A REPORT

ON

Streamlining Operations:

Factory Automation Implementation

BY

Abhimanyu Magapu - 2021A3PS2516G – Electrical and Electronics

Daksh Seth – 2021AAPS0997G – Electronics and Communications

Apoorva Jain – 2021AAPS2858G – Electronics and Communications

AT

(Alltronix International Inc - IIOT)

A Practice School-I Station of

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

(June 2023)
 1

A REPORT

ON

Streamlining Operations:

Factory Automation Implementation

BY
Abhimanyu Magapu - 2021A3PS2516G – Electrical and Electronics

Daksh Seth – 2021AAPS0997G – Electronics and Communications

Apoorva Jain – 2021AAPS2858G – Electronics and Communications

Prepared in partial fulfilment of the

Practice School-I Course Nos.

BITS C221/BITS C231/BITS C241

AT

(Alltronix International Inc - IIOT)

A Practice School-I Station of

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

(June 2023)
 2

Acknowledgements

We want to express our gratitude, appreciation, and acknowledgement to everyone

who contributed and helped us complete the Final Project. With their guidance,
support, and help, we were able to successfully complete it.

First and foremost, we would like to thank our Practice School faculty, Mrs Suchismita
Satpathy, for her invaluable guidance and encouragement throughout the project. The
insightful feedback, encouragement, guidance, and willingness to clear our doubts and
help us at every stage were instrumental in completing the project. We are truly
grateful for her mentorship and support.

We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to all the executives of Alltronix
International INC, Hyderabad and especially to Mr Aryan Sagar Sunku for his overall
supervision, guidance, and teaching throughout the internship. He has been highly
interactive with us, pushing us to go beyond and better, encouraging us to take up
challenging tasks and helping us. His critical feedback and assessments of our
simulations, code and presentation have contributed immensely. We are very grateful
to him.
 3

Abstract

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI

(RAJASTHAN)

Practice School Division

Station ……… Alltronix International Inc – IIOT

Centre………... Hyderabad

Duration……... 2 months Date of Start……… 30th June 2023

Date of Submission……… 25th June 2023

Title of the Project………... IoT – Enabled Smart Dustbin

ID No./Name(s)………. Abhimanyu Magapu, Apoorva Jain, Daksh Seth

Name(s) designation(s) of the expert(s)……….. Aryan Sagar Sunku, Tech head, Alltronix

Name(s) of the PS Faculty………… Suchismita Satpathy

Key Words: IoT, Factory Automation, TinkerCAD, Arduino, Industrial revolution,

Project Areas: IIOT, IoT

 4

Abstract:

This project focuses on the development of an industrial automation system utilizing

Arduino, various sensors, a servo motor, and a keypad-based lock system to streamline
packet sorting on a conveyor belt.

The automation system employs the servo motor to sort packets based on height and
weight, optimizing productivity and accuracy. To ensure safety, temperature and
smoke sensors are integrated, accompanied by a safety mechanism of a buzzer,
exhaust fan, and sprinkler to mitigate fire hazards. Access control is provided through
the keypad-based lock system, initiating the process upon entering the correct
password.

Additionally, the conveyor belt's speed is adjustable, enhancing flexibility. The

successful implementation of this automation system showcases its potential to
increase efficiency, improve workplace safety, and deliver a competitive edge to
industries.

As automation continues to evolve, it offers promising opportunities for future

advancements in manufacturing processes, paving the way towards a more efficient,
secure, and prosperous industrial landscape.

Signature(s) of Student(s) : Signature of PS Faculty

Abhimanyu Magapu

Apoorva Jain

Daksh Seth

Date 19th July 2023 Date

 5

Table of Contents

Background Research....................................................................................................... 6
Hardware Used................................................................................................................. 9
Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 19
Methodology.................................................................................................................. 20
Scope of Improvement................................................................................................... 23
Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 24
References ...................................................................................................................... 25
Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 27
Appendix - A .................................................................................................................. 30
 6

Background Research
In recent times, the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has been ground-
breaking and has revolutionized almost every aspect of life. From Industrial
Automation, Wireless Communication, Smart Cities, Hospitals, Agricultural Fields to
even our vehicles and homes, IoT has encompassed our lives and allowed for a
seamless communication, data exchange and enhanced production, safety and
efficiency [1]. IoT refers to the vast interconnected network of devices and equipment
which can collect, store, exchange, analyse and communicate data over the internet.

The realm of IoT devices has developed rapidly and is deepening at an even faster
pace in today’s day and age. The earliest models of IoT devices focused primarily on
interconnecting small machines and sensors dubbed as Machine to Machine
communication (M2M) and is often considered to be the backbone of the IoT
mechanism. Over the years, revolutionary developments of Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Cyber
Protection Systems, Cloud Computing and Big Data systems, Industrial Automation
Systems have improvised the whole production and security line. [2]

Arguably, the Industrial Sector has been impacted the most with the onset of IoT and
rightly so. The Industry needed to move away from its heavy reliance on Manual forces
and the age of automated machines took over. Industrial Automation was a welcome
change and came with it many perks.

• It Enhanced Production and Efficiency several fold. It enabled techniques like

real time monitoring, control and surveillance of various industrial processes
along with the power to store and analyse data. It was then used to adjust and
optimize the workflow, production process and make informed decisions which
resulted in increased productivity, reduced maintenance and downtime and
ensured the machines worked to their full potential.

• Supply Chain Optimization - Introduction of IoT has led to enlarged visibility and
transparency across the supply chain. Now the inventory levels, shipment status
and all logistical operations can be easily viewed in real time, leading to
producers being able to efficiently manage their stock, quality and integrity and
improve all logistical operations.
 7

• It has led to an Energy Efficient and Sustainable Production environment. IoT

based systems can now track energy consumption levels and by collecting,
monitoring and efficiently analyzing this data we can pinpoint high energy
consumption areas and implement the necessary measures. Also, automated
control systems can regulate machine usage, lighting, temperature, pressure
thus leading to significant reduction in power consumption.

• Improved Safety and Risk Mitigation Systems have been implemented thanks to
the introduction of IoT devices. Industrial setting almost often poses a hazardous
environment and evokes potential risk to human life, by using proper devices
and sensors one can carefully monitor the level of temperature, pressure,
hazardous gasses, equipment malfunctions and deploy the necessary
countermeasures immediately.

Keeping these things in mind, some of the Industrial Automation technologies have
been implemented in our project.

• Smart Lock System - A Smart lock System is a smart security device that uses a
Password to open a door or gain access to a compartment. The entered
password is visible on the LCD screen. It automates the security element and
eliminates the use of manual requirements to physically authenticate each and
every person. Also, it almost nullifies the entry of any unauthorized entity,
eliminating any chance of theft or physical data breach.[3] Upon successful
authentication, the door allows entry only for a limited amount of time and has a
restriction upon the number of failed attempts of password entry. Since every
entry is digitized, it automatically creates logs of all those entered along with the
recorded Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) footage.

• Smoke and Temperature Detectors along with Exhaust Fan and Sprinkler System
- These two systems are closely related and comprise the safety unit of the
Industry Automation. They provide real time monitoring of the smoke and
temperature levels, constantly updated on the LCD screen, within the factory as
industrial settings are often places with hazardous conditions. Smoke and
Temperature are detected by their respective sensors, and they work in
simulation to predict any fire hazards. If only smoke is detected, the Exhaust fan
will operate and clear the smoke. But if smoke is detected along with a
significant rise in temperature, indicating the presence of fire, the sprinkler
 8

system springs into action to subdue any further damage. This is how the safety
system works to prevent any hazards. [4]

• Industry Automation Systems - This unit comprises of a height and weight sorter
and a speed controller conveyor belt. An Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 detects the
height of the package by measuring the time it takes the reflected ultrasonic
sound waves to reach back.

Distance = Speed * Time/2

A pressure sensor is used to measure the weight of the package. After these
parameters are known, the respective sorting is done which is controlled by 2
Servo motors. Also there is a speed control conveyor belt system, controlled by
a DC motor, which can alter to three different speeds and even work in reverse.
 9

Hardware Used
Resistor:
A resistor is an electronic component that restricts the flow of electric current in a
circuit. It is typically made of a material with high resistance, such as carbon or metal
alloys. The amount of resistance offered by a resistor is denoted by its band colours. I
have used a 220 oh resistor in this project.

The band colours of a 220-ohm resistor are typically red, red, brown, and gold. The
colour bands on a resistor are used to represent the resistance value and tolerance. In
this case, the first band (red) represents digit 2, the second band (red) represents digit
2, the third band (brown) represents the multiplier 10^1, and the fourth band (gold)
represents the tolerance of +/- 5%.

Figure 01: Shown above is a 220-ohm resistor.

Source: [5]

Potentiometer:
A potentiometer is an adjustable electronic component that functions as a variable
resistor. It is commonly used to control the electrical potential (voltage) in a circuit. The
potentiometer consists of a resistive element and a movable contact, often called a
wiper. As the wiper is adjusted, it changes the resistance along the resistive element,
thereby altering the voltage output.

Potentiometers are used in LCDs to adjust the contrast and brightness levels of the
display. By incorporating a potentiometer, the LCD allows users to adjust the contrast
 10

and brightness levels to achieve optimal visibility and readability. The potentiometer
provides a variable resistance that controls the voltage or current flowing to the LCD
panel, thereby altering the intensity of the backlight or the electric field applied to the
liquid crystals. I have used a 250-ohm potentiometer in my simulation.

Figure 02: A Potentiometer is shown with the corresponding signal inputs.

Source: [6]

LCD:
An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a flat panel display technology used in various
electronic devices, including televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, and digital
watches. It utilizes the unique optical properties of liquid crystals to generate images
and graphics.
LCDs offer several advantages, including high resolution, sharp image quality, and low
power consumption. They also have a thin and lightweight design, making them suitable
for portable devices. However, LCDs may have limitations such as limited viewing angles
and slower response times compared to other display technologies like OLED (Organic
Light Emitting Diode). I have used a 16x2 LCD in my simulation.
 11

Figure 03: The figure shows the various components of a colour LCD
Source: [7]

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor (HC- SR04):

The HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic sensor module commonly used for distance measurement
in various electronic projects. It consists of a transmitter and a receiver, which work
together to determine the distance between the sensor and an object by utilizing
ultrasonic sound waves.
The sensor operates by sending out a short ultrasonic pulse from the transmitter and
then measuring the time it takes for the pulse to bounce back after hitting an object.
This time interval calculates the distance using the speed of sound.
The HC-SR04 module typically consists of four pins: VCC (power supply), GND
(ground), Trig (trigger), and Echo (echo). The trigger pin initiates the ultrasonic pulse,
and the echo pin receives the reflected pulse. By measuring the time between the
trigger and echo signals, the distance to the object can be calculated.
 12

Figure 04: The figure shows an HC -SR04 ultrasonic sensor with its output pins
Source: [8]

Micro Servo Motor (Sg 90):

A micro servo motor is a smaller version of a standard servo motor. It is
designed to provide precise control over angular position or limited-range
motion in compact and lightweight applications. Micro servo motors operate on
the same basic principles as standard servo motors. They consist of a small DC
motor, a gear train to reduce speed and increase torque, a control circuit, and a
feedback system. The control circuit receives signals from an external source,
such as a microcontroller, and adjusts the motor's position based on those
signals. The feedback system, typically a potentiometer or an optical encoder,
provides information about the motor's current position to ensure accurate
control. They often have standardised mounting interfaces, such as three
mounting holes on the bottom, making them easy to integrate into various
projects. A low-voltage DC power supply, such as 4.8V or 6V, typically power
micro servos.
 13

Figure 05: The figure shows a micro servo motor(SG – 90)

Source: [9]

Arduino UNO:
In this project, an Arduino UNO microcontroller is used to process the data.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (6 can be used as PWM outputs), six analog inputs,
a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a
reset button.
Some of the features of the Arduino UNO are:

1. Microcontroller: The Arduino Uno is based on the Atmega328P microcontroller,

a powerful 8-bit AVR microcontroller running at 16 MHz
2. Digital I/O Pins: It has 14 digital input/output pins, of which six can be used as
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) outputs.
3. Analog Inputs: The board has six analogue input pins, which can be used to
read analogue sensor values or voltage levels.
4. Operating Voltage: The Arduino Uno can be powered using a USB cable
connected to a computer or an external power source ranging from 7V to 12V. It
can also be powered using a 9V battery.
 14

5. USB Interface: It features a built-in USB interface that allows it to connect to a

computer for programming and communication. It uses a USB-to-serial
converter chip for this purpose.
6. Programming: The Arduino Uno can be programmed using the Arduino
programming language, which is based on C/C++. The Arduino software
provides a user-friendly development environment for writing, compiling, and
uploading code to the board.
7. Integrated Development Environment (IDE): The Arduino IDE software is used to
write and upload code to the Arduino Uno. It provides a text editor, compiler,
and uploader in one package.
8. I2C and SPI Communication: The board has dedicated pins for I2C (Two-Wire
Interface) and SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) communication, which allows it to
interface with a wide range of sensors and other devices.

Figure 06: The figure depicts a typical Arduino UNO used as a processing unit in this design. The
corresponding input and output pins are also shown.
Source: [10]
 15

Force Sensor
A force sensor, also known as a load cell, is a device designed to measure the force
applied to it. It is commonly used in various applications that require the measurement
and monitoring of forces, such as industrial automation, robotics, material testing, and
medical devices.

Force sensors work on the principle of converting applied force into an electrical signal
that can be measured and analysed. They typically consist of a sensing element, which
undergoes deformation or strain when subjected to force, and a transducer that
converts this strain into an electrical signal.

There are different types of force sensors, including strain gauge-based sensors,
piezoelectric sensors, capacitive sensors, and optical sensors. Each type has its own
advantages and is suitable for specific applications based on factors such as accuracy,
sensitivity, range, and environmental conditions.

Figure 07: The figure depicts a typical Force sensor which will vary its resistance depending on how much
pressure is being applied to the sensing area.
Source: [11]
 16

Piezo electric Sensor

A piezo sensor, also known as a piezoelectric sensor, is a type of sensor that utilizes the
piezoelectric effect to convert mechanical pressure or vibration into an electrical signal.
It is widely used in various applications that require sensing and measuring changes in
pressure, force, acceleration, or vibration.
The core component of a piezo sensor is a piezoelectric material, typically a crystal or
ceramic, which exhibits the property of generating an electric charge when subjected
to mechanical stress. When pressure or vibration is applied to the sensor, the
piezoelectric material deforms, resulting in the generation of an electrical charge or
voltage across its surfaces.

Figure 08: The figure depicts a typical Piezo sensor depicting the positive terminal in red and the negative
terminal in black.
Source: [12]

Temperature Sensor(TMP36)
The TMP36 is a specific type of temperature sensor that operates based on the analog
output voltage proportional to temperature. It is a low-cost, easy-to-use sensor
commonly used for measuring ambient temperatures in various applications.
The TMP36 temperature sensor is designed to provide a linear voltage output that is
directly proportional to the temperature being measured. It can measure temperatures
within a range of approximately -40°C to +125°C with an accuracy of around ±2°C.
 17

Figure 09: The figure depicts a typical TMP 36 temperature sensor.

Source: [13]

DC Motor
A DC (direct current) motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical
energy into mechanical rotation. It operates based on the principle of electromagnetic
induction and is widely used in various applications that require controlled rotary
motion.

A DC motor consists of two main components: a stator and a rotor. The stator is a
stationary part of the motor and contains coils or magnets that generate a magnetic
field. The rotor, on the other hand, is the rotating part and typically consists of a shaft
and a set of conductive coils or permanent magnets.

When an electrical current is applied to the motor, it creates a magnetic field in the
stator. This magnetic field interacts with the magnetic field of the rotor, creating a force
that causes the rotor to rotate. The direction and speed of rotation can be controlled
by varying the magnitude and direction of the current flowing through the motor.
 18

Figure 10: The figure depicts a typical 9 volt DC motor with a max speed of 8600 RPM.
Source: [14]

H Bridge Motor Driver(L293D)

The L293D is a popular integrated circuit (IC) that serves as an H-bridge motor driver. It
is designed to control the direction and speed of DC motors using a simple interface.
The L293D can drive two motors independently or a single motor bidirectionally.
The IC contains two H-bridge circuits, allowing it to control two motors simultaneously.
Each H-bridge consists of four switches (transistors or MOSFETs) that can be controlled
using digital signals. By appropriately activating the switches, the L293D can control
the motor's rotation direction (forward or reverse) and speed.

Figure 11: The figure shows the chip diagram of the L293D IC with the pins labelled.
Source: [15]
 19

Objectives

The main objective of this project is to design and develop an industrial automation system
using Arduino and various sensors for efficient and accurate packet sorting on a conveyor belt.
The system will utilize a servo motor to sort packets based on both height and weight, thereby
enhancing the overall productivity and accuracy of the sorting process. To ensure safety during
operation, the automation system will be equipped with a temperature sensor and smoke
sensor, integrated with a safety mechanism consisting of a buzzer, exhaust fan, and sprinkler to
detect and mitigate potential fire hazards effectively.

To restrict access to authorized personnel only, a user-friendly keypad-based lock system will
be implemented, allowing the automation process to initiate once the correct password is
entered. Moreover, to provide flexibility and adaptability, the project aims to incorporate a
speed control mechanism for the conveyor belt, enabling easy adjustment of the sorting
process speed to meet different production requirements.

A crucial aspect of the project will be to establish seamless communication between the
Arduino, sensors, servo motor, and control components, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted
automation process. Furthermore, emphasis will be placed on optimizing power consumption
and system efficiency to reduce operational costs and promote sustainability.

Comprehensive documentation and a user manual will be developed to facilitate easy setup,
operation, and troubleshooting of the industrial automation system. Rigorous testing and
quality assurance measures will be conducted to ensure the system's reliability and safety,
meeting industry standards and regulations.

Finally, the project team will explore possibilities for future expansion, such as integrating
additional sensors to handle a wider range of sorting criteria and enhancing automation and
safety features. The ultimate goal is to deliver an innovative and practical industrial automation
solution that streamlines the packet sorting process, improves productivity, and enhances
workplace safety.
 20

Methodology
The project was built on TinkerCAD using their sensors and hardware. To make it easy
for any reader to understand what is happening, the code is well-commented and uses
variables with descriptive names.

The project has been divided into three distinct modules, namely the security module,
the safety module and the automation module.

See appendix A for the schematic diagram of the whole circuit and the code asscociated
with circuit.

Security Module

Figure 12: The figure shows the security module of the circuit.

The above figure shows the circuit for the security module. This is the module that
allows entry into the factory. A security lock can be opened by entering the correct
four-digit password. The door of the factory opens once the correct password has been
 21

entered. The servo motor turns to open the said door. The door self-locks after it has
been open for a long time and the password has to be entered again. Messages are
displayed on the LCD.

Safety Module

Figure 12: The figure shows the safety module of the circuit.

The safety module of the circuit consists of a smoke and a temperature detector.
They are used to detect the presence of a fire in the factory. If smoke is detected in the
factory, a buzzer rings loudly. At the same time, exhaust fans are activated to blow the
smoke out of the factory.
Similarly, a temperature rise is detected by the temperature sensor. The current
temperature is displayed on the LCD screen.
If the smoke and high temperatures are detected, the system considers this a fire.
Exhaust fans and sprinkler systems are activated to extinguish the fire.
The smoke sensor can be activated by moving a cloud of smoke above it, and
temperature can be adjusted by slding the toggle in front of the temperature sensor.
 22

Automation Module

Figure 12: The figure shows the automation module of the circuit.

The automation module has various features for a seamless and automated factory
environment. The conveyor belt is controlled by a DC motor with a controllable speed.
The speed has three levels and a reverse option. Packages can be sorted based on
their height, size, or weight. This is done with the help of the Force and Ultrasonic
distance sensors. Based on their height, packages are classified into Small( < 10c),
Medium(>10cm and < 30cm) and Large(>30 and <50cm). The max package height that
can be handled is 50cm. Similarly, packages are classified into Lightweight( < 4kg),
Mediumweight(>4kg and < 8kg) and Heavyweight(> 8kg). The maximum package
weight that can be handled is 10kg. Based on these parameters the motors turn a
specific angle to guide the package to its designated conveyor belt line. The weights
and heights of the packages can be adjusted by using the toggles in front of the
respective sensors.

Link to simulation: https://www.tinkercad.com/things/a82ALbUKmQr-epic-

snaget/editel?sharecode=e4RDepFDPFkcadlyLXeWm7BcexWJSr661viH7NiWYV0&shar
ecode=e4RDepFDPFkcadlyLXeWm7BcexWJSr661viH7NiWYV0
 23

Scope of Improvement
Although the system is thoughtfully designed and implemented, there still exists a
scope of improvement in all the 3 units to make it more efficient, complete and
resilient. Newer and more sophisticated technology combined with upto date devices
and sensors could make this project better.

Firstly, instead of a Smart Lock System an OTP (One Time Password) based Lock
system could be implemented. It would work on the following principle - Each
authorized person will receive a 4-6 digit Code on his registered mobile number or
email provided by the authority, which he/she would have to enter in order to gain
entry. An even better strategy would be to implement a 2 factor authentication system
which combines OTP along with a Fingerprint Scanner to essentially wipe out any
possibility of breach. This would require highly sophisticated sensors and a huge
database system which was virtually impossible to implement in TinkerCAD.

Secondly, for the Safety Unit, more measures could be implemented like a Radiation
monitoring system, pressure sensors, Gas leak detector and an emergency shutdown
system. Radiation monitoring systems can be implemented in industries related to
nuclear activity. Pressure detection and Gas sensors are usually present in every factory
and are an essential safety component. Also, an Emergency shutdown system can be
implemented as the ultimate failsafe to prevent any further damage. All these require
very powerful sensors which are beyond the scope of TinkerCAD.

Lastly, for the automation unit we can incorporate Artificial Intelligence along with the
principles of Machine Learning to build Smart Machines which are pre-programmed to
our needs and require little to no human intervention. Nowadays, Distributed Control
Systems are being used in various industries like Petrochemicals, Oil and Gas,
Chemical Plants etc which are used to handle complex processes and are dangerous to
humans. They comprise of Hardware and Software components provide On-Site low
latency automated control which improves reliability and remote access and even allow
other functions to continue in the event of a breakdown. [16]
 24

Conclusion

The successful implementation of the industrial automation system for efficient packet sorting
has demonstrated the significant advantages of integrating advanced technologies in industrial
processes. By utilizing Arduino, sensors, servo motors, and a user-friendly keypad-based lock
system, the project achieved its objectives of optimizing packet sorting based on height and
weight and ensuring safety with temperature and smoke sensors, along with appropriate safety
mechanisms.

The benefits of industrial automation showcased in this project offer promising opportunities
for the future of manufacturing and various industries. One key advantage is the substantial
improvement in efficiency and accuracy, leading to increased production rates and reduced
errors. This enhanced productivity translates into cost savings and improved revenue
generation for businesses.

The incorporation of safety measures, such as temperature and smoke sensors with
corresponding safety mechanisms, ensures a secure working environment for personnel and
helps prevent potential fire incidents. This not only protects valuable assets but also fosters a
culture of employee well-being, ultimately enhancing workforce satisfaction and retention.

Moreover, the user-friendly keypad-based lock system provides access control, reducing the
risk of unauthorized interference and potential sabotage. Enhanced security ensures the
confidentiality of proprietary information and operational processes, contributing to a
competitive edge in the industry.

As we look towards the future, the field of industrial automation holds immense potential for
further advancements. Embracing these automation technologies can revolutionize industries,
leading to increased efficiency, workplace safety, and competitiveness. By continually exploring
innovative solutions and embracing automation principles, industries can meet evolving market
demands and achieve sustained growth and success.

In conclusion, the successful development of the industrial automation system highlights the
significant advantages of adopting automation technologies in manufacturing processes. The
project's achievements underscore the potential for future advancements, leading industries
towards a more efficient, safer, and prosperous future.
 25

References
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[2]. Mondal, Debasish. (2019). The Internet of Thing (IOT) and Industrial Automation: a
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[3]. M. Ye, N. Jiang, H. Yang and Q. Yan, "Security analysis of Internet-of-Things: A

case study of august smart lock," 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer
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electronicsreference.com/wp- content/uploads/2022/02/220-Resistor-Color-Code.gif

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1.png?1531059563

[7]. (n.d.). LCD. Electronics and Communication.

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA7m5H4-
pTeZVSWzw2OScuETSCqJvnsPUaV-
uDdjK1J2Fh1Zt_acBhZYqGcdmxjoFwCnlmbhiyj6OVx3S3_KmwKujU5GWyThAyj625WB
0JgaQf9bsPL0zz-PhlHE-_Kfq5h3wxrc-
Npi2g42TQTWaKgHI9NFUkv41Qa2lMUvEGuTKCpesnfIcQ1o7Xpw/s384/1.jpg

[8]. (n.d.). Micro Servo Motor. Indiamart.

https://5.imimg.com/data5/TM/WU/FU/SELLER-39823599/sg-90-tower-pro-micro-
servo-motor-500x500.jpg
 26

[9]. (n.d.). Arduino UNO. Javatpoint.

https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/arduino/images/arduino-uno2.png

[10]. (n.d.). UNO R3. Arduino. https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-rev3

[11]. (n.d.). L293D. PotentialLabs. https://potentiallabs.com/cart/l293d-ic

[12]. (n.d.). Dc motor. DesertCart. https://honduras.desertcart.com/products/8619462-

9v-dc-8200rpm-long-axis-flat-electric-magnetic-motor

[13]. (n.d.). Tmp36. Fly Robo. https://www.flyrobo.in/tmp36-temperature-sensor

[14]. (n.d.). Piezo sensor. Learningaboutelectronics.

http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/images/Piezo-knock-sensor.png

[15]. (n.d.). Force Sensor. DeltaKit. https://www.deltakit.net/wp-

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Sensor.jpg

[16]. (n.d.). Distributed Control System. AutomationForum.

https://automationforum.co/what-is-industrial-automation-2/
 27

Glossary

Term Definition

Analog Of or relating to a mechanism, device, or technology that represents data by

measurement of a continuous physical variable, as voltage or pressure.

Automation The application of technology, programs, robotics or processes to achieve outcomes

with minimal human input.

Compactor Something that compresses things.

Compile To convert (a program) into a machine-code or lower-level form in which the

program can be executed.

DC power Direct current (DC) is one-directional flow of electric charge.

Digital Data expressed as a series of digits 0 and 1, typically represented by values of a

physical quantity such as voltage or magnetic polarization.

Electric Potential The amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a
specific point against an electric field.

ICSP header These pins are used to code and boot an Arduino from an external source.

IDE An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that helps

programmers develop software code efficiently.

IIOT The Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) is the collection of sensors, instruments and
autonomous devices connected through the internet to industrial applications.

IoT The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects— “things”—
that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose
of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

LED A light-emitting diode Is a semiconductor diode which glows when a voltage is

applied.

Liquid Crystal Liquid crystal is a state of matter whose properties are between those of
conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For example, a liquid crystal may
flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way.
 28

Hertz is the standard unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI).
MHz Megahertz (MHz) is a unit multiplier that represents one million hertz (106 Hz).

Microcontroller A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific

operation in an embedded system.

Mosfet The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor is a type of field-effect

transistor (FET), usually fabricated by the controlled oxidation of silicon.

Ohm The SI unit of electrical resistance, transmitting a current of one ampere when
subjected to a potential difference of one volt.

OLED OLED stands for organic light-emitting diode and is one of the newer technologies
available for TVs and other digital displays.

Piezoelectricity Piezoelectricity is the process of using crystals to convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy or vice versa.

PWM Pulse width modulation or PWM is a commonly used control technique that
generates analog signals from digital devices such as microcontrollers.

Resonator A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behaviour.

Resistance Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.

Rotos The rotor is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric motor,
electric generator, or alternator.

Semiconductor Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors

(generally metals) and non-conductors or insulators.

Sensors A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the
physical environment.

Stator A stator is the stationary component found in electric motors and generators.

Tolerance Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary and is the difference between
the upper (maximum) and lower (minimum) limits.

Torque Torque is a twisting or turning force that tends to cause rotation around an axis,
which might be a centre of mass or a fixed point.

Transistor A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage

flow in addition amplifying and generating these electrical signals and acting as a
switch/gate for them.
 29

Ultrasonic Of or involving sound waves with a frequency above the upper limit of human
hearing.
UVC Ultraviolet C, a subtype of ultraviolet light

Voltage Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting loop,
 30

Appendix – A

[1]. The picture consists of the schematic diagram of the circuit simulated on
TinkerCAD.
All the components are labelled, and connections are shown.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1A4elNQ6ISTdBzkdv8vKAL8W-RrnkDMwB

[2]. The file has all the code used for the Arduinos to run the simulation. The language
used is C++. The file is in the ‘ino’ format.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Cim_jwdvQNwtx2HxPOf6mUL36-ZKVNmE