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    Vibrio

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    Mari Jo Parillo
    This document discusses four genera of bacteria - Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter - that can cause diarrheal diseases and other infections in humans. Vibrio species like V. cholerae are the cause of cholera and associated with large epidemics. Campylobacter may play a role in Guillain-Barré syndrome. These bacteria are commonly found in water and raw seafood. They are characterized by being facultatively anaerobic, oxidase and catalase positive, and able to reduce nitrate. Vibrio can be identified using tests like susceptibility to Vibriostat disks, the string test, and salt tolerance.

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    Vibrio

    Uploaded by

    Mari Jo Parillo
    23 views8 pages
    This document discusses four genera of bacteria - Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter - that can cause diarrheal diseases and other infections in humans. Vibrio species like V. cholerae are the cause of cholera and associated with large epidemics. Campylobacter may play a role in Guillain-Barré syndrome. These bacteria are commonly found in water and raw seafood. They are characterized by being facultatively anaerobic, oxidase and catalase positive, and able to reduce nitrate. Vibrio can be identified using tests like susceptibility to Vibriostat disks, the string test, and salt tolerance.

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    This document discusses four genera of bacteria - Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter - that can cause diarrheal diseases and other infections in humans. Vibrio species like V. cholerae are the cause of cholera and associated with large epidemics. Campylobacter may play a role in Guillain-Barré syndrome. These bacteria are commonly found in water and raw seafood. They are characterized by being facultatively anaerobic, oxidase and catalase positive, and able to reduce nitrate. Vibrio can be identified using tests like susceptibility to Vibriostat disks, the string test, and salt tolerance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    23 views8 pages

    Vibrio

    Uploaded by

    Mari Jo Parillo
    This document discusses four genera of bacteria - Vibrio, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter - that can cause diarrheal diseases and other infections in humans. Vibrio species like V. cholerae are the cause of cholera and associated with large epidemics. Campylobacter may play a role in Guillain-Barré syndrome. These bacteria are commonly found in water and raw seafood. They are characterized by being facultatively anaerobic, oxidase and catalase positive, and able to reduce nitrate. Vibrio can be identified using tests like susceptibility to Vibriostat disks, the string test, and salt tolerance.

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    VIBRIO, AEROMONAS AND CAMPYLOBACTER

    Species: Nonenteric Glucose Fermenters

     Growth on MacConkey agar


     Oxidase-positive

    Significance
    Members of these four genera of organisms cause diarrheal diseases and other infections.
    >Vibrio
    • Associated with large epidemics and pandemics
    >Aeromonas
    • Diarrhea and wound infections
    >Campylobacter
    • May play a role in GBS (Guillain-Barré Syndrome)
    >Helicobacter (Campylobacter-like)
    • Causes ulcers and has been linked to gastric carcinoma

    General Characteristics: VIBRIO


     10 species involved in human infections (V. cholera, V. parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus)
    -Found in water
    • Fresh water, brackish water, salt water
    -Temperature sensitive in water that exceeds 20° C
     Associated with pandemics (worldwide epidemics)
    -Cyclical
     Causative agent of cholera
    -Severe diarrhea

    Reasons for Significant Rise in Isolation of Vibrio


     Recent consumption of raw seafood (especially oysters)
     Recent immigration or foreign travel
     Gastroenteritis with cholera-like or rice-water stools
     Accidental trauma incurred during contact with fresh, estuarine, or marine water or
    associated products (e.g., shellfish, oyster or clam shells, fishhooks)
    Characteristics
     Facultatively anaerobic
     Catalase and oxidase positive
     Able to reduce nitrate to nitrite
     One exception—V. metschnikovii
     Negative for all three tests above

    O/129 Susceptibility Test


    Susceptible to Vibriostat disk
    -O/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine)
    -Separates them from Aeromonas (so does 6.5% salt broth)

    Isolates from India and Bangladesh


    -Resistance to Vibriostat disks is common in V. cholerae isolates.
    String Test and Halophilic Ability
     Positive string test
    -Emulsifying two to three colonies in a drop of sodium desoxycholate
    -Colonies can be picked up like a string using a loop.
    -Generally not a great test but does help in suspected cases

    Most are halophilic (salt-loving).


    -Except V. cholerae and V. mimicus

    Epidemiology
    Most V. cholerae epidemics occur in developing countries.
    -Prevalent in Bengal region of India and Bangladesh
    Cholera is not commonly reported in the United States.
    -Most are considered “imported” cases.

    Clinical Manifestations
    Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease spread through contaminated water and mishandled
    food.
    -Rice-water stool (watery with flecks of mucus)
    -Large loss of water and electrolytes (10-30 movements per day)
    -Dehydration, hypovolemic shock (loss of fluid volume), and metabolic acidosis
    • Can cause death rapidly if fluids are not restored
    -Toxin causes diarrhea.

    Bacteria colonize the small intestine and release toxin.


    Diarrhea
    -Caused by cholera toxin (also called choleragen)
    -A subunits and five multiple binding B subunits
    • B subunits bind to GM1 ganglioside receptor.
    • A2 subunit allows A1 subunit to enter.
    • A1 subunit stimulates adenylate cyclase by inactivating a G protein, which in turn
    activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
    -Leads to hypersecretion and electrolyte loss

    Cholera treatment
    -Intravenous and oral fluid containing electrolytes
    -Antibiotics to reduce organism
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus
    • Seafood usually source
    • Causes gastroenteritis
    • Requires sodium chloride for growth
    • Sucrose negative on TCBS agar – green
    colonies
    • Oxidase-positive
    • String test-positive
    • 0129 resistant

    Clinical manifestations
    Develop after 24 to 48 hours after eating contaminated seafood
    • Self-limiting watery diarrhea and cramping
    • Sometimes vomiting
    • Usually no fever. Extraintestinal wound, eye, ear infections, even pneumonia

    Vibrio vulnificus
    • Found in coastal waters & estuaries
    • Causes septicemia & wound infections
    • Associated with eating raw oysters
    • People with liver problems are more susceptible to organism
    • Gastroenteritis – vomiting & diarrhea
    • Skin infection – due to trauma or exposure of already open skin to infected water
    • Strict halophile
    • Sucrose negative on TCBS
    • Oxidase positive
    • 0129 susceptible
    • Lactose fermenter (LF) on MacConkey
    • Salicin-positive

    Vibrio alginolyticus
     Rarely isolated
     Least pathogenic
     Mostly external sites
     Eye, ear, wounds, or burns
     Sailors or those in constant contact with seawater
    AEROMONAS
    Campylobacter

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