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    CEX 15 - The Canadian Mosaic (I)

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    Lucia Ortega Guardado
    The document summarizes the history of early settlement in Canada by Indigenous peoples and then European settlers from France and Britain. It discusses the establishment of New France in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain and the subsequent struggles between France and Britain for control over North America, culminating with Britain gaining control over Canada after the French and Indian War. It then outlines key events in Canadian confederation and expansion westward, along with the policies of cultural assimilation and residential schools that negatively impacted Indigenous peoples.

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    CEX 15 - The Canadian Mosaic (I)

    Uploaded by

    Lucia Ortega Guardado
    47 views21 pages
    The document summarizes the history of early settlement in Canada by Indigenous peoples and then European settlers from France and Britain. It discusses the establishment of New France in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain and the subsequent struggles between France and Britain for control over North America, culminating with Britain gaining control over Canada after the French and Indian War. It then outlines key events in Canadian confederation and expansion westward, along with the policies of cultural assimilation and residential schools that negatively impacted Indigenous peoples.

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    The document summarizes the history of early settlement in Canada by Indigenous peoples and then European settlers from France and Britain. It discusses the establishment of New France in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain and the subsequent struggles between France and Britain for control over North America, culminating with Britain gaining control over Canada after the French and Indian War. It then outlines key events in Canadian confederation and expansion westward, along with the policies of cultural assimilation and residential schools that negatively impacted Indigenous peoples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    47 views21 pages

    CEX 15 - The Canadian Mosaic (I)

    Uploaded by

    Lucia Ortega Guardado
    The document summarizes the history of early settlement in Canada by Indigenous peoples and then European settlers from France and Britain. It discusses the establishment of New France in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain and the subsequent struggles between France and Britain for control over North America, culminating with Britain gaining control over Canada after the French and Indian War. It then outlines key events in Canadian confederation and expansion westward, along with the policies of cultural assimilation and residential schools that negatively impacted Indigenous peoples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21

    THE MAKING OF THE CANADIAN

    MOSAIC I
    THE FIRST CANADIAN MOSAIC

    Indigenous tribes
    • First Nations
    • Inuit
    • Métis
    FIRST EUROPEAN SETTLERS:
    THE VIKINGS
    ‘NEW FOUND LAND’

    John Cabot made a British claim to land in Canada in his 1497 voyage on the ship Matthew.
    Jacques Cartier made three voyages across the Atlantic (1534-
    1542), claiming the land for King Francis I of France.

    FRENCH SETTLEMENT
    FRENCH SETTLEMENT

    Samuel de Champlain established


    the colony of New France and
    founded the city of Quebec (1608).
    Taking possession of Louisiana and the River Mississippi,
    in the name of Louis XIVth.

    FRENCH SETTLEMENT
    BRITISH SETTLEMENT

    In 1670, England declared ownership of the entire


    northern coast of the continent, which they named
    Rupert’s Land.
    THE FUR TRADE

    • The fur trade quickly became a source of


    enormous rivalry between the French and
    English empires.
    • The Fur Wars (1613 – 1756).
    THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
    (1756-1763)
    • The French and Indian War pitted Great Britain and France
    against each other for control of North America.
    • France gave up its claim to Canada in the Treaty of Paris
    (1763).
    • The Royal Proclamation of 1763:
    • An area of land was reserved as Indigenous territory, and
    the Crown was granted exclusive land-buying rights.
    • New France was renamed as the Province of Quebec and
    brought under British control.
    • It was revoked by the Quebec Act in 1774.
    T H E C R E AT I O N O F A C O U N T R Y

    • During the War of Independence many “Loyalists” fled to Quebec and Nova Scotia.
    • The Constitutional Act of 1791 split the Province of Quebec into Lower Canada (later
    Quebec) and Upper Canada (later Ontario).
    WAR OF 1812, “THE WAR NOBODY WON”

    The war largely defined the US-


    Canadian border and contributed to a
    growing sense of national identity.
    T H E C R E AT I O N O F A C O U N T R Y

    In the 1830s the Canadas entered a period of political unrest, with rebellions led by Reformers.
    In 1840, Britain passed the Act of Union, which created the United Province of Canada.
    T H E C R E AT I O N O F
    A COUNTRY

    In 1867, the British North America Act


    created the Dominion of Canada, The Fathers of Confederation, Robert Harris
    formed by the Provinces of New
    Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and the
    re-separation of Canada into Ontario
    and Québec.
    T H E C R E AT I O N O F A CO U N T RY

    John A. Macdonald, PM
    T H E C R E AT I O N O F A C O U N T R Y
    THE OTHER CANADIANS
    Paying Treaty.
    Indigenous peoples receiving treaty money, 1930.
    THE CANADIAN
    CONQUEST OF THE
    WEST

    The Royal Proclamation of 1763


    stated that settlers could not occupy
    land that had not been surrendered
    to the Crown by the Indigenous
    population.
    European settlement and expansion
    was made possible by "The
    Numbered Treaties," 11 treaties
    signed between the Crown and the
    First Nations (1871–1921).
    C U LT U R A L A S S I M I L AT I O N
    AND GENOCIDE

    The Indian Act of 1876 allowed the government


    to control most aspects of indigenous life: Indian
    status, land, resources, education, band
    administration, cultural practices...
    The Act defined who was considered an Indian
    under the law.
    It aimed to assimilate Indigenous people into
    Canadian society.
    Traditional Indian practices such as the sun dance
    were officially suppressed.
    Thomas
    Moore before
    and after his
    entrance into
    the Regina
    Indian
    Residential
    School in
    Saskatchewan
    in 1874.

    C U LT U R A L A S S I M I L AT I O N A N D G E N O C I D E
    The government developed a system of residential schools as a primary
    vehicle for "civilization" and "assimilation."
    First Nations children were to be educated in the same manner and on
    the same subjects as Canadian children and forced to abandon their
    traditional languages, dress, religion and lifestyle.
    C U LT U R A L A S S I M I L AT I O N A N D G E N O C I D E

    In 2008 Prime Minister Stephen Harper offered full apology on


    behalf of Canadians for the Indian Residential Schools system.
    The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established to
    facilitate reconciliation among former students, their families, their
    communities and all Canadians.

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