12 You are what you wear

Glossary
Page 137 12.11 decorate (v) /ˈdekəreɪt/
12.1 style (n) /staɪl/ to add sth to an object or place to make it look
the type of clothes or hairstyle sb likes ● What different or nicer ● I’ve bought some blue
style of trousers do you prefer? ➣ style (v), paint so that I can decorate my bedroom.
stylist (n), stylish (adj), stylishly (adv) ➣ decorator, decoration (n) ❖
❖ 12.12 tattoo (n) /təˈtuː/
a permanent picture on your body, made by
putting ink into your skin ● Gary had a small
Reading Pages 138–139
tattoo of a dragon on his arm. ➣ tattoo (v)
❖
12.2 casual (adj) /ˈkæʒʊəl/ 12.13 arrow (n) /ˈærəʊ/
not formal; everyday ● You can wear casual a weapon made from a long thin stick with a
clothes because it isn’t a formal party. ➣ casually sharp point on one end which is fired through
(adv) ❖ ✎ Opp: formal the air from a bow ● Early humans made
12.3 ethical (adj) /ˈeθɪkl/ arrows out of wood and stone which they used
related to what is right or wrong according to to hunt with. ❖
cultural beliefs ● We have an interesting class 12.14 shoulder (n) /ˈʃəʊldə(r)/
debate about whether it is ethical for humans the part of your body between the top of your
to eat meat. ➣ ethic (n), ethically (adv) arm and your neck ● He hurt his shoulder
❖ ✎ Opp: unethical playing basketball, so he has to rest his arm
12.4 hard-wearing (adj) /ˌhɑːd ˈweərɪŋ/ for a week or two. ❖
that is strong and stays in good condition for a 12.15 painful (adj) /ˈpeɪnfl/
long time ● I need a pair of comfortable hard- causing the feeling that you have when
wearing winter boots. ❖ you are hurt ● She hit her leg and now
12.5 practical (adj) /ˈpræktɪkl/ it’s very painful. ➣ painfully (adv), pain (n)
suitable for a specific purpose ● Trainers are ❖ ✎ Opp: painless
the most practical form of shoes for everyday 12.16 extensive (adj) /ɪksˈtensɪv/
wear. ➣ practically (adv) ❖ detailed ● He did extensive research to check
✎ Opp: impractical the facts before writing his article. ➣ extent (n)
12.6 protective (adj) /prəˈtektɪv/ ❖
that protects sb/sth ● Climbers and 12.17 global (n) /ˈgləʊbl/
cyclists should wear protective helmets. worldwide ● Pollution is a global issue.
➣ protect (v), protection (n), protectively (adv) ➣ globe (n), globally (adv) ❖
❖ 12.18 Neolithic (adj) /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/
12.7 fashionable (adj) /ˈfæʃənəbl/ from the time between 3900 and 1700 BCE
popular for a while ● Jane often buys new ● Several Neolithic tools made of stone were
clothes because she likes to be fashionable. found in the cave. ❖
➣ fashion (n) ❖ ✎ Opp: 12.19 mummy (n) /ˈmʌmi/
unfashionable a preserved dead body ● The mummy found
12.8 last (v) /lɑːst/ in the pyramid is thought to have been an
to exist or keep going for a certain amount of Egyptian prince. ➣ mummify (v)
time ● I hope our friendship lasts forever. ❖
➣ lasting (adj) ❖ 12.20 leggings (n pl) /ˈlegɪŋs/
12.9 fairly (adv) /ˈfeəli/ tight trousers which stretch to fit your body
in a way that is fair and right ● Workers in ● Leggings are comfortable to wear when you
many countries are not paid fairly. ➣ fair (adj), are at the gym. ❖
fairness (n) ❖ ✎ Opp: unfairly 12.21 skin (n) /skɪn/
12.10 remains (n pl) /rɪˈmeɪnz/ the organ that covers the surface of an animal
the body of a person or animal after it has died or human body ● Vegans don’t wear shoes
● The remains of animals were dug up at the made from animal skins. ❖
site. ❖
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12.22 fur (adj) /fɜː(r)/ 12.33 roe deer (n) /ˈrəʊ dɪə(r)/
made from an animal skin that still has the a type of small deer native to Europe and Asia
soft hair on it ● Many believe it is unethical to ● He captured a photo of a group of roe deer
kill animals just to make fur coats. ➣ fur (n) in the mist on Mount Olympus. ❖
❖ 12.34 inject (v) /ɪnˈʤekt/
12.23 analyse (v) /ˈænəlaɪz/ to put medicine into sb’s body through a
to study the details of sth carefully to needle ● He was injected with a strong
understand it ● The detective analysed painkiller. ➣ injection (n) ❖
the findings of the murder investigation. 12.35 break down (phr v) /breɪk daʊn/
➣ analysis (n), analytical (adj) ❖ to decompose ● If you throw the fruit and
12.24 sample (n) /ˈsæmpl/ vegetable skins into the garden bin, they will
a small amount of a substance or thing that a break down over time to make new soil.
scientist collects in order to examine it ❖
● The scientist needed a sample of the 12.36 death (n) /deθ/
animal’s skin to tell its age. ➣ sample (v) the state of being dead; the time that sb dies
❖ ● King Henry VII's death in 1509 was due to
12.25 decompose (v) /ˌdiːkəmˈpəʊz/ tuberculosis. ➣ die (v), dead (adj)
to break down naturally and change form ❖
into smaller parts ● The remains of the dead 12.37 mend (v) /mend/
elephant had begun to decompose over time. repair; fix ● The heel of her shoe broke off, so
➣ decomposition (n) ❖ she had it mended. ❖
12.26 import (v) /ɪmˈpɔːt/ 12.38 availability (n) /əˌveɪləˈbɪləti/
to bring sth from another country ● European the fact of being possible to get or use ● Many
traders used the Silk Road to import goods homes in the highlands are made of wood due
and materials from Asia. ➣ import (n) to the availability of trees for building material.
❖
➣ available (adj) ❖
12.27 insight (n) /ˈɪnsaɪt/
an understanding of a situation or of what
sth is like ● The documentary gave me some
insight into the reasons for the war. Vocabulary Page 140
❖
12.39 outfit (n) /ˈaʊtfɪt/
12.28 domesticated (adj) /dəˈmestɪkeɪtɪd/ a set of clothes ● Tracy wore a new outfit to
an animal that can be kept as a pet or on the wedding. ❖
a farm ● Dogs and cats became
domesticated animals thousands of years 12.40 checked (adj) /ʧekt/
ago. ➣ domesticate (v), domestic (adj) a pattern of squares, usually of two colours
❖ ● The checked pattern on the Scottish blanket
was green and red. ❖
12.29 descendant (n) /dɪˈsendənt/
sb’s children and everyone related to them in 12.41 floral (adj) /ˈflɔrəl/
the next generations ● She thinks she might with a flower pattern ● Grandma wore a floral
be a descendant of Queen Cleopatra! dress for the summer garden party.
➣ descend (v) ❖ ❖

12.30 wolf (n) /wʊlf/ 12.42 spotted (adj) /ˈspɒtɪd/

a wild animal that looks like a large dog ● In with a pattern of small round circles or dots
the past, there were many wild wolves in the ● The journalist was wearing an eye-catching
forests of Europe. ❖ spotted tie. ➣ spot (n) ❖
✎ Syn: spotty
12.31 deliberately (adv) /dɪˈlɪbərətli/
on purpose, not by accident or chance 12.43 stripy (adj) /straɪpi/
● I deliberately bought him a red scarf because with a pattern of lines ● The clown wore stripy
I know it’s his favourite colour. ➣ deliberate red and blue trousers. ➣ stripe (n)
(adj) ❖ ✎ Also: on purpose ❖ ✎ Syn: striped

12.32 alpine (adj) /ˈælpaɪn/ 12.44 window shopping (n) /ˈwɪndəʊ ʃɒpɪŋ/
in the highest part of the mountains, the activity of looking through shop windows
especially above the level where trees grow at things for sale without buying them ● I went
● They admired the Swiss alpine scenery from window shopping with my friends to dream
the window of the plane. ➣ the Alps (n pl) about what clothes we’d buy if we had the
❖ money! ❖

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12.45 redecorate (v) /ˌriːˈdekəreɪt/ 12.57 canvas (n) /ˈkænvəs/
to put new paint or wallpaper on the walls of a a material you can paint on or make shoes or
house ● Before she redecorated the bedroom, bags with ● The painting was done on canvas.
she carefully moved all the furniture and ❖
covered it with an old sheet. ➣ redecoration 12.58 product (n) /ˈprɒdʌkt/
(n) ❖ sth that is grown or made for selling ● All of
12.46 refund (n) /ˈriːfʌnd/ the products in the village shop come from
money back for sth you have bought ● The farms in the area. ➣ produce (v), producer,
dress was torn, so I took it back and got a production (n), productive (adj) ❖
refund. ➣ refund (v) ❖ 12.59 billion (n) /ˈbɪljən/
12.47 receipt (n) /rɪˈsiːt/ a thousand million ● The company owner
a piece of paper showing you have bought sth makes billions from international sales.
● When you buy something, keep your receipt ➣ billionaire (n) ❖
in case you want to return it. ❖ 12.60 denim (n) /ˈdenɪm/
12.48 unworn (adj) /ˈʌnˈwɔːn/ a strong type of cloth used for making jeans,
not used or worn ● Although it’s a second- etc. ● Tracy often wears her casual denim
hand coat, it looks completely unworn. jacket. ➣ denims (n pl) ❖
❖ 12.61 nylon (n) /ˈnaɪlɒn/
12.49 in stock (adj) /ɪn ˈstɒk/ a strong man-made material used for making
available for sale ● I waited ages for the clothes or household items, such as brushes
delivery because the books I ordered online ● Her top is made of thin nylon.
weren’t in stock. ❖ ❖
12.50 suit (v) /suːt/ 12.62 polyester (n) /ˌpɒliˈestə(r)/
to make sb look more attractive ● That hat a man-made material, made through chemical
really suits Olga. ➣ suitable (adj) processes and used for making clothes
❖ ● His shirt is a mixture of 20% cotton and 80%
12.51 business-like (adj) /ˈbɪznəsˌlaɪk/ polyester. ❖
well-organised and working seriously 12.63 fibre (n) /ˈfaɪbə(r)/
● Our headteacher is very business-like and very thin thread which can be natural or man-
responds quickly to queries from parents. made ● Clothes that are made with natural
❖ fibres tend to be cooler. ❖
12.52 bargain (n) /bɑːgɪn/ 12.64 wool (n) /wʊl/
sth for sale at a good price ● There were lots natural material made from the hair cut from a
of bargains in the sales as everything was half sheep or goat ● Grandma bought some wool
price. ❖ and made me a jumper for winter. ➣ wool (n) ,
12.53 sale (n) /seɪl/ woolly, woollen (adj) ❖
a period of selling goods at lower prices than 12.65 synthetic (adj) /sɪnˈθetɪk/
usual ● Parker’s is having a closing-down sale not found in nature but made by man
next month. You might find a cheap camera. ● Synthetic materials like polyester are hot to
❖ sell (v) ❖ wear in summer. ❖
12.54 design (n) /dɪˈzaɪn/ 12.66 sell out (phr v) /sel aʊt/
a drawing or plan for how sth will look to sell all of sth and have no more
● Anita is working on the designs for her ● We couldn’t find a T-shirt in my size as
new fashion show. ➣ design (v), designer (n) they had all sold out. ❖
❖
12.55 exclusive (adj) /ɪksˈkluːsɪv/ Fabrics
only available or suitable for a certain group canvas nylon skin
of people ● She goes to an exclusive girls’ denim polyester textile
school. ➣ exclusivity (n) ❖ fur rubber wool
12.56 rubber (n) /ˈrʌbə(r)/
a strong material that can bend easily without
Shopping for clothes
breaking ● The farmer wore boots made of
rubber to work in the muddy fields. ➣ rubber bargain in stock refund
(adj) ❖ credit card product sale
discount receipt

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Grammar Page 141
12.79 fashion show (n) /ˈfæʃn ʃəʊ/
an event organised for people to see new
styles of clothes worn by models ● The class
12.67 barber (n) /ˈbɑːbə(r)/ organised a fashion show to raise money for
sb who cuts and styles men’s hair and also animal welfare. ❖
cuts their beards and moustaches ● Dad went
to the barber for a haircut. ❖ 12.80 stylist (n) /ˈstaɪlɪst/
sb who gives fashion advice ● The actor
12.68 style (v) /staɪl/ employed a personal stylist who would choose
to design or shape sth in a particular way his outfits. ➣ style (v, n) ❖
● She had her hair neatly cut and styled for
her job interview. ➣ style, stylist (n) 12.81 fascinate (v) /ˈfæsɪneɪt/
❖ to be very interesting to sb so it holds
their attention ● I was fascinated to hear
12.69 designer (n) /dɪˈzaɪnə(r)/ how she became a fashion designer.
sb whose job is to create designs for things, ➣ fascinated, fascinating (adj), fascination
e.g. clothes, furniture, equipment ● Your style (n) ❖
is so imaginative that you could become a top
fashion designer. ➣ design (n, v) 12.82 journalism (n) /ˈʤɜːnəlɪsm/
❖ the business of reporting news by interviewing
people and writing articles ● Journalism is
12.70 shorten (v) /ˈʃɔːtən/ an interesting profession for those who enjoy
to make shorter ● She shortened her trousers writing about what’s been happening.
because they were too long. ➣ short (adj) ➣ journalist (n) ❖
❖ ✎ Opp: lengthen
12.83 multiple (adj) /ˈmʌltɪpl/
12.71 knit (v) /nɪt/ a large number of ● She’s sent her CV to
to make clothes with wool and two long multiple clothing companies, but she hasn’t
needles ● I learnt to knit my own jumpers from been given a job yet. ❖
an early age by watching and copying my
grandma. ➣ knitting (n) ❖ 12.84 divide (v) /dɪˈvaɪd/
to cut in two or more parts ● We’ll get the
12.72 tell sb off (phr v) /tel ˈsʌmbədi ɒf/ project done faster if we divide the work
to angrily criticise sb for doing sth wrong between us. ➣ division (n) ❖
● The students were told off for not wearing their
school uniforms. ➣ telling-off (n) ❖ 12.85 textile (n) /ˈtekstaɪl/
fabric ● The textile industry produces beautiful
12.73 dye (v) /daɪ/ cloth and material. ❖
to use a substance that changes the colour of
sth ● Jane dyed her hair a lovely red colour. 12.86 former (adj) /ˈfɔːmə(r)/
➣ dye (n) ❖ having a particular position in the past
● Do you know the names of many former
12.74 jeweller (n) /ˈʤuːələ(r)/ prime ministers of France? ❖
sb who sells and repairs jewellery ● Stephanie
knows a lot about diamonds because she's a 12.87 director (n) /dəˈrektə(r)/
jeweller. ❖ a person who controls the actors making a
film, play, etc. ● The director asked the actors
12.75 fix (v) /fɪks/ to replay the scene. ➣ direct (v)
to mend or repair ● Can you fix the broken ❖
bookshelf yourself or do you need my help?
❖ 12.88 combination (n) /kɒmbɪˈneɪʃn/
a mixture ● The combination of colours and
12.76 sewing (n) /ˈsəʊwɪŋ/ natural fabrics makes this outfit very attractive.
using a needle and thread to join fabric ➣ combine (v) ❖
together to make or repair clothes ● Mum is
experienced at sewing and she made me a 12.89 combine (v) /kəmˈbaɪn/
to join or mix things together ● She combined her
new skirt on her machine. ❖
love of music and performing when she joined an
orchestra. ➣ combination (n) ❖
Listening Page 142
12.77 model (n) /ˈmɒdl/
Speaking Page 143
sb whose job is to wear new clothes to show 12.90 formal (adj) /ˈfɔːml/
them to others ● The models looked very in a serious style suitable for official events
uncomfortable wearing tight shoes that were ● It seemed appropriate to wear a formal suit to
hard to walk in. ➣ model (v) ❖ the awards ceremony. ❖
12.78 tailor (n) /ˈteɪlə(r)/ ✎ Opp: informal
sb whose job is to make or repair clothes by 12.91 mood (n) /muːd/
sewing them ● Carlos took his trousers to a the way you feel at a particular time ● Fiona’s
tailor to have them shortened. ❖ in a good mood today. ❖
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Grammar Page 144
12.102 throw on (phr v) /θrəʊ ɒn/
to casually put an item of clothing on, perhaps
because you’re in a hurry ● I overslept so I
12.92 under no circumstances (phr) /ˈʌndə nəʊ threw on the first clothes I found and ran out to
ˈsɜːkəmstənsɪz/ catch a taxi. ❖
not for any reason ● Under no circumstances
should you wear grey. ❖ 12.103 wrap up (phr v) /ræp ʌp/
to make sure you’ve got enough items of
12.93 vintage market (n) /ˈvɪntɪʤ ˈmɑːkɪt/
clothing on if it’s very cold ● It’s below zero
a market selling quality, used clothes from
outside, so wrap up well before you go out.
previous decades ● She likes wearing clothing
❖
from the sixties, which she gets at the vintage
market. ❖ 12.104 take in (phr v) /teɪk ɪn/
12.94 dull (adj) /dʌl/ to make clothes smaller and tighter ● He took
not interesting or exciting ● I am so bored with in his trousers as they were too big.
this town. Life here is so dull. ❖ ❖
12.95 impractical (adj) /ɪmˈpræktɪkl/ 12.105 dress up (phr v) /dres ʌp/
not suitable or easy to wear ● High-heels are to wear your best clothes ● Let’s dress up in
impractical as you can hardly walk in them. our new outfits and go out. ❖
❖ ✎ Opp: practical 12.106 tight (adj) /taɪt/
12.96 credit card (n) /ˈkredɪt kɑːd/ fitting close to your body ● Her jeans are so
a card from a bank which you can use to buy tight that she can’t take them off now! ➣ tightly
sth and pay for it later ● Can I pay by credit (adv) ❖ ✎ Opp: loose
card? ❖ 12.107 fold (v) /fəʊld/
12.97 inexpensive (adj) /ˌɪnɪkˈspensɪv/ to bend paper, cloth, etc. by laying one part
not costing a lot; low-priced● You can usually over another ● Fold your T-shirts and put them
find an inexpensive hotel room during the quiet in that cupboard. ❖
season. ➣ inexpensively (adv) ❖ 12.108 stitch (v) /stɪʧ/
✎ Opp: expensive to sew ● Mum stitched a new set of buttons
onto my shirt. ➣ stitch (n) ❖
Adjectives 12.109 fasten (v) /fɑːsn/
casual hard-wearing synthetic to do up ● This jacket fastens with three
checked impractical tight buttons. ➣ fastening (n) ❖
dull inexpensive unworn
12.110 zip (n) /zɪp/
fashionable practical vintage
a metal fastener ● The zip broke on his jeans,
floral protective
so now he can’t do them up. ❖
formal stripy
12.111 button (n) /ˈbʌtn/
a small round or square part on an item of
clothing that you put through a hole to fasten
Use your English Page 145 the item ● I love this shirt, but there’s a button
missing and it doesn’t fasten right.
12.98 do up (phr v) /duː ʌp/ ❖
to fasten sth with a zip or buttons ● Do up your
12.112 casually (adv) /ˈkæʒuəli/
coat as it’s cold outside. ❖
in a relaxed informal way ● In general, she
12.99 take up (phr v) /teɪk ʌp/ prefers to dress casually in sporty clothes
to shorten clothes by folding up the bottom unless it’s a special occasion. ➣ casual (adj)
edge and stitching it ● He took up his jeans so ❖
they weren’t so long. ❖
12.113 shoelace (n) /ˈʃuːleɪs/
12.100 mix up (phr v) /mɪks ʌp/ a long thin piece of material for fastening a
to put things together in an unusual way shoe ● Tie up your shoelaces properly so that
● The designer mixed up traditional fabrics you don’t trip over them. ❖
with modern styles to create an impressive
new winter collection. ❖ 12.114 sari (n) /ˈsɑːri/
a traditional southern Asian dress made
12.101 go with (phr v) /gəʊ wɪθ/ by wrapping a long cloth around the body
to match ● This red bag will go well with your ● The women wore brightly coloured saris at
black jacket. ❖ the Indian wedding. ❖
12.115 essentially (adv) /ɪˈsenʃəli/
basically ● Essentially, the most expensive
clothes and shoes are not necessarily the best
quality. ➣ essential (adj) ❖
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12.116 hair piece (n) /ˈheəpiːs/
a piece of false hair to cover your own hair or Video Page 148
make it look thicker, longer or a different colour
● Helen lost a lot of hair after her medical 12.123 weaver (n) /ˈwiːvə/
treatment, so she wears a hair piece. sb whose job is to make cloth by crossing
❖ threads under and over each other ● In the
mountain village, local weavers sell their hand-
12.117 exclude (v) /ɪkˈskluːd/ made rugs and clothes in the market. ➣ weave
not to include; to leave out ● Fur clothing has (v) ❖
been excluded from this year’s fashion event.
➣ exclusive (v), exclusion, exclusivity (n) 12.124 ikat (n) /ˈiːkæt/
cloth made with coloured thread that is dyed
❖ ✎ Opp: include
in a special way to make complicated patterns
● Her dress was made from silk ikat in
Uzbekistan. ❖
Writing Pages 146–147 12.125 artisan (n) /ˌɑːtɪˈzæn/
sb who uses an artistic skill to make things by
12.118 overall (adv) /ˌəʊvəˈrɔːl/ hand ● Local artisans gather at the monthly
including or considering everything; generallly craft fair to sell their products. ❖
● There were a few problems, but overall the ✎ Syn: craftsperson
fashion show was a success. ➣ overall (adj)
❖ 12.126 bark (n) /bɑːk/
the outside covering of a tree ● If you cut the
12.119 clap (v) /klæp/ bark of a pine tree, a sticky liquid called resin
to hit your hands together to show you like sth will drip out. ❖
● The audience clapped for so long after the
play that their hands got tired. ❖ 12.127 bind (v) /baɪnd/
to tightly cover or tie sth with cloth, rope or
12.120 cheer (v) /tʃɪə(r)/ other material ● In the past, books were often
shout to praise or show support for sb ● When bound with a leather cover. ❖
she finished her speech, everyone cheered
enthusiastically. ➣ cheer (n) ❖ 12.128 pigment (n) /ˈpɪɡmənt/
a natural colouring ● The fabric was dyed in
12.121 comfort (n) /ˈkʌmfət/ natural colours by using pigments from plants.
the pleasant feeling of being physically relaxed ❖
● She doesn’t go to a gym, but keeps in shape
with a workout DVD in the comfort of her own 12.129 thread (n) /θred/
home. ➣ comfortable (adj) ❖ thin strands you can sew with ● I need some
thread to sew these buttons on.
12.122 try out (phr v) /traɪ aʊt/ ❖
to test sth to see if it suits your needs or fits
you ● Dad tried out the vintage motorbike 12.130 tie up (phr v) /taɪ ʌp/
before deciding whether to buy it or not. to put cloth, rope or other material around sb/
❖ sth to hold them/it in place ● The burglar tied
up the family and then stole all their things.
❖
Phrasal verbs
12.131 kimono (n) /kɪˈməʊnəʊ/
break down roll up throw on
a traditional long Japanese dress with wide
do up sell out tie up
sleeves ● At the luxury hotel in Tokyo, visitors
dress up take in try out
are greeted by women wearing traditional
go with take up wrap up
kimonos. ❖
mix up tell off
12.132 vanish (v) /ˈvænɪʃ/
to disappear ● When the strange figure
vanished into the mist, I wondered if I’d just
imagined it. ❖
12.133 raise (v) /reɪz/
to bring up (a child or animal); to grow (plants)
● Olga was raised on a farm where her family
raised chickens. ❖

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