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FLUID MECHANICS 03 Pressure.

1) Pressure can be measured using manometers and mechanical gauges such as diaphragm gauges. Manometers measure pressure differences by balancing fluid columns. 2) There are several types of pressure including absolute, gauge, vacuum, and differential pressure. Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure while absolute pressure includes atmospheric pressure. 3) Piezometers are simple manometers used to measure gauge pressure by the height of a fluid column balancing the pressure at a point. Pressure is calculated using the fluid density, height in the column, and gravity.

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Shiela Salvilla
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86 views

FLUID MECHANICS 03 Pressure.

1) Pressure can be measured using manometers and mechanical gauges such as diaphragm gauges. Manometers measure pressure differences by balancing fluid columns. 2) There are several types of pressure including absolute, gauge, vacuum, and differential pressure. Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure while absolute pressure includes atmospheric pressure. 3) Piezometers are simple manometers used to measure gauge pressure by the height of a fluid column balancing the pressure at a point. Pressure is calculated using the fluid density, height in the column, and gravity.

Uploaded by

Shiela Salvilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pressure Measuring System

FLUID MECHANICS
Lecture 03
Pressure Measuring System

What is pressure?
- Pressure is the physical force exerted on an object.

- Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object.


F
Force

Pressure = Force / Area

A
Area
Pressure Measuring System
Types of Pressure

DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE
Pgage = Pabs − Patm
Pressure Measuring System
Pvac = Patm − Pabs
Types of Pressure Pabs = Patm + Pgage

Differential
Pressure Pgage

Patm
Pvac
Patm
Pabs
Pabs
Pabs=0=Absolute
vacuum
Pressure Measuring System

Atmospheric Pressure

Also known as barometric pressure


Is defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by weight of the air above that surface

Pressure at sea level is approximately:

1 atmosphere = 1 atm
= 760 mmHg
= 14.7 psi
= 101.325 kPa
= 1.013 bar
= 10.33 mH2O
= 1.033 Kgf/cm2
Pressure Measuring System

Gauge Pressure
Is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

Used to measure the pressure difference between a system and the surrounding atmosphere

Hence pressure gauge reading is showing at 0 psi @ atmospheric pressure

Sometimes added with “g” at the end of pressure unit to indicate gauge pressure

Examples: 1 psig
1 kPag

However, without “g” it is understood that pressure is in gauge


Pressure Measuring System

Vacuum Pressure
Pressure below the atmospheric pressure

Also known as negative gauge pressure

Usually indicated with a negative “-”

Vacuum Pressure = Patm - Pabs


Pressure Measuring System

Absolute Pressure
Pressure above absolute zero

Absolute Pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure


Pressure Measuring System

Differential Pressure
Is the difference in the pressure between two points

Differential Pressure = Pressure @ point 1 - Pressure @ point 2

Pressure @ point 1 Pressure @ point 2


Pressure Measuring System

Measurement of Pressure
• The pressure of a fluid is measured by the following devices.

(a) Manometers
(b) Mechanical gauges

• Manometers: Manometers are defined as the devices used for Example of a simple manometer
measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing the
column of fluid by the same or another column of fluid. They are
classified as:

(a) Simple Manometers


(b)Differential Manometers

Differential Manometer
Pressure Measuring System

Measurement of Pressure

• The pressure of a fluid is measured by the following devices.


(a) Manometers
(b) Mechanical gauges

• Mechanical Gauges: These are defined as the devices used for


measuring the pressure by balancing the fluid column by the
spring or dead weight.

• The commonly used Mechanical pressure gauges are:


(a) Diaphragm pressure gauge
(b) Bourdon tube pressure gauge Diaphragm pressure gauge
(c) Dead – Weight pressure gauge
(d) Bellows pressure gauge.
Pressure Measuring System

Piezometer
It is a simplest form of manometer used for measuring gauge pressure.

• One end of this manometer is connected to the point where pressure is


to be measured and other end is open to the atmosphere.

• The rise of liquid in the Piezometer gives pressure head at that point A.

• It can measure the pressure in a container using hydrostatic pressure


concept
Where:
• The height of liquid say water is ‘h’ in piezometer tube, then
ρ = density of the liquid
g = gravitation acceleration 9.81 m/s2
h = height of the liquid
Pressure Measuring System

Sample Problem: Piezometer


A pressure tube is used to measure the pressure of oil (mass density 640 kg/m3) in a pipeline. If the oil rises to a height
of 1.2 above the center of the pipe, what is the gauge pressure in kPa at that point? (gravity = 9.81 m/s2) Ans 7.53 kPa
Pressure Measuring System

Sample Problem: Piezometer


In the piezometers of the figure shown, liquid stands 1.37 m above point
M. What is the pressure at M in kiloPascal if the liquid is (a) water.
(ans 13.44 kPa), (b) oil (sp gr 0.90) (ans 12.10 kPa), (c) mercury
(ans 182.78 kPa), and (d) molasses (sp gr 1.5) (ans 20.16 kPa).
Pressure Measuring System

Sample Problem: Piezometer


How high will liquid rise in the piezometers of shown in the figure if the
pressure at M is 68.95 kPa and the liquid is (a) water [ans h=7.03m],
(b) oil (sp gr 0.85) [ans h=8.27m], (c) mercury [ans h=0.5168m],
(d) brine (sp gr 1.15) [ans h=6.11m]?
PRESSURE BELOW THE LAYERS OF DIFFERENT
FLUID
• For one layer,
∆ = h
− = h
= h+

Where:
= pressure at the bottom
= pressure at the top
𝐵
𝐵
𝐵
𝐴
𝐴
𝐴
𝑃
𝑃
𝑃
𝑃
𝑃
𝑃
𝛾
𝛾
𝑃
𝛾
Example
• A weatherman carried an aneroid barometer from the ground floor to his
office atop the Sears Tower in Chicago. On the ground level, the barometer
read 30.15 in. Hg abs; topside, it read 28.607 in. Hg abs. Assume that the
average atmospheric air density was 0.075 lb. per cubic ft., estimate the
height of the building. Ans. 1,455.55ft
EXAMPLE
• In the figure shown, if the atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa and the absolute pressure
at the bottom of the tank is 232 kPa, what is
the specific gravity of olive oil? Use SG of SAE
30 oil = 0.89. Ans SG = 1.408
Pressure Measuring System

Piezometer
Find the elevation of the oil surface in the attached piezometer. Ans h of oil = 6.3 m

Pair = 35 kPa

h = 2m SG of oil = 0.83

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