whose it is.
+ S + T.V + Gerund
- Please stop talking.
- She starts giving a speech to all people.
+ S + T.V + Pre + Ob of pre
- She is charged of murder.
- This belongs to me.
4. S + Di.T.V + I.O + D.O
S + Di.T.V + D.O + Pre + I.O
+ S + Di. TV + Pro (noun) + Pre + Pro (noun)

He reads the letter to his friends.
I sold my motor to a man
+ S + Di.TV + Pro (noun) + Noun
He reads the his friends the letter
I sold a man my motor.
+ S + Di.T.V + Pro (noun)+N.Cl
Did he tell you that he might be late?
They told me that I was too young.
She told her manager what she achieves.
+ S+Di.TV + Pro(noun) + Wh.ph
She shows them how to work here.
Please tell me where to go.
I don’t know what to say to her.
5. S+ I.TV + O + O.C
* Some common transitive Verbs of Incomplete Predication are: believe, call, consider, declare, find, keep,
leave, like, make, paint, prefer, prove, think, want, drive, hold, pull, push, send, turn, cut, appoint, elect,
name, vote……………………..
+ S + I.TV + O + Noun (Ph)
They elected him a chairman
We appointed Mr.A the president.
The villagers consider her a very beautiful girl.
+ S + I.TV + O + Adj (ph)
She teaches me clever.
He proves his friend very honest
Don’t make yourself ill.
She pushes the window open.
+ S + I.TV + O + (to be) +adj
They proved him to be wrong.
I wants him to be good.
+ S + I.TV + O + Pre. Participle
He watches the team playing football.
She hears me singing.
I saw her dancing in the room.
+ S + I.TV + O + Bare. Inf
(Make, hear, see, know, let , help) + Base form
They made me do it
I have never known him behave so badly before
Let me see
+ S + I.TV + O + to inf (purpose)
I don’t want anyone to know.
Didn’t I ask you not to do that?
+ S + I.TV + O + P.P (ph)

He couldn’t make his voice heard
I heard my name called
I want this work finished on Friday.
+ S + I.TV + O + Prepo. Ph
His words filled them with terror.
She considers me as her best friend.
…………………………………………………………………………………
II. Auxiliary Verbs
A. ( Principle) Auxiliary Verbs: help the principle (Ordinary Verbs) to form tenses and Voices. They
can be both aux- and ordi-v when they are Aux- v, they have no meaning, but they have their own meaning
when they are full verbs.
1/ To be
To be + V(ing)
a. Progressive Tenses:
- I’m writing down the lesson
- The teacher is teaching Parts of Speech
- I have been traveling for 3 years
- She was crying
- She will be typing the computer
- I am waking with my friends
- My friend is cleaning his house.
b. Passive Voice: To be + V ing
- The man is hit

- The cats were killed
- A book was written by teacher
Note: More Details about to be
+ To be + full infinitive: refers to a plan, arrangement order and instruction
- I am to meet my boss tomorrow (plan)
- We are to be married next month (arrangement)
- You are to wait here. You are not to leave the room (order)
- Books are to return with a fortnight (instruction)
+ To be + perfect inf (formal) : plans not carried out
- He was to have left last night (the plan was made, but not carried out- He didn’t leave)
- You were to have had breakfast.
+ To be + Just + about + to inf : the infinitive will take place very soon in the near future.
- We are about to open the new restaurant.
- She is about to die
-He is just about to drive (will take place immediately)
+ To be is a linking verb
- She is cold
- I am hot
2/ To have: To make perfect form
- Have you ever tired, Sara?
- My car had broken down before
- I’d like to have met Napoleon.
Note 1: When “have” is full verbs formed “have to infinitive”
* I haven’t to go to school today
Have you to get up early tomorrow morning?
(Both sentences in particular occasion)
* I don’t have go to school
Do you have to get up early tomorrow morning? (Both is habit as a rule)
Note2: There five negatives and three questions of Have as full verbs.
*Negative:
- Not-negation (with to)
She doesn’t have a cat.
We do not have enough money to pay.
- Not-negation, auxiliary-like (without to)
I haven’t a clue to say.
I haven’t any spirit to argue.
-Not- negation with have got.
I haven’t got any money.
She hasn’t got any brothers.
-No-negation with have
I have no money in my pocket
No-negation with have got.
According to you I’ve got no friends.
* Questions: there are 3 forms.
- With Do
Do you have a car?
Do you have any money?
- Without Do
Have you any idea to tell me?
Have you any comments on this problem?
- Have got.
Have you got any idea to tell me?
Have you got any comments on this problem?
3/ To do is used to form Negative, Question and short answer.
+ Negative:
I do not work on Sunday. (don’t)
He does not work on Sunday. (doesn’t)
I did not work on Sunday. (didn’t)
+ Question & Short answer
Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does she not do homework? Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t.
Note:
a. to emphasize ( positive sentence)
I do love you.
She does speak English well.
I told him not to go, but he did go.
b. In the imperative. “Do” makes a request or invitation more persuasive.
Do be quiet!
Oh, do come! It is going to be such fun.
Do drive slowly.
c. To form the question tag.
She lives here, doesn’t she?
B. Modal Auxiliary Verbs.

@. Modal: can, could, may, might, must, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would, had better…….
@ . Phrasal Modal: be able, be going to, be supposed to, have to, have got to, used to……..
1/ Necessity: Must, have (got) to

a. Must: strong obligation (inside)
I think I must go now.
You must clean your feet before bed.(mother to son)
Note: “must” is associated with written order or instructions.
Railway Company: Passengers must cross the line by the bridge
Office Manager: Staff must be at their desks by 9:00.
B. Have (got) to; a general Obligation. It comes form outside, perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or
someone in authority
Ex: - Children have to go to school till they are sixteen. (Rules)
- Mum says you have to tidy your room (Authority)
- I have got to go now. I have a class in ten minutes
Note: -The different usage of ‘have to and have got to’ is in the negative and question.
- Past of ‘have got to’ is ‘had to’
Note: -Lack of Necessary and Prohibition:
+ Lack of Necessary: don’t have to = needn’t
- Tomorrow is a holiday. We don’t have to go to class.
- I can hear you. You don’t have to shout.
+ Prohibition: mustn’t/must not

You must not go upstairs. It is dangerous.
You must not tell anyone my secret. Do you promise?
2/ Polite Requests:
a. With “I” as the subject.
May/might/could/can I borrow your pen (please)?
 Common answers
Certainly. Yes, certainly
Of course. Yes, of course
Sure. (Informal)
b. With “You” as the subject.
Will/would/could/can you pass the salt (please)?
 Common answers
Yes, I’d be happy to/glad to
Certainly
Sure. (Informal)
I’d like to, but… (Negative)
c. With “Would you mind”.
 Asking permission. Would you mind if I + past simple?
-Would you mind if I closed the window? No, not at all/ of course not.
-Would you mind if I used the phone? No, that would be fine.
 Asking sb to do s.th: Would you mind doing s.th?
-Would you mind closing the window? No, I’d be happy to.
-Excuse me. Would you mind repeating that? Not at all. I’d glad to. Sure/Okay (informal)
3. Advisability: Should, ought to, had better.
a. Should/ Ought to: to give advice or good idea
+ Present or Future meaning
You should study harder.
You ought to study harder.
You shouldn’t waste of time.
You ought (to) waste of time (not common)
+ Past of should / ought to
Should + perfect infinitive

Ought to
It was good idea, but you didn’t do it.

- I should have studied hard. (It was good idea, but you didn’t do it. You made a mistake.)
b. Had better: is stronger than should and ought to. It refers to a warning or threat of possible bad
result
Ex. The gas tank is almost empty. We had better stop at the next service station.
You had better take care of the cut on your hand soon, or it will get infected.
Note on the use of had better
-Negative: had better not.
-It has the present or future meaning.
-It is followed by the simple form of the verbs
-It is common in speaking than writing.
Sometimes had is dropped in speaking.
Had better have done S.th is rarely used.
4/Expression: Be supposed to: expresses the idea that someone expects something to happen.
Ex: The game is supposed to begin at 1:00.
I’m supposed to go to the meeting.
Note: Jack was supposed to call me last night. I
wonder why he didn’t. (past)
5/ Making Suggestions:
+ Let’s = Let us + simple form
Let’s go to a movie.
Let’s not go to a movie. (negative)
+ Why don’t: is used in spoken English to make a friendly suggestion.
Ex: Why don’t we go a movie?( Let’s go)
Why don’t you come around seven?
Why don’t I give Mary a call?
+ Should & Could
a. Should: gives definite advice. I recommend that it is important for you to do that.
Ex: - I’m having trouble in math.
- You should talk to your teacher.
b. Could: offers suggestion or possibility. It is possible to do this or that.
Ex: - I’m having trouble in math.
-You could talk to your teacher or you could ask Ann to help you with your Math lesson or I could try to
help you.
Note: -I failed my Math class.
- You should have talked to your teacher and gotten some help from her during the term. ( but you
didn’t )
- You could have talked to your teacher or you could have asked Ann to help you with your Math
lesson or I could have tried to help you.
6/ Probability:
a. Degree of Certainty: Preset Time
- Why isn’t John in class?
100 % sure: He is sick.
95% sure: He must be sick. (Best guess)
Less than 50% sure: He may/ might/ could be sick.
b. Degree of Certainty: Negative Preset Time
- Why doesn’t Sam have dinner?
100 % sure: He isn’t hungry.
99% sure: He can’t/ couldn’t be hungry.
95% sure: He must not be hungry.
Less than 50% sure: He may/ might not be hungry.
c. Degree of Certainty: Past Time
- Why wasn’t John in class?
100 % sure: He was sick.
95% sure: He must have been sick.
Less than 50% sure: He may/ might/ could have been sick.
d. Degree of Certainty: Negative Past Time
- Why didn’t Sam have dinner?
100 % sure: He wasn’t hungry.
99% sure: He can’t/ couldn’t have been hungry.
95% sure: He must not have been hungry.
Less than 50% sure: He may/ might not have been hungry.
e. Degree of Certainty: Future time

100 % sure: Jan will do well on the test.
90% sure: Jan should do well on the test
Jan ought to do well on test.
Less than 50% sure: Jan may/might/ could do well on the test.
Note: -Jan has been studied hard. She should / ought to do well on the test tomorrow. (Future meaning)
-Jan wonders why Sara hasn’t written us. We should/ ought to have heard from her last week. (past
form used to mean that s.th didn’t occurred).
7/Ability: can & could
a. to express physical ability.
Tom is strong. He can lift that heavy box.
b. Frequently used with the verbs of five senses: see, hear, feel……..
I can see the Royal Palace clearly.
c. To express an acquired skill.
She can play the piano.
d. To express possibility
You can buy shirt in the cloth shop.
Note: - Could is past of can.
- Be able to is used in all tenses.
8/Possibility: May/ Might/ Can / Could
a. May & Might
+ Something is possible true
The old wood may be expensive.
The new-brand shirt might be valuable.
+ An uncertain prediction or intention.
You may be stuck in mud if you don’t go before the rain.
I’m not sure, but I may go on Friday.
+ May and Might is the same, but May is more commonly used than Might.
Note: May not → no short form
Might not → mightn’t?
+ We don’t usually used them in Question
Do you think you will get a good job?
Of course, I might get a job with high salary.
b. Can & Could
+ To suggest possible future action
Of course, you can get on the train.
We could have a party. Yes, why not?
+To express only possibility, they don’t mean that something is likely to happen.
We can have a party. Yes, it is a good idea.
9/ Would or Used to: a repeated action.
a. Would: can be used to express an action that was repeated regularly in the past. It has the same meaning
with “used to”
Ex: When I was a child, my father would read me a story at night before bed time.
b. Used to :
+ Can express an action repeated regularly in the past.
Ex: When I was a child, my father would read me a story at night before bed time.
+ Express an alternative habit.
I used to live in Cambodia
C. Semi- auxiliary verbs: need, dare & used to
Tenses
There are 12 tenses. It can be active or passive.
Present Simple
a. Form S+ V(s) + (O)

I work for my uncle’s company
We play tennis
She works hard.
He never forgets his wallet
S+ don’t/ doesn’t +V+(O)
I don’t work for my uncle’s company
He doesn’t work hard.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
She does not play tennis.
Do/does +S+V+(O) ?
Do you work for Metfone?
Does he work hard?
Does the Sun circle the Earth?
Do they play tennis?
c. Spelling of final “s”
Silent e Vowel + y Consonant + y Ending in o Ending in s, z, sh, tch, ch, x
miss = misses
buzz = buzzes
close = closes play = plays study = studies go = goes hatch = hatches
note = notes say = says marry = marries do = does finish = finishes
teach = teaches
fix = fixes
Examples:
 She drives to work every morning.
 He says he plays football on the weekends
Exception:
 The verb to have changes its forms as follows:
I have two sisters and two brothers. But she has one sister and two brothers.
I have = he / she / it has
 There is no “s” (positive), do/does (question) and don’t/doesn’t (negative) with modal verbs:
can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must …………………………
 Final-s and -es are pronounced : [ez] after "-sh," "-ch," "-s," "-z," "-x," and "-ge"/"-dge"
sounds.
o cross – crosses
o doze – dozes
o force – forces
o nudge – nudges
o rise – rises
o mix – mixes
c. Use:
1. Habit: every day activity ( usually with adverb of frequency)
My friend often draws nice posters.
I never drink orange juice.
We usually go to the Baltic Sea in summer
Adverbs of frequency:
Adverb of
Frequency Example Sentence
Frequency
100% always I always go to bed before 11pm.

90% usually I usually have cereal for breakfast.
80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym.
70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet.
I sometimes forget my wife's
50% sometimes
birthday.
30% occasionally I occasionally eat junk food.
10% seldom I seldom read the newspaper.
5% hardly ever / rarely I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0% never I never swim in the sea.
* Some people pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not.
The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).
Subject + adverb + main verb
I always remember to do my homework.

He normally gets good marks in exams.
An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.
Subject + to be + adverb
They are never pleased to see me.

She isn't usually bad tempered.
When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed
between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.
Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb
She can sometimes beat me in a race.

I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
They might never see each other again.
They could occasionally be heard laughing.
We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:

Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally
 Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.
BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:
Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.
We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:
 She hardly ever comes to my parties.
 They never say 'thank you'.
We use ever in questions and negative statements:
 Have you ever been to New Zealand?
 I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been Switzerland').
We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific about the frequency:
- every day - once a month - twice a year - four times a day - every other week
2. State: something true for short or long time.
I’m nineteen years old.(short time)

He lives in London. (short time)
I’m a student. (short time)
The adult human body contains 206 bones (long time).
Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometres per second (long time).
3. Headline refer to past
Drum wins presidential election
India signs pact with Russia
Parliament confirms new stray dog policy
Lion escapes zoo
4. Time table or schedule for future.
The school term starts next week.
The train leaves at 19:45 this evening.
We fly to Paris next week.
5. We use the simple present to talk about what happens in books, plays, or films: ( Story
Retelling)
The hero dies at the end of the film.
A young woman travels through Europe, where she meets different people, and finally falls in love.
In this book, an army invades Britain.
The main character is very pretty and works in a bookshop
6. We use it in the first and the zero conditionals:
If it rains, I won't come.
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
7. We also use it to talk about the future after words like ' 'when', 'until', 'after', 'before' and 'as
soon as' in a future sentence:
I will call you when I have time. (Not: 'will have')
I won't go out until it stops raining.
She'll come as soon as her babysitter arrives.
I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news.
I'll give you the book before you go.
8. We need to use this simple tense with stative verbs (verbs which we don't use in continuous
tenses), in situations where we'd usually use the present continuous:
This soup tastes great.
You look fabulous.
I think she is very pretty.
I am cold.
I promise I will help you.
Present Progressive
a. Form: S+ am/is/are+ V(ing) (O)

She is crying.
They are studying English.
S + be not + V(ing) + (O)
She isn’t crying.
They aren’t studying.
(Wh.qu) Be + S + V(ing) + (O) ?
Is she crying?
Where are they working ?
b. Spelling of final “ing”
For many verbs we make the ING form by simply adding -ING to end of the verb.
 speak - speaking
 cook - cooking
 start - starting
 do - doing
 echo - echoing
 go - going
 ski – skiing
Verbs ending with -e, drop the -e and add ING
 hope - hoping
 ride - riding
 make - making
 write - writing
Verbs ending with –ee, ye, oe just add -ING
 agree - agreeing
 flee - fleeing
 see – seeing
 dye- dyeing
 tiptoe- tiptoeing
Verbs ending with -ie , change the -ie to -y and add -ING
 die - dying
 tie - tying
 lie - lying
Verbs ending with one consonant ,one vowel and one consonant, CVC (with the exception of w, x, and
y) for one syllable verbs, double the consonant and add -ING
 jog - jogging
 sit - sitting
 run - running
 stop – stopping
But, we do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W, X or Y or when the final syllable
is not emphasized.
 fix - fixing
 show - showing
 enjoy - enjoying
For two syllable verbs
If the 1st syllable is stressed, just add ING
 answer - answering
 offer - offering
 listen - listening
 visit - visiting
If the 2nd syllable is stressed , double the consonant and add ING
 admit - admitting
 prefer - preferring
 begin - beginning
If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L, we normally double the final L and
add ING.
Note: In the United States (US) they do not double the L when the accent is on
the first syllable.
Infinitive ING form (UK) ING form(US)
to travel Travelling traveling
to marvel Marvelling Marveling
to control Controlling Controling
c. Use:
1: First, we use it for things that are happening at the moment of speaking.
 I'm working at the moment.
 Please call back as we are eating dinner now.
 Julie is sleeping.
 You are studying the present continuous.
 I'm reading a really great book.
2: We can also use this tense for temporary situations, when we feel something continue for a long
time.
 She's staying with her friend for a week.
 I'm living in London for a few months.
 John's working in a bar until he finds a job in his field.
Compare this with the present simple, which is used for permanent situations that we feel will continue for a
long time.
3: We can use the present continuous for unusual action (for normal habits that continue for a long time,
we use the present simple).
 He's eating a lot these days.
 She's swimming every morning (she didn't use to do this).
 You're smoking too much.
 They're working late every night.
4: Another present continuous use is for annoying habits, when we want to show that something
happens too often and we don't like it. In this case we usually use an adverb like 'always', 'forever' or
'constantly'.
 You're always losing your keys!
 She's constantly missing the train.
 He's always sleeping in.
 They're forever being late.
5: The next use is for future arrangements (with a future time word). In this case we have already made
a plan and we are pretty sure that the event will happen in the future.
 I'm meeting my father tomorrow.
 We're going to the beach at the weekend.
 I'm leaving at three.
 They're coming to the party at the weekend.
6: Finally we use this tense to talk about a situation which is slowly changing.
 I'm getting better at playing the piano.
 The weather is improving.
Past Simple
a. Form: S+ V2+ (O)

I walked along the street last night.
She went to Japan last month
They played football last night
S+ didn’t + V1+ (O)
She didn’t have breakfast this morning
I did not walk along the street last night.
She didn’t go to Japan last month
They didn’t play football last night
(Wh.qu) Did+ S + V1+ (O)?
Did they work yesterday?
Did she walk along the street last night?
What did they play last night?
Where did they work yesterday?
b. Spelling “ed”
1. Most Verbs just to add -ED to the end of it.
Infinitive ED form
to walk Walked
to wait waited
to work worked
to rain rained
 He played with his dog in the backyard.
 I waited for them to invite me.
 She worked until late last night.
 It rained all day.
2. Verbs end in an E we just add the D to the end.
Infinitive ED form
to live lived
to love loved
to smile smiled
to dance danced
 I lived in Japan for two years and then moved to Thailand.
 I loved the surprise you had for me.
 He smiled when he saw his wife come through the door.
 They danced until their feet hurt.
But Verbs end in –ee, ye, oe , just add -D
Infinitive ED form
to free Freed
to agree agreed
to dye Dyed
to tiptoe tiptoed
3. One syllable verbs end in a Consonant + Vowel + Consonant; we double the final consonant
and add ED.
Infinitive ED form
to stop stopped
to
to plan planned
to
to
 The policeman stopped the thief from escaping.
 He admitted that he was wrong.
 We planned a surprise birthday party for our friend.
 I referred the students to the website where they could practice some more.
 They committed a serious crime and will end up in jail.
BUT, we DO NOT double the final consonant when the word ends in W, X or Y or when the final
syllable is not stressed.
Infinitive ED form
to fix fixed
to enjoy enjoyed
to snow snowed
 He fixed his bike.
 We enjoyed our time in the North of Chile.
 It snowed yesterday.
4. If a two-syllable verb ends in a Consonant + Vowel + Consonant, we DO NOT double the final
consonant when the stress is on the FIRST syllable.
Infinitive ED form
to happen happened
to enter entered
to offer offered
to suffer suffered
 What happened?
 I entered through the back door.
 She was offered a new position with a higher salary.
 Many people are suffered from a lack of food and water.
But the 2nd syllable is stressed , double the consonant and add ed
Infinitive ED form
To admit Admitted
To prefer Preferred
To refer Referred
To commit Committed
5. If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L
ED
ED form
Infinitive form
(UK)
(US)
to travel travelled Traveled

to marvel marvelled Marveled
 I traveled around South America in 2012.
 Her beauty marveled us.
6. Verbs end in C, need to add –K- before add Ed, or Ing or Er
Infinitive ED form
To picnic picnicked
To mimic Mimicked
To traffic Trafficked
To panic Panicked
7. Verbs end in y
Verbs ending in y
1. vowel + y 2. consonant + y
marry = married
play = played carry = carried
destroy = destroyed
study = studied
enjoy = enjoyed
d. Pronunciation of “ed”: there 3 sounds [Id], [t], and [d]

1) [əd] or [ɪd] final sound with verbs ending in the sounds [t] or [d]
 [t] “I visited the Empire State Building.” [vɪzɪtəd]
 [t] “She edited the research paper.” [ɛdɪtɪd]
 [d] “We ended the game early.” [ɛndɪd]
 [d] “He breaded the chicken.” [brɛdɪd]
2) [t] final sound with verbs ending in voiceless sounds [f, k, p, s, ʃ, tʃ, θ]
 [p] “He popped a balloon.” [papt]
 [k] “They talked a lot” [takt]
 [θ] “th”: “She frothed a cup of milk” [frawθt]
 [f] “I laughed at the movie.” [læft]
 [s] “She kissed a frog.” [kIst]
 [ʃ] “sh”: “We brushed it off.” [bruʃt]
 [tʃ] “ch”: “I reached around for it.” [riytʃt]
3) [d] final sound verbs ending in the voiced sounds [b, g, ð, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l]
 [b] “It bobbed up and down.” [babd]
 [g] “He begged her to stay.” [bɛgd]
 [ð] “She breathed loudly.” [briyðd]
 [v] “They loved it.” [luvd]
 [z] “We raised her expectations.” [reyzd]
 [dʒ] “They bridged the gap.” [brIdʒd]
 [m] “I claimed it was mine.” [kleymd]
 [n] “They banned new members.” [bænd]
 [ŋ] “She banged into the chair.” [bæŋd]
 [r] “He cleared it up.” [kliyrd]
 [l] “I rolled up the paper.” [rowld]
d. Use
1. Happened and finished at the specific past time.
Ex: She met me at the University yesterday.
I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
2. Past habit
Ex: He played football when he was a boy.
I studied French when I was a child.
He didn't play the piano as a kid
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
She worked at the movie theater after school.
They never went to school, they always skipped class.
3. Past state
They were happy together when they were first married.
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
He didn't like tomatoes before.
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
4. Past duration (especially US eng) : another use of this tense is talk about situations in the past
(from March to June, for a long time, for 6 weeks, in the 1980s, in the last century
Ex: I lived in New York for 10 years (I don't live there anymore).
She lived in Tokyo for seven years.
They were in London from Monday to Thursday of last week.
When I was living in New York, I went to all the art exhibitions I could.
5. Series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Ex: I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
6. If the sentence contains both past simple, “when” clause happened first
Ex: When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question or
She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
7. Action happening in the middle of another action
Ex: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.
It rained while I was walking.
The teacher was teaching when Tom arrived in the class.
I was watching TV when somebody knocked the door.
8. Second conditional clause
Ex: If I met the god, I would ask him one million dollar.
If you were me, you would be difficult for this problem.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a luxury car.
Signal Words of Simple Past: yesterday, three weeks ago, last year, in 2002 from March to June, for a long
time, for 6 weeks, in the 1980s, in the last century, in the past
Past Progressive
a. Form S+ was/were + V-ing + O

Positive Negative Question
I was singing. I was not singing. Was I singing?
You were singing You were not singing. Were you singing?
We were singing. We were not singing. Were we singing?
They were singing. They were not singing. Were they singing?
He was singing. He was not singing. Was he singing?
She was singing. She was not singing. Was she singing?
It was singing. It was not singing. Was it singing?
b. Use
1. Actions were in progress at specific time in the past
Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.
She was listening to the radio at 8:00 pm last night
2. Two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other)
Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.
I was watching TV and Barbara was reading a book.
The family was eating the dinner and talking.
When Bob was painting windows, Mary was working in the kitchen
3. Together with the Simple Past (The action in Simple Past interrupted the action in Past Progressive)
While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang.
While Angelica was playing tennis, the plane crashed.
When Bob was painting windows, it started raining.
4. Repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

Andrew was always coming late. (I don't like that.)
She was always coming late for dinner!
5. To describe a past situation or activity, but the past simple tell the introduction of the story.
Yesterday I got up early in the morning. When I looked through the window, the birds were singing. On
the street, the students were riding their bicycles to school. The sellers were taking the luggage to sell in the
market.
6. To express an activity in progress at every moment during a period of time.

I was working all day yesterday.
They were fighting for the whole past three days.
Present Perfect
a. Form: To have + V3
Positive Positive Short Form

I have played I've played
you have worked you've worked
he has written he's written
she has walked she's walked
it has rained it's rained
we have travelled we've travelled
they have studied they've studied
Negative Negative Short Form

I have not eaten breakfast
I haven't eaten
today
you have not been to Asia you haven't been
he has not seen the new film he hasn't seen
she has not played tennis she hasn't played
it has not snowed this winter it hasn't snowed
we have not slept all night we haven't slept
they have not tried the food they haven't tried
'Yes / No' Questions Short Form 'Wh' Questions

have I missed the bus? Yes, I have where have I left my umbrella?
No, I
have you visited London? what have you done today?
haven’t
has he worked as a waiter No, he
why has he gone already?
before? hasn’t
Yes, she
has she met John? where has she been in the UK?
has
No, it why has it rained so much this
has it been cold this week?
hasn’t summer?
Yes, we
have we arrived too early? what have we done?
have
have they studied English No, they where have they learned English
grammar before? haven’t before?
b. Use:
1. Happened in the period past without specific time.
She has learned English.
He has known me well.
2. Happened in the past and continue to the present. (since and for)
The students have learnt Parts of Speech since August of 2016
They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
3.Experience in life (ever/ never)
She has never seen the ghost.
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
Note: and we use never for the negative form:
Have you ever met George?
Yes, but I’ve never met his wife.
4. Repeated action in the past
I have watched this movie 3 times.
5. Number of finished past action
Our teacher has taught 4 units since you left.
6. Recent past action and present result (just, already and yet)
She has cut her finger. (She is bleeding is the result.)
I have lost my pen. (I have on pen to write.)
I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
I have lost my wallet. = I don't have it now.
Jimmy has gone to South America. = He isn't here now.
Have you finished your homework? = Is your homework ready?
Been and Gone

We use 'been' (often when we talk about life experience) to mean that the person we're talking about visited
the place and came back.
 I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live).
 She has been to school today (but now she's back at home).
 They have never been to California.
We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the
person went to the place and is at the place now.
 Where's John? He's gone to the shops (he's at the shops now).
 Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico).
 They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in Japan).
Present Perfect Progressive
a. Form: To have + been+V-ing
Positive Positive Short Form

I have been playing tennis I've been playing tennis
you have been working you've been working
he has been writing a letter he's been writing a letter
she has been walking she's been walking
it has been raining it's been raining
we have been travelling we've been travelling
they have been studying they've been studying
Negative Negative Short Form

I have not been eating breakfast I haven't been eating
you have not been walking you haven't been walking
he has not been watching the new
he hasn't been watching
film
she has not been playing tennis she hasn't been playing
it has not been snowing this winter it hasn't been snowing
we have not been sleeping all night we haven't been sleeping
they have not been trying the food they haven't been trying
Short 'Wh' Questions

'Yes / No' Questions
Form +have/has+S+been+V-ing+(ob)?
have I been missing the
Yes, I have Where have I been staying ?
bus?
have you been visiting No, I
what have you been doing today?
London? haven’t
has he been working No, he why has he been sleeping on the
before? hasn’t floor?
Yes, she where has she been living in the
has she been meeting John?
has UK?
Has it been locating in the No, it why has it been raining so
city ? hasn’t much ?
Have we been arriving too Yes, we
what have we been doing?
early? have
Have they been studying No, they
who have they been talking to?
English grammar so far? haven’t
b. Use:
1. To express the duration or activities that began in the past and continued to the present and still in
progress.(With for since, all morning, all day, all week.)
I’ve been sitting here for two hours.
You’ve been studying for five straight hours.
2. With some certain verbs such as 'live, work, stay, study…' there is no different with these tenses.
I’ve lived here since 1995 or I’ve been living here since 1995.
She has stayed here for 10 years or she has been staying here for 10 years.
I've studied French for ten years or I've been studying French for ten years.
He's worked at the company since 2009 or he's been working at our company
since 2009.
3. Just finish, but show proof. ( similar to present perfect simpe)

It has been raining here (see drop of water on the leaf of tree)
She’s been crying (her eyes are red)
I’m tired because I’ve been working.
I've been eating dinner, so there are plates all over the table.
She's been doing her homework, so she's tired.
I've been making a cake, that's why the kitchen is such a mess.
4. Recently, Lately: without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use
the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.
Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
She has been watching too much television lately.
Have you been exercising lately?
Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
Lisa has not been practicing her English.
What have you been doing?
Note: Compare with these 2 tenses
> The continuous can be a temporary, but the simple can sound permanent.
I’ve been living with a host family for six weeks.
The castle has stood on the hill overlooking the see for centuries.
> State Verbs + used with simple.
I’ve known her for ten years.
> With short action verbs: Start, find, lose, begin, stop, break, die, decide,
cut, with simple.
We’ve decided to get married.
I’ve broken a tooth.
I’ve cut my finger.
We can use these Verbs with continuous if it is long action.
I’ve been stopping smoking for years.
You’ve been losing everything lately. What’s the matter with you?
I’ve been cutting wood.
> A completed action with simple, but a possibly incomplete action with continuous.
I’ve painted the bathroom (ready)
Someone has been drinking my beer (there’s some left)
I’ve been painting the bathroom (unfinished)
> In American English these sentences are corrected.
Did you hear the news? The President resigned!
Did you do your homework yet?
Your father just called you.
I had breakfast already.
Past Perfect
a. form: S+ had+V3+O
Positive: Negative Question Short Answer

I had finished. I had not finished. Had I finished? Yes, you had
Had you finished No, I hadn’t
You had finished. You hadn’t finished.
?
We had not Yes, we had
We had finished. Had we finished?
finished.
They had They had not Had they finished Yes, they had
finished. finished. ?
No , he
He had finished. He had not finished. Had he finished?
hadn’t
She had not Yes, she had
She had finished. Had she finished?
finished.
It had finished. It had not finished. Had it finished? No, it hadn’t
b. Use: Completed before another activity or time in the past.
Sam had already left by the time Ann got there.
She was crying because her dog had died.
I arrived to pick up Dave, but he had already left.
Note: The Past Perfect can refer to definite as well as indefinite time.
I knew his face immediately. I’d first met him in 1993.
I recognized her face. I’d seen her somewhere before (indefinite)
Past Perfect- Vs- Past Simple
+ Verbs in the past simple: tell a story in chronological order.
John worked hard all day to prepare for the party. Everyone had a good time. Even the food was all
right. Unfortunately, Andy got drunk and insulted Peter, so Peter left early. Pat came looking for Peter, but
he wasn’t there.
It was a great party. John sat and looked at all the mess. He left tired. It was time for bed.
+ By using the past perfect: the speaker or writer can tell a story in a different order.
John sat and looked at all the mess. It had been a great party, and everyone had had a good time. Even
the food had been all right. Unfortunately, Andy got drunk and insulted Peter, so Peter left early. Pat came
looking for Peter, but he had already gone.
John felt tired. He’d been working all day to prepared for the party. It was time to bed.
Past Perfect Progressive
a. form
Affirmative (Positive) Form Negative Form Question Form
I had been studying I had not been studying Had I been studying?
You had been studying You had not been studying Had you been studying?
He had been studying He had not been studying Had he been studying?
She had been studying She had not been studying Had she been studying?
It had been studying It had not been studying Had it been studying?
We had been studying We had not been studying Had we been studying?
You had been studying You had not been studying Had you been studying?
They had been studying They had not been studying Had they been studying?
b. Use:
1. To emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.
- The police had been looking for the criminal for 2 years before they caught
him.
- Eric finally came at six o’clock. I had been waiting for him since four-
thirty.
2. Something that finished just before another event in the past. This is usually
used to show a result at a time in the past. It's very similar to the present perfect continuous, but the
action finishes before another time in the past, rather than finishing before the present.
- The pavement was wet, it had been raining. (The rain had finished before the time I'm describing
in the past. We could see the result of the rain.)
- The children had been playing and so the room was a mess!
- I'd been working before I saw you and that's why I was really tired.
Future Simple
1. Will
a. form:
1. Positive form
Pronouns Long forms Contracted forms
I will read I'll read
you will read you'll read

I, he, she, it, we, you, they
he will read he'll read
they will read they'll read
3. Negative form
Pronouns Long forms Contracted forms
I'll not read

I, he, she, it, we, you, they I will not read
I won't read
you'll not read

you will not read
you won't read
he'll not read

he will not read
he won't read
they'll not read

they will not read
they won't read
4. Question
Yes/No question Short Answer
I read? Yes, I will
you read? Yes, I will

Will
he/she/it read ? Yes, he/she/it will
they/we read ? No, they/ we won’t
b. Use:
+ Willingness
+ Prediction with inside evidence or opinion
Ex: I’m sure you’ll get a good time at the party. (my opinion)
I reckon Liverpool will win (said the day before the match)
The glass will break if it falls (this is what happens to glasses that fall.)
Don’t lend Dara your car. He’ll crash it. (= a theoretical prediction)
+ We usually use “will” in main clause with time clause.
2. Be going to
a. form: be +going to+ V
Positive negative question
I I am going to speak. I am not going to speak. Am I going to speak?
You/we/they You are going to speak. You are not going to speak. Are you going to speak?
he / she / it He is going to speak. He is not going to speak. Is he going to speak?
b. Use:
+ Prior Plan
They're going to launch it next month.
She's going to see what she can do.
I'm not going to talk for very long.
When I retire, I'm going to go back to Barbados to live.
In ten years’ time, I'm going to be boss of my own successful company
+ Prediction with outside or physically evidence.

Ex: Careful! That glass is going to fall. (It’s rolling to the edge of the table)
- Liverpool is going to win. (It’s 4-0, and there are only five minutes left)
- Look out! We’re going to crash! (Proof)
- You look very tired. You're going to need to stop soon
Note1: We can replace 'going to go' by 'going'.
 I'm going out later.
 She's going to the exhibition tomorrow
Note2: Gonna (Spoken English)
 One day I’m gonna be a star
3. Future arrangements (Pre-Pro)

- To express personal arrangements and fixed plans, especially when the
time and place have been decided.
Ex: I’m having lunch with Brian tomorrow.
What time are you meeting him?
What are you doing tonight?
- To refer to arrangement between people. It is not used to refer to events
that people can’t control.
Ex: It’s going to rain this afternoon. Not: It is raining.
The sun rise at 5:30 tomorrow. Not: The sun is rising.
Note:
+ Sometimes there is little or no difference between Pre-Pro & Be going to
We are seeing Hamlet at the theatre tonight.
We’re going to see Hamlet at the theatre tonight.
+ When difference, Pre-Pro refers an arrangement with some reality in the
present, Be going to refers to person’s intentions.
I’m seeing my girl friend tonight.
I’m going to ask her to marry me.
4. Present Simple: refers to a timetable or calendar.
My flight leaves at 10:00.
Term starts on 4 April.
What time does the film start?
It’s my birthday tomorrow.
Note: It is used in time-clause
We’ll have a picnic if the weather stays fine.
When I get home, I’ll cook the dinner.
I’ll leave as soon as it stops raining.
Future Continuous
a. Form
I will be reading I will not be reading Will I be reading?
You will be reading You will not be reading Will you be reading?
He will be reading He will not be reading Will he be reading?
She will be reading She will not be reading Will she be reading?
It will be reading It will not be reading Will it be reading?
We will be reading We will not be reading Will we be reading?
You will be reading You will not be reading Will you be reading?
They will be reading They will not be reading Will they be reading?
Contracted forms:
I/you/we/they/ he/she/it will = I’ll/you’ll/we’ll/they’ll/he'll/she'll/it'll
Will not = won’t
b. Use
+ To express activities that will be in progress before and after a time in the
future.
Ex: Don’t phone at 8:00. We’ll be having upper.
This time tomorrow. I’ll be flying to New York.
+ Sometimes there is little or no difference between the futures, especially
when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in the future.
Ex: Don’t get impatient. She’ll be coming soon.
She will come soon.
Future Perfect
a. form
Using "Will"
Positive Negative Question
I will have stopped. I will not have stopped. Will I have stopped?
You will have stopped. You will not have stopped. Will you have stopped?
We will have stopped. We will not have stopped. Will we have stopped?
Will they have
They will have stopped. They will not have stopped.
stopped?
He will have stopped. He will not have stopped. Will he have stopped?
She will have stopped. She will not have stopped. Will she have stopped?
It will have stopped. It will not have stopped. Will it have stopped?
Using "Be Going To"
Positive Negative
I am going to have stopped. I am not going to have stopped.
You are going to have stopped. You are not going to have stopped.
We are going to have stopped. We are not going to have stopped.
They are going to have stopped. They are not going to have stopped.
He is going to have stopped. He is not going to have stopped.
She is going to have stopped. She is not going to have stopped.
It is going to have stopped. It is not going to have stopped.
Question
Am I going to have stopped?
Are you going to have stopped?
Are we going to have stopped?
Are they going to have stopped?
Is he going to have stopped?
Is she going to have stopped?
Is it going to have stopped?
b. Use: to express an activity that will be completed be for another time or event in the future. It is not a
very common verb form.
Ex: I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I will have graduated.
I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.
Future Perfect Progressive
a. form
wil hav bee runnin wil no hav bee runnin Wil hav bee running
I I I
l e n g l t e n g l e n ?
Yo wil hav bee runnin Yo wil no hav bee runnin Wil yo hav bee running
u l e n g u l t e n g l u e n ?
We We we
The wil hav bee runnin The wil no hav bee runnin Wil the hav bee running
y l e n g y l t e n g l y e n ?
He He he
She She she
It It It
b. Use
+ To emphasize the duration of an activity that will be in progress before
another time or event in the future.
+ Sometimes the Future Per-Simple & Progressive have the same meaning when it began in the past.
Ex: 1. I will go to bed at ten p.m. ED will get home at midnight. At midnight I
will be sleeping. I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time Ed gets
home.
2. When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years.
When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45
years.
Passive Verb
1/ Definition: only with transitive verb. It is usually used when it is not known or not important to know
exactly who does the action. The Ob of an active verb becomes the sub of a passive verb.
Ex: Active: Marry helped the boy.
Passive: The boy was helped by Marry.
Note:
+ “By phrase” is not used when it isn’t important to know who does the action, but if we want to know,
we can use it.
Ex: The girl was killed.
The girl was killed by her boyfriend.
+ In spoken English (but not in formal) “get” is used instead of “be”
The girl got kissed.
+ I-O as Passive Verb
Someone gave Mrs-Lee an award.
=> Mrs-Lee was given an award. Or
=> An award was given (to) Mrs-Lee.
The omission of “to” is more common in Br-E than Us-E.
2/ Types of Passive:
a. Passive infinitive
She wants to be left alone (to-inf)
Yesterday I heard her be hit (bare-inf)
The dog may be killed by the unknown man.
b. Passive Gerund
She stops being told a lie anymore
I enjoy being invited to the party
e. Passive with Reporting Verbs

* It + passive + sub-clause
It was reported (that) the poor people ware helped in the big storm
It is said that elephants have good memories
* S + passive + to infinitive
The prisoner is known to behave badly
She is said to have 3 husbands
d. State Passive is used to describe an existing situation or state. The followings are the important point
of State passive
 No action is taking places the action happened earlier.
 There is no by-phrase
 The P.P functions as an adjective
 Prepositions other than by can follow state passive
Ex: - The door is locked
-Now the door is broken
- I’m interested in Angkor
-I’m married to Alex

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National University of Cheasim Kamchaymear Parts of Speech

Definition: the words doing the action by the subjects

There are 4 kinds of Transitive Verb.

a. Mono Transitive Verb

- Can you buy this ring for me?

Here are certain verbs used in this pattern.

c. Transitive Verb of Complete Predication

- I believe him strongly.

Subject + T.V of incomplete Predication + Object +

-This story is very long; therefore. I will cut it short.

Believe Leave Think Send Vote

- They had run quickly to the market.

- They work two hours on Saturdays and Sunday.

-She die to love her.

There are 2 types of Intransitive Verbs.

1. IV. Of Complete predication.

Subject + I.V of complete Predication

Subject + I.V of complete Predication + Complement.

- The baby sleeps in bed.

2.Finite/Main/Principle/Full Verbs and Nonfinite Verbs

Ex:- I will go to university.

-I need you to quickly go there.

3. Object of preposition. (only with: about, except, but)

1: Verbs that take the infinite. S + V+ inf (phrase)……….

-agree -decide -offer -try

b. Verb + Object +Bare infinitive

Ex: Don’t make me cry

1: Verb + Present participle

- Sit : He sits reading a newspaper.

- Catch - keep- notice - stand

- To spend + money / time doing s.th

- To find + pro (noun) doing s.th

4: Perfect Participle (happened before the main verb in main clause)

a - Active: Having + V3 ……, Past simple

b - Passive: Having + been + V3 ……., Past simple

4: Perfect Participle (happened before the main verb in main clause)

b - Passive: Having + been + V3 ……., Past simple

1- Some verbs + Gerund (phrase)

- Admit - delay/defer - like - recollect

2- Verb + Object + Gerund

- Avoid - can’t forget - love - prevent

- Admit to - benefit from - object to

- Afraid of - familiar with

- Advantage of/ in - choice of - intention of

6- Some expressions + V(ing) Form

- To have fun - It’s worth

- advise - agree - allow - attempt - begin

Ex: I love to watch TV

5. …………….in London, they continued to see the Phnom Penh.

Comparing Gerund with Infinitive

A. Without changing the meaning

B. Changing the meaning

- She likes cooking

(happened in the past)

-I remember visiting Angkor Wat with you. The

(Express responsibility, duty or task)

It can be something happening in the future

Forget + infinitive (forget to perform a responsibity, duty or task)

- Sam often forgets to lock the door.