Crystals 1

BCHE 111/L: Chemistry for
Engineers
Jessie C. Calo, RChE

INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL PHYSICS
CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE
SOLIDS
SPACE LATTICE
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
LATTICE PARAMETERS
CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
BRAVAIS LATTICES
2
Matter exists in three states solids, liquids and
gases.
All these states are composed of atoms and
molecules.
When we focus the solids, they are classified into
many types based on several properties like
electrical, mechanical, magnetic, optical, thermal
etc.,.
The main reason for these different properties of
solids is their crystal structure. PH 0101 UNIT 4
LECTURE 1
3
What is Crystal Physics?
‘Crystal Physics’ or ‘Crystallography’ is a branch of

physics
that deals with the study of all possible types of crystals
and the physical properties of crystalline solids by the
determination of their actual structure by using X-rays,
neutron beams and electron beams.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
Solids can broadly be classified into two types based on the

arrangement of units of matter.
The units of matter may be atoms, molecules or ions.
They are,
Crystalline solids and
Non-crystalline (or) Amorphous solids
PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 5

1
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
A substance is said to be crystalline when the
arrangement of units of matter is regular and
periodic.
A crystal has a sharp melting point.
It possesses a regular shape and if it is broken, all

broken pieces have the same regular shape.

1
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
A crystalline material can either be a single
(mono) crystal or a polycrystal.
A single crystal consists of only one crystal,

whereas the polycrystalline material consists of
many crystals separated by well-defined
boundaries.
Examples
Metallic crystals – Cu, Ag, Al, Mg etc,
Non-metallic crystals – Carbon,Silicon,Germanium,

1
NON CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
In amorphous solids, the constituent particles

are not arranged in an orderly manner. They
are randomly distributed.
They have wide range of melting point and do

not possess a regular shape.
Examples:
Glass, Plastics, Rubber etc.,

1
EXAMPLES OF CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS
9
ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT IN CRYSTALS
(a) mono (or) single crystals

(b) polycrystalline solids
(c) amorphous solids

1
CRYSTALS
It is a substance in which the constituent particles are

arranged in a systematic geometrical pattern.
11
SPACE LATTICE
A lattice is a regular and periodic
arrangement of points in three dimension.
It is defined as an infinite array of points in
three dimension in which every point has
surroundings identical to that of every other
point in the array.
The Space lattice is otherwise called the
Crystal lattice

1
TWO DIMENSIONAL SPACE LATTICE

1
BASIS
A crystal structure is formed by associating every

lattice point with a unit assembly of atoms or
molecules identical in composition, arrangement and
orientation.
This unit assembly is called the `basis’.
When the basis is repeated with correct periodicity in

all directions, it gives the actual crystal structure.
The crystal structure is real, while the lattice is

imaginary.
1
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
= +
Crystal structure = Lattice + Basis

1
UNIT CELL
A unit cell is defined as a fundamental building block

of a crystal structure, which can generate the
complete crystal by repeating its own dimensions in
various directions.

1
UNIT CELL

1
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AXES
Consider a unit cell consisting of three mutually

perpendicular edges OA, OB and OC as shown in
figure.
Draw parallel lines along the three edges.
These lines are taken as crystallographic axes and they
are denoted as X, Y and Z axes.
Y
B
O A X
C
Z
18
LATTICE PARAMETERS
Consider the unit cell as shown in figure.

Let OA, OB and OC are the intercepts made by the
unit cell along X, Y and Z axes respectively.
These intercepts are known as primitives. In
crystallography the intercepts OA, OB and OC are
Y
represented as a , b and c .B
O A X
C
Z
19
LATTICE PARAMETERS
The angle between X and Y axes is represented as .
Similarly the angles between Y and Z and Z and X axes

are denoted by  and  respectively as shown in the
above figure. These angles ,  and  are called as
interaxial angles or interfacial angles.
To represent a lattice, the three interfacial angles and

their corresponding intercepts are essential. These six
parameters are said to be lattice
Y parameters.
B
O A X
C 20
Z
PRIMITIVE CELL
It is the smallest unit cell in volume constructed

by primitives. It consists of only one full atom
21
PRIMITIVE CELL
A primitive cell is one, which has got the points or

atoms only at the corners of the unit cell.
If a unit cell consists of more than one atom, then it is

not a primitive cell.
Example for primitive cell :Simple Cubic unit cell.
Examples for non-primitive cell:BCC and FCC unit cell.

1
CRYSTALS SYSTEMS
A three dimensional space lattice is generated

by repeated translation of three translational
vectors a, b and c.
Crystals are grouped under seven systems on
the basis of the shape of the unit cell.
The seven crystal systems are distinguished
from one another by their lattice parameters .

1
CRYSTALS SYSTEMS
The seven systems are,
Cubic (isometric)
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Trigonal (rhombohedral)
Hexagonal
Monoclinic and
Triclinic

1
CRYSTALS SYSTEMS
The space lattices formed by unit cells are marked by the

following symbols.
Primitive lattice:P  having lattice points only at the

corners of the unit cell.
Body centred lattice:I  having lattice points at

the corners as well as at the body centre of the unit
cell.

1
CRYSTALS SYSTEMS
Face centred lattice:F  having lattice points at the

corners as well as at the face centres of the unit cell.
Base centred lattice:C  having lattice points at the

corners as well as at the top and bottom base
centres of the unit cell.

1
BRAVAIS LATTICES
Bravais in 1948 showed that 14 types of unit cells

under seven crystal systems are possible. They
are commonly called as `Bravais lattices’.

1
28

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BCHE 111/L: Chemistry for

Jessie C. Calo, RChE

What is Crystal Physics?

‘Crystal Physics’ or ‘Crystallography’ is a branch of

Solids can broadly be classified into two types based on the

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 5

A crystal has a sharp melting point.

It possesses a regular shape and if it is broken, all

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 6

A single crystal consists of only one crystal,

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 7

In amorphous solids, the constituent particles

They have wide range of melting point and do

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 8

(a) mono (or) single crystals

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 10

It is a substance in which the constituent particles are

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 12

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 13

A crystal structure is formed by associating every

This unit assembly is called the `basis’.

When the basis is repeated with correct periodicity in

The crystal structure is real, while the lattice is

Crystal structure = Lattice + Basis

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 15

A unit cell is defined as a fundamental building block

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 16

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 17

Consider a unit cell consisting of three mutually

Consider the unit cell as shown in figure.

The angle between X and Y axes is represented as .

Similarly the angles between Y and Z and Z and X axes

To represent a lattice, the three interfacial angles and

It is the smallest unit cell in volume constructed

A primitive cell is one, which has got the points or

If a unit cell consists of more than one atom, then it is

Example for primitive cell :Simple Cubic unit cell.

Examples for non-primitive cell:BCC and FCC unit cell.

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 22

A three dimensional space lattice is generated

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 23

The seven systems are,

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 24

The space lattices formed by unit cells are marked by the

Primitive lattice:P  having lattice points only at the

Body centred lattice:I  having lattice points at

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 25

Face centred lattice:F  having lattice points at the

Base centred lattice:C  having lattice points at the

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 26

Bravais in 1948 showed that 14 types of unit cells

PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 27

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