Founder of Culture

Care Theory :
Madeleine
Leininger
Madeleine Leininger
(1925-2012)
was named a Living Legend by the
American Academy of Nursing in 1998,
and for good reason. The native of
Nebraska is largely responsible for
raising the discussion of what it means
to care as a nurse and she created what
is now known as the Cultural Care
Theory.
 Cultural care theory

The cultural care theory aims to provide culturally congruent nursing

care through "cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or
enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made to fit with
individual's, group's, or institution's cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways"
(Leininger, M. M. (1995).
 Transcultural Nursing
"a substantive area of study and practice focused on
comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs and
practices of individuals or groups of similar or different
cultures. Transcultural nursing's goal is to provide culture
specific and universal nursing care practices for the health
and well-being of people or to help them face unfavorable
human conditions, illness or death in culturally meaningful
ways."[9]
Two types of knowledge that were present in every
culture.

1.Emic Knowledge was the folk, lay or generic knowledge that was
present in a culture

2.Etic Knowledge was the professional or medical knowledge present

within the culture and from the outsider perspective
Care is Impacted by Cultural
Perspective
Her belief was that the best nursing
care occurs when the nurse
understands a patient’s cultural
backgrounds and values.
 Culture Care Theory of Diversity and
Universality (Culture Care Theory)

“together the nurse and the client creatively

design a new or different care lifestyle for
the health or well-being of the client.”
 The theory’s basic concepts include

1. Care, which assists others with needs

2. Caring, which is an action directed toward providing care
3. Culture, which is the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs,
norms and lifeways to a specific group/individual that guides their
thinking, actions and way of living
4. Culture care diversity, which refers to the different
 Culture Care Theory

assumes that care is the essence of nursing and

essential to curing and healing. Clients who
experience nursing care that is congruent with
their beliefs and ways of life will comply with
treatment, and care will be more effective.
 Multifaceted Care for a Multicultural World

Cultural competence in nursing means that nurses

must modify the environment in order to best
meet patients’ needs. This is so important in
today’s multicultural world.”
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
1. Care is the essence of nursing and a
distinct, dominant, and unifying
focus.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
2. Care (caring) is essential for well
being, health, healing, growth
survival, and to face handicaps or
death.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
3. Culture care is the broadest holistic
means to know, explain, interpret,
and predict nursing care
phenomena to guide nursing care
practices.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
4. Nursing is a transcultural,
humanistic, and scientific care
discipline and profession with the
central purpose to serve human
beings worldwide.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
5. Care (caring) is essential to curing
and healing, for there can be no
curing without caring
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
6. Culture care concepts, meanings,
expressions, patterns, processes,
and structural forms of care are
different (diversity) and similar
(towards commonalities or
universalities) among all cultures of
the world.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
7. Every human culture has lay (generic,
folk, or indigenous) care knowledge
and practices and usually some
professional care knowledge and
practices which vary transculturally.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
8. Cultural care values, beliefs, and practices are
influenced by and tend to be embedded in
worldview, language, religious (or spiritual),
kinship (social), political (or legal), educational,
economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and
environmental context of a particular culture.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
8. Cultural care values, beliefs, and practices are
influenced by and tend to be embedded in
worldview, language, religious (or spiritual),
kinship (social), political (or legal), educational,
economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and
environmental context of a particular culture.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
9. Beneficial, healthy, and satisfying
culturally based nursing care
contributes to the well being of
individuals, families, groups, and
communities within their
environmental context.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
10. Culturally congruent or beneficial
nursing care can only occur when
the individual, group, community, or
culture care values, expressions, or
patterns are known and used
appropriately and in meaningful
ways by the nurse with the people.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
11. Culture care differences and
similarities between professional
caregiver(s) and client (generic)
care-receiver(s) exist in any human
culture worldwide.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
12. Clients who experience nursing care
that fails to be reasonably congruent
with their beliefs, values, and caring
lifeways will show signs of cultural
conflicts, noncompliance, stresses
and ethical or moral concerns.
Theoretical assumptions and
orientational definitions
13. The qualitative paradigm provides
new ways of knowing and different
ways to discover the epistemic and
ontological dimensions of human
care transculturally.
 STRENGTHS

1. The theory focused on the concept of culture in

providing nursing care to patients, it helps the nurse to be
more culture sensitive Nurses should be mindful on
different cultures that requires them to respond to the
needs of the patient for effective nursing care
 STRENGTHS

2. The concepts and relationship that are presented are the

level of abstraction which allows it to be applied in many
different situations, thus making the theory highly
generalized
 STRENGTHS

3, Compared to the other theories which focused on

people , health , environment , and nursing, Leininger
highlighted on the care as core of nursing.
 WEAKNESS

1.It can also be the primary cause of error on making

clinical decisions like misconception of the outcomes and
misperception of the values patients place in outcomes.
Uniqueness of an individual must be considered to aid in
data taking .
 WEAKNESS

2. There can be a problem in adapting or integrating the

culture of the other which can be the cause of culture
shock on the part of nurse
 WEAKNESS

3. The theory doesn’t give any attention to disease,

symptoms , treatments and etc.
THEORETICAL IMPLICATION: Practice

Nurses are now realizing the importance of transcultural

nursing in human care , especially Filipino nurses who are
working overs eases. With today’s heightened public
awareness of healthcare cost, different cultures, and
human rights and transcultural people care to protect and
provide quality-based care and to prevent legal suits
related to improper client care
 APPLICATION : Findings

Findings: 45 articles published in the last 18 years have been analyzed through the
review. It has been identified that 38.6 % of the studies on transcultural nursing were
research articles and the number of studies quadrupled in the last five years. The studies
emphasize that, since nurses had problems mostly with language, religion, personal
hygiene and conventional applications affecting health while providing health care to
people from different cultures, it is necessary to add content on transcultural nursing in
nursing curriculum to create empathy for healthcare and increase nurses' cultural
awareness.
 APPLICATION: Conclusion

This study has revealed the following conclusions: transcultural nursing is a

professional and moral responsibility and obligation for nurses; cultural
differences should be respected; cultural competence of nurses should be
improved; nurses should be aware of the values of the society they serve,
including all of the language, religion, social and cultural norms; and education
to be provided in this direction can improve the quality of care and the results
of care.
 APPLICATION

Nurses are affected by the developments brought by the health sector's globalization and
is denoted with the concept of transcultural nursing. Nurses are considered transcultural
healthcare personnel in transcultural approach to nursing care. The study aim was to
determine nurses' views related to transcultural nursing. A descriptive study design was
used. Participants were 80 nurses working in a private hospital in Ankara, Turkey. 87.5%
of the participants stated that they had difficulties communicating with patients from
different cultural backgrounds, 62.5% stated that they were not competent in
transcultural nursing, 68.8% stated that their proficiency level in a foreign language was
not satisfactory, and 74.5% suggested that foreign language education programs should
be initiated with the support of health institutions.
 APPLICATION:

This study suggests that nurses are aware of the importance of cultural
differences in healthcare and that they think including courses on the topic in
nursing education programs, attaching a higher importance to foreign language
education.