T R I G O NO M E TR I C

E QU AT I ON S
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TRIGONOMETRIC EQ
EQUUATIONS
A trigonometric equation is one that involves one or more trigonometric functions. For example,
tan2 t + 1 = sec2 t
Solving trigonometric equations such as 2 sin x = 1 refers to the process of finding the values for
the variable x that will make a true numerical statement. Since trigonometric functions are
periodic most trigonometric equations have infinitely many solutions.

1. SOLUT
UTIION OR ROOT OF A TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS
A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given trigonometrical equation is called a
solution or root of the equation.
Ex. 2 sin  = 1, clearly  = 30 and  = 150 satisfies the equation, therefore, 30 and 150 are
solutions of the equation 2 sin  = 1 between 0 and 120.

2. SOLUT
UTIION OF A TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
A trigonometric equation has three kinds of solution :
1. Principal solution : Numerically smallest value of the unknown angle satisfying the
given equation.
2. Particular solution : Any value of angle satisfying the given equation.
3. General solution : Collection of all particular solutions.

For example, the equation cot (  /6) = 3 is satisfied

  7 5
If  = or or  , etc.
6 6 6 6

 4 2
 = , ,  , etc.
3 3 3
Out of these, the numerically smallest is  = /3.
This is the principal solution. It is a particular solution also. Also the above values of  taken
individually are particular solutions.
For the general solution, we observe that since contangent function is periodic with period and
it takes the value 3 only once in the internal [0, ], (  /6) can be equal to any particular
solution plus a multiple of . If we take the particular solution as the principal solution,

 
then   = n  + , n 1
6 6


  = n + , n 1 is the general solution.
3
If in any equation, we get two values of the unknown angle which are numerically equal but
opposite in sign, the principal solution is assumed as the positive angle, e.g., Principal solution of
sec = 2 is  = /3, although  = /3 also satisfies it.

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3. ME
METTHODS FOR FI
FINNDING PRINCIPAL VA
VALU
LU
LUEES :

1
Suppose we have to find the principal value of  satisfying the equation sin  = 
2
Since sin  is negative,  will be in 3rd or 4th quadrant. We can approach 3rd or 4th quadrant
from two directions. If we take anticlockwise direction the numerical value of the angle will be
greater than . If we approach it in clockwise direction the angle will be numerically less than
. For principal value, we have totake numerically smallest angle.
So for principal value :
(i) If the angle is in 1st or 2nd quadrant we must select anticlockwise direction and if the angle
is in 3rd or 4th quadrant, we must select clockwise direction.
(ii) Principal value is never numerically greater than .
(iii) Principal value always lies in the first circle (i.e. in first rotation)

 5 
On the above criteria, will be  or  . Among these two  has the least numerical
6 6 6

 1
value. Hence  is the principal value of  satisfying the equation sin  =  .
6 2
From the above discussion, the method for finding principal value can be summed up as
follows :
(a) First draw a trigonometric circle and mark the quadrant, in which the angle may lie.
(b) Select anticlockwise direction for 1st and 2nd quadrants and select clockwise direction for
3rd and 4th quadrants.
(c) Find the angle in the first rotation.
(d ) Select the numerically least angle among these two values. The angle thus found will be the
principal value.
(e) Incase, two angles one with positive sign and the other with negative sign qualify for the
numerically least angle, then it is the convention to select the angle with positive sign as
principal value.

4. GENERAL SOLUTION OF SO
SOMME S IMPL
PLEE TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
We list below the general solution of some simple trigonometric equations. (n 1 in this lesson)
(i) sin  = 0  = n


(ii ) cos  = 0   = (2n + 1)
2
(iii) tan  = 0  = n


(iv) sin  = 1   = (4n + 1)
2


(v) sin  =  1   = (4n + 3)
2

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(vi ) cos  = 1  = 2n

(vii) cos  =  1   = (2n + 1)

5. GENERAL SOLUT
UTIION
Since trigonometrical functions are periodic functions, therefore, solutions of trigonometrical
equations can be generalised with the helpof periodicity of trigonometrical functions. The solution
consisting of all possible solutions of a trigonometrical equation is called its general solution.
General solution of equation
(a) sin  = sin    = n + ( 1)n  ; n  I
sin  = k,  1  k  1   = n + ( 1)n  ; n  I. and  = sin1 k
(finding principal value of )
(b) cos  = cos    = 2n μ  ; n  I
cos  = k   = 2n μ  ; n  I and  = cos1 k
(where  is the principal angle)
(c) tan  = tan    = n +  ; n  I
tan  = k   = n +  ; n  I,  = tan1 k
(where  is the principal angle)
2 2
(d ) sin  = sin    = n μ 
2 2
(e) cos  = cos    = n μ 
2 2
(f) tan  = tan    = n μ d
Some deductions :
(I) 1. sin  = 0  = n


2. cos  = 0   = (4n μ 1)
2

3. tan  = 0   = n


(II) 1. sin  = 1   = (4n + 1)
2

2. cos  = 1  = 2n

3
(III) 1. sin  =  1   = 2n +
2

2. cos  =  1   = (2n + 1)

6. PART
RTIIC ULA
LARR SOLUTION
Def. All possible values of unknown which satisfy the given equation are called solutions of the
given equation.

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For complete solution :
1. There should be no extraneous root.
2. There should be no root loss.
While solving equations following points must be kept in mind.
1. Squaring should be avoided as far as possible. If squaring is done check for the extraneous
roots.
2. Never cancel equal terms containing ÂunknownÊ on two sides which are in product. It may
cause root loss.
3. The answer should not contain such values of  which make any of the terms undefined.
4. Domainshould not change. If it changes, necessary corrections must be made.
5. Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.

Illustration 1
Solve sin x = tan x.
Solution :

sin x FG
cos x  1 IJ
sin x = tan x  sin x 
cos x
= 0  sin x
cos xH =0
K
 sin x (cos x  1) = 0  sinx = 0 or cos x = 1
 sin x = 0  x = n, n  1
 cos x = 1  cos x = cos 0  x = 2m μ 0, m l or x = 2m, m  l
These solutions are included in the solutions x = n, n  l because 2m is also an integer.
 The solution is x = n, n  l

TIP : Cosine form is convenient compared to sine form, if occurs in both sides of the equation.
Ex. cos  = sin 3
We can solve this equation to get two different forms.

FG   3IJ   = 2n μ FG   3IJ

I. cos  = cos
H2 K H2 K

or  μ 3 = 2nμ . From this we can find .
2

FG   IJ = sin 3
II. cos  = sin 3 or sin
H2 K
   = n + ( 1)n 3.
To obtain , we will have to consider two cases. When n is odd ( 1)n =  1 and when n is even
( 1)n = 1 and accordingly we can get the value of .

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Clearly in sine form we will have to deal with ( 1)n which is inconvenient compared to the
dealing of μ obtained in cosine form.
Type I. Problems based on preliminaries : In this type we will discuss problems which can
be converted in standard form after a little simplification.

Illustration 1
Find the most general values of   satisfying the equations :

1
(i) sin  = ă 1 (ii) cos  = ă (iii) tan  = ă 3
2

Solution :
(i) Given equation is sin  =  1.

FG   IJ   = n + ( 1) FG  IJ
H 2K H 2K
n
or sin  = sin


i.e.  = n + (1) n + 1 , where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
2

1
(ii) Given equation is cos  = 
2

2 2
or, cos  = cos   = 2n μ where n = 0. μ 1, μ 2, ...
3 3

(iii) Given equation is tan  =  3

FG  IJ   = n + FG   IJ
or, tan  = tan
H 3K H 3K

= n  , where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
3

Illustration 2
Solve the equation :
 = sin 
(i) sin 9 (ii) sin 5x = cos 2x
Solution :
(i) Given Equation is sin 9 = sin 
or, sin 9  sin  = 0

9 +  9 
or, 2 cos . sin =0
2 2

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or, cos 5 . sin 4 = 0

 either cos 5 = 0 or, sin 4 = 0


 5 = (2n + 1)  4 = n
2

 n
or,  = (2n + 1)   =
10 4

n 
  = , (2n + 1) where n = 0, μ1, μ2, ...
4 10

(ii) Given equation is

sin 5x = cos 2x.

FG   5 xIJ
or, cos 2x = cos
H2 K
FG   5xIJ
 2x = 2n μ H2 K

Takingpositive sign, 2x = 2n +  5x.
2

 
or, 7x = 2n +  x = (4n + 1)
2 14


Taking negative sign, 2x = 2n  + 5x
2

 
or,  3x = (4n  1)  x = – (4n  1)
2 6

 
Hence x = (4n + 1) ,  (4n  1) where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
14 6

Illustration 3
Solve 3 tan (
 ă 15Ĉ) = tan (
 + 15Ĉ)
Solution :
Given, 3tan (  15) = tan ( + 15)

tan ( +15 ) 3
or, =
tan (  15 ) 1

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tan ( +15 ) + tan (  15) 4

or, = [By componendo and dividendo]
tran ( + 15 )  tan (  15) 2

sin (  + 15+  15 )

or, =2
sin ( + 15 +15)


or, 2 sin 2 = 2 or, sin 2 = 1 = sin
2

 n 
 2 = n + ( 1) n   = + (1)n
2 2 4
where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
Type II. Problems based onmethod of factorisation :
Working Rule :
Step I. Make R.H.S. zero, factorise L.H.S.
Step II. Equate each factor to zero and solve.
Step III. Check for root loss and extraneous roots.
Finally, collect the results after correction.

Illustration 4
Solve, 7 cos2  + 3 sin2  = 4
Solution :
Given 7 cos 2  + 3 sin2  = 4
or, 7 cos 2  + 3 (1  cos2 ) = 4
1
or, 4 cos 2  = 1  cos  = μ
3

1  
Taking positive sign, cos  = = cos   = 2 n 
2 3 3

1 2 2
Taking negative sign, cos  =  = cos  = 2n
2 3 3

 2
  = 2nμ , 2n μ , where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
3 3

Illustration 5

Solve 2 cos 2
 + 2 sin  = 2

Solution :

2 sin  = 2(1  cos 2)

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or, 2 sin  = 4 sin2  or, 2 sin   4 sin2  = 0

or,
LM
2 sin  1  2 2 sin2  = 0
3 OP
MN PQ
If 2 sin  = 0, sin  = 0 [. z = 0  z = 0]
  = n, where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...

1
If 1  2 2 sin3/2  = 0, sin3/2  =
2 2

F1 I
3

= G J
3/2 2 1 
or, (sin )
H2 K  sin  =
2
= sin
6


  = n + ( 1)n , where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
6


  = n, n + ( 1)n , where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
6

Illustration 6

1
Solve cos  cos 2
 cos 3
 =
4

Solution :
4 cos  cos 2 cos 3= 1
or, (2 cos 3 cos ) 2 cos 2 = 1
or, (cos 4 + cos 2) 2 cos 2 1 = 0
or, 2 cos 4 cos 2 + 2 cos2 2  1 = 0
or, 2 cos 4 cos 2+ cos 4 = 0
or, cos 4 [2 cos 2 + 1] = 0

 
If cos 4 = 0, 4 = (2n + 1)    = (2n + 1)
2 8

If 2 cos 2 + 1 = 0

1 2 2
or, cos 2 =  = cos   2 = 2n μ
2 3 3

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
 = n μ
3

 
Hence,  = (2n + 1) , n  where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
8 3

Illustration 7

x
Solve 8 tan 2 = 1 + sec x
2

Solution :

x 1  cos x
We know that tan2 =
2 1 + cos x

x
Given, 8 tan 2 = 1 + sec x
2

FG 1  cos x IJ = 1 + 1 = 1 + cos x
or, 8
H 1 + cos x K cos x cos x
or, 8 cos x  8 cos2 x = (1 + cos x) 2
or, 8 cos x  8 cos2 x = 1 + cos 2 x + 2 cos x
or, 9 cos2 x  6 cos x + 1 = 0
or, (3 cos x  1)2 = 0 or, 3 cos x  1 = 0

1
or, cos x = = cos  (suppose)
3

 x = 2n μ 

FG 1IJ , where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...

or, x = 2n μ cos1
H 3K
 
Check :   (2 + 1) and cos x  0 [Otherwise, equationwill be meaningless]
2 2


 x  (2n + 1) and x  (2n + 1)
2


i.e. x is not odd multiple of or  which is clearly satisfied.
2

FG 1 IJ
 x = 2n μ cos1 H3 K
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Illustration 8
Solve the equation cot  ă tan  ă cos  + sin  = 0
Solution :
cot   tan   cos  + sin  = 0

cos  sin 
or,   cos  + sin  = 0
sin  cos 

cos 2   sin 2 
or,  (cos   sin ) = 0
cos  sin 

or, (cos   sin )

LMcos  + sin  OP = 0
N cos  sin  Q
cos  + sin 
 either cos   sin  = 0, or,  1 = 0
sin  cos 

If cos   sin  = 0, cos  = sin 

 
or, tan  = 1 or, tan  = tan    = n +
4 4

cos  + sin 
If  1 = 0
sin  cos 

cos  + sin  = sin  cos 

1
or, cos  + sin  = sin 2
2

1
Squaring, we get 1 + sin 2 = sin2 2
4

4  16  4.1( 4)
 sin 2 =
2

or, sin 2 = 2 μ 2 2

Taking positive sign, sin 2 = 2 μ 2 2 > 1 and hence impossible

Taking negative sign, sin 2 = 2  2 2 = sin  (say)

[. | 2  2 2 | < 1, hence we have supposed it as sin ]

 2 = n + ( 1)n 

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n 
or,  = + ( 1) n , where  = sin1 (2  2 2 )
2 2

where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ....

Illustration 9
x   ), the equation 2(cos x + cos 2x) + sin 2 x (1 + 2 cos x) = 2 sin x
Solve for x, (ă  
Solution :
2(cos x + cos 2x) + sin 2x + 2 sin 2x cos x  2 sin x = 0

3x x
or, 2.2 cos cos + sin 2x + sin 3x + sinx  2 sin x = 0
2 2

3x x 5x x x x
or, 4 cos cos + 2 sin . cos  2 sin cos = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

x LM 3x 5x x OP
or, 2 cos
2 N
2 cos
2
+ sin
2
 sin
2
=0
Q
x LM 3x 3x OP
or, 2 cos
2 N
2 cos
2
+ 2 cos
2
.sin x = 0
Q
x 3x
or, 4 cos cos [1 + sin x] = 0
2 2

x 3x
or, cos cos [1 + sin x] = 0
2 2

x x 
If cos = 0, = (2n + 1)  x = (2n + 1) 
2 2 2

3x 3x  
If cos = 0, = (2n + 1)  x = (2n + 1)
2 2 2 3

FG   IJ
If 1 + sin x = 0, sin x =  1 = sin H 2K
FG  IJ 
 x = n + ( 1) n H 2K = n + ( 1)n + 1
2

Putting the value of n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, .... in the above results and selecting the values lying in the
interval    x  , we have

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  
x = ,  , ,  ,  ,
3 3 2

  
=  ,  ,  , , 
2 3 3

Illustration 1 0
Solve tan x + tan 2x + tan 3x = 0.
Solution :
tan x + tan 2x + tan 3x = 0
or, tan x + tan 2x + tan (x + 2x) = 0

tan x+ tan 2x
or, tan x + tan 2x + = 0
1  tan x tan 2 x

or, LM
(tan x + tan 2x) 1 +
1 OP
= 0
N 1  tan x tan 2 x Q
If tan x + tan 2x = 0, tan x =  tan 2x
or, tan x = tan ( 2x)  x = n + ( 2x) or, 3x = n

n
 x=
3

1
If 1 + = 0 then, 1  tan x tan 2x =  1
1  tan x tan 2 x

2 tan x
or, tan x tan 2x = 2 or, tan x = 2
1  tan2 x

or, tan2 x = 1  tan 2 x

1
or, 2 tan2 x = 1 or, tan 2 x =
2

1
or, tan x = μ
2

Taking positive sign,

1
tan x = = tan  (suppose)
2

 x = n+ 

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Taking negative sign.

1 LM tan () = tan  =  1 OP

tan x = 
2
= tan ( )
N 2Q

 x = n + ( )

1
 x = n μ  = n μ tan1
2

n 1
Hence, x = , n μ tan1 where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
3 2

Illustration 1 1
Find all solutions of the equation, 4 cos2 x sin x ă 2 sin2 x = 3 sin x.
Solution :
4 cos2 x sin x  2 sin2 x  3 sin x = 0
or, sin x [4 cos2 x  2 sin x  3] = 0
or, sin x [4  4 sin2 x  2 sin x  3] = 0
or,  sin x [4 sin2 x + 2 sin x  1] = 0
If sin x = 0, x = n
If 4 sin2 x + 2 sin x  1 = 0

2  4  4 4(1) 1  5
sin x = =
2.4 4

1 + 5  LM sin 182 = 5 1

and 18 =
 OP
When sin x =
4
. sin x = sin
10 N 4 10 Q

 x = n + ( 1)n
10

1  5 F 5 +1I LM cos 36= 5 +1 OP

When sin x =
4
, sin x =  GH 5 JK
=  cos 36
N 4 Q
or, sin x =  sin 54 [. 36 = 90  54]

FG 3 IJ LM 54 = 3 OP
or, sin x = sin 
H 10 K N 10 Q

FG  3IJ
 x = n + ( 1)n H 10K
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 FG 3 IJ
 x = n + ( 1)n
10 H
, n + ( 1) n 
10 K
where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ....

Illustration 1 2

Solve : sin x + 3 cos x = 2

Solution :

Given 3 cos x + sin x = 2 .

this equation is of the form.

a cos  + b sin  = c. Here a = 3 , b = 1, c = 2 ].

For real solution, |c|  a2 + b2 i.e. 2  3 +1

or, 2  2 which is true.

Hence dividing both sides by 2 we get

3 1 1
cos x+ sin x =
2 2 2

  
or, cos x . cos + sin x . sin = cos
6 6 4

FG IJ   
or,
H
cos x
6 K
= cos
4
 x = 2 n  
6 4

 
Taking positive sign, x  = 2n+
6 4

  5
 x = 2n + + = 2n  +
4 6 12

 
Taking negative sign, x  = 2n 
6 4

  
 x = 2n  + = 2 n 
4 6 12

5 
 x = 2n + , 2n  where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ....
12 12

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Illustration 1 3

FG   ,  IJ
Find all values of   in the interval H 2 2K satisfying the equation.

2 
(1 ă tan ) (1 + tan ) sec 2  + 2tan = 0
Solution :
Given equation is
2 
(1 – tan ) (1 + tan ) . sec2  + 2tan = 0
2 2 tan2 
or, (1  tan ) (1 + tan ) + 2 = 0
4 tan2 
or, 1  tan  + 2 = 0
or, 1  z2 + 2 z = 0 where tan2  = z (suppose)
or, 1 + 2z = z 2
Clearly, when z = 3 equation (1) is satisfied


 z = 3  tan2  = 3  tan  = μ 3 .   = n +
3

FG   ,  IJ are   
Value of  within given interval i.e.
H 2 2K 3
and
3
.

Illustration 1 4
If 32 tan 8  = 2 cos 2  ă 3 cos  and 3 cos 2
 = 1, then find the genera value of .
Solution :
Given 3 cos 2 = 1

1
or, cos 2 =
3

1
1
1  cos 2  3 = 2 =1
Now, tan2  = = ...(1)
1 + cos 2 1 + 1 4 2
3

Now 32 tan8  = 2 cos2   3 cos 

2 cos 2   3 cos  = 32
FG 1 IJ 4
or, 2 cos2   3 cos   2 = 0
or,
H2K = 2

or, 2 cos 2   4 cos  + cos   2 = 0 or, (cos   2) (2 cos  + 1) = 0

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1 2
or, 2 cos  + 1 = 0 [. cos   2] or, cos =  = cos
2 3

2
  = 2n μ where n = 0, μ 1, μ 2, ...
3

Illustration 1 5
Find real values of x for which 27cos 2x . 81sin 2x is minimum. Also find this minimum value.
Solution :
cos x + 4 sin 2x
Let y = 27cos 2x
. 81sin 2x
= 33

FG 3 cos 2 x+ 4sin 2 xIJ

= 3
5
H2 5 K = 3 5 cos (2 x ) , where tan  =
4
.
3

For minimum y, cos (2x  )  1 = cos .

 2x   = 2n μ 

1 LM
(2 n 1)  + tan  1
4 OP
 x=
2 N 3
, n  I.
Q
1
Minimum value of y = 35 = .
243

Illustration 1 6

4
If tan (cot x) = cot (tan x), prove that sin 2x = .
(2n + 1)


Solution :

FG   tan xIJ
tan (cot x) = tan
H2 K
FG   tan xIJ
 cot x = n+
H2 K

or, cot x + tan x = n+
2

cos x sin x 
or, + = (2n + 1)
sin x cos x 2

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cos2 x+ sin2 x 
or, = (2n + 1)
sin x cos x 2

1  1 (2 n+ 1)
or, = (2n + 1) or, =
2 sin x cos x 22 sin 2 x 4

4
 sin 2x =
(2 n+ 1)

Illustration 1 7
Solve the equation ecos x = eă cos x
+ 4.
Solution :
x cos x
Given equation is ecos = e + 4

1 x
or, z – – 4 = 0 where ecos = z (suppose)
z

or, z2  4z  1 = 0

4  16  4.1 ( 1)
 z=
2

 z=2μ 5

 z= 2+ 5 or, z = 2  5

x x
 ecos = 2 + 5  ecos = 2  5

 cos x = log (2 + 5 ) > 1  cos x = log e (2  5 )

and is impossible  no solution as 2  5 < 0

 no solution and hence log is not real

Illustration 1 8
Find the solution set of inequality sin x > 1/2.
Solution :
When sin x = 1/2, the two values of x between 0 and 2
are /6 and 5/6.

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 5
From, the graph of y = sin x, it is obvious that, between 0 and 2 sin x > 1/2 for < x< .
6 6

Hence sin x > 1/2  2n + /6 < x < 2n + 5/6.

 FGH2 n  + 6 , 2 n  + 6 IJK
 5
The required solution set is
n 1

Illustration 1 9

Solve : sin x + cos x ă 2 2 sin x cos x = 0

Solution :

Here sin x + cos x = 2 2 sin x cos x = 2 sin 2x ...(1)

FG 1 sin x+ 1 IJ FG IJ
or, 2
H2 2 K
cos x = 2 sin 2 x or sin x+
H 4 K
= sin 2 x

FG x+  IJ
or, 2x = n + ( 1)n H 4K

Taking n even, n = 2m, m  I, 2x = 2m + x +
4


 x = 2m  + where m  I
4
Taking n odd, n = 2m + 1, m  I

FG x+  IJ
2x = (2m + 1)   H 4K
 2 m+1 
 3x = (2m + 1)   or x = 
4 3 12

FG 1IJ 1 FG 2 m+ 3 IJ  , where m  1.
H
Thus, x = 2 m +
4 K
 or
3 H 4K
Illustration 20
General value of  satisfying the equation tan2  + sec 2
 = 1 is .....
Solution :
Given tan2  + sec 2 = 1

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or, tan2  +
1 + tan 2
= 1
LM cos 2 = 1  tan  OP
2

2
1  tan  N 1 + tan  Q
2

or, tan2   tan4  + 1 + tan2  = 1  tan2 

or, tan4   3tan2  = 0
or, tan2  (tan2   3) = 0
 either tan2  = 0 or, tan2   3 = 0

 tan  = 0  tan  = μ 3


 = n  = n μ
3

 
Clearly for tan  to be defined   odd  and for sec 2 to be defined 2  odd 
2 2


i.e.   odd 
4


 = n or nμ
3

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