Name:

Course Na
Instructor:

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the discussion students will be able to:

a. Identify the different characteristics of research.

Contents: The Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research.

What is Research?

Research is a systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Characteristics of Research:

1. Empirical Research

- is research that is based on observation and measurement of phenomena, as directly

2. Logical Research

- Research is based on valid procedures and principle. Ideas are presented in a rational
manner without jumping to unfounded conclusions. Logic involves giving valid reasons before
reaching a conclusion, so is essentially about the order in which ideas are presented.

3. Cyclical Research

- The research process is a continuous cycle. Research does not follow a one-way linear
progression; instead it is a continuous process of checking and re-checking, evaluating and
analysing, and repeating the entire process over and over again.

4. Analytical Research

- There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation.

5. Critical Research

- Loosely defined genre of social inquiry whose central theme involves the
problematization of knowledge.

6. Methodical Research

- study that describes or analyses methods (designs, conduct, analysis or reporting) in

7. Replicability Research
 - A research study is replicable (or repeatable) when the entire research process is
conducted again, using the same methods but new data, and still yields the same results.

Characteristics of a Researcher:

1. Intellectual Curiosity
 Deep Thinking
 Keen to get information
 Raises questions
 Continues to read related literature and studies.
2. Prudence
 Careful to conduct research study.
 Does the right thing at the right time, at right place.
 Conduct research efficiently and economically.
3. Healthy Criticism
 Always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results.
 Doubts are authenticity or validity.
 Open to criticism.
4. Intellectual Honesty
 Honest to collect or gather data or facts to arrive honest results.
 “Honesty is the best policy”
 Success or failures lies on the researcher’s hand.
5. Intellectual Creativity
 Productive and resourceful
 Always create new researches
 Enjoys inventing unique, novel and original researches
 Considers research as a hobby

STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS:

Step 1:

Define and develop your topic.

 Factors to consider in selecting a research problem:

Step 2:

Find background information about your chosen topic. (Review Related Literature)

Step 3:

Plan your research design including your sample. (Methodology)

Step 4:

Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-ended
questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (quantitative research). (Data-Gathering
Activities)

Step 5:
Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools
(for quantitative research) (Interpretation of data)

Step 6:

Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative research)
and recommendations.

Step 7:

Define new Problem.

Research Ethics

Guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors
researchers to ensure high standard.

Ethical considerations in conducting research:

1. Objectivity and Integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from
personal harm.

3. Presentation of research findings.

4. Misuse of research ole.

5. Acknowledgement or research collaboration and assistance.

6. Distortions of findings by sponsor.

Ethical Principles of Research:

• Informed Consent

- required to secure in order to protect the rights of the participants in your study;
voluntary participation

• Honesty

- Do not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent data.

• Objectivity

- Avoid bias in all aspects of research.

• Integrity

- Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.

• Carefulness

- Keep good records of all research activities.

• Openness

- Be open to criticism and new ideas.

• Respect for Intellectual Property

- Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.
 • Confidentiality

- Protect confidential communications.

• Responsible monitoring

- Help to educate, mentor and advise others.

• Responsible Publication

- Publish in order to advance research and scholarship.

• Respect for Colleagues

- Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not outsmart others.

• Social Responsibility

- Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and advocacy.

• Non-Discrimination

- Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,

• Competence

- Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning.

• Legality

- Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

• Animal Care

- Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research.

• Human Subject Protection

- When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits.

Rights of Research Participants:

1. Human Rights - The moral principles of norms that describe certain standards of human
behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights.

2. Intellectual Property – protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and
commercial value.

3. Copyright Infringement – use or production of copyright protected material without

Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others photographs for a blog without permission
 d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
4. Voluntary Participation – Prospective research participants must be informed about the
procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.

5. Anonymity – protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not
exposing their identity.

6. Privacy - Participant’s right to keep his/her personal matters and relationships secret.

References:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://repository.unikom.ac.id/
48843/1/01_CHARACTERISTICS%2520OF%2520RESEARCH.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjl-
ZHbtKX9AhX58TgGHdKDAMcQFnoECAoQBg&usg=AOvVaw0gcBfRSR2DGQrhG18uW6S
4
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/how-to/research-methods/conduct-empirical research
%23:~:text%3DEmpirical%2520research%2520is%2520research%2520that,based%2520on
%2520real%2520life
%2520experience.&ved=2ahUKEwjcoqi1tqX9AhXL7TgGHTrlCnAQFnoECBUQBQ&usg=AO
vVaw00nboG79qXWS73kVwrYY--
https://youtu.be/UcUCQ3yUR7o
https://www.iedunote.com/research-definition-characteristics-goals-approaches
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm