AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

CHAPTER
Trigonometric
26 Equations

Chapter Highlights
Trigonometric Equation, Solution or Root of a Trigonometric Equation, Method for Finding Principal Value
(Solution), Solution of an Equation of the Form, Working Rule to Solve an Equation of the Form Acosq + Bsinθ
= C, Solutions of Basic Trigonometric Inequalities.

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION (i) Particular solution: A specific value of unknown

angle satisfying the equation.
An equation involving one or more trigonometric ratios of (ii) Principal solution: Smallest numerical value of the
unknown angles is called a trigonometric equation. unknown angle satisfying equation (Numerically
1 smallest particular solution).
For example, 2 cos θ + 3 cos 2θ = 0, cos 2θ + sin θ = ,
3 (iii) General solution: Complete set of values of the
etc. are trigonometric equations in unknown angle θ. unknown angle satisfying the equation. It contains
all particular solutions as well as principal solutions.
CAUTION
METHOD FOR FINDING PRINCIPAL VALUE
A trigonometric equation is different from a trigonometri- (SOLUTION)
cal identity. An identity is satisfied for every value of the
unknown angle e.g., cos2x = 1 – sin2x is true ∀x ∈ R, while a (i) First draw a trigonometrical circle and mark the
trigonometric equation is satisfied for some particular values quadrant in which the angle may lie.
of the unknown angle. (ii) Select anticlockwise direction for 1st and 2nd quad-
rants and clockwise direction for 3rd and 4th quadrants.
(iii) Find the angle in the first rotation.
SOLUTION OR ROOT OF A TRIGONOMETRIC (iv) Select the numerically least angle. The angle thus
EQUATION found will be principle value.
(v) In case two angles one with positive sign and the
A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given other with negative sign qualify for the numerically
equation is called a solution of the equation. For example, least angle, then it is the convention to select the
π angle with positive sign as principal value.
consider the equation 2 sinθ = 1. Clearly, θ = and 1
4 For example, if sinθ = − , θ lies in 3rd or 4th quad-
3π π 3π 2
θ= satisfy this equation. Therefore, and are
4 4
⋅

4
⋅

rant. For 3rd and 4th quadrant, we select clockwise direc-

solutions of the equation 2 sinθ = 1. π 5π
tion. So we get two values − and − . Between these
Since all trigonometrical ratios are periodic in nature, π 6 6
generally a trigonometric equation has more than one solu- two, − has the least numerical value. Hence principal
tion or an infinite number of solutions. There are basically 6 π
value is − .
three types of solutions. 6
26.2 Chapter 26
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Solution (C)
Given equation is
sec2(a + 2)x + a2 – 1 = 0
⇒ tan2(a + 2)x + a2 = 0
⇒ tan2(a + 2)x = 0 and a = 0
π π
⇒ tan 2 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ,−
2 2
∴ (0, 0), (0, π/2), (0, –π/2) are ordered pairs satisfying
Fig. 26.1 the equation.

sin 3θ − cos3θ cosθ

General Solutions of Trigonometric 3. If − − 2 tanθ cotθ = −1,
sinθ − cosθ 1 + cot 2θ
Equations
0 ∈ [0, 2π], then
Trigonometric Equation General Solution
π π
sinθ = 0 θ = nπ (A) θ ∈  0,  −  
cosθ = 0 θ = nπ + π/2  2  4
tanθ = 0 θ = nπ
 π   3π 
sinθ = 1 θ = 2nπ + π/2 (B) θ ∈  , π  −  
cosθ = 1 θ = 2nπ 2   4 
3π   5π 
(C) θ ∈  π ,
tanθ = 1 θ = nπ + π/4
sinθ = –1 θ = 2nπ – π/2 − 4 
 2   
cosθ = –1 θ = (2n + 1) π
tanθ = –1 θ = nπ – π/4 π π 
(D) θ ∈ (0, π ) −  , 
sinθ = k, –1 ≤ k ≤ 1 θ = nπ + (–1)n sin–1k 4 2
cosθ = k, –1 ≤ k ≤ 1 θ = 2nπ ± cos–1k
Solution (D)
tanθ = k, –∞ < k < ∞ θ = nπ + tan–1k
sinθ = sinα θ = nπ + (–1)nα
Since sinθ – cosθ ≠ 0
cosθ = cosα θ = 2nπ ± α π 5π
∴ tan θ ≠ 1 ∴ θ ≠ ,
tanθ = tanα θ = nπ + α 4 4
sin2θ = sin2α θ = nπ ± α Now sin2θ + cos2θ + sinθ cosθ
tan2θ = tan2α θ = nπ ± α – | sinθ | cosθ – 2tanθ cotθ = –1
cos2θ = cos2α θ = nπ ± α
⇒ 1 + cosθ (sinθ – | sinθ |) – 2 = –1
⇒ cosθ (sinθ – | sinθ |) = 0

SOLVED EXAMPLES π π 
∴ θ ∈ (0, π ) −  , 
4 2
 7π 
1. If sinθ = k for exactly one value of θ, θ ∈ 0, ,
then the value of k is  3  4. General solution of the equation
(A) 1 (B) –1 ( 3 − 1) sin θ + ( 3 + 1) cos θ = 2 is
(C) 1/ 2 (D) 0
π π π π
Solution (A, B) (A) 2nπ ± + (B) nπ + ( −1) n +
4 12 4 12
Clearly –1 ≤ k ≤ 1. For any value of k other than 1 and
–1, sinθ has two values (in quadrant, I II or III, IV). π π π π
(C) 2nπ ± − (D) nπ + ( −1) n −
∴ k = 1 or –1 4 12 4 12
Solution (A)
2. Number of ordered pairs (a, x) satisfying the equation
sec2 (a + 2) x + a2 – 1 = 0; –π < x < π is Let 3 + 1 = r cos α , and 3 − 1 = r sin α
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D) infinite ∴ r 2 = ( 3 + 1) 2 + ( 3 − 1) 2 = 8,
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APUL Equations
1 Solution (D)
1− We have, a1 + a2 cos 2x + a3 sin2x = 0
and tan α =
3 −1
= 3 = tan  π − π 
4 6 a3
3 +1 1+ 1   ⇒ a1 + a2 cos 2 x + (1 − cos 2 x ) = 0
3 2
π  π which is zero for all values of x,
= tan   , i.e., α =
 
12 12 a
if a1 = − 3 = −a2
From the given equation, we get rcos (θ – α) = 2 2
k k
 π  1 π  or a1 = − , a2 = , a3 = k
⇒ cos  θ −  = = cos   2 2
 12  2 4
for any k ∈ R.
∴ θ – π/12 = 2nπ ± π/4 Hence, the required number of triplets is infinite.
or θ = 2nπ ± π/4 + π/12
8. The least difference between the roots, in the first
5. For m ≠ n, if tan mθ = tan nθ, then the different values  π
quadrant  0 ≤ x ≤  , of the equation 4cosx (2 –
of θ are in  2
(A) A.P. 3sin2x) + (cos 2x + 1) = 0, is
(B) H.P. π π
(C) G.P. (A) ⋅ (B) ⋅

6 4
(D) no particular sequence
π π
(C) ⋅ (D) ⋅

Solution (A) 3 2
We have, tan mθ = tan nθ ⇒ mθ = nθ + kπ Solution (A)
kπ We have,
∴ θ= , where k ∈ Z.
m−n 4cosx (2 – 3 sin2x) + (cos 2x + 1) = 0
π ⇒ 4cosx (3cos2x – 1) + 2 cos2x = 0
These values of θ are in A.P. with first term
π m −n ⇒ 2cosx (6cos2x + cosx – 2) = 0
and common difference . ⇒ 2cosx (3cosx + 2) (2cosx – 1) = 0
m−n
⇒ either cosx = 0 which gives x = π/2
6. The number of the solutions of the equation or cosx = –2/3,
( )
cos π x − 4 cos (π x ) = 1 is which gives no value of x for which 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2
or cosx = 1/2, which gives x = π/3
(A) >2 (B) 2 So, the required difference = π/2 – π/3 = π/6.
(C) 1 (D) 0
9. Solution of the equation 4cot 2θ = cot2θ – tan2θ is
Solution (C)
π π
Clearly, x ≥ 4 (Since x − 4 is real) so that x is (A) θ = nπ ± (B) θ = nπ ±
also real. 2 3
Again, if cos (π x ) < 1 then cos(π x − 4 ) > 1 and (C) θ = nπ ± π (D) none of these
4
if cos (π x ) > 1 then cos(π x − 4 ) < 1 (since their
Solution (C)
product = 1).
But both of these are not possible (since cosθ can- We have, 4cot 2θ = cot2θ – tan2θ
not be greater than 1). 4 4
⇒ = − tan 2θ
∴ cos(π x − 4 ) = 1 and cos(π x ) = 1 tan 2θ tan 2θ
2 tan θ
∴ x – 4 = 0 and x = 0 Put tan 2θ =
But x = 0 is not possible, ∴ x = 4 is the only solution. 1 − tan 2θ

7. The number of all possible triplets (a1, a2, a3) such that 4(1 − tan 2θ ) 1 − tan 4θ
∴ =
a1 + a2 cos2x + a3 sin2x = 0 for all x is 2 tanθ tan 2θ
(A) 0 (B) 1 ⇒ (1 – tan2θ) [2tanθ – (1 + tan2θ)] = 0
(C) 3 (D) infinite ⇒ (1 – tan2θ) (tan2θ – 2tanθ + 1) = 0
26.4 Chapter 26
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⇒ (1 – tan2θ) (tanθ – 1)2 = 0 p +1 where p is an even
(D) irrational of the form ,
π 4
⇒ tan θ = 1, −1. ∴ θ = nπ ± integer
4
Solution (C)
10. Let α, β be any two positive values of x for which We have, sinπ (x2 + x) = sinπx2
2cosx, | cosx | and 1 – 3 cos2x are in G.P. .The minimum ⇒ π (x2 + x) = nπ + (–1)nπx2
value of | α – β | is ∴ Either x2 + x = 2m + x2 ⇒ x = 2m ∈ Z.
π π or x2 + x = k – x2, where k is an odd integer
(A) ⋅ (B) ⋅

3 4 −1 ± 1 + 8k
⇒ 2x2 + x − k = 0 ⇒ x =
π 4
(C) ⋅ (D) none of these
2 For least positive non-integral solution,
Solution (D) −1 + 1 + 8k p − 1 where p is an odd integer.
x= = ,
Since 4 4
2cosx, | cosx | and 1 – 3cos2x are in G.P. π π
∴ cos x = 2cosx(1 – 3cos2x)
2 13. In the interval  − ,  , the equation logsinθ(cos2θ) =
⇒ 6cos3x + cos2x – 2cosx = 0 2 has  2 2
⇒ cosx(2cosx – 1) (3cosx + 2) = 0 (A) no solution
1 2 π π  2 (B) a unique solution
⇒ cos x = 0, , − ∴ x = , , cos −1  −  (C) two solutions
2 3 2 3  3
(D) infinitely many solutions
π π
∴ If α = ,β = , ( ∴ α, β are are positive) Solution (B)
2 3
π π
We have, − ≤θ ≤
π 2 2
then |α − β | =
6 ∴ –1 ≤ sinθ ≤ 1, here 0 < sinθ < 1
11. The most general values of θ for which sinθ – cosθ = Now, logsinθcos2θ = 2
a ∈ R (1, a2 – 6a + 10) are given by ⇒ cos2θ = sin2θ
⇒ 1 – 2sin2θ = sin2θ
π π π π 1
(A) nπ + ( −1) n − (B) nπ + ( −1) n +
4 4 4 4 ⇒ 3 sin 2θ = 1 ⇒ sin 2θ =
3
(C) 2nπ + π (D) none of these 1
4 ⇒ sinθ = (∵ 0 < sin θ < 1)
3
Solution (B)
The given equation has a unique solution.
We have,
min 14. The number of solutions of the equation sinx = cos 3x
sinθ – cosθ = a ∈ R {1, a2 – 6a + 11}. in [0, π] is
Since a2 − 6a + 11 = (a – 3)2 + 2 > 2 for all a (A) 1 (B) 2
 π 1 π (C) 3 (D) 4
∴ sin θ − cos θ = 1 ⇒ sin  θ −  = = sin
 4 2 4 Solution (C)
π π The given equation can be written as
⇒ θ − = nπ + ( −1) n sinx = 4cos3x – 3cosx
4 4
i.e., sec2x tanx + 3sec2x – 4 = 0
π π
∴ θ = nπ + ( −1)n + , where n ∈ Z. In terms of tanx, this leads to the equation
4 4 tan3x + 3tan2x + tanx – 1 = 0
12. The least positive non-integral solution of the equation ⇒ (tan x + 1)(tan2x + 2tanx – 1) = 0
sinπ(x2 + x) = sin πx2 is ⇒ tanx = –1 or tan2x = 1
(A) rational 3π π 5π
i.e., x= , ,
(B) irrational of the form p 4 8 8

(C) irrational of the form p −1 where p is an odd 15. The number of values of x in [0, 2π] satisfying the
, equation | cos x − sin x | ≥ 2 is,
integer 4
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(A) 0 (B) 1  p+q  p−q
(C) 2 (D) 3 ⇒ cos   x cos  x = 0
 2   2 
Solution (C)  p+q ( 2n + 1)π
cos   x = 0 ⇒ x = p + q , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, …
Given equation is | cos x − sin x | ≥ 2  2 
2π
Since | cos x − sin x | ≤ 1 + 1 = 2 which forms an A.P. with common difference =
p+q
∴ We must have | cos x − sin x | = 2 ( 2n + 1)π
 p−q
 π  π
cos   x = 0 ⇒ x = p − q , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, …
⇒ cos  x +  = 1 ⇒ cos  x +  = 1, − 1  2 
 4  4
which forms an A.P. with common difference =
2π
π p−q
∴ x + = 0, 2π , 4π , 6π , . . . or π, 3π, 5π. . .
4
3π 7π CAUTION
∴ x= ,
4 4
In each of the above cases, n ∈ Z, where Z is the set of
3 1
sin 2 x − sin x +
2 2
integers
16. If |cos x | = 1, then possible values of x are:
π
(A) nπ or nπ + ( −1) n ,n∈ I
6 SOLUTION OF AN EQUATION OF THE FORM
π π acosθ + bsinθ = c
(B) nπ or 2nπ + or nπ + ( −1) n , n ∈ I
2 6
The given equation is acosθ + bsinθ = c. (1)
π
(C) nπ + ( −1) n ,n∈ I Divide throughout by a +b
2 2
6
(D) nπ, n ∈ I i.e., by (coeff. of cosθ ) 2 + (coeff. of sinθ ) 2 , we get
Solution (C, D) a b c
cosθ + sinθ = (2)
2 2 2 2
The equation holds if | cos x | = 1 a +b a +b a + b2
2

i.e., if x = nπ , n ∈ I Let α be the least +ve angle such that

3 1
If | cosx | ≠ 1, then sin 2 x − sin x + = 0 a b
2 2 = cos α and = sin α
2 2
a +b a + b2
2
1
⇒ sin x = 1 or ∴ (2) becomes
2
c
sin x ≠ 1, as in that case cos x = 0 cos α cos θ + sin α sin θ =
1 π a + b2
2
∴ sin x = ⇒ x = nπ + ( −1) n
2 6 ⇒ cos(θ – α) = cosβ (say),
17. A set of values of x satisfying the equation c
where cos β =
1  1  a + b2
2
cos 2  px  + cos 2  qx  = 1
2  2  ∴ θ – α = 2nπ ± β
form an arithmetic progression with common ⇒ θ = 2nπ ± β + α, where n ∈ Z.
difference
2 2 WORKING RULE TO SOLVE AN EQUATION
(A) (B)
p+q p −q OF THE FORM acosθ + bsinθ = c
π 1. Divide throughout by a2 + b2
(C) (D) none of these
p+q i.e., by (coeff. of cosθ ) 2 + (coeff. of sinθ ) 2
Solution (D) 2. Write L.H.S. as a single cosine.
3. Use the formula
The given equation can be written as
1 + cospx + 1 + cosqx = 2 θ = 2nπ ± α, n ∈ Z for cosθ = cosα
26.6 Chapter 26
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
dividing an equation by a common factor, take this
CAUTION factor out as a common factor from all terms of the
equation.
Check that |c| ≤ a2 + b2 . If it is not satisfied, no real solu- ■ Make sure that the answer should not contain any value
tion exits. of unknown ‘θ ’ which makes any of the terms undefined.
■ If tanθ or secθ is involved in the equation, θ should not be
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING an odd multiple of π/2.
■ If cotθ or cosecθ is involved in the equation, θ should not
■ Squaring should be avoided as far as possible. If squaring
be a multiple of π or 0.
is done, then check for extra solutions.
For example, consider the equation sinθ + cosθ = 1.
■ The value of f ( θ) is always positive. For example,
On squaring, we get cos2 θ = |cos θ | and not ± cos θ .
1 + sin2θ = 1 or sin 2θ = 0
nπ ■ All the solutions should satisfy the given equation and lie
⇒ θ = , n = 0, ±1, ±2, ... in the domain of the variable of the given equation.
2
■ Check the validity of the given equation, e.g., 2cosθ +
3π
The values of the angle, θ = π and θ = do not satisfy sinθ = 3 can never be true for any θ as the value (2cosθ
2
the given equation. So, we get extra solutions. Thus, if + sinθ) can never exceed 22 + 12 = 5. So there is no
solution for this equation.
squaring is must, verify each of the solutions.
■ Never cancel a common factor containing ‘θ ’ from the two
sides of an equation. CAUTION
For example, consider the equation tan θ = 2 sin θ . If
1 x
we divide both sides by sinθ, we get cos θ = , which
2 If the argument in inequalities is not x but x + a or ax or
a
is clearly not equivalent to the given equation as the then always write general solution first in terms of the argu-
solutions obtained by sinx = 0 are lost. Thus, instead of ment and then find x.

SOLUTIONS OF BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES

Inequality Solution (n ∈ Z)
sinx > α, where |α| < 1 sin α + 2nπ < x < π – sin–1α + 2nπ
–1

sinx < α, where |α| < 1 –π – sin–1α + 2nπ < x < sin–1α + 2nπ
cosx > α, where |α| < 1 –cos–1α + 2nπ < x < cos–1α + 2nπ
cosx < α, where |α| < 1 cos–1α + 2nπ < x < 2π – cos–1α + 2nπ
π
tanx > α, where –∞ < α < ∞ tan−1α + nπ < x < + nπ
2
π −1
tanx < α, where –∞ < α < ∞ − + nπ < x < tan α + nπ
2
cotx > α, where –∞ < α < ∞ nπ < x < cot–1α + nπ
cotx < α, where –∞ < α < ∞ cot–1α + nπ < x < π + nπ

Solution (C)
SOLVED EXAMPLES We have, | cosx | ≤ sinx ⇒ sinx ≥ 0
( ∴ | cosx | ≥ 0)
18. If 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π and | cosx | ≤ sinx, then
⇒ x ∉ (π, 2π)
 π π π 
(A) x ∈ 0,  (B) x ∈  ,  If x = 2π, | cos2π | ≤ sin2π which is not possible,
 4 4 2 ∴ x ∈ [0, p]
 π π   π 3π   π
(C) x ∈  ,  ∪  ,  (D) none of these If x ∈ 0,  , then | cos x |≤ sin x ⇒ cos x ≤ sin x
4 2 2 4   2
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π π  ⇒ sin2x = k + 3 ( sin2x = –1 is not possible)
∴
⇒ x∈ ,  Since 0 ≤ sin2x ≤ 1, ∴ 0 ≤ k + 3 ≤ 1 or –3 ≤ k ≤ –2.
4 2
π  22. The equation cos2x + asinx = 2a – 7 has a solution for
If x ∈  , π  , then
2  (A) all a (B) a > 6
| cosx | ≤ sinx ⇒ – cosx ≤ sinx ⇒ tanx ≤ –1 (C) a < 2 (D) a ∈ [2, 6]
( cosx < 0) ∴ Solution (D)
 π 3π   π π   π 3π  Given equation is cos2x + asinx = 2a – 7
⇒ x ∈ ,  . ∴ x ∈  ,  ∪  ,  ⇒ 1 – 2sin2x + asinx = 2a – 7
2 4  4 2  2 4 
⇒ 2sin2x – asinx + 2a – 8 = 0
19. The equation (cosp – 1) x2 + (cosp) x + sinp = 0, in the
variable x has a real root. then p can take any value in a ± a 2 − 16( a − 4) a ± ( a − 8)
⇒ sin x = =
the interval 4 4
 −π π  a−4
(A) (0, π) (B)  .  ⇒ sin x = or sinx = 2 (not possible)
 2 2 2
(B) (–π, 0) (C) (0, 2π) a−4
∴ sinx =
Solution (A)
2
Discriminant = cos2p – 4 (cos p – 1)sin p a−4
∵ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1, ∴ − 1 ≤ ≤1 ⇒ 2 ≤ a ≤ 6
For equation to have real roots, 2
cos2p – 4(cosp – 1) sinp ≥ 0 23. The set of all x in (–π, π) satisfying | 4 sin x − 1 | < 5
⇒ cos2p ≥ 4(cosp – 1) sinp is given by
p
⇒ cos2p ≥ –8 sin2 sinp  π 3π   π 
2 (A)  − ,  (B)  − , π 
3π π  10 10   10 
For p = or − , R.H.S. > 1 but L.H.S. < 1,
2 2  3π 
(C) (–π, π) (D)  −π ,
∴ the choices (B), (C) and (D) are ruled out. The cor-  10 
rect alternative is (A)
Solution (A)
20. The equation sin4x + cos4x = a has a solution for
We have, |4 sin x − 1| < 5
(A) all of values of a (B) a = 1
1 1 ⇒ − 5 < 4 sin x − 1 < 5
(C) a = (D) < a <1
2 2  5 −1  5 +1
⇒ − < sin x <
Solution (B, C,D)  4  4
The given equation can be written as  
1 – 2 sin2x cos2x = a π π
⇒ − sin < sin x < cos
⇒ sin22x = 2(1 – a) ⇒ 2(1 – a) ≤ 1 10 5
and 2(1 – a) ≥ 0 ⇒ 1/2 ≤ a ≤ 1  −π  π π 
⇒ sin   < sin x < sin  − 
21. The equation sin4x – (k + 2) sin2x – (k + 3) = 0 pos-  10  2 5
sesses a solution if  −π   3π 
⇒ sin   < sin x < sin  
(A) k > –3  10   10 
(B) k < –2  π 3π 
(C) –3 ≤ k ≤ –2 ⇒ x ∈  − ,  [∵ x ∈ ( −π , π )]
(D) k is any positive integer  10 10 

Solution (C)
24. The number of values of x in [0, 2π] satisfying the
equation |cos x − sin x| ≥ 2 , is
We have, sin4x – (k + 2) sin2x – (k + 3) = 0
(A) 0 (B) 1
( k + 2) ± ( k + 2) 2 + 4( k + 3) (C) 2 (D) 3
⇒ sin 2 x =
2
( k + 2) ± ( k + 4 ) Solution (C)
=
2 Given equation is | cos x − sin x | ≥ 2 .
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AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Solution (A)
Since | cos x − sin x | ≤ 1 + 1 = 2 ,
∴ we must have |cos x − sin x| = 2 Since | 4 sin x − 1 | < 5

 π  π ⇒ − 5 < 4 sin x − 1 < 5

⇒ cos  x +  = 1 ⇒ cos  x +  = 1, −1.
 4   4  5 −1  5 +1
⇒ − < sin x <
 4  4
∴ x+
π
= 0, 2π , 4π , 6π , ..., π, 3π, 5π, ....  
4
π π
3π 7π ⇒ − sin < sin x < cos
∴ x= , 10 5
4 4
 π  π π 
25. The set of all x in (–π, π) satisfying |4 sin x − 1| < 5 is ⇒ sin  −  < sin x < sin  − 
 10  2 5
given by
 π 3π   π  3π
 π 3π  ⇒ sin  −  < sin x < sin
(A)  − ,  (B)  ,   10  10
 10 10   10 10 
π −3π   π 3π 
(C)  , (D) none of these ∴ x ∈− , 
 10 10   10 10 

EXERCISES

Single Option Correct Type

 x 1 π 4. The number of all possible triplets (a1, a2, a3) such that
1. The equation 2cos2   . sin2x = x2 + 2 0 ≤ x ≤ a1 + a2 cos 2x + a3 sin2 x = 0 for all x is
 2
⋅

x 2
has (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) one real solution (C) 3 (D) infinite
(B) no solution
(C) more than one real solution 5. The equation sin4 x − (k + 2) sin2 x − (k + 3) = 0 pos-
(D) none of these sesses a solution if
(A) k > −3
2. The general solution of the equation sin50 x – cos50x = 1 (B) k < −2
is (C) − 3 ≤ k ≤ −2
π π
(A) 2nπ + ⋅ (B) 2nπ + ⋅
(D) k is any positive integer
2 3
π π 6. The least positive non-integral solution of the equation
(C) nπ + ⋅ (D) nπ + ⋅

sin π (x2 + x) = sin π x2 is

2 3
3. General solution of the equation (A) rational
(B) irrational of the form p
( 3 − 1) sin θ + ( 3 + 1) cos θ = 2 is

(A) 2nπ ±
π π p −1
+ (C) irrational of the form , where p is an odd
4 12 4
integer
π π
(B) nπ + (−1)n + p +1
4 12 (D) irrational of the form , where p is an even
4
π π integer
(C) 2nπ ± −
4 12
7. If sin2x − 2sinx − 1 = 0 has exactly four different solu-
π π tions in x ∈ [0, nπ], then minimum value of n can be
(D) nπ + (− 1)n −
4 12 (n ∈ N)
 26.9
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Trigonometric
APUL Equations
(A) 4 (B) 3 π
(C) 2 (D) 1 (A) 2nπ ± , nπ , n ∈ Z
2
8. A set of values of x satisfying the equation π
(B) nπ ± , 2nπ , n ∈ Z
1  1  2
cos 2  px  + cos 2  qx  = 1
2  2  π
form an arithmetic progression with common (C) nπ ± , nπ , n ∈ Z
2
difference (D) none of these
2 2
(A) (B) 14. The solution of the inequality
p+q p−q
log1/2 sinθ > log1/2 cosθ in [0, 2p] is
π
(C) (D) none of these  π π π 
p+q (A)  0,  (B)  , 
 2 4 2
9. If 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π and | cos x | ≤ sin x, then  π
(C)  0,  (D) none of these
 4
 π π π 
(A) x ∈ 0,  (B) x ∈  , 
 4 4 2  7π 
15. If cos 3 x + sin  2 x −  = −2 then x =
 π 3π   6 
(C) x ∈  ,  (D) none of these
4 4  π π
(A) (6 k + 1) (B) (6 k − 1)
10. The general solution of the equation 3 3

1 − sin x + ⋯ + ( −1) n sin n x + ⋯ 1 − cos 2 x π

= (C) ( 2k + 1) (D) none of these
1 + sin x + ⋯ + sin n x + ⋯ 1 + cos 2 x 3
where k ∈ Z.
π 2x
x ≠ (2n + 1) ⋅ , n ∈ Z is 16. If tan2[π (x + y)] + cot2 [π (x + y)] = 1 + , where
2 1+ x2
x, y ∈ R, then least positive value of y is
π  π 
(A) ( −1) n   + nπ (B) ( −1) n   + nπ 5 1
3 6 (A) (B)
4 4
π  π  3
(C) ( −1) n +1   + nπ (D) ( −1) n −1   + nπ (C) (D) 2
6 3 4
11. The general solution of the equation 17. The general value of y satisfying the equation 1 − 2x
n
1 − x2 = tan2(x + y) + cot2(x + y) is
∑ cos r θ sin rθ = 2
r =1
2
is
π π
(A) 2nπ ± (B) nπ ±
2k + 1 π 4 4
4k − 1 π
(A) , k ∈Z (B) , k ∈Z
n( n + 1) 2 n( n + 1) 2 (C) nπ ± π (D) none of these
2 4
4k + 1 π
(C) , k ∈Z (D) none of these 18. If [sin x] + [ 2 cos x ] = −3, x ∈ [0, 2π] ([ . ] denotes
n( n + 1) 2
the greatest integer function) then x belongs to
17
12. The solution of sin8x + cos8x = is  5π   5π 
32 (A)  , 2π  (B)  , 2π 
 4   4 
nπ π π
(A) ± (B) nπ ±
2 8 4  5π   5π 
(C)  π , (D) π ,
π  4   4 
(C) nπ ± (D) no solution
8 19. The number of solutions of the equation
13. The general solution of the equation  πx 
 = x − 2 3 x + 4
2
sin 
2cos2θ + 1 = 3.2– sin2θ is  2 3 
26.10 Chapter 26
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(A) forms an empty set 26. | tanx + secx | = | tanx | + | secx |, x ∈ [0, 2p], if and only
(B) is only one if x belongs to the interval
(C) is only two (A) (π, 2π]
(D) is more than 2 (B) [0, π]
20. The number of solutions of the equation | cos x | = 2[x],  π  π 
where [ . ] is the greatest integer, is (C) 0,  ∪  , π 
 2 2 
(A) one (B) two
 3π   3π 
(C) infinite (D) nil (D) π ,  ∪  , 2π 
 2   2 
21. The general solution of sin x − 3 sin 2x + sin 3x = cos
x − 3cos2x + cos3x is 27. | cosx | = cosx − 2sinx if
π nπ π (A) x = nπ
(A) nπ + (B) + π
8 2 8 (B) x = 2nπ or (2n + 1) π + ⋅

4
nπ π 3 π
(C) ( −1) n + (D) 2nπ + cos −1 (C) x = n π + ⋅

2 8 2 4
22. sin x + 2 sin 2x = 3 + sin 3x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π has π
(D) x = n π or nπ + ⋅

(A) 2 solutions in I quadrant 4

(B) one solution in II quadrant 28. A solution of the equation (1 – tanθ) (1 + tanθ) sec2 θ
(C) no solution in any quadrant  π π
(D) one solution in each quadrant + 2 tan2θ = 0, where θ lies in the interval  − ,  is
given by  2 2
23. The solution of the equation 1 + sin2ax = cos x, where π π
a is irrational, is (A) θ = 0 (B) θ = or −
nπ 3 3
(A) x = 0 (B) x = π π
a (C) θ = (D) θ = −
(C) x = 2nπ (D) none of these 6 6
24. The values of α for which the equation 29. If p cosx – 2sinx = 2 + 2 − p has a solution, then
sin4x + cos4x + sin 2x + α = 0 may be valid, are p∈
3
(A) − ≤ α ≤ 1 (B) 0 ≤ α ≤
1 (A)  5 + 1, 4  (B)  5 − 1, 2
2 2
1 (C)  3 + 1, 3 (D) none of these
3
(C) − ≤ α ≤ (D) none of these
2 2 30. The value of ‘b’ such that the equation
25. If α and β be two distinct values of θ lying between 0 b cos x b + sin x
and 2π, satisfying the equation 3 cos θ + 4 sin θ = 2, =
2 cos 2 x − 1 (cos 2 x − 3 sin 2 x ) tan x
then the value of sin (α + β) is
possess solutions, belongs to the set
12 24
(A) (B)  1 1 
25 25 (A)  −∞,  (B)  , ∞
 2 2 
13
(C) (D) none of these  1
25 (C) ( −∞, ∞) (D)  −∞,  ∪ (1, ∞)
 2
More than One Option Correct Type

 7π  3
sin 2 x − sin x +
1
31. If sinθ = k for exactly one value of θ, θ ∈ 0, , 33. If |cos x| 2 2
= 1, then possible values of x are
 3 
then the value of k is π
(A) 1 (B) –1 (A) nπ or nπ + ( −1) n , n∈I
6
(C) 1/ 2 (D) 0 π π
(B) nπ or 2nπ + ⋅ or nπ + ( −1) n , n ∈ I
32. The equation sin x + cos x = a has a solution for
4 4
2 6
(A) all of values of a (B) a = 1 π
(C) nπ + ( −1) n , n∈I
1 1 6
(C) a = (D) <a<1
2 2 (D) nπ, n ∈ I
 26.11
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Trigonometric
APUL Equations
2 2
34. The equation 3sin 2 x + 2 cos x + 31− sin 2 x + 2 sin x = 28 is satis- 40. Solution of the equation sin3θ + sinθ cosθ + cos3θ = 1
fied for the values of x given by is
(A) cos x = 0 (B) tan x = −1 π π
(C) tan x = 1 (D) none of these (A) θ = 2nπ + (B) θ = 2nπ –
⋅
⋅

4 4
35. The general value of θ, satisfying the equation 2cos 2θ
π
+ 2sin θ = 2, is (C) θ = 2nπ + ⋅ (D) θ = 2nπ
2
π
(A) nπ (B) nπ + (− 1)n
41. Solution of the equation 3 (cos θ − 3 sin θ ) = 4sin
⋅

3
n π 2θ cos 3θ is
(C) nπ + (−1) ⋅ (D) none of these.
6
π nπ π
36. The value of θ, lying between θ = 0 and θ = and ⋅
(A) θ = + , if n is even
satisfying the equation 2 6 18

1 + cos 2θ sin 2θ 4 sin 4θ nπ π

(B) θ = + if n is odd
2 2 4 12
cos θ 1 + sin θ 4 sin 4θ = 0, is
2 2
cos θ sin θ 1 + 4 sin 4θ nπ π
(C) θ = − , if n is odd
4 12
11π 7π (D) none of these
(A) ⋅ (B) ⋅

24 24
42. The values of x in (−π, π) which satisfy the equation
5π 2
x + |cos3 x | +...to infinity
(C) ⋅ (D) none of these 81+|cos x|+ cos = 43 are
24
37. Solution of the system of equations 2sin x + cos y
= 1, π π
(A) ± (B) ±
2 2
x + cos y
4 3
16sin = 4 is
2π
π 2π (C) ± (D) none of these
(A) x = nπ + (−1)n ⋅ , y = 2nπ ±⋅
3
6 3 43. Solution of the equation sin6x + cos4x + 2 = 0; 0 < x <
π π 2π is
(B) x = nπ + (−1)n ⋅ , y = 2nπ ±⋅

6 3 π π
(A) x = (B) x⋅

π 2π 3 4
(C) x = nπ − (−1)n ⋅ , y = 2nπ ±
6 3
4π 5π
(C) x = (D) x =
π π 3 4
(D) x = nπ − (−1) , y = 2nπ ± n
⋅ ⋅

6 3
38. Solution of the equation 4sin4x + cos4x = 1 is 44. cos 2 x + 1 + sin 2 x = sin x + cos x if
(A) x = nπ
π
 3 (A) x = 2nπ (B) x = nπ –
(B) x = 2nπ ± cos– 1  
⋅

4
 5
(C) sin x + cos x = 0 (D) x = nπ
π
(C) x = (2n + 1) ⋅ 45. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
2 x, then the equation sin x = [1 + sin x] + [1 − cos x] has
(D) none of these no solution in
3
39. The solution of the equation sin x − cos x = cos2x  π π π 
is 2 (A)  − ,  (B)  , π 
π  2 2 2 
(A) x = (2n + 1)π (B) x = 2nπ ± ⋅

3  3π 
π (C) π , (D) R
(C) x = 2nπ ± ⋅ (D) none of these  2 
6
26.12 Chapter 26
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Match the Column Type

46. 47.
Column-I Column-I Column-I Column-I
I. If 2sin2x + 3sin x − 2 > 0 and π π  I. The least difference between π
x2 − x − 2 < 0 (x is measured (A) (0, π ) −  ,  the roots, in the first quadrant (A) ⋅

4 2 2
in radians), then x ∈  π
 0 ≤ x ≤ ,
2 
of the equation
sin 3 θ − cos3θ cos θ (B) (0, π) 
II. If − 4cos x(2 − 3 sin2x) + (cos2x +
sinθ − cosθ 1 + cos 2θ 1) = 0, is
− 2 tanθ cotθ = −1, θ ∈ [0, II. If α, β be any two positive π
2π], then θ ∈ values of x for which 2cos x, (B) ⋅

6
(C)  − π , 3π 
| cos x | and 1 − 3 cos2x are in
G.P., then the minimum value
 10 10 
of | α − β | is
III. The set of all x in (−π, π) sat- π  III. The values of x between 0 and
isfying | 4sin x − 1 | < 5 is (D)  6 , 2  2π which satisfy the equation
π
⋅

given by (C) 3
sin x 8 cos 2 x = 1 are in A.P.
with common difference
IV. The solution of the equation
(sinθ + cosθ) (D) π ⋅

4
[(sinθ + cosθ)(1 + sin2θ) = 2, −π
≤ θ ≤ π, is

Assertion-Reason Type
Instructions: In the following questions an Assertion (A) is 48. Assertion: The general solution of the equation 2sinθ +
given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your responses from 1−
1
π
the following options: 2cosθ = 2 2 is θ = nπ + ⋅

4
(A) Assertion(A) is True and Reason(R) is True;
Reason: For any two numbers a and b, A.M. ≥ G.M.
Reason(R) is a correct explanation for Assertion(A)
(B) Assertion(A) is True, Reason(R) is True; Reason(R) 49. Assertion: Solution of the equation 4cot2θ = cot2θ −
is not a correct explanation for Assertion(A) π
(C) Assertion(A) is True, Reason(R) is False tan2θ is θ = nπ ± ⋅

4
(D) Assertion(A) is False, Reason(R) is True Reason: tanθ = tanα ⇒ θ = nπ ± α.

Previous Year's Questions

50. If 0 ≤ x < 2π, then the number of real values of x, (A) 9 (B) 3
which satisfy the equation cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + (C) 5 (D) 7
cos 4x = 0, is: [2016]
 26.13
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Trigonometric
APUL Equations
ANSWER KEYS

Single Option Correct Type

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C) 10. (B)
11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (C) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (B) 20. (D)
21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (C) 25. (B) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (B) 29. (B) 30. (A)

More than One Option Correct Type

31. (A, B) 32. (B, C, D) 33. (C, D) 34. (A, B) 35. (A, C) 36. (A, B) 37. (A, D) 38. (A, B) 39. (A, B) 40. (C, D)
41. (A, C) 42. (B, C) 43. (B, D) 44. (A, B, C) 45. (A, B, C, D)

Match the Column Type

46. I ↔ (D), II ↔ (A), III ↔ (C), 47. I ↔ (B), II ↔ (B), III ↔ (D), IV ↔ (D)

Assertion-Reason Type
48. (A) 49. (A)

Previous Year's Questions

50. (D)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Single Option Correct Type

1. Since x2 + x−2 = (x − x− 1)2 + 2 ≥ 2 4. We have, a1 + a2cos2x + a3 sin2x = 0
x a
and, 2cos2 sin2x ≤ 2, ⇒ a1 + a2cos2x + 3 (1 − cos2x) = 0
2 2
∴ the given equation is valid only if which is zero for all values of x,
x a
2cos2 sin2x = 2 if a1 = − 3 = −a2
2 2
x k k
⇔ cos = cosecx = 1, which cannot be true. or a1 = − , a2 = , , a3 = k
2 2 2
2. We have, sin50x − cos50x = 1 for any k ∈ R.
⇒ sin50x = 1 + cos50x Hence, the required number of triplets is infinite.
Since sin50x ≤ 1 and 1 + cos50x ≥ 1, therefore, the two sides 5. We have, sin4x − (k + 2) sin2x − (k + 3) = 0
are equal only if
sin50x = 1 = 1 + cos50x i.e., sin50x = 1 and cos50x = 0 ( k + 2) ± ( k + 2) 2 + 4 ( k + 3)
⇒ sin 2 x =
π 2
∴ x = nπ + , n ∈ Z.
⋅

2 ( k + 2) ± ( k + 4)
3. Let 3 + 1 = r cosα, and 3 − 1 = r sinα =
2
∴ r 2 = ( 3 + 1) 2 + ( 3 − 1) 2 = 8, ⇒ sin2x = k + 3 ( sin2x = –1 is not possible)
∴

3 − 1 1 − 1/ 3 π π  Since 0 ≤ sin2x ≤ 1, ∴ 0 ≤ k + 3 ≤ 1 or −3 ≤ k ≤ −2.

and, tan α = = = tan  −  6. We have, sinπ (x2 + x) = sinπx2
3 + 1 1 + 1/ 3 4 6
= tan(π/12), i.e., α = π/12. ⇒ π (x2 + x) = nπ + (–1)nπx2
From the given equation, we get r cos(θ − α) = 2 ∴ Either x2 + x = 2m + x2 ⇒ x = 2m ∈ Z.
⇒ cos(θ − π/12) = 1/ 2 = cos(π/4) or, x2 + x = k − x2, where k is an odd integer
∴ θ − π/12 = 2nπ ± π/4 − 1 ± 1 + 8k
⇒ 2x2 + x − k = 0 ⇒ x = .
or θ = 2nπ ± π/4 + π/12. 4
26.14 Chapter 26
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
For least positive non-integral solution, ⇒ (1 − sin x)2 = sin2x ⇒ 1 − 2 sin x = 0
− 1 + 1 + 8k p −1 1 π π
x= = , where p is an odd integer. ⇒ sin x = = sin ⇒ x = nπ + ( −1) n
4 4 2 6 6
n
7. We have, sin2x − 2sin x − 1 = 0 1
⇒ (sin x − 1)2 = 2 ⇒ sin x − 1 = ± 2
11. We have, ∑ cos r θ sin r θ = 2
r =1
2

⇒ sinx = 1 − 2 as sinx >/ 1. n

There are 2 solutions in [0, 2π] and two more in [2π, 4π].
⇒ ∑ 2 cos r θ sin r θ = 1
r =1
2

Thus, minimum value of n is 4. n

8. The given equation can be written as ⇒ ∑ [sin r( r + 1)θ − sin r(r − 1)θ ] = 1
r =1
1 + cospx + 1 + cosqx = 2
4k + 1 π
 p+q  p−q ⇒ sin n(n + 1)θ =1 ⇒ θ = ⋅ ,k ∈ Z
⇒ cos   x cos  2  x = 0 n( n + 1) 2
 2   
17
 p+q ( 2n + 1)π 12. Given, sin8x + cos8x =
cos   x = 0 ⇒ x = p + q , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 … which 32
 2 
17
⇒ (sin4x + cos4x)2 − 2sin4x cos4x =
2π 32
forms an A. P. with common difference =
p+q
17
⇒ (1 − 2sin2x cos2x)2 − 2sin4x cos4x =
 p−q ( 2n + 1)π 32
cos   x = 0 ⇒ x = p − q , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,…
 2  17
⇒ 1 − 4 sin2x cos2x + 2sin4x cos4x =
2π 32
which forms an A. P. with common difference =
p−q 1 17
⇒ 1 − (2sinx cosx)2 + ( 2 sin x cos x ) 4 =
9. We have, | cos x | ≤ sin x 8 32
∴
⇒ sin x ≥ 0 [ | cos x | ≥ 0 | 1 4 17
⇒ 1 − sin22x + sin 2 x − = 0
⇒ x ∉ (π, 2π) 8 32
If x = 2π, | cos 2π | ≤ sin 2π, which is not possible ⇒ 4sin42x − 32sin22x + 15 = 0
∴ x ∈ [0, π]  15 
⇒ 2sin22x − 1 = 0 ∵ sin 2 2 x ≠ 
 π  2
If x ∈ 0,  , then | cos x | ≤ sin x
 2 1 π
π π  ⇒ sin22x = ⇒ sin22x = sin 2
⋅

⇒ cos x ≤ sin x ⇒ x ∈  ,  2 4
4 2
π
If x ∈  π , π  , then | cos x | ≤ sin x
⇒ 2x = nπ ± , n∈I
2  4
 
⇒ –cos x ≤ sin x ⇒ tan x ≤ –1 ( cos x < 0)
∴ nπ π
⇒ x= ± , n∈I
 π 3π  2 8
⇒ x∈  ,  13. We have, 2cos2θ + 1 = 3.2− sin2θ
2 4 
Combining two results, we get ⇒ 21−2sin2θ + 1 = 3.2−sin2θ
 π π   π 3π  1
x∈ ,  ∪ , ⇒ 2z2–3z + 1 = 0, where z = 2−sin2θ ⇒ z = ,1.
 2
4 2  2 4 
1 π
 π 3π  If z = , then 2−sin2θ = 2−1 ⇒ sin2θ =1 ⇒ θ = nπ ±
or, x ∈  ,
 4 4  2 2
If z =1, then 2−sin2θ = 20 ⇒ sin2θ = 0 ⇒ sinθ = 0
1 − sinx + ⋯ + ( −1) n sin n x + ⋯ 1 − cos 2 x
10. = ⇒ θ = nπ
1 + sinx + ⋯ + sin n x + ⋯ 1 + cos 2 x
π
1 1− sin x 2 sin 2 x Thus, θ = nπ , nπ ±
⇒ × = as –1 < sin x < 1 2
1+ sin x 1 2 cos 2 x 14. sin θ > 0 ⇒ θ ∈ (0, π) (1)
 π   3π
2
sin x (1+ sin x ) 
⇒ 1 − sin x = cosθ > 0 ⇒ θ ∈  0,  ∪  , 2π  (2)
1− sin 2 x  2   2 
 26.15
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Trigonometric
APUL Equations
π
From (1) and (2), θ ∈  0,  .
π
⇒ y = 1 + ( 2n ± 1) , n ∈ Z
 2 4
Also, log1/2sinθ > log1/2 cosθ π
∴ x = –1, y =1 + ( 2n ± 1) , n ∈ Z
4
 π  π
⇒ sinθ < cosθ in  0,  ⇒ θ ∈  0,  . 18. We have, [sinx] + [ 2 cos x ] = –3
 2   4
 7π  ⇒ [sin x] = –1 and [ 2 cos x ] = –2
15. We have cos 3x + sin  2 x − = –2
 6  ⇒ –1 ≤ sin x < 0 or x ≤ (π, 2π)
 7π  and, −2 ≤ 2 cos x < −1
⇒ 1 + cos3x + 1 + sin  2 x − =0
 6  −1  3π 5 π 
2π or, cos x < or x ∈  , 
  2  4 4 
⇒ (1 + cos3x) + 1 − cos  2 x −  =0
 3   5π 
So x ∈  π ,
3x  π  4 
⇒ 2 cos 2 + 2 sin 2  x −  = 0
2  3  πx 
 = x − 2 3 x + 4
2
19. sin 
3x  π  2 3 
⇒ cos = 0 and sin  x −  = 0
2  3 = ( x − 3 )2 + 1
3 x π 3π π
∴ R.H.S > 1. So, the solution exists if and only if
⇒ = , ,… and x − = 0, π, 2π… x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 and then equation is obviously
2 2 2 3
satisfied.
π
⇒ x= 20. From the graph, | cos x | and 2 [x] do not cut each other for
3
any real value of x. Hence, number of solutions is nil.
Therefore, the general solution of
3x  π π
cos = 0 and sin  x −  = 0 is x = 2kπ +
2  3 3
π
= (6k + 1), where k ∈ Z
3
16. Minimum value of L.H.S. is
 1  2
2  x + form where x > 0  and 1 + ≤2
 x  1
x+
x
Equality is possible only when both sides are 2 at x = 1
π 21. sin x − 3sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x − 3cos 2x + cos 3x
i.e., tan2 [π (x + y)] = 1 ⇒ π (x + y) = nπ ± ⋅

⇒ 2sin2xcosx − 3sin2x − 2cos2xcosx

4
5π + 3cos2x = 0
⇒ π (x + y) = ⋅ (for least value of y)
4 ⇒ sin2x(2cosx − 3) − cos2x (2cosx − 3) = 0
1 ⇒ (sin2x − cos2x) (2cosx − 3) = 0
∴ y=
4 ⇒ sin2x = cos2x ∴
( cosx ≠ 3/2)
17. The given equation can be written as
π  nπ π
3 − 2x − x2 = 1 + tan2 (x + y) + 1 + cot2 (x + y) ⇒ 2 x = 2nπ ±  − 2 x  i.e., x = x = +
 2  2 8
⇒ 4 − (x + 1)2 = sec2(x + y) + cosec2 (x + y)
22. From the given equation we have
⇒ cos2(x + y) sin2(x + y) [4 − (x + 1)2] = 1
sinx − sin3x + 2sin 2x = 3
⇒ sin2(2x + 2y) [4 − (x + 1)2] = 4 (1)
⇒ 2sinx cos2x − 2sin2x + 3 = 0
Since sin2(2x + 2y) ≤ 1 and 4 − (x + 1)2 ≤ 4
⇒ (sinx + cos2x)2 + (sin2x − 1)2 + 3
∴ (1) holds only if sin2(2x + 2y) = 1 (2)
= sin2x + cos22x + sin22x + 1
and, 4 − (x + 1)2 = 4 (3)
⇒ (sinx + cos2x)2 + (sin2x − 1)2 + cos2x = 0
From (3), we get x = –1
which is possible only if
Putting in (2), we get sin (2y − 2) = ±1
sinx + cos2x = 0, sin2x = 1 and cosx = 0
π
⇒ 2y − 2 = nπ ± , n∈Z which is not possible for any value of x.
2
26.16 Chapter 26
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
23. The given equation is α +β α +β
∴ 3 sin − 4 cos =0
1 + sin2ax = cosx (1) 2 2
We have, 1 + sin2ax ≥ 1 and cosx ≤ 1 α +β 4
or, tan =
∴ The equation (1) has a solution only if cosx = 1 2 3
and, 1 + sin2ax = 1 i.e., sin2ax = 0 ⇒ sin ax = 0 α +β 4
2 tan 2×
Now, cos x = 1 gives x = 2nπ, n ∈ I
∴ sin(α + β ) = 2 = 3 = 24 .
mπ
and, sinax = 0 gives ax = mπ ⇒ x = , m∈I 2α + β 16 25
a 1 + tan 1+
2 9
The equation (1) has a solution only if for some values of m
and n, we have 26. | tan x + sec x | = | tan x | + | sec x | iff sec x and tan x both have
sin x
mπ/ a = 2nπ or 2na = m. (2) same sign. ⇒ sec x. tan x ≥ 0 ⇒ ≥ 0, but cos x ≠ 0 ⇒
cos 2 x
But a is irrational and m and n are integers.  π  π 
x ∈ 0,  ∪  , π 
∴ (2) is possible only if m = 0 = n. But then we have x = 0.  2 2 
Hence, x = 0 is the only solution satisfying the given 27. | cos x | = cos x − 2 sin x
equation. ⇒ cos x = cos x − 2sin x if cos x ≥ 0
24. Given equation is ⇒ sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 2nπ (as cos x ≥ 0).n ∈ I
sin4x + cos4x + sin 2x + α = 0 Also, |cos x| = cos x –2sin x
⇒ (sin2x)2 + (cos2x)2 + 2sin2x cos 2x − 2sin2x cos2x ⇒ −cos x = cos x –2 sin x if cos x < 0
+ sin2x + α = 0 ⇒ cos x − sin x = 0 ⇒ tan x = 1
5π
1 Now, cos x < 0 and tan x = 1 ⇒ tan x = tan
⇒ (sin2x + cos2x)2 − (4sin2x cos2x) + sin 2x + α = 0
⋅

4
2  5π  π
1 ⇒ x = 2nπ +   = (2n + 1)π +
⇒ 1 − (sin2x)2 + sin2x + α = 0  4 
⋅

4
2
⇒ 2 − sin22x + 2sin 2x + 2α = 0 28. We have, (1– tanθ) (1 + tanθ) sec2θ + 2 tan2θ = 0
⇒ sin22x − 2sin2x − 2 − 2α = 0 ⇒ (1 − tan4θ) + 2 tan2θ = 0
2 ± [( 2) 2 − 4 × 1( −2 − 2α )] Put tan2θ = x, ∴ (1 − x2) + 2x = 0
⇒ sin2x =
2 ×1 ⇒ 2x = x2 − 1 = y (say)
∴ y = 2x and y = x2 –1
2 ± ( 4 + 8 + 8α ) 2 ± (12 + 8α )
= = By inspection, x = 3, ∴ tan2θ = 3
2 2 π
2{1± (3 + 2 α)} ⇒ tan θ = ± 3 ⇒ θ = ±
= = 1± (3 + 2 α) 3
2 29. The given equation has a solution if p ≥ 0, 2 − p ≥ 0
If sin 2 x = 1 + (3 + 2α ) > 1 which is not possible and, p cos x − 2 sin x ≤ p+4
⇒ p ≥ 0, 2 − p ≥ 0
If sin 2 x = 1 − (3 + 2α ) (i)
and, 2 + 2− p ≤ p + 4 ⇒ p ≥ 0, 2 − p ≥ 0
⇒ −1 ≤ 1 − (3 + 2 α) ≤ 1
2

⇒ −2 ≤ − (3 + 2 α) ≤ 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ (3 + 2α) ≤ 4 and, ( 2 + 2− p ) ≤ p + 4 ⇒ p ≥ 0, p ≤ 2

3 1 and, 2 + 2 − p + 2 4 − 2p ≤ p + 4
⇒ −3 ≤ 2α ≤ 1 ⇒ − ≤ α ≤ .
2 2
25. Since α, β satisfy the given equation, ⇒ 0 ≤ p ≤ 2 and 2 4 − 2 p ≤ 2p
∴ 3cosα + 4sinα = 2 and 3cosβ + 4sinβ = 2 ⇒ p2 + 2p − 4 ≥ 0
On subtracting, we get 3(cosα − cosβ) + 4 (sinα − sinβ) = 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ p ≤ 2 and (p + 1)2 ≤ 5
α +β β −α α +β α −β ⇒ 0 ≤ p ≤ 2 and p ∈ (– ∞, − 5 − 1] ∪ [ 5 −1, ∞)
⇒ 3 ⋅ 2 sin sin + 4 ⋅ 2 cos sin =0
2 2 2 2 ⇒ p ∈ [ 5 − 1, 2]
 β −α  α +β α +β 30. For the domain of definition of the given equation, we have,
⇒ 2 sin   3 sin 2 − 4 cos 2  = 0 π
 2   (i) 2 cos2x − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ nπ ± ⋅

6
β −α nπ π
Here, sin ≠ 0 because β ≠ α and (ii) tan ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ± [For odd multiples of , tan x is ⋅

2 2 2
not defined]
 β −α   β −α  π
(iii) cos2x − 3sin2x ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ n π ± ,
 2  < π and  2  > −π 6
  max   min
 26.17
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Trigonometric
APUL Equations
Also, 2cos2x − 1 = 2(cos2x − sin2x) − (cos2x + sin2x) = cos2 2b − 1 1
⇒ ≥ 0 and ≤0
x − 3sin2x b −1 b −1
Now, the given equation reduces to
1 1
bsin x = b + sinx ⇒ b≤ or b > 1 and b < 1 ⇒ b ≤
2 2
b
⇒ sin x = ,
b −1 1
When b = , sin x = 1, which is not possible
b 2
–1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ∴ − 1 ≤
∴
≤1
b −1 1
∴ b<
2
b b
⇒ + 1 ≤ 0 and −1 ≤ 0
b −1 b −1

More than One Option Correct Type

31. Clearly, −1 ≤ k ≤ 1. For any value of k other than 1 and –1, ⇒ 2 sin θ = 4 sin 2 θ ⇒ 2 sin θ − 4 sin 2 θ = 0
sinθ has two values (in quadrant, I, II or III, IV).
∴ k = 1 or –1.  3

⇒ 2 sin θ 1 − 2 2 sin 2 θ  = 0
32. The given equation can be written as
1 − 2sin2x cos2x = a If 2 sin θ = 0, sin θ = 0 [∵ z = 0 ⇒ z = 0]
⇒ sin22x = 2(1 − a) ⇒ 2(1 − a) ≤ 1 ⇒ θ = nπ, n ∈ I.
3 3
and, 2(1 − a) ≥ 0 ⇒ 1/2 ≤ a ≤ 1. 1
If 1 − 2 2 sin 2 θ = 0, sin 2 θ =
33. The equation holds if |cosx| = 1 2 2
i.e., if x = nπ , n ∈ I 3

3 1
3
 1 2 1 π
If |cosx| ≠ 1, then sin 2 x − sin x + = 0 ⇒ (sin θ) 2 =   ⇒ sin θ = = sin
2 2  2 2 6
π
⇒ sinx = 1 or 1 ⇒ θ = nπ + ( −1) n , n∈ I.
2 6
sinx ≠ 1, as in that case cosx = 0 π
∴ θ = nπ , nπ + ( −1) n , n ∈ I .
1 π 6
∴ sinx = ⇒ x = nπ + (–1)n ⋅

2 6 36. The given equation can be written as

34. We have,
2 2
3sin2x + 2cos x + 31 − sin 2x + 2sin x = 28 1 + cos 2 θ sin 2 θ 4 sin 4θ
⇒ 3 + sin2x 2cos2x
+3 3 − (sin2x
+ 2cos2x)
= 28 −1 1 0 =0
2
Let y = 3sin2x + 2cos x 0 −1 1
27 [Applying R3 → R3 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R1]
∴ y+ = 28
y 2 sin 2 θ 4 sin 4θ
⇒ y2 − 28y + 27 = 0 ⇒ y = 27 or 1 ⇒ 0 1 0 =0
If y = 27, then 3 sin2x + 2cos2x = 33
−1 −1 1
⇒ sin2x + (2cos2x − 1) = 2
[Applying C1 → C1 + C2]
⇒ sin 2x + cos2x = 2 (1)
1
Dividing both sides by 2, we have ⇒ 2 + 4 sin 4θ = 0 ⇒ sin 4θ = −
2
 π
sin  2 x +  = 2  π nπ π
 4 ⇒ 4θ = nπ + ( −1) n  −  ⇒ θ = + ( −1) n+1 .
 6 4 24
which is not possible
π
Now, if y = 1 We have to choose values of θ s.t. 0 < θ <
2
⇒ 3sin2x + 2 cos2x = 1 = 30 ⇒ sin2x + 2cos2x = 0
7π 11π
⇒ 2cosx (sinx + cosx) = 0 ∴ θ= ,
24 24
∴ cosx = 0 or tanx = –1
37. We have, 2sinx + cosy = 1 = 2°
35. We have, 2 cos 2θ + 2 sin θ = 2
⇒ sinx + cosy = 0 (1)
2
⇒ 2 sin θ = 2(1− cos 2θ) and, 16sin x + cos 2 y = 4 = 161/2
26.18 Chapter 26
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
⇒ sin2x + cos2y = 1/2 (2) 1 1 1
then, sin θ + cos θ =
Eliminating cosy from (1) and (2), we get ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
1 1
2 sin 2 x , or sin x = ± . (Divide by 2)
2 2
1  π 1 π
When sin x = . ⇒ cos  θ −  = = cos
2  4  ( 2) 4
1 π π
cosy = − = −cos (π /3) = cos(π − π /3) ⇒ θ− = 2nπ ± .
2 4 4
∴ x = nπ + (−1)n (π /6), y = 2nπ ± (2π /3)
1 1 π π π π
When sin x = − , cos x = ∴ θ = 2nπ + + , 2nπ − +
2 2 4 4 4 4
∴ x = nπ − (−1)n (π /6) and y = 2nπ ± (π /3). i.e., θ = 2nπ + π /2, or 2nπ.
38. We have, 4 sin4 x + cos4 x = 1 41. We have,
⇒ 4(1 − cos2x)2 + cos4x = 1 3 (cosθ − 3 sin θ ) = 4 sin 2θ cos 3θ
⇒ 4(1 + cos4x − 2cos2x) + cos4x − 1 = 0
⇒ 3 cosθ − 3 sin θ = 2 (sin 5θ − sin θ )
⇒ 4 + 4 cos4x − 8 cos2x + cos4x − 1 = 0
⇒ 5 cos4x − 8 cos2x + 3 = 0 ⇒ 3 cosθ − sin θ = 2 sin 5θ
⇒ 5cos4x − 5 cos2x − 3 cos2x + 3 = 0
Dividing by 3 + 1 = 2, we get
⇒ 5cos2x (cos2x − 1) − 3 (cos2x − 1) = 0
⇒ (cos2x − 1) (5cos2x − 3) = 0 3 1
cos θ − sin θ = sin 5θ
If cos2x = 1, x = nπ, n ∈ I. 2 2
If 5cos2x − 3 = 0 ⇒ cos2x = (3/5) π π
⇒ sin cos θ − cos sin θ = sin 5θ
⇒ cos x = ± (3 / 5) 3 3
Therefore, x = 2nπ ± cos −1 (3 / 5). π 
⇒ sin  − θ  = sin 5θ
3 
3
39. We have, sin x = cos x + cos 2 x. π 
2 ⇒ 5θ = nπ + ( −1) n  − θ 
Squaring both sides, we get 3 
3(1 − cos2x) = 4(cos2x + 2cos3x + cos4x) π
⇒ 5θ = n π + − θ if n is even
⇒ 4cos4x + 8cos3x + 7cos2x − 3 = 0 3
⇒ (cos x + 1) (2cos x − 1) (2cos2x + 3cos x + 3) = 0 π 
and, 5θ = nπ −  − θ if n is odd.
When cos x = − 1 = cos π, x = 2nπ + π = (2n + 1) π.  3 
1 π π nπ π
When cos x = = cos , x = 2nπ ± . ∴ θ= +
2 3 3 if n is even
6 18
When 2cos2x + 3cos x + 3 = 0,
nπ π
the discriminant = 9 − 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 < 0. and, θ = − if n is odd.
4 12
∴ This factor does not give any real values of cos x.
42. We have, 81 + |cosx| + cos2x + |cos3x| + …to infinity = 82.
π
Hence, x = ( 2n + 1) π , 2nπ ± , n ∈ I . ⇒ 1 + |cosx| + cos2x + |cos3x| + …to infinity = 2 (1)
3
This is an infinite geometric series with first term 1 and com-
40. We have, (sin3θ + cos3θ) − (1 − sin θ cos θ) = 0
mon ratio |cosx|.
⇒ (sin θ + cos θ) (sin2θ + cos2θ − sin θ cos θ) We know that |cosx| ≤ 1.
– (1 − sinθ cos θ) = 0 Here, |cosx| ≠ 1. because when |cosx| = 1, equation (1)
⇒ (sin θ + cos θ) (1 − sin θ cos θ) − (1 − sin θ cos θ) = 0 becomes meaningless (∞ = 2)
⇒ (1 − sin θ cos θ) (sin θ + cos θ − 1) = 0 ∴ |cosx| < 1.
If 1 − sinθ cosθ = 0, Hence, the equation (1) reduces to
then, 2sinθ cosθ = 2 or sin 2θ = 2 1 1 1
= 2 ⇒ 1− |cos x | = ⇒ |cos x | =
which is not possible because sin 2θ can never be greater 1 − |cos x | 2 2
than 1. 1
⇒ cos x = ± .
If, sinθ + cosθ = 1 2
 26.19
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Trigonometric
APUL Equations
1 π π π
When cos x = = cos , x = 2nπ ± ⇒ x = nπ − (n ∈ I )
2 3 3 4
1 2π or, cos x − sin x + cos x + sin x = 2
When cos x = − = cos ,
2 3
⇒ 2 cos x + 2 cos x − sin 2 x = 4
2

2π
x = 2 nπ ± where n = 0, ± 1… ⇒ cos2x − sin2x = (2 − cos x)2
3
⇒ cos2x + 4cosx − 5 = 0
The values of x in the given interval (– π, π) are
− 4 ± 16 + 20
π 2π ⇒ cos x = = − 5 or 1
= ± ,± 2
3 3 But cosx ≠ 5 so cosx = 1 ⇒ x = 2nπ
43. Given: sin6x + cos4x + 2 = 0
π 3π
or, sin6x + cos4x = − 2 (1) 45. At x = − ,
2 2
⇒ sin6x = –1 [1 + sinx] = 0, [1 – cosx] = 1
and, cos4x = –1 both should be satisfied simultaneously. ∴ sinx = 0 + 1 ⇒ –1 = 1 (Absurd)
[ minimum value of sin 6x and cos 4x is − 1]
∴
At x = 0
3π 3π
Now, sin 6 x = −1 = ⇒ 6 x = 2nπ + (1 + sinx) = 1, (1 − cosx) = 0
2 2
∴ sinx = 1 + 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 (Absurd)
3π π π
∴ x= + , where n ∈ I. At x = 2⋅

3 4
⇒ Values of x between 0 and 2π are [1 + sinx] = 2 .[1 − cosx] = 1
π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π sin x = 2 + 1 = 3 (Absurd)
⋅, , , , ,
4 12 12 4 12 12 At x = π
Also, cos4x = − 1 = cosπ ⇒ 4x = 2nπ + π [1 + sin x] = 1. [1 − cosx] = 2
nπ π sinx = 1 + 2 = 3 (Absurd)
∴ x= + , where n ∈ Z
2 4  π 
π 3π 5π 7π In  − , 0  [1+ sinx] = 0, [1 − cosx] = 0
⇒ Values of x between 0 and 2π are , , ,⋅  2 
4 4 4 4 ∴ sinx = 0 + 0 = 0 (Absurd)
Hence, values of x lying between 0 and 2π and satisfying  π
In  0,  , [1+ sinx] = 1, [1 − cosx] = 0
both the equations are  2
π 5π ∴ sinx = 1 + 0 = 1 (Absurd)
⋅, .
4 4 π 
44. The given equation can be written as In  , π  , [1+ sinx] = 1, [1 − cosx] = 1
2 
cos 2 x − sin 2 x + (cos x + sin x ) 2 = 2 cos x + sin x ∴ sinx = 1 + 1 = 2 (Absurd)
 3π 
⇒ cos x + sin x  cos x − sin x + cos x + sin x  In  π ,  , [1+ sinx] = 0, [1 − cosx] = 1
 2 
= 2 cos x + sin x ∴ sinx = 0 + 1 = 1 (Absurd)
⇒ Either cosx + sinx = 0 ⇒ tanx = –1 ∴ all the four results hold.

Match the Column Type

46. I We have, 2sin2x + 3sinx − 2 > 0 − |sinθ | cosθ − 2tanθ cotθ = –1
⇒ (2sinx − 1) (sinx + 2) > 0 ⇒ 1 + cosθ (sinθ − |sinθ |) − 2 = –1
⇒ 2sinx − 1 > 0 [∴ sinx + 2 > 0 ∨ x ∈ R] ⇒ cosθ (sinθ − |sinθ |) = 0
⇒ sinx > 1/2 ⇒ x ∈ (π/6, 5π/6)
π π 
Also, x2 − x − 2 < 0 ∴ θ ∈ (0, π ) −  ,  .
⇒ (x − 2) (x + 1) < 0 ⇒ − 1 < x < 2. 4 2

π III. We have, |4 sin x − 1| < 5

, we obtain that x must lie in  , 2  .
5π
As, 2 <
6 6 
II. Since sinθ − cosθ ≠ 0 ⇒ − 5 < 4 sin x − 1< 5
π 5π  5 − 1
∴ tanθ ≠ 1 ∴ θ ≠ , . 5+ 1
4 4 ⇒ −   < sin x <
Now, sin θ + cos θ + sinθ cosθ
2 2  4  4
26.20 Chapter 26
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
π π π 3π 9 π 13π
⇒ − sin < sin x < cos ⇒ 2x = , , ,
10 5 4 4 4 4
 −π  π π  π 3π 9 π 13π
⇒ sin   < sin x < sin  2 − 5  ⇒ x= , , ,
 10    8 8 8 8
As x lies between 0 and 2π and cosx > 0
 −π   3π 
⇒ sin   < sin x < sin  10 
 10    π 3π
∴ x= ,
8 8
 π 3π 
⇒ x ∈ – ,  [ x ∈ (–π, π)]. Case II. When cosx < 0
∴
 10 10  −1
47. I. We have, In this case sin x cos x =
2 2
4cosx (2 − 3 sin2x) + (cos 2x + 1) = 0
⇒ 4cosx (3cos2x − 1) + 2 cos2x = 0 −1
⇒ sin 2 x =
⇒ 2cosx (6cos2x + cosx − 2) = 0 2 2
⇒ 2cosx (3cosx + 2) (2cosx − 1) = 0
5 π 7 π 13π 15 π
⇒ either cosx = 0 which givesx = π/2 ⇒ x= , , ,
8 8 8 8
or, cosx = − 2/3,
which gives no value of x for which 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2 5π 7 π
⇒ x= , as cosx < 0
8 8
or, cosx = 1/2, which gives x = π/3.
So, the required difference = π/2 − π/3 = π/6. Thus, the values of x satisfying the given equation which lie
II. Since between 0 and 2π are
2cosx, |cosx| and 1 − 3cos2x are in G. P. π 3π 5π 7π
⋅, , ,
∴ cos2x = 2cosx (1 − 3cos2x) 8 8 8 8
⇒ 6cos3x + cos2x − 2cosx = 0 π
These are in A. P. with common difference ⋅ .
⇒ cosx (2cosx − 1) (3cosx + 2) = 0 4
1 2 π π  2 IV. We know that the maximum values of sinθ + cosθ and 1
⇒ cos x = 0, , − ∴ x = , , cos −1  − 
( 2)
2
2 3 2 3  3 + sin 2θ are 2 and 2, respectively. Also, = 2.
π π ∴ The given equation can hold only if
∴ If α = ,β = , ( ∴ α, β are are positive)
2 3
sin θ + cosθ = 2 and 1 + sin 2θ = 2.
π  π
then, |α − β |= . Now, sin θ + cosθ = 2 ⇒ cos  θ −  = 1
6  4
III. We have, sin x 8 cos 2 x = 1 π
⇒ θ = 2nπ +
4
1
⇒ sin x | cos x | =
2 2 nπ nπ
Case I: When cosx > 0
Also, 1 + sin 2θ = 2 ⇒ sin 2θ = 1 ⇒ θ = + ( −1) n
2 4
1 Thus, the value of θ in [–π, p], satisfying both the equations
In this case, sin x cos x =
2 2 π
is .⋅

1 4
⇒ sin 2 x =
2

Assertion-Reason Type
48. Since A.M. ≥ G.M. But the minimum value of sinθ + cosθ is − 2 .
sin θ cos θ
2 +2 1
∴ ≥ 2sin θ ⋅ 2cos θ ∴ 2 sin θ + 2cos θ ≥ 2 2− 2
= 2
1−
2
2
[The equality holds only if 2sinθ = 2cosθ] The equation holds when the equality holds.
⇒ 2 sin θ + 2cos θ ≥ 2 2sin θ+ cos θ i.e., 2sinθ = 2cosθ ⇒ sinθ = cosθ
 26.21
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Trigonometric
APUL Equations
π π 4 (1 − tan 2 θ ) 1 − tan 4 θ
⇒ tan θ = 1 = tan ⇒ θ = nπ + ∴ =
4 4 2 tan θ tan 2 θ
49. We have, 4cot 2θ = cot2θ − tan2θ ⇒ (1 − tan2θ) [2tanθ − (1 + tan2θ)] = 0
4 1 ⇒ (1 − tan2θ) (tan2θ − 2tanθ + 1) = 0
⇒ = − tan 2 θ
tan 2θ tan 2 θ ⇒ (1 − tan2θ) (tanθ − 1)2 = 0
2 tan θ π
Put tan 2θ = ⇒ tan θ = 1, − 1. ∴ θ = nπ ± .
1 − tan 2 θ 4

Previous Year's Questions

π 3π π 3π 7π 9π
50. 2cos 2x cos x + 2 cos 3x cos x = 0 ∴ x= , , π, , , ,
2 2 5 5 5 5
⇒ 2cos x (cos 2x + cos 3x) = 0
∴ 7 Solutions
⇒ 2cos x 2cos 5x/2 cos x/2 = 0