The first document is a prayer asking God for his presence and leadership in a class, for inspiration and that the class would serve him. The second document discusses exact differential equations, providing the conditions for an equation to be exact and the steps to solve exact differential equations, illustrated with two examples. The third document discusses applications of linear ordinary differential equations to model growth and decay problems, providing examples and solutions for modeling the decay of radium and determining half-life and remaining amounts over time.
The first document is a prayer asking God for his presence and leadership in a class, for inspiration and that the class would serve him. The second document discusses exact differential equations, providing the conditions for an equation to be exact and the steps to solve exact differential equations, illustrated with two examples. The third document discusses applications of linear ordinary differential equations to model growth and decay problems, providing examples and solutions for modeling the decay of radium and determining half-life and remaining amounts over time.
The first document is a prayer asking God for his presence and leadership in a class, for inspiration and that the class would serve him. The second document discusses exact differential equations, providing the conditions for an equation to be exact and the steps to solve exact differential equations, illustrated with two examples. The third document discusses applications of linear ordinary differential equations to model growth and decay problems, providing examples and solutions for modeling the decay of radium and determining half-life and remaining amounts over time.
The first document is a prayer asking God for his presence and leadership in a class, for inspiration and that the class would serve him. The second document discusses exact differential equations, providing the conditions for an equation to be exact and the steps to solve exact differential equations, illustrated with two examples. The third document discusses applications of linear ordinary differential equations to model growth and decay problems, providing examples and solutions for modeling the decay of radium and determining half-life and remaining amounts over time.
We ask for your presence to be with us as we meet today. May we be aware of your Lordship, that we serve you, your love and that we are your children. Inspire our thoughts, discussions and ideas as we seek to work together to ensure that our class is your class
Amen Exact Differential Equations • A first order ODE, 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 ′ + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 0 written as 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called an exact differential equation if 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 • Note that 𝑀𝑦 = and 𝑁𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 • To solve the exact D.E i. integrate 𝑀 w.r.t 𝑥 and 𝑁 w.r.t 𝑦 ignoring arbitrary constant ii. Merge the expressions got after integration writing down each term exactly once, even if a particular term appears in both results and iii. finally introduce the arbitrary constant. Exact Differential Equations • Example 1 Solve the ode 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦 2 =0 Solution 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 Step 1. Test for exactness, 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥 or = 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑀 𝜕 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕 = 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 , = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥 = 2𝑦 → 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 Step 2. Integrate 𝑀 w.r.t 𝑥 and 𝑁 w.r.t 𝑦 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 Exact Differential Equations • Step 3 Merge the two expressions without repetition • 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 Step 4 Write the final solution with arbitrary constant (c) • The general solution is 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 = 𝑐 Step 5 Solve for c using the initial condition given to find the particular solution 𝑦 2 = 0 → 0 − 22 + 02 2 = 𝑐 → 𝑐 = −4 • Therefore, particular solution is 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 = −4 Example 2 Solve cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Exact Differential Equations Solution M = cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑁 = 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 = − sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 , = −sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 = → 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = න cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) Therefore, 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐 Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems
• Example 1 • Radium decomposes in air at the rate proportional to the present amount (x). If initially there are 20 grams, and after 10 years, 0.6% of the original amount decomposed. a) Set a model that will predict the amount of radium at any time, b) What is the half-life of the radium? c) What is the amount remaining in 900 grams? Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems • Solution 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 න = න 𝑘𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 → 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐 → 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑐 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 but 𝑡 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 20 → 20 = 𝑐𝑒 0 → 𝑐 = 20 At 𝑡 = 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑥 = 20 − 20 0.6% = 19.88𝑔 𝑘(10) 19.88 10𝑘 19.88 19.88 = 20𝑒 → 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 → 10𝑘 = ln 20 20 1 19.88 1 19.88 𝑙𝑛 𝑡 𝑘= 𝑙𝑛 Therefore, 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20 10 20 Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems • Solution….. b) 𝑥 = 10 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 , 𝑡 =? 1 19.88 1 19.88 1 𝑙𝑛 𝑡 𝑙𝑛 𝑡 10𝑙𝑛 2 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20 → 10 = 20𝑒 10 20 →𝑡= 19.88 𝑡 = 1151.78 𝑙𝑛 20 1 19.88 𝑡 19.88 𝑙𝑛 𝑡 𝑙𝑛 c) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20 → 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20 but 𝑡 = 900
900 19.88 𝑙𝑛 𝑡 𝑥= 20𝑒 10 20
𝑥 = 11.63 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems
• Example 2 • Radium decomposes in air at the rate proportional to the present amount (x). It is found that in 25 years 1.1% of a certain amount decomposed. Determine approximately how long will it take: a) For one half of the original amount to decompose, b) 20% of the amount to decompose? c) What percentage of the amount will decompose in 50 years? Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems
• Solutions a) 𝑡 = 1566.65 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 b) t = 504.35 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 c) 2.19%
