Vietnamese-Legal-Glossary E1

English Vietnamese
Legal Glossary
Translated from English into Vietnamese by
Kim Ryan, Esq.
Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento
720 9th Street

Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 874-6867 Fax: (916) 874-8229
www.saccourt.com
2005
Disclaimer
The Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento ("Court"), has prepared

this Legal Glossary. The Court cannot guarantee that the translations contained
therein are completely accurate, although reasonable attempts were made to
achieve this goal. This glossary is to be used for general reference purposes only,
should be considered a "work in progress," and is not intended to provide legal
advice. This glossary is not intended to be used as a study guide for purposes of
passing California court interpreter certification examinations, as some
terminology might differ when used in a specific context.
Neither the Administrative Office of the Courts, nor the Superior Court of
California, Sacramento County, nor any of its officials or employees assumes any
legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy of these translations. For more
information or comments, please contact Ms. Elaine Flores, Administrative Services
Officer II of the Court, at (916) 874-8663 or via e-mail at florese@saccourt.com.
Vietnamese Legal Glossary | 4

1203.03 PC MOTION - Request to cancel, modify, change or terminate probation.
Thỉnh nguyện 1203.03 Hình Luật.
1203.4 PC MOTION - Request to take back guilty plea or set aside a guilty verdict,
and dismiss the accusations or information. (Made after probation has either
terminated or defendant was discharged from probation prior to termination.)
170.6 PC MOTION - Request to disqualify the assigned judge from hearing a
matter.
995 PC MOTION - Request made by a defendant to dismiss a count of information.
Thỉnh nguyện 995 Hình Luật.
ABANDONMENT - When a parent leaves a child without enough care,supervision,
support, or parental contact for an excessive period of time.
Sự bỏ rơi, bỏ bê.
ABATE - To put an end to; to cancel out.
Hủy bỏ; đình chỉ.
ABATEMENT OF ACTION - A suit which has been set aside and ended.
Đình chỉ việc kiện tụng.
ABDUCTION - The offense of taking away a wife, child, or ward, by deceitful
persuasion, force, or violence.
Sự bắt cóc.
ABROGATE - To repeal or cancel an old law using another law or constitutional
power.
Hủy tiêu, hủy bỏ.
ABSTRACT - A summary of what a court or government agency does. In Traffic,
document that is sent to the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to update
driving record.

Bản tóm lược.
ABSTRACT OF JUDGMENT- Summary of the court's final decision. Can be used
as a lien if you file it with the county recorder.
Tóm lược án văn.
ABSTRACT OF RECORD - Short form of the case.
Bản tóm tắt biên bản vụ án.
ABUSE -(1) immoderate or improper use; (2) to do physical, sexual, or
psychological harm to someone.
1) Sự lạm dụng; 2) Ngược đãi.
ABUSE OF PROCESS - Misuse of the power of the court.
Sự lạm dụng trình tự tố tụng. Sự lạm dụng quyền của tòa.
ACCESSORY - A person who helps someone else commit a crime, either before or
after the crime.
Tòng phạm.
ACCIDENT AND MISFORTUNE - an unintentional event; unforeseen event
causing misfortune.
Sự việc ngẫu nhiên tạo bất hạnh.
ACCOMPLICE - A person that helps someone else commit a crime. Can be on
purpose or not.
Tòng phạm, đồng lõa.
ACCORD - A satisfaction agreed upon between the parties in a lawsuit, which
prevents further actions after the claim.
Sự thỏa thuận, đồng ý.
ACCORD AND SATISFACTION - Agreement by the parties to settle a claim or
dispute in which the parties typically agree to give or accept something.
Sự thỏa thuận và thi hành.

ACCRUAL - The total amount of child support payments that are owed or that are
late.
Tiền tích lũy.
ACCUSATION - A formal charge against a person.
Sự cáo buộc, khởi tố lệnh trạng.
ACCUSED - The person that is charged with a crime and has to go to criminal
court. (See DEFENDANT).
Bị cáo; can phạm.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT - Saying, testifying, or assuring that something is true.
Việc xác nhận.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SATISFACTION OF JUDGMENT - A court form
that the person who wins the case must fill out, sign, and file with the court when
the judgment is fully paid. If there are no liens, the back of the Notice of Entry of
Judgment can be signed and filed with the court (See JUDGMENT, CREDITOR,
JUDGMENT.)
Việc xác nhận chấp hành án văn.
ACQUIT - To legally find the innocence of a person charged with a crime. To set
free, release or discharge from an obligation, burden or accusation. To find a
defendant not guilty in a criminal trial.
Tha bổng, xử trắng án.
ACQUITTAL - When a judge or jury finds that the person on trial is not guilty.
Sự tha bổng, trắng án.
ACTION - In court, when one person sues someone else to, defend or enforce a
right, stop something bad from happening or fix something, or punish them for a
crime.
Tố quyền, sự kiện tụng.
ACTION IN PERSONAM - Proceeding against the person for the recovery of a
specific object, usually an item of personal property such as an automobile.

Việc kiện cá nhân đòi trả vật sở hữu.
ACTION IN REM - Proceeding "against the thing" as compared to personal actions
(in personam). Usually a proceeding where property is involved.
Việc kiện về vật quyền.
ACTIVE STATUS - A case that is in court but is not settled or decided has active
status. (See DISPOSITION, PENDING.)
Đang tiến hành, vụ kiện đang được xét xử.
ACTUAL LOSS - This is a showing that the plaintiff or injured party has
undergone some loss of property or other thing of value by reason of fraud, forgery,
or other illegal action. For the crime of forgery the existence of a specific intent to
defraud is an essential element; however, there is no requirement of actual loss to
complete the crime.
Thiệt hại; mất mát.
AD LITEM - Comes from Latin meaning for the "purposes of the lawsuit." For
example, a guardian ad litem is a person appointed by the court to protect the
interests of a minor or legally incompetent person in a lawsuit.
Người đại diện trong vụ án; cho mục đích xét xử.
ADD ON - Refers to an additional matter that is added to a specific calendar at a
time after the initial preparation of the calendar.
Thêm vào.
ADDENDUM - A thing added or to be added.
Bản đính kèm, văn ban bổ sung.
ADDICTION - A person who has become emotionally dependent on the use of a
drug and the effect is an irresistible need to continue its use and has developed a
tolerance to the drug and requires larger stronger doses.
Sự nghiện ngập.
ADDITUR - The power of a trial court to increase the amount of an award of
money to one party made by jury verdict, as a condition of denial of motion for new

trial. The defendant must consent to the increased money award, the plaintiff need
not consent.
Phán quyết tăng tiền bồi thường.
ADHESION CONTRACTS - Contract where one party has no real choice as to its
terms.
Hợp đồng tuân thủ.
ADJOURNMENT - To put off a court hearing until another time or place.
Đình hoãn; ngưng.
ADJUDICATE - When a judge hears and decides a case.
Xét xử; phân xử.
ADJUDICATION - The judge's decision in a case or action.
Sự xét xử, phân xử.
ADMIN PER SE - Latin meaning,"by itself, inherently." Requires the Department
of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to automatically suspend or cancel the driver's license of
a driver whose blood alcohol content measures more than.08%, or who refuses to
take a test to measure his)her blood alcohol level.
Quyền cố hữu.
ADMINISTER - (1) to manage; (2) taking a drug by injection, inhalation,ingestion,
or any other means, to the body for that person's immediate needs.
1) quản trị, điều hành. 2) dùng thuốc, cho thuốc.
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE - The way an executive government agency
makes and enforces support orders without going to court.
Thủ tục hành chánh.
ADMINISTRATIVE REVIEW OR "AR" - A review of the welfare of a child in
long-term foster care by a panel of people selected by the state Department of
Health & Human
Việc tái xét hành chánh.

Services (DHHS). The review is conducted at least once a year, in place of a
6month placement hearing by the Court. The panel reviews a report from DHHS.
The review is open to the parents of the parents' attorney and child's attorney.
ADMINISTRATOR - 1. Man who represents the estate of a person who dies
without a will. 2. A court official.
1) Người quản lý di sản (đàn ông). 2) Viên chức tòa.
ADMINISTRATRIX - Woman who represents the estate of a person who dies
without a will.
Người quản lý di sản (đàn bà).
ADMISSIBLE - Pertinent and proper to be considered in reaching a decision.
Có thể chấp nhận được.
ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE - Evidence that can be legally and properly be used in
court.
Bằng chứng có thể chấp nhận được.
ADMISSION - Saying that certain facts are true. But not saying you are guilty.
(Compare with CONFESSION).
Việc thừa nhận.
ADMONISH - To warn, advise, or scold.
Khuyến cáo, cảnh cáo.
ADMONITION - Advice or caution by the court to the jury respecting their duty or
conduct as jurors, and the purpose for which evidence may be considered.
Sự khuyến cáo.
ADMONITION TO JURORS - What the judge says to the jury about what they
must do and how they must behave, what evidence they can use to make their
decision (called "admissible" evidence), and how they can use that evidence to
make a decision.
Sự khuyến cáo hội thẩm đoàn.

ADOPTION - The way to make the relationship between a parent and child legal
when they are not related by blood.
Việc nhận con nuôi.
ADOPTIVE ADMISSION - Action by a party that communicates agreement with
the statements of another person.
Sự chấp thuận theo ý kiến ai.
ADVERSARY SYSTEM - The system of trial practice in the United States and
some other countries in which each of the opposing (or "adversary") parties has the
opportunity to present and establish
Hệ thống đối tụng.
opposing positions before the court.
ADVERSE WITNESS - A person called to testify for the other side.
Nhân chứng đối nghịch.
AFFIANT - A person who makes and signs an affidavit.
Người lập chứng thư hữu thệ.
AFFIDAVIT - A written statement that someone swears to under oath in front of
someone that is legally authorized, like a judge or notary public.
Chứng thư hữu thệ.
AFFIRMATION - When an appellate court says that the lower court's decision was
right.
Sự xác định, khẳng định.
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE - When a defendant or person responding to a civil
case as a reason that would make him or her "not guilty" or not at fault and gives
the court new evidence to prove that. The defense has to prove what it says (called
BURDEN OF PROOF). The defense has to explain this defense in their ANSWER.
- Việc biện hộ bác bỏ lý lẽ của nguyên đơn.
- Sự biện hộ khẳng định.

AFFIRMED - In appellate courts, it means that the decision of the trial court is
correct.
Được khẳng định.
AFTER ACQUIRED INTENT - When the defendant did not intend to commit a
crime until after the crime had been committed.
Ý định hậu sự.
AGENT - Someone who has authority to act for another.
Người đại diện; người được uỷ quyền.
AGENCY - One person acts for or represents another by authority. In Traffic, the
department issuing the citation.
Người đại diện được ủy quyền hành động nhân danh cơ quan.
AGGRAVATION - Circumstances that may be considered as magnifying, or
adding to, the degree of punishment.
Sự gia trọng.
AGGRAVATED ARSON - Aggravated Arson Deliberately setting fire with
specific intent to cause injury or damage structures where defendant has been
previously convicted of arson, the damage exceeds $5m, or at least 5 residences
Tội phóng hỏa gia trọng.
were damaged.
AGGRAVATED BATTERY - Unlawful use of force against another such as using
a dangerous weapon.
Việc đánh đập gia trọng.
AGGRAVATED MAYHEM - Causing permanent disability or disfigurement with
specific intent to cause the injury and with extreme indifference to well-being of
other person.
Tội hủy hoại thân thể nạn nhân gia trọng.
AGGRAVATED TRESPASS - Unlawfully entering property of another with
specific intent to carry out prior threat of serious bodily injury.
Tội xâm nhập bất động sản gia trọng.
AGGRAVATING FACTORS - Any factors associated with the commission of a
crime which increase the seriousness of the offense.
Yếu tố gia trọng.
AGGREGATE TERM - The total length of imprisonment
Tổng mức hình phạt.
AGREED STATEMENT OF FACTS - Statement of all important facts, which all
the parties agree is true and correct, and which is submitted to a court for a decision.
Xác nhận sự kiện đã được thỏa thuận.
AGREEMENT - When the people involved in a legal dispute agree about
something.
Sự thỏa thuận.
AID AND ABET - to help or assist, in committing a crime.
Tiếp tay và xuí giục phạm pháp.
AIDER AND ABETTOR - One who has criminal intent and assists another to
commit a crime.
Người tiếp tay và xúi giục.
ALLEGE - To say, declare, or charge that something is truce even though it is not
proved yet.
Viện lẽ, cho rằng.
ALLEGED - Said to be true as described; a person who is accused, but has not yet
been tried in court.
Được coi là.
ALLEGATION - A statement or claim that is made and has not been proved to be
true or false.
Sự viện lý, viện lẽ, luận cứ.
ALLEGED FATHER - A man who may be the father of the child.

Người được coi là cha.
ALIAS - Known by another name; or means "also known as" which A.K.A. is short
for.
Biệt hiệu, bí danh.
ALIBI - A defense claim that the accused was somewhere else at the time a crime
was committed.
Chứng cớ ngoại phạm; bất tại trường.
ALIMONY - Money the court orders you to pay to a spouse or ex-spouse. (See
SPOUSAL SUPPORT).
Tiền cấp dưỡng cho người phối ngẫu.
ALLOCUTION - Defendant's statement to try to reduce punishment.
Việc xin giảm hình phạt.
ALTERATION, FORGERY BY -Adding, erasing, or changing a document with the
specific intent to cause it to appear different from what it originally was intended to
be to cheat another person.
Giả mạo bằng cách cạo sửa.
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) Methods of resolving disputes
without official court proceedings. These methods include MEDIATION and
ARBITRATION.
Giải quyết tranh chấp bằng phương cách khác.
AMEND - To add to or change a claim that has been filed in court.
Tu chỉnh, bổ sung, sửa đổi.
AMENDMENT - A change made by correction, addition, or deletion.
Sự sửa đổi, bổ sung.
AMICUS CURIAE (A-MI'KUS KU'RIE) - Someone that gives advice to the court
about the law in a case, but is not part of the case. Comes from the Latin for "friend
of the court."
"Bạn của tòa"; cố vấn của tòa.
ANNOTATION - A case summary or commentary on the law cases, statutes, and
rules.
Chú thích; chú giải.
ANNUAL REVIEW - Yearly judicial review.
Việc tái xét, duyet xét hàng năm.
ANNULMENT - A legal action that says your marriage was never legally valid
because of unsound mind, incest, bigamy, being too young to consent, fraud, force,
or physical incapacity.
Phán quyết tiêu hôn.
ANONYMOUS - When someone's name is kept secret.
Nặc danh, vô danh.
ANSWER - A statement that a defendant writes to answer a civil complaint and
says what defense they will use.
Bản kháng biện, phản bác.
ANTICIPATORY BREACH - When a person who is to perform as set forth in a
contract, clearly indicates to the other party that he will not or cannot perform.
Sự thông báo không (hay không thể) thi hành hợp đồng.
APPEAL - When someone that loses at least part of a case asks a higher court
(called an "APPELLATE COURT") to review the decision and say if it is right.
This is called "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." The person that appeals is called
the "APPELLANT." The other person is called the "APPELLEE."
Kháng án; chống án.
APPEARANCE - Going to court. Or a legal paper that says you will participate in
the court process.
Sự ra hầu tòa.
APPEARANCE PROGRESS REPORT (APR) -A court order for a report by the
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on an issue requested by the
court.

Lệnh đệ trình báo cáo về sự tiến bộ.
APPELLANT - Someone that APPEALS a court's decision. (Compare with
APPELLEE.)
Người kháng án (nguyên kháng).
APPELLATE - Having to do with appeals. An appellate court can review a lower
court's (called a "trial court" or "superior court") decision. For example, California
Court of Appeal reviews the decisions of the superior courts.
Thuộc tòa phúc thẩm.
APPELLATE COURT - A court that can review how the law was used to decide a
case in a lower court.
Tòa phúc thẩm.
APPELLATE JURISDICTION - The appellate court has the right to review and
change the lower court decision.
Quyền quản hạt của tòa phúc thẩm; thẩm quyền tài phán.
APPELLEE - A person that answers an appeal in higher court.
Người bị kháng án (bị kháng).
ARBITRATION - When a person that isn't involved in the case looks at the
evidence, hears the arguments, and makes a decision. (Compare with
MEDIATION.)
Thủ tục trọng tài.
ARGUMENT - Remarks made by an attorney to a judge or jury on the facts of the
case or on points of law.
Lập luận; tranh luận.
ARMING CLAUSE - A conduct enhancement alleging that defendant or an
accomplice was armed.
Điều khoản về việc sử dụng vũ khí.

ARRAIGN - Process where the person who is accused is brought before the court to
hear the criminal charge(s) against him or her and to plead guilty, not guilty or no
contest.
Luận tội.
ARRAIGNMENT - When a person that is accused of committing a crime is taken
to court, told about the charges, and asked to plead "guilty" or "not guilty."
Phiên tòa luận tội; thông tri cáo trạng.
ARREARAGE - Child support that is overdue or unpaid.
Tiền cấp dưỡng còn thiếu.
ARREST - The legal capture of a person who is charged with a crime.
Bắt giữ.
ARREST OF JUDGMENT - Postponing the result of a judgment already entered.
Việc ngưng/hoãn thi hành bản án.
ARSON - The malicious burning of someone's own house or of someone else's
house, or of someone's commercial or industrial property.
Tội phóng hỏa.
ASSAULT - When someone tries or threatens to hurt someone else. Can include
violence, but is not battery. (See BATTERY.)
Sự hành hung.
ASSAULT WITH A DEADLY WEAPON - When someone tries to hurt someone
and there is threat to do bodily harm without justification by use of a weapon like a
gun or a knife.
Hành hung với vũ khí gây tử thương.
ASSESSMENT - Additional charges added to a case.
Cáo buộc thêm tội.
ASSIGNEE - A person or business that is put in the place of the original creditor,
such as a collection agency.

Người được uỷ quyền.
You can assign your JUDGMENT to another person or business.
ASSIGNMENT - Choosing someone to do something. Usually for: Cases - when
the court uses a calendar to give (or "assign" cases to judges; Lawyers - when
lawyers are chosen (or "appointed") to represent juveniles, conservatees or
defendants; and Judges - when judges are sent (or "assigned") to different courts to
fill in while other judges are on vacation, sick, etc., or to help with cases in a court.
Sự bổ nhiệm, chỉ định.
ASSIGNMENT OF SUPPORT RIGHTS - When a person who gets public
assistance agrees to give the state any child support they get in the future. The
person gets money and other benefits from the state. So the state can use part of the
child support to pay for the cost of that public assistance.
Chuyển nhượng quyền về tiền cấp dưỡng.
ASSIGNMENT ORDER - A court order (made after a MOTION that says a
JUDGMENT
DEBTOR must assign certain rights to the JUDGMENT CREDITOR. Useful for
payments that the judgment debtor would usually get, like rent from tenants, wages
from the federal government, sales commissions, royalties, a business's accounts
receivable, or installment payments on IOUs (also called "PROMISSORY
NOTES" or JUDGMENTS).
Án lệnh trả tiền.
ASSUMPTION OF RISK - A defense to a lawsuit for personal injury. The essence
of the defense is that the plaintiff assumed the known risk of whatever dangerous
condition caused the injury.
Việc gánh chịu mọi rủi ro.
AT ISSUE - The time in a lawsuit when the complaining party has stated his or her
claim and the other side has responded with a denial and the matter is ready to be
tried.
Đang tranh chấp.

AT ISSUE MEMORANDUM - A legal paper filed in a civil case that says the case
is ready to go to trial.
Giác thư xin tòa giải quyết.
ATTACHMENT - (1) Document attached to court papers to give more information;
(2) A way to collect judgment: by getting a court order that says you can take a
piece of property.
1) Tài liệu bổ sung, đơn dính kèm.
2) Lệnh tịch biên, sai áp tài sản.
ATTACHMENT FOR DEFAULTER - A process by the court for the arrest of a
person other than a defendant. (See ATTACHMENT, BENCH WARRANT.)
Thủ tục bắt giải người (không phải bị can) tránh hầu tòa
ATTEMPT - An effort to do an act or commit a crime.
Toan tính, có ý định, mưu tính.
ATTEST - To witness, to affirm to be true or genuine, to certify.
Nhận thực, chứng nhận, chứng thực.
ATTESTATION - The act of witnessing something in writing, at the request of a
party.
Việc chứng nhận
ATTORNEY - Someone that is qualified to represent clients in court and to give
them legal advice. (See COUNSEL).
Luật sư
ATTORNEY OF RECORD - The lawyer whose name is listed in a case record as
representing someone in the case.
Luật sư chính thức, luật sư nhậm cách
ATTORNEY-AT-LAW - An advocate, counsel, or official agent employed in
preparing, managing, and trying cases in the courts.
Luật sư.

ATTORNEY-IN-FACT - A private person (who is not necessarily a lawyer)
authorized by someone to act in his or her place, either for some particular purpose,
or for the transaction of business in general. This authority is given in writing,
called a power of attorney.
Người được ủy quyền
AUDIT - When records or accounts are looked at to check that they are right and
complete.
Kiểm toán
AUTHENTICATE - To give authority or legal authenticity to a statute, record, or
other written document.
Chứng thực; chứng nhận
AUTO TAMPERING - The manipulation of an automobile and its parts for a
specific purpose.
Sự phá xe
AUTOMATED ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT OF
Việc tự động thi hành nhưn g văn bản quy
INTERSTATE CASES (AEI) - Part of the
Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) that lets states fins, put a lien on, and
take property from people in a different state who owe money.
phạm hành chánh xuyên bang
AUTOMATED VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM (AVR) Phone system that gives
information to people over the phone.
Hệ thống điện thọai thông tin tự động
AVERAGE ADULT PERSON -A hypothetical person who is used as an example
of the entire community. This hypothetical person represents the interests of all,
including persons religious and irreligious; persons of all nationalities, all adult ages
and all economic, educational and social standings; persons with normal, healthy,

average contemporary attitudes, instincts and interests concerning sex. (in the
context of obscenity)
Người trung bình
BACKLOG - All the cases that haven't been settled or decided in the time the law
says they should be.
Các vụ tồn đọng
BAD FAITH - Generally implies actual or constructive fraud, or a design to
mislead or deceive another.
Tráo trở; ngụy tín
BAIL - A security deposit (usually money) given to release a defendant or witness
from custody and to make sure that they go to court when they're supposed to.
Tiền thế chân, bảo chứng
BAIL BOND - A legal paper that you buy from a bondsman and give to the court
instead of bail. The defendant signs it and is let go. But if they don't come to court
when they're supposed to, they must pay the amount of money on the bail bond.
Chứng phiếu thế chân
BAIL BONDSMAN - Person who is responsible for paying the bond for the
defendant's release from jail.
Người bán chứng phiếu thế chân
BAIL EXONERATION - When you get your bail back. Or when a bail bondsman
or insurance ("surety") company isn't responsible for your bail anymore.
Việc hoàn trả lại tiền thế chân.
BAIL FORFEITURE - A court order to let the court keep the bail deposit because
the defendant didn't go to court when they were supposed to.
Tịch thu tiền thế chân.
BAILIFF -Person who is in charge of security in the court. Bailiffs are picked by
sheriffs.
Cảnh sát tòa.
BAILMENTS - A delivery of goods from one person to another in trust for purpose
of carrying out agreed upon services.
Việc cầm cố, ký gởi hàng hóa.
BAIL NOTICE - A legal paper from the court that says the court will make a
WARRANT for arrest unless the defendant goes to court or pays bail.
Thông báo đóng tiền thế chân.
BAIL RECEIPT - A written statement that the court gives a defendant that says bail
was paid.
Biên nhận của tiền thế chân.
BAIL REVIEW - A hearing established to re-evaluate the bail amount that was
originally set for the accused.
Xét lại tiền thế chân.
BALLARD MOTION - A motion for psychiatric examination of prosecutor's
witnesses (victims).
Thỉnh nguyện Ballard.
BANK LEVY - Way to enforce a decision against someone who owes money. The
money is taken from their checking or savings account at a bank, savings and loan,
or credit union.
Sai áp tiền gửi trong ngân hàng.
BANKRUPT - The state or condition of a person who is unable to pay his or her
debts when they are due.
Phá sản, vỡ nợ.
BANKRUPTCY - The legal way for a business or person to get help when they
can't pay the money they owe. In bankruptcy court, they can get rid of debts by
paying part of what they owe. There are special bankruptcy judges at these
hearings.
Việc khai phá sản. Sự phá sản
BAR - All of the lawyers qualified to practice law. For example, a state bar includes
all of the lawyers qualified to practice law in that state.
Luật sư đoàn.
BAR EXAMINATION - A state examination that is taken in order to be admitted
and licensed to practice law.
Kỳ thi lấy bằng hành nghề luật sư.
BASE TERM - A term of imprisonment selected by the court according to the
Determinate Sentencing Law.
Thời hạn ở tù cơ bản.
BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME (B.C.S.) Physical condition of a child where
external or internal injuries result from acts committed by a parent or custodian.
Hội chứng của trẻ bị đánh.
BATTERY - Illegal beating or physical violence or control of a person without their
permission. (Compare with ASSAULT.)
Sự đánh đập, bạo hành.
BATTERY, SPOUSAL - An offensive touching or use of force on a spouse without
the spouse's consent. See BATTERY.
Sự đánh đập người phối ngẫu.
BEAGLE MOTION - A request to exclude any reference of the defendant's prior
conviction to the jury.
Thỉnh nguyện Beagle.
BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION PLAN - Plan made by a local educational agency
(LEA) as part of an individualized education program (IEP), to change the behavior
of students who harm themselves, assault others, or are destructive.
Kế hoạch can thiệp để thay đổi hành vi.
BENCH - (1) the desk where a judge sits in court; (2) Judges in general, or a
specific judge.
1) Án thư. 2) Thẩm phán.

BENCH CONFERENCE - A meeting either on or off the record at the judge's
bench between the judge, counsel, and sometimes the defendant, out of the hearing
of the jury.
Thảo luận tại án thư.
BENCH TRIAL - Trial without a jury. The judge decides the case.
Phiên xử bởi tòa (không có hội thẩm đoàn).
BENCH WARRANT - An order given by the judge (or "bench") to arrest a person
who didn't do what the court ordered. For example, didn't go to court when they
were supposed to. (See WARRANT, WRIT).
Trát tầm nã.
BENEFICIARY - Someone who gets something from a trust.
Người thụ hưởng.
BENEFIT OF THE BARGAIN RULE - Rule which provides that a person may
recover the difference between the actual value of the property and the value that
was represented.
Biệt lợi trong việc thương lượng.
BEQUEATH - To leave someone something in a will.
Di tặng.
BEQUESTS - What you leave someone in a will.
Vật di tặng.
BEST EVIDENCE - Primary proof; the best proof available. For example, an
original letter is "best evidence," and a photocopy is "secondary evidence."
Bằng chứng chủ yếu.
BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT - The burden of proof in a criminal case
requires that the jury be convinced that every element of a crime has been proven
by the prosecution.
Vượt mức nghi ngờ hợp lý.

BIAS - A pre-conceived opinion or a predisposition to decide a cause or an issue a
certain way.
Thiên kiến, thiên vị.
BIFURCATE - To try issues separately, such as guilt and criminal responsibility in
a criminal proceeding or liability and damages in a civil action.
Tách ra để xét xử.
BIFURCATION MOTION - A request to change the order in which issues are
heard at trial.
Thỉnh nguyện về thứ tự xét xử.
BILL OF PARTICULARS - A statement of the details of the charge made against
the defendant.
Văn bản chi tiết tội phạm.
BIND - To make yourself or someone else legally responsible for something.
Ràng buộc.
BIND OVER - A judge's decision before a trial that says there is enough evidence
for a trial.
Chuyển tòa để tiến hành xét xử.
BLOOD-ALCOHOL CONTENT (BAC) - The measurement in grams of alcohol
per 100 milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath.
Độ rượu trong máu.
BLOOD TEST - Testing someone's blood
Thử máu.
sample to: (1) see how much of a certain chemical is in the blood, (2) see who is the
parent of a child.
BODY ATTACHMENT - A written order issued by a court directing a peace
officer to take custody of someone and bring them before the court: 1) A witness
who fails to comply with a subpoena, 2) a party who fails to comply with a court
order in a civil action, or 3) a material witness in a criminal case.
Câu thúc thân thể.
BONA FIDE - Sincere, real without fraud or deceit. Comes from the Latin "in good
faith."
Ngay tình, thiện ý.
BOND - A certificate or evidence of a debt.
Trái phiếu, giấy nợ.
BOOK (BOOKING) - What the police do when they arrest someone. Includes
taking fingerprints, photographs, and writing down personal information about the
person.
Đăng ký lý lịch.
BOOKING NUMBER - The number assigned to the criminal record that
corresponds to the person's arrest.
Số hồ sơ lý lịch.
BOOKMAKING - Collecting the bets of others or making odds on future gambling
events.
Làm cái, cá độ.
BRADY MOTION - A motion made by defense when they believe the District
Attorney has not turned over exculpatory and material evidence.
Thỉnh nguyện Brady.
BRANDISHING A WEAPON - Showing a weapon to another person, typically the
police or the victim.
Vung vũ khí.
BREACH - The breaking or violating of a law, right, obligation, or duty either by
doing an act or failing to do an act.
Sự vi phạm, bội tín.
BREACH OF PEACE - Every person who unlawfully fights in a public place or
willfully and maliciously disturbs another person by loud and unreasonable noise,
or in a public place, says offensive words to one or more persons
Sự vi phạm trật tự công cộng.
which are likely to start an immediate violent reaction.
BREAKING AND ENTERING - Going into someone's house at night with intent
to commit a felony.
Cạy cửa và đột nhập.
BREATHALYZER TEST - Testing someone's breath to see how much alcohol is in
their blood.
Thử nghiệm bằng máy đo hơi thở.
BRIBE - A gift, not necessarily of monetary value, given to influence the conduct
of the receiver.
Hối lộ.
BRIEF - A written statement that each side gives the court to say why the court
should decide that they are right.
Lý đoán.
BURDEN OF PROOF - When one person in the case has to prove more than the
other person.
Trách nhiệm chứng minh, bổn phận dẫn chứng.
BURGLARY - When someone unlawfully breaks into or enters a building or home,
and they intend to or do commit a theft or other serious crime.
An trộm.
BYSTANDERS - A chance onlooker; one who has no concern with the business
being conducted.
Người bàng quan.
CALENDAR - A list, in alphabetical order, of all the cases in each courtroom every
day. "To calendar" something means to give a day, time, and courtroom to a case.
Lịch đăng đường.
CALIFORNIA RULES OF COURT - The rules for practices and procedures in
California's state courts.
Quy tắc tố tụng của tiểu bang California.
CALJIC - California Jury Instructions, Criminal.
Quy Luật Huấn Thị Hội Thẩm Đoàn.
CALLING THE DOCKET - The public calling of the docket or list of causes at the
beginning of court, for setting a time for trial or entering orders.
Điểm danh sách vụ án.
CAPACITY - The person with the ability to perform under his or her will.
Năng lực, khả năng.
CAPITAL CASE - A criminal case where the defendant can get the death penalty.
Vụ án tử hình.
CAPITAL CRIME - A crime punishable by death.
Tội tử hình.
CAPITAL OFFENSE - A crime that you can get the death penalty for committing.
Tội tử hình.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT - Punishment by death. (See DEATH PENALTY.)
An tử hình.
CAPTION - What is written at the top of all papers (called "pleadings") given to the
court. It says things like case name, court, and case number.
Tiêu đề.
CARJACKING - Taking a motor vehicle that belongs to someone else against his
will, by means of force or fear.
Sự cướp xe.
CASE - A lawsuit. Or a complaint filed in criminal, traffic, or civil court.
Vụ, vụ kiện.
CASE FILE - The folder that has official court papers for a case.
Hồ sơ vụ án.
CASEFLOW MANAGEMENT - How a case is managed from the first paper filed
to the final decision.
Quản lý tiến trình vụ án.
CASE ID - Identification number given to case by the court.
Số hồ sơ.
CASE LAW - Law made by earlier decisions in similar cases.
Án lệ.
CASELOAD - The number of cases a judge has in a specific time.
Tổng số vụ (chánh án) đảm nhận.
CASE NUMBER - The number that identifies a case. This number is on all papers
filed in the case. Also called "case ID."
Also called DOCKET NUMBER.
Số hồ sơ vụ án.
CAUSATION - The act which causes something else to happen.
Quan hệ nhân quả.
CAUSE - A lawsuit, litigation, or action.
Vụ án, vụ kien, nguyên nhân.
CAUSE OF ACTION - The charges that make up the case or lawsuit. (See
COUNTS).
Lý do khởi tố.
CAUSTIC CHEMICALS - Corrosive acid or flammable substance.
Hóa chất ăn mòn hoặc làm cháy.
CAUTIONARY INSTRUCTIONS - When the judge tells the jury to consider
certain evidence only for a specific purpose.
Huấn thị cảnh báo.
CAVEAT - A warning; a note of caution.

Việc cảnh giác.
CAVEAT EMPTOR - A theory that says you buy things at your own risk. Comes
from the Latin for "let the buyer beware."
Người mua nên cảnh giác.
CEASE AND DESIST ORDER - An order of an administrative agency or court
prohibiting a person or business from doing something.
Lệnh đình chỉ và hủy bỏ.
CERTIFICATE OF PROBABLE CAUSE - An order signed by the court granting a
defendant the right to appeal from a plea of guilty.
Lệnh chứng nhận lý do khả tín.
CERTIFICATION - A judge's order to move a criminal case to another court in a
different county.
Lệnh chuyển tòa.
CERTIFIED - Saying that something is true or an exact reproduction.
Chứng nhận.
CERTIFIED COPY - An official copy of a paper from a case file that is marked as
being true, complete, and a real copy of the original legal case.
Bản sao có chứng thực.
CERTIORI - Appeal to U.S. Supreme Court.
Kháng cáo lên toi cao pháp viện.
CHAIN OF CUSTODY - A method to track the whereabouts of evidence from the
moment it is received in custody until it is offered in court.
Bảo tồn bằng chứng.
CHALLENGE - Someone's right to object to or fight something in a legal case.
Tranh biện, phản đối.

CHALLENGE FOR CAUSE - Reasons that a lawyer gives for removing a juror or
judge from a case. (Compare with PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE Khước từ không
nêu lý do)
Khước từ có lý do.
CHALLENGE TO THE ARRAY - Questioning the qualifications of an entire jury
panel, usually on the ground of partiality or some fault in the process of summoning
the panel.
Phủ nhận toàn bộ danh sách hội thẩm đoàn.
CHAMBERS - A judge's private office.
Phòng chánh án.
CHANGE OF VENUE - When a civil or criminal case is moved from one court
jurisdiction to another. (See VENUE).
Chuyển địa điểm xét xử.
CHARACTER EVIDENCE - Evidence pertaining to whether a criminal defendant
is a good or bad person.
Bằng chứng về tư cách.
CHARGE - In criminal law, each thing the defendant is accused of. (See COUNT).
Sự cáo buộc, tội danh.
CHARGE TO THE JURY - The judge's instructions to the jury concerning the law
that applies to the facts of the case on trial.
Huấn thị hội thẩm đoàn.
CHARGING DOCUMENT - A written accusation saying a defendant has
committed an offense. Includes a citation, an indictment, information, and statement
of charges.
Tài liệu buộc tội.
CHATTEL - A piece of personal property.
Động sản.
CHIEF JUDGE - Presiding or Administrative Judge in a court.
Chánh án.
CHILD ABUSE - Hurting a child physically, sexually or emotionally.
Hành hạ trẻ em.
CHILD ABDUCTION - The offense of taking away a child by deceit and
persuasion, or by violence.
Bắt cóc trẻ em.
CHILD MOLESTATION - Any form of indecent or sexual activity on, involving,
or surrounding a child under the age of 18.
Xúc phạm tình dục trẻ em, xâm phạm tiết hạnh trẻ em.
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY - Any obscene material that depicts a person under the
age of 18 years personally engaging in or personally simulating sexual conduct.
Phim ảnh khiêu dâm trẻ em.
CHILD PROCUREMENT - Intentionally giving, transporting, providing, or
making available or offering to give, transport, provide, or make available a child
under the age of 16 for the purpose of any lewd
Dắt mối với trẻ em.
or lascivious act. Also causing, inducing, or persuading a child under the age of 16
to engage in any lewd or lascivious act with another person.
CHILD SUPPORT - Money paid by a parent to help support a child or children.
Sự cấp dưỡng con.
CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) AGENCY Agency that exists in every
state to find parents that don't have custody. (called "noncustodial parents," or
"NCPs"). Or to find a person assumed to be the father of the child ("Putative father"
or "PF"). Also, makes, enforces, and changes child support. Collects and gives out
child support money.
Cơ quan chấp hành việc cấp dưỡng con.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE - All evidence that is indirect. Testimony not
based on actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in dispute.

Bằng chứng gián tiếp.
CITATION - A COURT ORDER or SUMMONS that tells a defendant what the
charges are. Also tells the defendant to go to court and)or post bail.
Giấy phạt, giấy báo gọi ra tòa.
CITED - When a defendant is not in custody, but has signed a ticket promising to
go to court on a certain day.
Ký giấy phạt, ký giấy hứa ra tòa.
CIVIL ACTION - Noncriminal case in which one private individual or business
sues another to protect, enforce private or civil rights.
Tố quyền dân sự.
CIVIL CASE - A lawsuit to get property back, to force someone to complete a
contract, or to protect someone's civil rights.
Vụ kiện dân sự.
CIVIL JURISDICTION - A court's right or power to hear noncriminal civil cases.
Quyền tài phán dân sự.
CIVIL PROCEDURE - The rules and process by which a civil case is tried and
appealed, including the preparations for trial, the rules of evidence and trial
conduct, and the procedure for pursuing appeals.
Luật tố tụng dân sự.
CIVIL PROCESS - Court papers that tell the people in a civil case that it has
started. Or papers that try to force the court to reach a judgment.
Thủ tục dân sự.
CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS - Violations of the personal, natural rights
guaranteed and protected by the Constitution.
Sự vi phạm quyền công dân.
CLAIM - The statement of a right to money or property.
Việc đòi bồi thường.

CLAIM OF EXEMPTION - A court paper filed by the JUDGMENT DEBTOR that
lists each piece of property that the judgment debtor claims is an exempt asset under
certain provisions of the law and, therefore, can't be taken to pay the JUDGMENT.
Đơn xin miễn trừ.
CLAIM SPLITTING - When you split up a civil claim and file two lawsuits to stay
below the limit of how much money you can ask for. Not allowed in most cases.
Tách việc đòi bồi thường.
CLASS ACTION - A lawsuit brought by one or more persons on behalf of a larger
group.
Vụ kiện tập thể.
CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE - Standard of proof commonly used in
civil lawsuits and in regulatory agency cases. It governs the amount of proof that
must be offered in order for the plaintiff to win the case.
Bằng chứng thuyết phục mạnh mẽ.
CLEMENCY OR EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY - Act of grace or mercy by the
president or governor to ease the consequences of a criminal act, accusation, or
conviction. It may take the form of commutation or pardon.
Sự khoan hồng của thống đốc hay tổng thống.
CLERICAL ERROR - An unintentional mistake, in writing, which may be made by
clerk, counsel, or court. (See NUNC PRO TUNC.)
Lỗi biên chép.
CLERK - Officer of the court who files pleadings, motions, judgments, etc., issues
process, and keeps records of court proceedings.
Thư ký tòa.
CLERK'S TRANSCRIPT - Those pleadings, minute orders, affidavits, written
opinions of the Court, trial exhibits, etc., designated by the attorneys which have
been filed during the course of the litigation process are put together with the appeal
documents and collectively form the Clerk's Transcript.
Biên bản tiến trình tố tụng của thư ký tòa.
CLOSING ARGUMENT - Counsel's final statement to the judge)and or jury after
all parties have concluded their presentation of evidence.
Lời biện luận kết thúc.
CODE - The law created by statutes. For example, the California Code of Civil
Procedure, California Civil Code,
California Vehicle Code, California Penal Code, and California Health and Safety
Code.
Bộ luật.
CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY - The rules of conduct that
govern the legal profession. The Code contains general ethical guidelines and
specific rules written by the American Bar Association.
Bộ luật về trách nhiệm nghề nghiệp
CO-DEFENDANT - In a criminal case, an individual charged with involvement in
the same crime as another.
Đồng phạm.
CODICIL (kod'i-sil) - A legal paper that adds to or changes a will.
Bản bổ sung di chúc.
COERCION - Compulsion; constraint; compelling by force or arms or threat.
Cưỡng chế.
COHABITANT - One who lives with another.
Người ở chung nhà.
COLLATERAL - 1. Property that is pledged as security against a debt. 2. A person
belonging to the same ancestry (a relation), but not in a direct line of descent.1) Vật
thế chấp. 2) Quan hệ họ hàng xa (bàng hệ).
COLLATERAL ATTACK - An attack on a judgment other than a direct appeal to a
higher court.
Kháng án nêu lý do phụ thuộc.

COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL OR DEVICE - Capable of blowing up; apt to catch
fire; inflammable.
Chất hay thiết bị dễ cháy.
COMMISSIONER - A person chosen by the court and given the power to hear and
make decisions in certain kinds of legal matters.
Ủy viên.
COMMIT - To do something, like "to commit" a crime, or to put someone in a
sheriff's custody. - Or to use a court order to send a person to jail.
- Phạm tội. - Tống giam
COMMITMENT - 1. The action of sending a person to a prison or mental
institution. 2. The order directing an officer to take a person to a prison or mental
institution.
1) Sự giam giữ.
2) Lệnh tống giam.
COMMITMENT ORDER - A court order that says a person must be kept in
custody, usually in a jail or mental institution.
Lệnh áp giải.
COMMON BARRATRY (also called BARRETRY) Making a habit of starting
fights or lawsuits. Starting lawsuits without a good reason.
Sự hay kiện tụng vô căn cứ.
COMMON CARRIER - Required by law to carry passengers or freight without
refusal if the fare is paid; in contrast to a private or contract carrier.
Công ty vận chuyển công cộng.
COMMON LAW - Laws that come from court decisions and not from statutes
("codes") or constitutions.
Thông luật, luật tập tục, luật bất thành văn.
COMMUNITY OBLIGATIONS - Debts that a husband and wife owe together. In
most cases, that includes anything that you still owe on any debts either of you had
during the time you were living together as husband and wife. For example, if you
bought furniture on credit while you were married and living together, the unpaid
balance is a part of your community obligations.
Trách nhiệm cộng đồng tài sản.
COMMUNITY PROPERTY - Everything that a husband and wife own together. In
most cases that includes: (1) Money or benefits like pensions and stock options that
you now have which either of your earned during the time you were living together
as husband and wife; and (2) Anything either of you
1) Cộng đồng tài sản.
2) Tài sản mua sắm trong thời gian hôn nhân.
bought with money earned during that period.
COMMUNITY SERVICE - Work performed as punishment for a crime. It may
also be performed instead of a fine, or as a condition of probation.
Dịch vụ cộng đồng.
COMMUTATION - The reduction of a sentence, such as from death to life
imprisonment.
Sự giảm án.
COMPARATIVE FAULT - Percentage of fault which is assigned to any one party.
Tỷ lệ lỗi.
COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE - A legal doctrine by which acts of the opposing
parties are compared to determine the liability of each party to the other for
negligent acts.
Mức độ cẩu thả để quy trách nhiệm.
COMPENSATORY DAMAGES - Money that one person must pay another to
cover the cost of a wrong or injury. (See DAMAGES).
Sự bồi thường thiệt hại.
COMPETENCE ORDER - An order from a superior court that says that a
defendant is mentally able to go to trial. Tells the trial court to go ahead with the
criminal case.
Lệnh xác nhận năng lực pháp lý.
COMPETENCY - The ability for a person to understand and communicate,
especially with regard to standing trial and assisting counsel in his or her defense.
Năng lực pháp lý.
COMPLAINANT - Person who wants to start a court case against another person.
In a civil case, the complainant is the PLAINTIFF. In a criminal case, the
complainant is the state.
Nguyên đơn.
COMPLAINT - The legal document that usually begins a civil lawsuit and is also
used to start a criminal case. Says what the plaintiff thinks the defendant did and
asks the court for help. Also called the "initial pleading" or
"petition."
Đơn kiện, cáo trạng.
COMPLY - To act in accordance with, to accept, to obey.
Tuân hành, thi hành.
COMPOSITE DRAWING - A picture of an alleged criminal created by a
professional police artist using verbal descriptions given by the victim or a witness.
Bức vẽ minh họa.
CONCEALMENT - Withholding of something which one knows and which one, in
duty, is bound to reveal.
Việc giấu giếm che đậy.
CONCILIATION - A form of alternative dispute resolution in which the parties
bring their dispute to a neutral third party, who helps lower tensions, improve
communications, and explore possible solutions. Similar to mediation, but it may be
less formal.
Sự hòa giải, dàn hòa.
CONCURRENT JURISDICTION - The territory of two or more courts, that are
each authorized to deal with the same subject matter.

Thẩm quyền tài phán song hành.
CONCURRENT PLANNING - Refers to the legal requirement in dependency
cases that reunification services be provided at the same time an alternative plan is
developed (e.g., adoption, guardianship) if needed.
Kế hoạch song song.
CONCURRENT SENTENCES - Sentences you can serve at the same time. For
example, if you have concurrent sentences of 10 years and 5 years, you must serve a
total of 10 years. (Compare with CONCURRENT
SENTENCES).
Án song hành.
CONCURRING CAUSES - Acting contemporaneously and together causing injury,
which would not have resulted in absence of either.
Nguyên nhân góp phần.
CONDEMNATION - The legal process by which the government takes private land
for public use, paying the owners a fair price. (See EMINENT DOMAIN.)
Trưng thu. (Eminent domain: quyền tịch thu cho công ích.)
CONDITIONS - Certain things that someone has to do, or not do, to be released.
Điều kiện.
CONDITIONAL RELEASE - Freedom from custody which regulates the activities
and associations of the defendant. If a
Phóng thích có điều kiện.
defendant fails to meet the conditions, the release is cancelled.
CONDUCT ENHANCEMENTS - A kind of punishment-enhancing allegation
(such as the arming clause of Penal Code section 12022) that relates to the nature of
the offense at the time the crime was committed.
Hành vi gia trọng.
CONFESSION - When someone admits out loud or in writing that they committed
a certain kind of crime. (Compare with
ADMISSION).
Sự thú tội.
CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT - The act of a debtor in a written statement that
permits judgment to be entered against him by his creditor, without legal
proceedings.
Sự xác nhận thiếu nợ.
CONFIDENTIAL - A file or record that is not available for public viewing.
Authorized viewing allowed only in statute and)or court policy. Files and records
are identified and receive special handling.
Bảo mật, giữ kín.
CONFIDENTIAL RECORD - Information in a court case that is not available to
the public.
Hồ sơ bảo mật, hồ sơ được giữ kín.
CONFIDENTIALITY - Treated as private and not for publication.
Điều riêng tư.
CONFISCATE - To seize or take private property for public use (the police took
the weapon).
Tịch thu, sung công.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - When you have two different interests at the same
time. For example, a lawyer who represents two sides at the same time can't be fair.
Mâu thuẫn về quyền lợi.
CONFORM COPIES - To make copies identical to an original; e.g., copies with
duplicate signatures, duplicate dates.
Sao y bản chánh.
CONFRONTATION RIGHT - Defendant's right to be face-to-face with the
witnesses against him or her. It generally includes the right to ask questions and
object, and to have witnesses testify in person.
Quyền đối chất.
CONSANGUINITY - COLLATERAL - The relationship that exists between
persons who have the same ancestors, but who do not descend, or ascend, one from
the other; as between uncle and nephew.
Quan hệ họ hàng bàng hệ.
CONSANGUINITY - LINEAL - The relationship that exists persons of whom one
is descended in a direct line from the other, as between son, father, grandfather, and
so upwards in the direct ascending line; or between son, grandson, great-grandson,
and so downwards in the direct descending line.
Quan hệ họ hàng trực hệ.
CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES - Successive sentences, one beginning at the end of
another, imposed against a person convicted of two or more violations.
Án nối tiếp.
CONSERVATEE - Someone who can't take care of themselves and has a caretaker
(called the "CONSERVATOR") who the court picked.
Người được bảo hộ.
CONSERVATOR - Someone picked by the court to either take care of someone
who can't take care of themselves (called a "CONSERVATEE") or take care of that
person's property, or both.
Người bảo hộ, người quản thủ.
CONSERVATORSHIP - A court proceeding where a judge picks someone (a
conservator) to take care of an adult's personal needs and/or his or her finances. For
minors, see GUARDIANSHIP.
Sự quản thủ, bảo hộ.
CONSENT - A written agreement to obey a decision or deal.
Sự đồng ý.
CONSIDERATION - The cause, price, or impelling influence which makes a party
enter into a contract.
Điều kiện trao đổi thương lượng.

CONSOLIDATION OF ACTIONS - When at least two cases that involve the same
people are grouped together.
Việc hợp nhất các vụ kiện.
CONSORTIUM, LOSS OF - Unable to have a sexual relationship between a
husband and a wife.
Mất quan hệ luyến ái vợ chồng.
CONSPIRACY - Where two or more persons
Am mưu, toa rap.
intentionally agree to commit crime and do an act towards committing the crime.
CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION - Where a person does not actually possess a
thing, but knowingly has control over it.
Sự chấp hữu suy diễn.
CONSTITUTION - The central law of our country that sets up the creation,
character, and organization of its power and how that power is exercised. The rule,
principles, descriptions of the government's power, and the main rights that the
people of a country or state have.
Hiến pháp.
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT - A right guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution,
interpreted by the federal courts; also, a right guaranteed by some other constitution
(such as a state constitution).
Quyền hiến định.
CONTEMNOR - One who has committed contempt of court.
Người xúc phạm tòa.
CONTEMPORARY COMMUNITY STANDARD - What is, objectively
acceptable to the community as a whole. Ascertainment of the standard must be
based upon an objective determination of what is unacceptable to the community as
a whole. Your own personal, social, or moral views on the material involved in the
case may not be considered.
Tiêu chuẩn cộng đồng đương thời.
CONTEMPT (OF COURT) - Disobeying a court order. Punishment can be a fine or
jail.
Sự khinh mạn, coi thường tòa. Tội mạ lị tòa.
CONTINUANCE - Putting off a court case to a later date. (See ADJOURNMENT).
Sự dời lại, đình lại
CONTINUING EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION Theory that only one support order
should be valid between the same people at a time. And when a court hears a child
support case, it can add to and change that order. The court of continuing exclusive
jurisdiction has control over a support case until another court takes it away. This is
defined in the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA).
Sự duy trì thẩm quyền tài phán.
CONTRACT - (1) an agreement between two
1) Hợp đồng.
or more people to do or not to do a particular thing; (2) an agreement between two
or more people that makes, changes, or ends a legal relationship.
2) Thỏa ước.
CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE - A legal doctrine that says if the plaintiff in a
civil action for negligence also was negligent, in any way, he or she cannot recover
damages from the defendant for the defendant's negligence.
Việc góp phần do sự cẩu thả.
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES - Any drug identified by law whose availability is
restricted. Unless otherwise specified, a drug, substance, or immediate precursor
which is listed in any schedule in Health & Safety Code sections 11054, 11055,
11056, 11057 or 11058.
Chất liệu kiểm soát.
CONVERSION - The wrongful assumption of ownership over the goods or
personal property belonging to another.
Chiếm hữu làm của riêng.

CONVEY - (1) to give the title to property to someone else. (2) to make known or
communicate.
1) Chuyển nhượng quyền sở hữu. 2) Truyền đạt.
CONVICT - (1) A person who has been found guilty of a crime and is serving a
sentence for that crime; a prison inmate. (2) To find a person guilty of an offense by
either a trial or a plea of guilty.
1) Người bị kết án. 2) Kết án.
CONVICTION - When a judge or jury finds a criminal defendant guilty.
Việc kết án, kết tội.
CORONER - Public official charged to inquire into the causes and circumstances of
any death which occurs through violence or suddenly (suspicious causes).
Y sĩ giảo nghiệm, pháp y.
CORPORATION - A group of persons who get a charter granting them as a body
certain legal powers, rights, privileges, and liabilities as an individual.
Công ty, pháp nhân.
CORPUS DELECTI - Body of the crime. The objective proof that a crime has been
committed. It sometimes refers to the body of the victim of a homicide or to the
charred remains of a burned house, but the term has a broader meaning. For
Chứng cứ vững chắc của tội phạm.
the state to introduce a confession or to convict the accused, it must prove the
occurrence of a specific injury or loss and a criminal act was the source of that
particular injury or loss.
CORROBORATE - To support with evidence or authority; make more certain.
Củng cố, hỗ trợ.
CORROBORATING EVIDENCE - Supplementary evidence that tends to
strengthen or confirm the initial evidence.
Bằng chứng xác nhận.

CORROBORATION - Confirmation or support of a witness' statement or other
fact.
Việc xác nhận, củng cố thêm.
CORRUPTLY - Dishonestly.
Bất lương, đê tiện.
COSTS - (1) Fees and charges that a party pays to file and present a court case or to
enforce a judgment; (2) money won in a civil suit to pay for expenses.
1) Chi phí. 2) Án phí.
COUNSEL - One or more lawyers who represent a client. Also, legal advice. (See
ATTORNEY).
Luật sư, người tư vấn pháp lý.
COUNSEL TABLE - The physical location where the defense and prosecuting
parties are seated during the trial.
Bàn của luật sư.
COUNT - Each separate charge (or statement) in a criminal case. (See CHARGE).
Điểm buộc tội, khoản tội. (Charge: tội danh)
COUNTERCLAIM - An independent charge by one side in a case (either the
plaintiff or defendant) that goes against the claim made by the other side.
Phản tố.
COUNTERFEIT - To forge, to copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with
the purpose to deceive by passing off the copy as genuine.
Đồ giả.
COUNTY JAIL - A building or structure used to put alleged criminals and)or
convicted criminals of local area crimes.
Lao xá quận hạt, nhà tù quận.
COURT - A judge or group of judges whose job is to hear cases and carry out
justice. (See BENCH.)

Tòa án.
COURT APPOINTED SPECIAL ADVOCATES (CASA) - These are volunteers
who represent abused and neglected children.
Người bênh vực thiếu nhi do tòa chỉ định.
COURT ATTENDANT - Provide courtroom support in selected courtrooms by
performing limited security-related and clerical duties and serving as the court
liaison for juries, witnesses, attorneys and the public.
Nhân viên trật tự tòa; người phục vụ tòa.
COURT ADMINISTRATOR)CLERK OF COURT - An officer appointed by the
Court or elected to oversee the administrative, nonjudicial activities of the court.
Quản trị viên tòa án. Lục sự.
COURT APPOINTED COUNSEL - A defense attorney assigned by the court to
represent a defendant who cannot afford to hire an attorney.
Luật sư do tòa chỉ định.
COURT COSTS - The expenses of prosecuting or defending a lawsuit, other than
the attorneys' fees. An amount of money may be awarded to the successful party
(and may be recoverable from the losing party) as reimbursement for court costs.
Lệ phí tư pháp, án phí.
COURT OF RECORD - A court in which the proceedings are recorded,
transcribed, and maintained as permanent records.
Tòa lưu trữ hồ sơ.
COURT ORDER - A decision made by a judicial officer that gives someone certain
rights or tells someone to do something.
Án lệnh.
COURT REPORTER - Someone who writes down, word for word, what is said in
court.
What is recorded is called a TRANSCRIPT.
Tốc ký viên tòa án. (Transcript: biên bản nguyên văn.)
COURT TRIAL - A trial without a jury. A judge decides the case.
Phiên xử bởi chánh án (không có hội thẩm đoàn).
COURT, APPEALS - In some states, the highest appellate court, where it is the
Court's decision whether to hear the case.
Tòa phúc thẩm.
COURT, DISTRICT - (1) Federal - A trial court with general Federal jurisdiction.
(2) State - Meaning varies from state to state.
Tòa án liên bang.
COURT, JUVENILE - A court having jurisdiction over cases involving children
under a specified age, usually 18. Cases generally involve delinquent, dependent,
and neglected children.
Tòa thiếu nhi.
COURT, NIGHT - A specialized court that deals with cases during the late evening
and early morning hours.
Tòa xử ngoài giờ thường lệ.
COURT, SUPERIOR - Trial court; meaning varies from state to state.
Tòa thượng thẩm.
COURT, TRAFFIC - A specialized court that hears crimes dealing with traffic
offenses.
Tòa lưu thông.
COURTESY NOTICE - A notice made by a computer that is usually sent for traffic
violations to tell a defendant about a court date, bail, etc.
Giấy báo ra tòa.
COURTROOM - The section of a courthouse in which the judge presides over the
proceedings.
Phòng xử.
COURTROOM CLERK - Courtroom personnel who attends court sessions and
prepares record of court proceedings in conformance with statutes, policies, and the
direction of a Judge; swears in witnesses and juries; maintains exhibits offered in
evidence.
Thư ký tòa.
CREDIBILITY - The quality in a witness which makes his or her testimony
believable.
Sự đáng tin cậy.
CREDIT - Arrangement or understanding by the maker of a check with the
person)institution upon which the order is drawn, for the payment of that check
upon its presentation.
Tín dụng.
CRIME - Something you do, or don't do, that breaks a law. If you are found guilty,
you can be punished by: death; jail or prison; fine; being removed from office;
being unable to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit.
Tội phạm, hành vi phạm tội.
CRIMINAL - Someone convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor.
Người bị kết án phạm tội.
CRIMINAL CASE - A court case that starts because of a crime.
Vụ hình sự.
CRIMINAL CONDUCT - The nature of or involving a crime.
Hành vi phạm tội.
CRIMINAL INSANITY - Lack of mental ability to do or keep from doing a
particular act; not able to distinguish right from wrong.
Tình trạng vô khả năng hình sự.
CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE - Act(s) which are aggravated, reckless or flagrant and
which depart from the conduct of an ordinarily prudent, careful person under the
same circumstances as to be contrary to a proper regard for human life or to
constitute an indifference to the consequences of those acts.
Sự cẩu thả đưa đến trách nhiệm hình sự.
CRIMINAL RECORD - (1) Arrest record. A written account listing all the
instances in which a person has been arrested. (2) A form completed by a police
officer when a person is arrested.
1) Hồ sơ hình sự. 2) Tư pháp lý lịch.
CRIMINAL STREET GANG - An ongoing organization, association, or group of
three or more persons, having as one of its primary activities the commission of one
or more criminal acts, having a common name or common identifying sign or
symbol, and whose members individually or collectively engage in or have engaged
in a pattern of criminal gang activity.
Băng đảng phạm pháp.
CRIMINAL SUMMONS - An order commanding an accused to appear in court.
Trát đòi can phạm hầu tòa.
CROSS-CLAIM - A claim filed by defendant(s) or plaintiff(s) against each other.
Kiện ngược lại.
CROSS-EXAMINATION - When the other side's lawyer asks a witness questions
in a hearing or trial.
Thẩm vấn phối kiểm.
CUMULATIVE SENTENCES - Sentences for two or more crimes to run a
consecutively, rather than concurrently. (See CONCURRENT
SENTENCES AND CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES.)
Án nối tiếp. (Concurrent sentenses and consecutive sentences: án song hành và án
nối tiếp.)
CUSTODIAL PARENT - The parent that has primary care, custody, and control of
the child(ren).
Người cha)mẹ được quyền nuôi giữ con.
CUSTODY - (1) When someone is under the physical control of the court to make
sure they go to court when they're supposed to; (2) when the judge sends a person to
jail after they are found guilty of a crime; (3) the care and control of children.
1) Việc tạm giam. 2) Việc tống giam. 3) Quyền nuôi giữ con.
CUSTODY ORDER - A court order that says who a child will live with and who
should make decisions about health care, education, and other important things
Án lệnh về quyền giữ con.
CUSTOM - A usage or practice of the people, which, by common adoption and
acquiescence, has become compulsory.
Tục lệ, tập quán.
DAMAGES - Money that the losing side must pay to the winning side to make up
for losses or injuries. There are two kinds of damages: (1) "compensatory,"
meaning money to pay for the actual cost of an injury or loss; and (2) "punitive" or
"exemplary," meaning an amount of money that's more than the actual damages.
This is a punishment for willful or malicious acts.
1) sự thiệt hại, tổn thất. 2) Tiền phạt làm gương.
DEADLY WEAPON - Any weapon, instrument or object that is capable of being
used to inflict death or great bodily injury.
Vũ khí gây tử thương.
DEATH PENALTY - Death imposed by the state as punishment for a serious
crime. (See CAPITAL PUNISHMENT.)
Án tử hình.
DEATH ROW - The area of a state or federal prison where criminals who are
sentenced to death are confined until their sentence is commuted or carried out.
Khu giam tử tội.
DECEDENT - In criminal law, it means a murder victim; in probate law, it means a
dead person.
Người chết, người quá cố.
DECISION - A court's judgment or decree that settles a dispute. (See also
DECREE, JUDGMENT.)
Phán quyết của tòa.

DECLARATION - A statement that a person writes and files with the court. It tells
the judge why the person should win the case. Sometimes, a person signs this under
penalty of perjury.
Phán quyết của tòa.
DECLARATION OF PATERNITY - Form signed by unmarried parents, generally
at the hospital, where the parents declare who is the father of the child.
Tờ khai về phụ hệ.
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT - A judgment of the court that explains what the
existing law is or expresses the opinion of the court without the need for
enforcement.
Bản phán quyết tuyên nhận.
DECREE - A court decision. It can be (1) "interlocutory," which means it is not a
final decision, or (2) "final," which means all issues of the case are settled.
1) Phán quyết tạm thời 2) Phán quyết chung thẩm.
DE FACTO PARENT - A person found by the court to have assumed, on a day-to-
day basis, the role of parent, fulfulling both the child's physical and psychological
needs for care and affection, and who has assumed that role for a substantial period.
Cha)mẹ trên thực tế.
DE FACTO - To exercise power in a juvenile dependency case. Latin meaning
"from the fact."
Trên thực tế.
DEFAMATION - When one person hurts another person's character, fame, or
reputation by making false and malicious statements that are not protected by law.
Sự phỉ báng, mạ lỵ.
DEFAULT - When a defendant in a civil case doesn't file an answer or go to court
when they're supposed to, but was properly notified.
Khuyết tịch, khiếm diện.

DEFAULT JUDGMENT - A court decision in favor of the plaintiff when the
defendant doesn't answer or go to court when they're supposed to.
Án khuyết tịch.
DEFENDANT - In a civil case, the person or company being sued. In a criminal or
traffic case, the person accused of the crime.
Bị đơn, bị cáo.
DEFENSE - In a civil case, the facts or arguments presented by the defendant to
show why the plaintiff doesn't have a right to the relief asked for. In a criminal case,
the reasons why a defendant should not be convicted of the charge(s).
Sự bênh vực, biện hộ.
DEFENSE ATTORNEY - In a criminal case, the lawyer that represents the accused
person (called the "defendant").
Luật sư biện hộ.
DEFRAUD - To make a misrepresentation of an existing material fact, knowing it
to be false or making it recklessly without regard to whether it is true or false. To
practice fraud; to cheat or trick. To deprive a person of property or any interest,
estate, or right by fraud, deceit or artifice.
Lừa gạt, gian lận, lừa đảo.
DEGREE - Scope of an action or charge.
Mức độ.
DELIBERATE - To consider all the evidence and arguments related to a case that
were presented in court.
Thảo luận kỹ.
DELIBERATION - When a jury, for either a civil or criminal case, goes into the
jury room to discuss the evidence and testimony and reach a verdict.
Nghị án của hội thẩm đoàn.
DELINQUENCY COURT - The division of the Juvenile Court hearing cases where
juveniles have been charged with committing a crime.

Tòa xử thiếu niên phạm pháp.
DELINQUENCY, JUVENILE - Antisocial behavior by a minor; especially
behavior that would be criminally punishable if the minor were an adult, but instead
is usually punished by special laws pertaining only to minors.
Thiếu niên phạm pháp.
DEMURRER - When a defendant says the facts presented by a plaintiff may be
true, but they aren't enough to prove the defendant's legal responsibility.
Kháng biện vì không đủ yếu tố. Kháng biện bất khả thụ lý.
DENNIS H. - A hearing to determine if there is sufficient evidence to sustain a
juvenile court petition.
Phiên tòa Dennis H - Phiên tòa định câu lưu.
DE NOVO - Starting a case all over again as if it had not been heard before. In
Latin, novo means "new." (See TRIAL DE NOVO.)
Việc xử lại.
DEPENDENCY COURT - The division of the Juvenile Court hearing cases of
child abuse and neglect.
Tòa giám hộ thiếu nhi.
DEPENDENT CHILD - In family law, this usually means a child that is financially
supported by another person. In juvenile law, this means a minor that is in the
custody of the court because he or she was abused, neglected, or molested or is
physically dangerous to the public because of a mental or physical disorder.
Trẻ còn phụ thuộc.
DEPORTATION - The act of removing a person to another country. Order issued
by an immigration judge, expelling an illegal resident from the United States. A
deportation has certain consequences regarding the number of years within which a
deportee may not legally immigrate. There are also criminal consequences for
reentry within a prescribed time period.
Việc trục xuất.

DEPOSITION - Written or oral testimony given under oath in front of an
authorized third person like a court reporter. Depositions take place outside of the
court. They allow the parties to get a record of a person's testimony, or to get
testimony from a witness that lives far away. They can help the lawyers prepare
their court papers called "pleadings." (See also DISCOVERY.)
Buổi lấy lời khai hữu thệ.
DEPRIVATION OF CUSTODY - The court transfer of legal custody of a person
from parents or legal guardian to another person, agency, or institution. It may be
temporary or permanent.
Việc tước quyền giữ con.
DEPUTY - One appointed to substitute for another with power to act for him in his
name or on his behalf. For example, a Deputy County Clerk is appointed on
Người phụ tá.
behalf of the County Clerk.
DEPUTY D.A. - An assistant lawyer to the district attorney.
Phụ tá biện lý.
DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION STATUTES - State laws that provide for the
distribution of estate property of a person who dies without a will. Same as
INTESTACY LAWS.
Luật phân chia tài sản của người chết không để lại di chúc.
DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE ) EXPLOSIVE - any substance, the purpose of which is
detonation or rapid combustion, and which is capable of rapid release of gas and
heat.
Thiết bị phá hoại, dễ nổ.
DETENTION - When a person is temporarily locked up until the court makes a
final decision.
Sự giam giữ, câu lưu.
DETENTION HEARING - The initial hearing in Dependency Court soon after the
child has been removed from the parent.
Phiên tòa định câu lưu.
DETERMINATE (SENTENCE) - Confinement for a fixed period as specified by
statute.
Bản án tù cố định.
DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED - Those persons, not psychotic, who are so
developmentally disabled from infancy or before reaching maturity that they are
incapable of managing themselves and their affairs independently, with ordinary
prudence, or of being taught to do so, and who require supervision, control, and
care for their own welfare, or for the welfare of others, or for the welfare of the
community. (Formerly termed "mentally retarded.")
Khuyết tật phát triển trí tuệ.
DEVISE - A gift of real property by a will.
Di tặng bất động sản.
DEVISEE - A person who receives real property by will.
Người thừa kế bất động sản.
DIRECT EVIDENCE - Proof of facts by witnesses who saw acts done or heard
words spoken.
Bằng chứng trực tiếp.
DIRECT EXAMINATION - When a witness testifies and answers questions asked
by
Trực vấn.
the party that asked them to testify. (Compare CROSS-EXAMINATION.)

DIRECTED VERDICT 1 - An instruction by the judge to the jury to return a specific
verdict. Now called Judgment as a Matter of Law 2 or Motionresponds.
Chánh án hướng dẫn bình quyết.
DISBARMENT - Form of discipline of a lawyer resulting in the loss (often
permanently) of that lawyer's right to practice law. It differs from censure (an
official reprimand or condemnation) and from suspension (a temporary loss of the
right to practice law).
Việc rút bằng hành nghể luật sư.
DISCLAIM - To refuse a gift made in a will.
Từ chối di tặng
DISCLAIMER - The repudiation or renunciation of a claim or power vested in a
person or which he had formerly alleged to be his. The disavowal, denial, or
renunciation of an interest, right, or property imputed to a person or alleged to be
his.
Lời tuyên bố từ chối trách nhiệm.
DISCOVERY - The gathering of information (facts, documents, or testimony)
before a case goes to trial. Discovery is done in many ways, such as through
depositions, interrogations, or requests for admissions. It can also be done through
independent investigation or by talking with the other side's lawyer.
1
Granting a motion for a directed verdict means that whichever side moved for the directed verdict won the lawsuit. When a judge
issues a directed verdict at the close of evidence in a trial, the jury does not have a chance to discuss the evidence or issue a ruling at
all.
The phrase “directed verdict” is somewhat of a misnomer. When the judge grants a motion for a directed verdict, we play a game of
“let’s pretend.”
First, we pretend that the judge directs the jury to rule in Party ABC’s favor.
Next, we pretend that the jury goes into the jury room and deliberates for a while.
Then, we pretend that the jury comes out of the jury room and issues a ruling in Party ABC’s favor.
In reality, none of this happens. The judge simply issues a verdict in Party ABC’s favor and everybody goes home.
2
U.S. federal courts do not use the phrase “directed verdict,” although procedures exist for entering a final judgment at the close of
evidence without sending the case to the jury.
In federal civil cases, the correct name for this procedure is Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law. The motion can be made by
either side and must be made before the case has been submitted to the jury. Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a).
In federal criminal cases, the correct name for this procedure is Motion for a Judgment of Acquittal. The motion can be made only by
the defendant, and may be made either before or after the case has been submitted to the jury. Fed. R. Crim. P. 29.
Thủ tục sưu tra.
DISCOVERY MOTION - A motion to have evidence disclosed to the moving
party.
Thỉnh nguyện cung cấp tài liệu sưu tra.
DISCRIMINATION - An act which confers particular privileges on a class
arbitrarily selected.
Sự kỳ thị.
DISMISS - To terminate legal action involving outstanding charges against a
defendant in a criminal case.
Miễn tố, hủy bỏ vụ án.
DISMISSAL WITH PREJUDICE - When a court dismisses a case and will not
allow any other suit to be filed on the same claim in the future.
Miễn tố vĩnh viễn.
DISMISSAL WITHOUT PREJUDICE - When a court dismisses a case, but will
allow other suits to be filed on the same claim.
Miễn tố với quyền tái truy tố.
DISORDERLY CONDUCT - Any behavior, contrary to law, which disturbs the
public peace or decorum, scandalizes the community, or shocks the public sense of
morality.
Hành vi gây rối.
DISPARITY - Marked difference in quantity or quality between two things.
Sự khác biệt, chênh lệch.
DISPOSITION - The final decision by the court in a dispute.
Sự phán quyết.
DISPOSITIONAL HEARING - The hearing held after a petition is sustained
(allegation found true), to determine whether the child will become a dependent of
the court, where the child will reside, and what reunification services, if any, will be
provided to the parent.
Phiên tòa phán quyết.
DISSENT - To disagree. An appellate court opinion setting forth the minority view
and outlining the disagreement of one or more judges with the decision of the
majority.
Bất đồng ý kiến.
DISSOLUTION - A marriage that is ended by a judge's decision, also known as a
"divorce." (Compare NULLITY.)
Sự hủy bỏ hôn nhân.
DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE - The act of terminating a marriage; divorce; but
the term does not include annulment.
Sự hủy bỏ hôn nhân.
DISTINCTIVELY MARKED - A vehicle, operated by a peace officer, is
"distinctively marked" when in addition to a lighted red lamp and activated siren,
the vehicle is of such appearance that a reasonable person would be able to
recognize it as a peace officer's vehicle, and a person fleeing is on reasonable notice
that pursuit is by a peace officer.
Có dấu hiệu dễ phân biệt.
DISTRICT ATTORNEY - A lawyer appointed or elected to represent the state in
criminal cases in his or her respective
Biện lý.
judicial districts. (See PROSECUTOR.)
DISTURBING THE PEACE - Conduct which tends to annoy all citizens, including
unnecessary and distracting noisemaking.
Gây huyên náo.
DIVERSION - Instead of going to jail, a defendant goes to a rehabilitation
("rehab") program and is supervised by a probation officer. When the defendant
finishes the program, the charges are dismissed and the defendant is not sentenced.
(Compare ELECTRONIC MONITORING, HOME MONITORING.)

Cải hoán, miễn tố có điều kiện.
DIVORCE - A common name for a marriage that is legally ended. See
DISSOLUTION.
Ly dị.
DOCKET - A record with the complete history of each case a court hears. It
contains short chronological summaries of the court proceedings.
Hồ sơ xét xử.
DOCKET NUMBER - Identification number that the court clerk's office gives a
case. This number is on all papers filed in the case. Also called CASE NUMBER.
Số đăng đường, số hồ sơ.
DOE - Used in law courts, legal papers, etc., to refer to any person whose name is
unknown.
Doe (tên giả của người không biết tên).
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - An assault committed by one member of a household
against another.
Bạo hành trong gia đình.
DOMICILE - The place where a person has his or her permanent legal home. A
person may have several residences, but only one domicile.
Nơi cư ngụ.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY - The constitutional prohibition under the Fifth Amendment
against a person being put on trial more than once for the same offense.
Hiểm tại hai lần.
DRIVE-BY MURDER - Murder perpetrated by means of discharging a firearm
from a motor vehicle intentionally at another person outside of the vehicle. When
the perpetrator specifically intended to inflict death, the murder is of the first
degree.
Tội bắn chết người từ xe đang di chuyển.

DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED (DWI) - The unlawful operation of a motor
vehicle while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In some jurisdictions it is
synonymous with DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE (DUI), but in others,
driving while intoxicated is a more serious offense than driving under the influence.
Lái xe khi say.
DRUNK DRIVING - The operation of a vehicle in an impaired state after
consuming alcohol that when tested is above the state's legal alcohol limit.
Uống rượu lái xe.
DUE PROCESS OF LAW - The regular way that the law is administered through
the courts. The U.S. Constitution says that everyone has to have a day in court, has
the right to be represented by a lawyer, and the right to benefit from court
procedures that are speedy, fair, and impartial.
Đúng thủ tục pháp lý.
DURESS - Consists in any illegal imprisonment or threats of bodily harm in order
to coerce the will of another and inducing him to do an act contrary to his free will.
Ep buộc, cưỡng chế.
EASEMENTS - A right of use over the property of another.
Quyền xử dụng lối đi.
ELEAZER MOTION - A motion to require prosecution to disclose the whereabouts
of an informant or show that reasonable effort has been made to locate him.
Thỉnh nguyện Eleazer.
ELECTRONIC MONITORING - Use of an electronic device to keep an eye on
where a sentenced person is in the community and to restrict his or her activities,
instead of putting the person in jail. (See also HOME MONITORING).
Theo dõi bằng điện tử.
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY - includes, but is not limited to computer modem,
magnetic media, optical disk, facsimile machine, or telephone.
Kỹ thuật điện tử.

ELEMENTS OF A CRIME - Specific factors that define a crime which the
prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt in
Các yếu tố của tội phạm.
order to obtain a conviction. The elements that must be proven are 1) that a crime
has actually occurred, 2) that the accused intended the crime to happen, and 3) a
timely relationship between the first two factors.
EMANCIPATION - A legal way for children to become adults before they are 18.
Once a child is emancipated, his or her parents don't have custody or control of him
or her anymore.
Thoát quyền.
EMBEZZLE - To willfully take or convert to one's own use, another's money or
property, which the wrongdoer initially acquired lawfully, because of some office,
employment, or some position of trust.
Biển thủ công quỹ.
EMBEZZLEMENT - Taking property by a person to whom the property has been
entrusted.
Sự biển thủ.
EMINENT DOMAIN - The right of the state to take private property for public use
after giving fair compensation to the owner.
Quyền tịch thu cho công ích.
EN BANC - Court sessions where all the judges of a court participate, instead of
the usual number. For example, the U.S. circuit courts of appeals usually use panels
of three judges, but all the judges in the court may decide certain matters together.
When that happens, they are sitting "en banc" (sometimes spelled "in banc"). It
comes from the French language and means "on the bench."
Sự tham dự của toàn thể thẩm phán.
ENDORSE - To sign your name on a document to authorize its contents or transfer
(as in a check that is endorsed to transfer money).
Bối thự, ký hậu.

ENDORSED-FILED COPIES - Copies of court papers that are stamped in the top
right corner to show when they are filed. (Compare with CERTIFIED COPY.)
Văn kiện được (đóng dấu) xác nhận đã đệ nạp.
ENDORSEMENT, FORGERY BY - Falsely writing or endorsing check to cheat
another person.
Sự ký hậu, bối thự giả mạo.
ENHANCE - To make greater in value, to increase.
Gia tăng, gia trọng.
ENHANCEMENT - An allegation added to a basic charge which, if proven,
increases the basic sentence. Example: "use of a gun in the commission of a crime"
may be added to the felony charge.
Sự gia tăng, gia trọng.
ENJOINING - An order by the court telling a person to stop something.
Ngăn cấm.
ENTER A GUILTY PLEA - The formal statement before the court that the accused
admits committing the criminal act.
Trả lời nhận tội.
ENTRAPMENT - A defense to criminal charges alleging that agents of the
government induced a person to commit a crime he or she otherwise would not
have committed.
Sự gài bẫy.
ENTRY OF DEFAULT - The clerk's record that the defendant has defaulted by not
answering, or not answering on time. The plaintiff must request this record entry.
Ghi chú sự vắng mặt.
EQUAL PROTECTION - The guarantee in The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution that all persons be treated equally by the law.
Sự được bảo vệ đồng đều trước pháp luật.

EQUITABLE ACTION - An action which may be brought for the purpose of
restraining the threatened infliction of wrongs or injuries, and the prevention of
threatened illegal action.
Vụ kiện theo luật công bằng
EQUITY - A system of law that supplements the statutory and case law and is
based on principles of what is "fair and right."
Sự công bằng, luật công bằng.
ERROR CORAM NOBIS - Petition filed in trial court seeking relief from
conviction based on new facts.
Thỉnh nguyện xin tòa điều chỉnh sự sai lầm.
ERROR CORAM VOBIS - Petition filed in appellate court seeking relief from
conviction based on new facts.
Thỉnh nguyện xin tòa phúc thẩm điều chỉnh sự sai lầm.
ESCAPE BY FORCE OR VIOLENCE - Using force to escape from custody.
Vượt ngục bằng bạo lực.
ESCHEAT (ES-CHET) - The process by which a deceased person's property goes
to the state if there is no will or no heirs.
Sự xung công.
ESCROW - Money or a written instrument such as a deed that, by agreement
between two parties, is held by a neutral third party (held in escrow) until all
conditions of the agreement are met.
Tài sản được người thứ ba giữ hộ.
ESTATE - Everything a person (alive or dead) owns and owes. There are different
types of estates, like probate, nonprobate, trust and taxable estates. Probate estate:
The property in someone's will. Or, if they do not have a will, the property the
probate court handles. Nonprobate estate: The property the probate court does not
handle. For example, if there's a trust or joint tenancy. Trust estate: Property in a
trust. A trustee controls the trust. Taxable estate: The property subject to federal
estate tax when a person dies.

For example, life insurance.
Di sản, tài sản.
ESTATE TAX - Generally, a tax on the privilege of transferring property to others
after a person's death. In addition to federal estate taxes, many states have their own
estate taxes.
Thuế di sản.
ESTOPPEL - An act or statement that prevents a person from later making claims
to the contrary.
Thỉnh nguyện không cho phép thay đổi lời hứa.
ET AL - In Latin, this means "and others." Refers to parties not included in the
formal name of a court case.
Và những người khác.
ET SEQ - An abbreviation for et sequentes, or et sequentia. Latin meaning "and the
following," ordinarily used in referring to a section of statutes.
Và tiếp theo.
ET UX - In Latin, this means "and wife."
Và vơ.
EVICTION - Recovery of land or rental property from another by legal process.
(See UNLAWFUL DETAINER.)
Sự trục xuất.
EVIDENCE - Any proof legally presented at trial through witnesses, records,
and)or exhibits.
Bằng chứng.
EVIDENCE, CIRCUMSTANTIAL - Conclusion drawn from proven facts.
Bằng chứng gián tiếp.
EVIDENCE, DIRECT - Evidence in form of a witness's testimony, who actually
saw, heard, or touched the subject in question.

Bằng chứng trực tiếp.
EVIDENCE, EVANESCENT - Evidence which can disappear relatively quickly
such as the amount of alcohol in a person's blood.
Bằng chứng dễ tan bìến.
EXAMINATION, DIRECT - The first examination of a witness by the counsel who
called the witness to testify.
Trực vấn.
EXAMINATION, RECROSS - A second examination of a witness by the opposing
counsel after the second examination (or redirect examination) by the counsel who
called the witness to testify is completed.
Tái thẩm vấn phối kiểm.
EXAMINATION, REDIRECT - A second examination of a witness by the counsel
who called the witness to testify. This examination is usually focused on certain
matters that were discussed by the opposing counsel's examination.
Tái trực vấn.
EXCEPTIONS - Declarations by either side in a civil or criminal case reserving the
right to appeal a judge's ruling upon a motion. Also, in regulatory cases, objections
by either side to points made by the other side or to rulings by the agency or one of
its hearing officers.
- lời tuyên bố phản đối quyết định của tòa.
- Phản đối.
EXCESSIVE FORCE - Use of unreasonable amount of force by police officer.
Vũ lực quá đáng.
EXCLUSION OF WITNESSES - An order of the court requiring all witnesses to
remain outside the courtroom until each is called to testify, except the plaintiff or
defendant. The witnesses are ordered not to discuss their testimony with each other
and may be held in contempt if they
Lệnh yêu cầu nhân chứng ra ngoài.
violate the order.
EXCLUSIONARY RULE 3 - The rule preventing illegally obtained evidence to be
used in any trial.
Quy tắc loại trừ bằng chứng không hợp pháp khi xử.
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION - The matter can only be filed in one court.
Đặc quyền tài phán
EX CONTRACTU - Arising from a contract.
Từ hợp đồng mà ra.
EXCULPATORY EVIDENCE - Evidence which tends to indicate that a defendant
did not commit the alleged crime.
Bằng chứng gỡ tội.
EXECUTE - (1) To carry out all terms of a contract or court order; (2) to sign (a
document) ; (3) to kill.
1) thi hành 2) ký (tài liệu) 3) hành quyết.
EXECUTION - The name of a court order issued to a sheriff, marshal, or constable
authorizing and requiring him to carry out the judgment of the court.
sự thi hành, chấp hành.
EXECUTION OF SENTENCE SUSPENDED Imposing a sentence that will not be
served. This is frequently ordered in combination with grants of probation. If the
defendant is subsequently found in violation of probation, the suspension will be
lifted and the sentence carried out.
Việc thi hành bản án được dừng lại.
EXECUTOR - Person or company named in a will to carry out the will's
instructions and requests. The executor is usually supervised by the probate court.
Chấp hành viên, người quản lý chúc thư.
EX DELICTO - Arising from a wrong, breach of duty. (See TORT.)
3
American courts use the exclusionary rule to deter police officers and other government agents from abusing constitutional rights.
According to the rule, courts will suppress evidence that the government obtains through unconstitutional conduct—often an unlawful
search or seizure.
Vì hành vi trái phép.
EXEMPLARY DAMAGES - Monies awarded to the plaintiff that exceed the
normal or expected amount. Serve as punishment for willful or malicious acts by
the defendant, rather than act of negligence.
Bồi thường để làm gương.
EXEMPLIFICATION - An extremely formal type of certification in which the
Clerk signs the certification of the document or record. The Presiding Judge then
signs attesting to the fact of the identity of the Clerk, and that the signature is
Sự chứng thực và chứng nhận.
authentic. Finally, the Clerk signs again, this time attesting to the fact that the judge
is a Judge of that county's General Jurisdiction Court, and that the signature is
authentic.
EXHIBIT - A document or an object shown and identified in court as evidence in a
case.
Trưng liệu.
EXHIBIT, PEOPLE'S - Exhibit and)or evidence that is offered by the prosecution.
Trưng liệu của biện lý.
EXONERATE - To clear of blame or to relieve from responsibility.
Tha, miễn.
EX PARTE - A court procedure with only one side. For emergencies only.
Đơn phương.
EX PARTE PROCEEDING - The legal procedure in which only one side is
represented.
Thủ tục đơn phương.
EXPERT TESTIMONY - Testimony given in relation to some scientific, technical,
or professional matter by experts, i.e., person qualified to speak authoritatively by
reason of their special training, skill, or familiarity with the subject.
Lời khai của nhân chứng chuyên viên.
EXPLOSIVE)DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE - Any substance, or combination of
substances, the primary or common purpose of which is detonation or rapid
combustion, and which is capable of a relatively instantaneous or rapid release of
gas and heat, or any substance, the primary purpose of which, when combined with
others, is to form a substance capable of a relatively instantaneous or rapid release
of gas and heat.
Thiết bị gây nổ)tàn phá.
EX POST FACTO - Latin meaning, "after the fact." The Constitution prohibits the
enactment of ex post facto laws. These are laws that permit conviction and
punishment for a lawful act performed before the law was changed and the act
made illegal.
Sau sự việc.
EXPUNGEMENT - Official and formal erasure of a record or partial contents of a
record.
Xóa bỏ.
EXTENUATING CIRCUMSTANCES - Circumstances which render a crime less
aggravated, heinous, or reprehensible than it would otherwise be.
Trường hợp giảm nhẹ.
EXTORTION - The act of obtaining the property of another person through
wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear.
Tống tiền.
EXTRADITION - Bringing a person that is in custody in one state to the authorities
of another state where that person has been accused or convicted of a crime.
Dẫn độ.
EXTRAORDINARY WRIT - A court order, often issued by an appellate court,
making available remedies not regularly within the powers of lower courts.
They include writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition and quo warranto.
Lệnh đặc biệt của tòa phúc thẩm.

EYE WITNESS - One who saw the act, fact, or transaction to which he or she
testifies.
Nhân chứng có chứng kiến.
FACTUAL BASIS - The underlying facts supporting a defendant's guilty or NOLO
CONTENDERE plea.
Căn bản sự kiện.
FACTUALLY INNOCENT - No reasonable cause exists to believe the person
arrested committed the offense.
Vô tội dựa trên dữ kiện.
FAILURE TO APPEAR - The act of not appearing in court after being presented
with a subpoena or summons.
Trốn tòa, không hầu tòa.
FAILURE TO COMPLY - The act of not following an order that is directed by the
court.
Không tuân hành.
FAIR HEARING - A hearing in which certain rights are respected such as the right
to present evidence, to cross examine and to have findings supported by evidence.
Phiên điều trần. (State fair hearing: phiên thụ lý cấp tiểu bang.)
FAIR MARKET VALUE - The cash value price that the property would have
brought at the time it was taken.
Giá thị trường.
FALSE ARREST - Any unlawful physical restraint of another's personal liberty,
whether or not carried out by a peace officer.
Sự bắt giữ trái phép.
FALSE IMPRISONMENT - The unlawful restraint by one person of another
person's physical liberty.
Sự giam giữ trái phép.

FALSE PRETENSES - Representation of some fact or circumstance which is not
true and is calculated to mislead, by which a person obtains another's money or
goods.
Sự gian dối để trục lợi.
FALSE TOKEN - Any tangible object or a document that is not genuine, is not
what it appears or claims to be, and is intended to be used and is used to deceive the
person to whom it is presented. (Đồ vật, văn kiện) Giả mạo.
FAMILY ALLOWANCE - A small amount of money kept from the estate of the
deceased to provide for the surviving family members during the administration of
the estate.
Tiền dành riêng cho người còn sống trong gia đình.
FEDERAL CIRCUIT COURT - The federal court system has three main levels:
district courts (the trial court), circuit courts which are the first level of appeal, and
the Supreme Court of the United States, the final level of appeal in the federal
system. The term "circuit court" is derived from the English custom of itinerant
courts whose judges periodically travelled on pre-set paths - or circuits - to hear
cases from different areas.
Tòa Thượng Thẩm Liên Bang.
FEDERAL DISTRICT COURT 4 - The district courts are the general trial courts of
the federal court system. Each district court has at least one United States District
Judge, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for a life term.
District courts handle trials within the federal court system – both civil and
criminal.
Tòa Sơ Thẩm Liên Bang.
FEDERAL EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY ACT Federal workers' compensation law
which protects railroad employees.
4
The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (in case citations, Fed. Cir. or C.A.F.C.) is one of the 13 United States
court of appeals. It has special appellate jurisdiction over certain categories of specialized cases in the U.S. federal court system.
Specifically, it has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal cases involving patents, trademark registrations, government
contracts, veterans' benefits, public safety officers' benefits, federal employees' benefits, and various other types of cases.[1] The
Federal Circuit has no jurisdiction over criminal, bankruptcy, immigration, or U.S. state law cases. It is headquartered at the Howard
T. Markey National Courts Building in Washington, DC.
Đạo luật liên bang quy định trách nhiệm chủ nhân.
FEES - A specific amount of money that's paid in exchange for a service, such as
filing a court paper.
Lệ phí.
FEE SIMPLE - The most complete, unlimited form of wnership of real property,
which lasts until the current holder dies without an heir.
Quyền sở hữu vô điều kiện.
FEE WAIVER - Permission not to pay the court's filing fees. People with very low
income can ask the court clerk for a fee waiver form.
Sự miễn lệ phí.
FELONY - A serious crime that can be punished by more than one year in prison or
by death. (Compare INFRACTION, MISDEMEANOR).
Tội đại hình.
FELONY MURDER - A murder committed during the commission of a felony
such s robbery, burglary, or kidnapping.
Tội giết người khi vi phạm tội đại hình khác.
FIDUCIARY - A person that acts for another person's benefit, like a trustee or
guardian. It also means something that is based on a trust or confidence. (See also
TRUSTEE.)
Người được ủy thác.
FIELD SOBRIETY TEST - A method of determining whether a person is
intoxicated using a motor skills test which is administered by testing the driver's
speaking ability and)or physical coordination.
Trắc nghiệm mức độ tỉnh táo tại chỗ.
FIFTH AMENDMENT - Among other rights, the Fifth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution guarantees that a person cannot be forced to present self-incriminating
testimony in a criminal proceeding.
Tu chính án thứ 5.

FILE - When a person officially gives a paper to a court clerk and that paper
becomes part of the record of a case.
Lưu hồ sơ. Nạp hồ sơ.
FILIATION - Judicial determination of paternity.
Phán quyết tòa án về phụ tử hệ.
FIND GUILTY - For the judge or jury to determine and declare the guilt of the
defendant.
Phán quyết có tội.
FINDING - When a judicial officer or jury says something is a fact.
Phán quyết.
FINDINGS OF FACT - An oral or written statement by a judge after a review of
the evidence stating that the facts given are found to be true.
Việc xác minh sự kiện của vụ án.
FINE - The money a person must pay as punishment for doing something illegal or
for not doing something they were supposed to do.
Tiền phạt.
FINGERPRINT - The distinctive pattern of lines on human fingertips that are used
as a method of identification in criminal cases.
Dấu tay.
FIREARM - A weapon which acts by force of gunpowder, such as a rifle, shotgun
or revolver.
Súng.
FIRST APPEARANCE - The initial appearance of an arrested person before a
judge to determine whether there is probable cause for his or her arrest. Generally,
the person comes before a judge within hours of the arrest, and are informed of the
charges against him or her and of his or her rights to a preliminary hearing, to
counsel, and to bail. No plea is asked for at this time. Also called INITIAL
APPEARANCE.

Sự hầu tòa lần đầu.
FITNESS HEARING - A court hearing to decide if a juvenile (minor) should be

tried as an adult.
Phiên tòa thẩm định việc xử thiếu niên như người lớn.
FORCIBLE AND ATROCIOUS CRIME - Any felony that by its nature and the
manner of its commission threatens, or is reasonably believed by the defendant to
threaten life or great bodily injury so as to instill in him a reasonable fear of death
or great bodily injury. Murder, mayhem, rape, and robbery are all forcible and
atrocious crimes.
Tội ác tàn bạo và tồi tệ.
FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINER - Ordinarily refers to a summary
proceeding for restoring possession of land to one who has been wrongfully
deprived of possession.
Chiếm hữu bất hợp pháp.
FORECLOSURE - Procedure by which mortgaged property is sold on default of
the mortgagor in satisfaction of mortgage debt.
Tịch biên, tịch thu.
FORFEIT - To lose, or lose the right to. In Traffic - to forfeit means to enter an
implied guilty plea and pay total bail to close a case
Chịu mất.
FORFEITURE - When a person must give up money or property because he or she
didn't meet a legal obligation. (See also BAIL FORFEITURE).
Sự chịu mất, từ bỏ
FORGERY - The act of claiming one's own writing to be that of another.
Sự giả mạo (chữ ký).
FORMAL PROBATION - Court-ordered terms and conditions placed upon a
defendant instead of a sentence. Formal probation involves supervision of the

defendant by a probation officer. Summary probation involves no probation officer;
the defendant is responsible directly to the court.
Quản chế có trình diện (có giám thị).
FORUM NON CONVENIENS - A doctrine patterned upon the right of the court in
the exercise of its equitable powers to refuse the imposition upon its jurisdiction of
the trial of cases even through the venue is properly laid if it appears that for the
convenience of litigants and witnesses and in the interest of justice the action should
be instituted in another forum where the action might have been brought.
Thẩm quyền (của tòa) định nơi xét xử thuận tiện nhất.
FOSTER CARE - A program that gives money to a person, family, or institution to
raise someone else's child.
Chương trình chăm sóc )nuôi nấng tạm thời.
FOUNDATION - In a trial, a foundation must be laid to establish the basis for the
admissibility of certain types of evidence. For example, an expert witnesses's
qualifications must be shown before expert testimony will be admissible.
Cơ sở, căn bản.
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT - Among other matters, the 14th Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution prohibits states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or
property without adequate DUE PROCESS.
Tu chính án thứ 14.
FRAUD - Deceiving someone on purpose in a way that financially hurts others.
Gian lận.
GAG ORDER - Orders restraining parties and counsel to a criminal proceeding
from talking about the case to the press or public.
Lệnh cấm phát biểu.
GAMBLING - The act of staking money, or other thing of value, on an uncertain
event or outcome.
Cờ bạc.

GARNISH - To withhold a debtor's money, and turn it over to another in order to
pay a debt. Typically, the one withholding the money is the debtor's employer.
Chiết lương.
GARNISHMENT - A legal process that allows part of a person's wages or property
to be withheld for payment of a debt.
Sự chiết lương.
GENERAL ASSIGNMENT - The voluntary transfer, by a debtor, of all property to
a trustee for the benefit of all of his or her creditors.
Sự chuyển nhượng tổng quát.
GENERAL JURISDICTION - Refers to courts that have no limit on the types of
criminal and civil cases they may hear.
Thẩm quyền tổng quát.
GLUE SNIFFING - The act of inhaling glue in order "to get high".
Hít keo.
GOOD CAUSE - A good reason. For example, a person must have good cause
(better than not having a car or a baby-sitter ) for not coming to a court hearing.
Lý do chính đáng.
GOOD FAITH - An honest belief, the absence of malice, and the absence of design
to defraud.
Sự trung thực, chân thật.
GOOD SAMARITAN RULE - One who assists a person in imminent and serious
danger, though negligence of another cannot be charged with negligence in
attempting a rescue.
Quy luật nghĩa hiệp.
GOOD TIME - A reduction in sentenced time in custody as a reward for good
behavior. It usually is one-third to one-half off the maximum sentence.
Sự bớt thời gian tù (vì hạnh kiểm tốt).

GRAND JURY - A group of 16 to 23 citizens that listen to the prosecutor's
evidence of criminal allegations and decide whether there is probable cause to
believe a person committed a crime and to charge them with that crime.
Đại hội thẩm đoàn.
GRAND THEFT - Taking and carrying away the personal property of another
person of a value in excess of an amount set by law with the intent to deprive the
owner or possessor of it permanently.
Ăn cắp với giá trị lớn.
GRANTOR OR SETTLOR - The person who sets up a trust.
Người lập quỹ tín thác.
GREAT BODILY INJURY - Injury which involves a substantial risk of death,
serious permanent disfigurement, or loss of function of any part of an organ of the
body. Is a graver and more serious than ordinary battery.
Thương tích trầm trọng.
GROSS NEGLIGENCE - A negligent act(s) which is reckless or flagrant and which
is such a departure from conduct of an ordinary, prudent person under the same
circumstances as to be contrary to a proper regard for human life or to constitute
indifference to the consequences of those acts. The facts must be such that the
consequences of the negligent act(s) could reasonably have been foreseen and it
must appear that the death)danger to human life was not the result of inattention or
mistaken judgment, but the natural and probable result of reckless or flagrantly
negligent act.
Sự cẩu thả quá đáng.
GROUNDS - A foundation or basis; points relied on.
Cơ sở, nền tảng, lý do.
GUARDIAN - A person appointed by will or by law to assume responsibility for
incompetent adults or minor children. If a parent dies, this will usually be the other
parent. If both die, it probably will be a close relative. In Juvenile Dependency
cases, once a guardian is appointed, dependency may be terminated.
Người giám hộ.
GUARDIAN AD LITEM - An adult appointed by a court who represents a minor
child or legally incompetent person. (See also AD LITEM).
Người giám hộ cho vụ án.
GUARDIANSHIP - A court proceeding where a judge chooses someone to care for
a person under age 18 or to manage the minor's estate (property), or both. In some
states, conservatorship of an adult is called guardianship, but not in California.
(Compare with CONSERVATORSHIP.)
Sự giám hộ.
GUILTY - A court decision that a defendant committed a crime.
Có tội.
GUILTY PLEA - When a person admits in court that he or she is guilty of a crime.
Nhận tội.
HABEAS CORPUS5 - The name of a writ used to bring a person before a court or
judge to decide whether that person is being unlawfully denied his or her freedom.
The term comes from Latin "you should have the body".
Lệnh bảo hộ nhân thân, thân trạng.
HANDCUFFS - Chains or shackles for the hands to secure prisoners.
Còng khóa tay.
HARASSMENT - Words, gestures, and actions which tend to annoy, alarm, and
verbally abuse another person.
Sự sách nhiễu.
HARMLESS ERROR - An error committed during a trial that was corrected or was
not serious enough to affect the outcome of a trial and therefore was not sufficiently
harmful (prejudicial) to be reversed on appeal.
Lỗi lầm vô hại.
5
The applicant must make out a prima facie case. However, once that is done, the applicant is entitled to the writ as of right, which is
then granted ex debito justitae ("from a debt of justice", that is, as a matter of right). In United States law, habeas corpus ad
subjiciendum (the full name of what habeas corpus typically refers to) is also called "the Great Writ," and it is not about a person's
guilt or innocence, but about whether custody of that person is lawful under the U.S. Constitution
HARVEY WAIVER - The facts, relating to a charge that was dismissed as part of a
plea bargain, are "related to" the particular charge for which the minor is being
sentenced may be considered at the time of disposition.
Sự khước từ theo án lệ Harvey.
HEARING - A formal court proceeding with the judge and opposing sides present,
but no jury.
Phiên xét xử, phiên tòa.
HEARING, CONTESTED - A hearing held for the purpose of deciding issues or
fact of law that both parties are disputing.
Phiên thụ lý, kháng biện.
HEARING DE NOVO - A full, new hearing.
Phiên xét xử mới.
HEARING, PRELIMINARY - The hearing given to person accused of crime, by a
magistrate or judge, to determine whether there is enough evidence to warrant the
confinement and holding to bail the person accused.
Phiên tòa sơ bộ)sơ khởi.
HEARSAY - Statements by a witness who did not see or hear the incident in
question, but heard about it from someone else. Hearsay usually can't be used as
evidence in court.
Nghe nói lại.
HEIR - A person that has the right to inherit money or property from someone who
dies without a will.
Thừa kế.
HIT AND RUN - Crime in which the driver of a vehicle leaves the scene of an
accident without identifying himself or herself.
Đụng và bỏ chạy.
HITCH MOTION - A request to exclude evidence.
Thỉnh nguyện Hitch.
HOLDING CELL - A temporary location inside a courthouse where prisoners are
held before and after their court appearance.
Nơi giữ tù nhân.
HOLOGRAPHIC WILL - A handwritten will. The court needs to see proof of the
person's handwriting. No one has to witness or notarize a handwritten will.
Di chúc viết tay.
HOME MONITORING - An alternative to imprisonment where an individual is
confined to his or her home and monitored electronically.
Kiểm soát tù tại gia bằng điện tử.
HOME SUPERVISION - Temporary house arrest for a minor while awaiting the
court's final decision. Also used as punishment after the court's final decision.
Quản thúc tại gia.
HOMICIDE - The unlawful killing of one human being by another.
Sự giết người, sát nhân.
HOSTILE WITNESS - A witness whose testimony is not favorable to the party
who calls him or her as a witness. May be asked leading questions and may be
crossexamined by the party who calls him or her to the stand.
Nhân chứng không hợp tác.
HUNG JURY - A jury whose members cannot agree upon a verdict.
Hội thẩm đoàn bế tắc.
HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION - An imaginary situation, using facts previously
admitted into evidence, upon which an expert witness is permitted to give an
opinion as to a condition resulting from the situation.
Câu hỏi giả thuyết.
IDIOCY- It is the complete absence of mind that is generally the result of a birth
defect rather than a disease.
Sự ngu xuẩn.

IGNORANCE OF FACT- The lack of knowledge of some fact or facts relating to
the subject matter at hand. May sometimes be used as a defense or ground for relief.
Sự không am hiểu dữ kiện.
ILLEGAL - Against, or not authorized by law.
Phi pháp, bất hợp pháp.
IMMINENT PERIL - Certain, immediate, and impending danger.
Sự nguy hiểm tức thời.
IMMUNITY - A right to be excepted from duty or penalty. (See also PRIVILEGE.)
Sự đặc miễn.
IMPANEL - To seat a jury. When voir dire is finished and both sides have
exercised their challenges, the jury is impaneled. The jurors are sworn in and the
trial is ready to proceed.
Thành lập đoàn hội thẩm.
IMPEACHMENT OF WITNESS - To call into question the truthfulness of a
witness.
Sự bất tín nhân chứng.
IMPLIED - Where intention is not manifested by explicit words, but is gathered by
implication.
Ngụ ý.
IMPLIED CONTRACT - A contract in which the promise made by on party is not
expressed, but inferred by that party's conduct or is implied in law.
Hợp đồng ngầm.
IMPOUND - To take and keep an animal or an object in custody.
Giam (đồ vật hoặc thú vật).
IMPRISONMENT - The act of putting or confining a man in prison, or the restraint
of a man's personal liberty.
Sự giam cầm.

INADMISSIBLE - Cannot be admitted as evidence in a trial or hearing.
Không được nhận (làm bằng chứng)
IN CAMERA - A hearing held in the judge's chambers or in a court with all
spectators (including the jury) excluded. From the Latin that means "in chamber."
Trong phòng thẩm phán.
INCAPACITY - The lack of power or the legal ability to act.
Thiếu năng lực pháp lý.
INCARCERATE - To put in jail or prison. - LONG-TERM/SHORT-TERM
INCARCERATION
- Tống giam, bỏ tù. - Bỏ tù dài hạn/ngắn hạn.
INCEST - Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that marriage
between them would be unlawful.
Loạn luân.
INCOMPETENCY - Lack of capacity to understand the nature and object of the
proceedings, to consult with counsel, and to assist in preparing a defense.
Sự thiếu khả năng pháp lý.
INCRIMINATE - To hold yourself or another person responsible for criminal
actions.
Tự buộc tội.
INDECENT EXPOSURE - Showing private body parts in a lewd or indecent
manner in a public place.
Sự phơi bầy khiếm nhã.
INDEMNIFY - Liability for loss is shifted from one person held legally responsible
to another.
Trách nhiệm bồi thường thiệt hại.
INDEMNITY - An obligation to provide compensation (usually money) for a loss,
hurt or damage.

Sự bắt buộc bồi thường thiệt hại.
INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR - A special kind of executor, permitted by the laws
of certain states, who performs the duties of an executor without intervention by the
court.
Chấp hành viên độc lập.
INDETERMINATE SENTENCE - A sentence of imprisonment to a specified
minimum and maximum period of time, specifically authorized by statute, subject
to termination by a parole board or other authorized agency after the prisoner has
served the minimum term.
Bản án không xác định.
INDIAN CHILD WELFARE ACT (ICWA) : Federal law to protect the integrity of
Indian families.
Luật an sinh thiếu nhi da đỏ.
INDICTMENT - A formal charge by a grand jury saying there is enough evidence
that the defendant committed the crime to justify having a trial. Used primarily for
felonies.
Cáo trạng của đại hội thẩm đoàn.
INDIGENT - A person who is poor, needy, and has no one to look to for support.
Người bần cùng.
INDIVIDUAL EDUCATION PLAN (IEP) : Plan for a student who is entitled to
special education services.
Chương trình giáo dục đặc biệt cá nhân.
INDORSEMENT - That which is written on the back of a negotiable instrument. It
is also used with reference to writs, insurance policies, certificates of stocks, etc.
Bối thự, ký hậu.
IN FORMA PAUPERIS - When the court says a person does not have to pay afiling
fee because the person can't afford it. In Latin, means "in the manner of a pauper."
Vì nghèo khó.

INFORMANT - An undisclosed person who confidentially discloses material
information of a crime to the police, which is usually done in exchange for a reward
or special treatment.
Người chỉ điểm.
INFORMATION - A written accusation charging a person with a crime. It is
presented in court by a prosecuting officer under oath and does not come from a
grand jury.
Cáo trạng.
INFRACTION - A minor violation of a law, contract, or right that is not a
misdemeanor or a felony and can't be punished by time in prison. Minor traffic
offenses are generally considered infractions.
Tội vi cảnh.
INHABITED - Act of residing actually and permanently in a given place or
dwelling. Synonymous with domicile, dwell, live, sojourn.
Cư trú.
INHABITED DWELLING - A structure which is currently used as a residence
whether occupied or not. Courts flexibly interpret this term. It is still inhabited even
if the occupants are temporarily absent.
Nơi cư trú, nhà có người ở.
INHERITANCE TAX - A state tax on property that an heir or beneficiary under a
will receives from a deceased person's estate.
The heir or beneficiary pays this tax.
Thuế thừa kế.
INITIAL APPEARANCE - In criminal law, the hearing at which a judge
determines whether there is sufficient evidence against a person charged with a
crime to hold him or her for trial. The Constitution bans secret accusations, so
initial appearances are public unless the defendant asks otherwise; the accused must
be present, though he or she usually does not offer evidence. Also called FIRST
APPEARANCE.

Sự hầu tòa lần đầu.
INJUNCTION - A court order that says a defendant can't perform, or must perform,
a specific act. (See RESTRAINING ORDER.)
Lệnh cưỡng chế.
IN LOCO PARENTIS - Latin meaning "in the place of the parent." Refers to
actions of a custodian, guardian, or other person acting in the parent's place.
Thay cho cha mẹ.
INMATE - A person confined to a prison, penitentiary, or jail.
Tù nhân.
INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY - A belief in the American legal system
which states that all people accused of a criminal act are considered not to have
committed the crime until the evidence leaves no doubt in the mind of the court or
the jury that the accused did or did not commit the crime.
Vô tội cho đến khi chứng minh có tội.
IN PERSONAM - An act or proceeding done or directed against or with reference
to a specific person.
Về một người cụ thể.
IN PROPIA PERSONA (IN PRO PER) - When a person represents himself or
herself without a lawyer. This comes from the Latin for "in one's own proper
person." (See also PRO PER AND PRO SE.)
Tự đại diện trước tòa.
IN REM - A procedural term used to designate proceedings or actions instituted
against the thing in contrast to actions instituted IN PERSONAM or against the
person.
Về một vật cụ thể.
INSANITY PLEA - A claim by a defendant that he or she lacks the soundness of
mind required by law to accept responsibility for a criminal act.
Trả lời không có khả năng tâm thần.

INSTRUCTIONS - The explanation of constitutional rights given by a judge to a
defendant.
Hướng dẫn.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS - Property that you own, but do not physically have. For
example, stocks, bonds, bank accounts, copyrights, patents, etc.
Tài sản vô hình.
INTENT - The purpose to use a particular means to bring about a certain result.
Y định.
INTENT TO DEFRAUD -To have in mind a purpose to cheat or trick someone. For
example, purposely writing a bad check.
Y định lừa đảo.
INTER ALIA - Among other things.
Trong những cái khác.
INTER VIVOS GIFT - A gift made during the giver's life.
Quà tặng lúc sinh thời.
INTER VIVOS TRUST - A trust made while the owner is still alive. Another name
for a living trust.
Quỹ ủy thác lúc sinh thời.
INTERLINEATIONS - The act of writing between the lines of a document.
Việc viết xen vào giữa hàng.
INTERLOCUTORY - Provisional; not final. An interlocutory appeal concerns only
a part of the issues raised in a lawsuit. (Compare to DECREE.)
Lệnh tạm thời.
INTERPLEADER - When two or more people say they have a claim to the same
thing held by a third party. The third party may force them to go to trial with each
other to settle their dispute.
Việc khởi kiện xác định quyền người thứ ba đối với đối tượng tranh chấp.

INTERPRETER - A person who is certified as being able to translate, orally or in
writing, spoken or sign language into the common language of the court.
Thông dịch viên.
INTERROGATORIES - Written questions asked by one party in a lawsuit for
which the opposing party must answer them in writing.
Tập câu hỏi.
INTERVENOR - A person who voluntarily interrupts in an action or other
proceeding with the leave of the court.
Người can thiệp.
INTERVENTION - An action by which a third person who may be affected by a
lawsuit is permitted to become a party to the
Sự can thiệp.
suit. Differs from the process of becoming an AMICUS CURIAE.
INTESTACY LAWS - See DESCENT AND
DISTRIBUTION STATUTES.
Luật về di chúc.
INTESTATE - To die without making a will or leaving instructions for disposal of
your property after death. (See TESTATE.)
Chết không có di chúc.
INTESTATE SUCCESSION - The process by which the property of a person who
has died without a will passes on to others according to state law.
Sự thừa kế không có di chúc.
INTOXICATION - A diminished ability to act with full mental and physical
capabilities because of alcohol or drug consumption; drunkenness.
Tình trạng say.
INTRODUCTORY INSTRUCTIONS - Pre-trial admonitions or statements by
judge or other court official that explain to the jury, lawyers, and) or audience their
duties, and obligations during court proceedings.
Huấn thị tiên khởi.
INVESTIGATION - A legal inquiry to discover and collect facts concerning a
certain matter.
Sự điều tra.
INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER - The unlawful killing of a human being in
which there is no intention to kill or do grievous bodily harm, but that is committed
with criminal negligence or during the commission of a crime not included within
the felony murder rule. (Also called negligent manslaughter.)
Ngộ sát.
INVOLUNTARY INTOXICATION - The ingestion of alcohol or drugs against
one's will or without ones knowledge. This may be used as an affirmative defense
to a criminal negligence charge.
Sự say ngoài ý muốn.
IRRELEVANT - Evidence not sufficiently related to the matter at issue.
Không liên quan.
IRREVOCABLE TRUST - A trust that cannot be changed or cancelled after it is
made.
Quỹ ủy thác cố định.
ISSUE - 1) The disputed point in a disagreement between parties in a lawsuit. 2) To
send out officially, as when a court issues an order.
1) Vấn đề. 2) Ban hành.
JAIL - A place of confinement that is more than a police station and less than a
prison. It is usually used to hold persons convicted of misdemeanors or persons
awaiting trial.
Nhà tù (quận).
JEOPARDY - Risk to a defendant of possible conviction and punishment. In a
criminal case, the defendant is usually said to be "in jeopardy" after the preliminary
hearing has taken place and the jury has been sworn in.
Sự nguy cơ.
JOHNSON MOTION - A motion to discuss grand jury indictment.
Thỉnh nguyện Johnson.
JOIN - To unite, to combine, to enter into an alliance.
Đồng ý gia nhập.
JOINDER - Generally, a bringing or joining together. For example, plaintiff's
joining in a suit, or a joining of actions or defense.
Sự đồng ý quan điểm.
JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY - A legal doctrine that makes each of the
parties who are responsible for an injury liable for all the damages awarded in a
lawsuit if the other parties responsible cannot pay.
Sự chịu trách nhiệm liên đới.
JOINT TENANCY - When two or more people own something and have rights of
survivorship. This means that if one tenant dies, his or her share goes to the other
tenants.
Sở hữu liên kết.
JOINT VENTURE - An association of persons jointly undertaking some
commercial enterprise. Unlike a partnership, a joint venture does not entail a
continuing relationship among the parties.
Liên doanh.
JOYRIDING - Illegally taking an automobile without intent to deprive the owner
permanently of the vehicle, often involving reckless driving.
Lái xe không được phép.
JUDGE - An elected or appointed public official with authority to hear and decide
cases in a court of law.
Thẩm phán.
JUDGMENT (JUDGEMENT) - The judge's final decision in a case. It says how
much the person who lost has to pay the person who won, and when. Sometimes,
you can change part of the judgment with a hearing.

Phán quyết.
JUDGMENT CREDITOR - The person who wins the case.
Chủ nợ.
JUDGMENT DEBTOR - The person who loses the case.
Con nợ.
JUDICIAL COUNCIL - The constitutionally mandated body responsible for
improving the administration of justice in the state. The council is made up of
judges, court executives, attorneys, and legislators. It was established to standardize
court administration, practice, and procedure by adopting and enforcing court rules.
Hội đồng tư pháp.
JUDICIAL NOTICE - A court's recognition of the truth of basic facts without
formal evidence.
Sự ghi nhận của tòa.
JUDICIAL OFFICER - Judges, referees, and commissioners who make court
decisions as a judge.
Viên chức tư pháp.
JUDICIAL REVIEW - The authority of a court to review the official actions of
other branches of government. Also, the authority to declare unconstitutional the
actions of other branches.
Việc tái xét tư pháp.
JURAT - Certificate of officer or person before whom writing was sworn to. The
clause written at the foot of an affidavit, stating where, when, and before whom the
affidavit was sworn.
Phần chứng thực bản lời khai.
JURISDICTION - (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. (2)
The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases. (3) the
territory, subject matter, or persons over which lawful authority may be exercised
by a court.

1) Quyền tài phán 2) Quyền quản hạt 3) Quyền tài phán dựa trên khu vực hoặc cá
thể.
JURISDICTIONAL HEARINGS - A hearing at which the court determines
whether the child falls within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.
Phiên xử xác định thẩm quyền.
JURISPRUDENCE - The study of law and the structure of the legal system.
Luật học, pháp lý học, khoa học pháp lý.
JUROR - Member of the jury.
Hội thẩm viên.
JUROR, ALTERNATE - Additional juror impaneled in case of sickness or
disability of another juror.
Hội thẩm viên dự khuyết.
JURY - A group of citizens picked according to law and authorized to decide a
case.
Hội thẩm đoàn.
JURY BOX - The specific place in the courtroom where the jury sits during the
trial.
Ô hội thẩm.
JURY COMMISSIONER - The local official responsible for giving the court lists
of qualified potential jurors.
Uy viên đặc trách hội thẩm.
JURY FOREMAN - The juror who is in charge of the jury during deliberations and
speaks for the jury in court when announcing the verdict.
Hội thẩm trưởng.
JURY, HUNG - A jury which is unable to agree on a verdict after a suitable period
of deliberation.
Hội thẩm đoàn bế tắc.

JURY INSTRUCTIONS - Directions that the judge gives the jury right before they
decide a case. They tell the jury what laws apply to that particular case.
Huấn thị hội thẩm đoàn.
JURY TRIAL - A trial that is heard and decided by a jury.
Phiên xử hội thẩm đoàn.
JUSTIFICATION - A lawful or sufficient reason for one's acts or omissions. A
defense of justification is a showing of a sufficient reason for an action by
defendant. For example, in an assault prosecution against a defendant, a
justification would be that the violence was necessary.
Sự biện minh.
JUSTIFIABLE - Issues and claims capable of being properly examined in court.
Có thể biện minh được.
JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE - The intentional killing of another human being
without any evil design, and under such circumstances of necessity or duty as
render the act proper, and relieve the party from any shadow of blame.
Sự sát nhân khả biện.
JUVENILE - A person under 18 years old. (See also MINOR.)
Thiếu niên)nhi.
JUVENILE COURT - Part of the Superior Court that handles delinquency and
dependency cases involving minors.
Toà án thiếu nhi.
JUVENILE HALL - The facility where juvenile offenders are held in custody.
Nơi giam giữ thiếu nhi.
JUVENILE WAIVER - A procedure by which a charge(s) against a minor is
transferred from a juvenile to circuit court.
Sự bỏ quyền được xét xử bởi tòa án thiếu nhi.
KIDNAPPING - The taking or detaining of a person against his or her will and
without lawful authority.
Sự bắt cóc.
KEEPER - An officer that the court appoints to be responsible for money or
property legally seized in connection with a pending case.
Người bảo quản.
KNOWINGLY - With knowledge, willfully or intentionally with respect to a
material element of an offense.
Chủ tâm, có biết.
LACKING CAPACITY - Lacking qualification, competency, power or fitness.
Being incapable of giving legal consent. Lack of fundamental ability to be
accountable for actions.
Thiếu khả năng.
LARCENY - Stealing or theft.
Tội ăn cắp.
LAW - Combination of rules and principles of conduct made known by legislative
authority, derived from court decisions, and established by local custom.
Luật pháp.
LAW AND MOTION - A setting before a judge at which time a variety of motions,
pleas, sentencing, orders to show cause
Luật lệ và thỉnh cầu.
or procedural requests may be presented.
Normally, evidence is not taken. Defendants must be present.
LAW CLERKS - Persons trained in the law who assist judges in researching legal
opinions.
Thư ký luật pháp.
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENT - A sworn peace officer with legal authorization
to arrest individuals under suspicion of breaking the law.
Nhân viên công lực.

LAWSUIT - An action between two or more persons in the courts of law, not a
criminal matter.
Vụ kiện.
LAY PERSON - One not trained in law.
Người dân thường.
LEADING QUESTION - A question which instructs the witness how to answer or
puts words in his mouth. Suggests to the witness the desired answer.
Câu hỏi gợi ý.
LEASE - An agreement for renting real property. Usually written and for a specific
amount of time.
Hợp đồng thuê mướn.
LEGAL AID - Professional legal services available usually to persons or
organizations unable to afford such services.
Sự hỗ trợ pháp lý.
LENIENCY - Recommendation for a sentence less than the maximum allowed.
Sự khoan hồng.
LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE - A crime composed of some, but not all, of the
elements of a greater crime; commission of the greater crime automatically includes
commission of the lesser included offense.
Tội cùng loại nhẹ hơn.
LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION - Legal document issued by a court that shows
an administrator's legal right to take control of assets in the deceased person's name.
Văn kiện của tòa chỉ định người quản lý di sản.
LETTERS OF CONSERVATORSHIP - A court paper that states that the
conservator is authorized to act on the conservatee's behalf. Also called "Letters."
Văn kiện của tòa chỉ định người bảo hộ.

LETTERS OF GUARDIANSHIP - The instrument by which a person is
empowered to take charge of the person and)or estate of minors and insane or
incompetent persons, whenever necessary or convenient.
Văn kiện của tòa chỉ định người giám hộ
LETTERS ROGATORY - A formal communication, in writing, sent by a court in
which an action is pending to a court or judge of a foreign country, requesting that
the testimony of a witness who lives within the jurisdiction of the foreign court may
be taken under its direction and transmitted to the first court for use in the pending
action.
Văn kiện thỉnh cầu thẩm vấn nhân chứng.
LETTERS TESTAMENTARY - Legal document issued by a court that shows an
executor's legal right to take control of assets in the deceased person's name.
Văn kiện bổ nhiệm người thi hành chúc thư.
LEVY - To obtain money by legal process through seizure and)or sale of property.
Sai áp.
LEWD CONDUCT - Behavior that is obscene, lustful, indecent, vulgar.
Hành vi dâm ô.
LIABILITY - Legal debts and obligations.
Nợ, nghĩa vụ tài chánh.
LIABLE - Legally responsible.
Chịu trách nhiệm pháp ly.
LIBEL - False and malicious material that is written or published that harms a
person's reputation. See DEFAMATION.
Phỉ báng (bằng thư viết. (DEFAMATION: phỉ báng bằng lời nói)
LIE DETECTOR - A machine which records by a needle on a graph varying
emotional disturbances when answering questions truly or falsely, as indicated by
fluctuations in blood pressure, respiration, or perspiration.
Máy trắc nghiệm nói dối.
LIEN - The right to keep a debtor's property from being sold or transferred until the
debtor pays what he or she owes.
Quyền giữ đồ thế chấp.
LIFE IMPRISONMENT - A type of sentence where the convicted criminal is
ordered to spend the rest of his or her life in prison.
Tù chung thân.
LIMINE - A motion requesting that the court not allow certain evidence that might
prejudice the jury.
Giới hạn bằng chứng.
LIMINE MOTION - A pretrial motion requesting the court to prohibit opposing
counsel from referring to or offering evidence on matters.
Thỉnh nguyện giới hạn bằng chứng.
LIMITATION OF ACTIONS - The time period imposed by law to bring an action
in court. (Example-statutes of limitation)
Thời hiệu tố tụng (thời gian hiệu lực).
LIMITED ACTION - A civil action in which recovery of less than a certain amount
(as specified by statute) is sought. Simplified rules of procedure are used in such
actions.
Tố quyền giới hạn.
LIMITED JURISDICTION - Refers to courts that are limited in the types of
criminal and civil cases they may hear. For example, traffic violations generally are
heard by limited jurisdiction courts.
Tòa có thẩm quyền giới hạn.
LINEUP - A police identification procedure by which the suspect to a crime is
exhibited, along with others, before the victim or witness to determine if the victim
or witness can identify the suspect as the person who committed the crime.
Sự sắp hàng để nhận diện.
LIS PENDENS - A pending suit.

Vụ kiện đang xử.
LITIGANT - A party, or side involved in a lawsuit.
Người kiện.
LITIGATION - A case, controversy, or lawsuit.
Việc kiện tụng.
LIVING TRUST - A trust set up and in effect during the lifetime of the person.
Also called inter vivos trust.
Quỹ tín thác lúc sinh thời.
LOCALITY DISCRIMINATION - Those either giving undue preference to any
locality or subjecting it to undue prejudice.
Sự thiên vị địa phương.
LOCAL RULES - A set of rules you have to follow to start a court case. Every
county and court has different local rules.
Quy luật địa phương.
LOCUS DELICTI - The place of the offense.
Nơi phạm pháp.
LOITERING - To stand idly around, particularly in a public place.
Lảng vảng.
LYNCHING - Putting a person to death, usually by hanging, without legal
authority.
Sự hành quyết bất chánh.
MAGISTRATE - Judicial officer with the power to issue arrest warrants.
Thẩm phán (toà liên bang).
MAKE OR DRAW - To cause to exist. To fashion or produce in legal form. To
repare a draft; to compose and write out in due form, such as a deed, contract,
complaint, answer, petition, etc.
Soạn, thảo.
MALFEASANCE - Performance of an act that should not have been done at all.
Việc hành sự trái phép.
MALICE - Ill will, hatred, or hostility by one person toward another which may
prompt the intentional doing of a wrongful act without legal justification or excuse.
Ác ý.
MALICE AFORETHOUGHT - Intending to kill another person or intending to do
an act with knowledge that it is dangerous to human life.
Tiền ý ác tâm.
MALICIOUS MISCHIEF - Willful destruction of property, from actual ill will or
resentment toward its owner or possessor.
Sự làm hại có ác ý.
MALICIOUS PROSECUTION - An action with the intention of injuring the
defendant and without probable cause, and which terminates in favor of the person
prosecuted.
Sự truy tố có ác ý
MALICIOUSLY - To annoy, or injure another, or an intent to do a wrongful act,
and may consist in direct intention to injure, or in reckless disregard of another's
rights.
Một cách ác tâm.
MALPRACTICE - Violation of a professional duty to act with reasonable care and
in good faith without fraud or collusion.
Bất cẩn nghề nghiệp.
This term is usually applied to such conduct by doctors, lawyers, or accountants.
MANDAMUS - A writ issued by a court ordering a public official to perform an
act.
Lệnh bắt buộc thi hành.
MANDATE - A judicial command or order proceeding from a court or judicial
officer, directing the proper officer to enforce a judgment, sentence, or decree.
Lệnh đòi.
MANDATORY - Required, ordered.
Bắt buộc.
MANSLAUGHTER, INVOLUNTARY - Unlawful killing of another, without
malice, when the death is caused by some other unlawful act not usually expected to
result in great bodily harm.
Ngộ sát.
MANSLAUGHTER, VOLUNTARY - Unlawful killing of another, without malice,
when the act is committed with a sudden extreme emotional impulse.
Cố sát.
MARIJUANA - "Cannabis" is an annual herb having angular rough stem and
deeply lobed leaves. It is an illegal drug commonly used through smoke inhalation
or ingestion, the use of which results in prolonged intoxication. Any person who
cultivates, transports, or possesses marijuana, for personal use or sale, is guilty of a
crime, unless they can assert a proper defense.
Cần sa.
MARIJUANA, defense of compassionate use The cultivation, transportation, or
possession of marijuana is lawful for compassionate use under certain
circumstances, such as when its medical use is deemed appropriate by a physician
and has been recommended by the physician orally or in writing, provided it is for
the personal use of the patient and it is a reasonable amount.
Cần sa, bào chữa việc sử dụng cần sa vì lý do y tế.
MARSDEN MOTION - A minor who is represented by appointed counsel requests
the Court to remove the attorney and appoint new counsel if the minor's right to
effective counsel would be
Thỉnh nguyện Marsden - substantially impaired by continuing with the original
attorney.
MASSIAH MOTION-A motion to exclude fraudulently obtained confessions.

Thỉnh nguyện Massiah - MASTER - An attorney who is appointed by the judges of
a circuit court with the approval of the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, to
conduct hearings and to make finding of facts, conclusions of law, and
recommendations as to an appropriate order.
Luật sư bổ nhiệm cho một mục đích đặc biệt.
MATERIAL EVIDENCE - That quality of evidence which tends to influence the
judge and)or jury because of its logical connection with the issue.
Bằng chứng quan trọng.
MATERIAL WITNESS - In criminal trial, a witness whose testimony is crucial to
either the defense or prosecution.
Nhân chứng quan trọng.
MAYHEM - A malicious injury which disables or disfigures another.
Tội hủy hoại thân thể.
MEDIATION - A process in which people that are having a dispute are helped by a
neutral person to communicate so they can reach a settlement acceptable to both.
Thủ tục hòa giải.
MEMORANDUM OF COSTS - A certified, itemized statement of the amount of
costs after judgment.
Bảng ghi chú chi phí.
MEMORIALIZED - To mark by observation in writing.
Ghi để nhớ.
MENACE - A threat; the declaration or show of a disposition or determination to
inflict an evil or injury upon another.
Hăm dọa.
MENS REA - The "guilty mind" necessary to establish criminal responsibility.
Sự cố ý phạm tội.
MENTAL HEALTH - The wellness of a person's state of mind.

Sức khỏe tâm thần.
MENTAL INCAPACITY -Where a person is found to be incapable of
understanding and acting with discretion in the ordinary affairs of life due to a loss
of reasoning faculties.
Mất năng lực trí tuệ.
MENTAL STATE - Capacity or condition of one's mind in terms of ability to do or
not to do a certain act.
Tình trạng tâm thần.
MERITS - A decision "on the merits" is one that reaches the right(s) of a party, as
distinguished from disposition of a case on a ground not reaching the right(s) raised
in an action.
Theo thực chất.
MINOR - A child under the age of 18 years. (See also JUVENILE).
Thiếu niên, vị thành niên.
MINUTE ORDER - Document prepared by the clerk recording the orders of the
clerk.
Biên bản tóm lược lệnh tòa.
MIRANDA RIGHTS - Requirement that police tell a person who is arrested or
questioned their constitutional rights before they question him or her: specifically,
the right to remain silent; that any statement made may be used against him or her;
the right to an attorney; and if the person cannot afford an attorney, one will be
appointed if he or she desires.
Quyền theo án lệnh Miranda.
MIRANDA WARNING - See MIRANDA RIGHTS.
Khuyến cáo về quyền Miranda.
MISDEMEANOR - A crime that can be punished by up to one year in jail.
Khinh tội, tội tiểu hình.

MISTAKE - Some unintentional act, omission, or error arising from ignorance,
surprise, imposition, or misplaced confidence.
Lỗi lầm.
MISTRIAL - A trial that has been ended and declared void (of no legal effect) due
to prejudicial error in the proceedings or other extraordinary circumstances.
Phiên xử bất thành.
MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES - Facts which do not constitute a justification
or excuse for an offense but which may be considered as reasons for reducing the
degree of blame.
Trường hợp giảm khinh.
MITIGATING FACTORS - Facts that do not constitute a justification or excuse for
an offense but which may be considered as reasons for reducing the degree of
blame.
Dữ kiện giảm khinh.
MITIGATION OF DAMAGES - Imposes on the injured party duty to minimize his
damages after injury has been inflicted.
Giảm thiểu sự thiệt hại.
MITTIMUS - The name of an order in writing, issuing from a court and directing
the sheriff or other officer to take a person to a prison, asylum, or reformatory, and
directing the jailer or other appropriate official to receive and safely keep the person
until his or her fate shall be determined by due course of law.
Lệnh tống giam.
MODIFICATION - A spoken or written request that one side makes to ask the
judge to make a decision or an order on a specific point.
Sự sửa đổi, điều chỉnh.
MOOT - A point or question related to a legal case that usually has no practical
importance or relevance to the case. A moot point is a point that can't be resolved
by the judge, is not disputed by either side, or is resolved out of court.
Điểm không cần tranh cãi.
MORAL TURPITUDE - Immorality. An element of crimes inherently bad, as
opposed to crimes bad merely because they are forbidden by statute.
Sự thất đức.
MOTION - Oral or written request made by a party to an action before, during, or
after a trial asking the judge to issue a ruling or order in that party's favor.
Thỉnh nguyện.
MOTION DENIED - Ruling or order issued by the judge refusing the party's
request.
Thỉnh nguyện bị bác.
MOTION GRANTED - Ruling or order issued by the judge approving the party's
request.
Thỉnh nguyện được chấp nhận.
MOTION IN LIMINE - A written motion which is usually made before or after the
beginning of a jury trial for a protective order against prejudicial questions and
statements.
Thỉnh nguyện giới hạn bằng chứng.
MOTION TO QUASH - A request to make something null or ineffective, such as to
"quash a subpoena."
Thỉnh nguyện xin hủy bỏ.
MOTION TO SEVER - A request usually by defense, to have a separate trial as to
either jointly tried defendants or jointly charged counts.
Thỉnh nguyện xin xử riêng.
MOTION TO SUPPRESS - A request to suppress as evidence at trial things or
statements obtained as a result of an allegedly illegal search and seizure (commonly
referred to as 1538.5 PC motions.)
Thỉnh nguyện xin gạt bỏ bằng chứng.
MUGSHOT - Pictures taken after a suspect is taken into custody (booked),usually
used as an official photograph by police officers.

Tập hình do cảnh sát lưu giữ.
MULTIPLICITY OF ACTIONS - Numerous and unnecessary attempts to litigate
the same issue.
Sự kiện tụng trùng lập (không cần thiết)
MURDER - The unlawful killing of a human being with deliberate intent to kill.
Tội giết người, sát nhân.
MURGIA MOTION - A request made by defense counsel to dismiss based on a
group of people being systematically discriminated against.
Thỉnh nguyên Murgia. (Do luật sư của bị can yêu cầu hủy bỏ vì một nhóm người bị
kỳ thị một cách có hệ thống)
NECESSITY - Controlling force; irresistible compulsion; a power or impulse so
great that it admits no choice of conduct.
Sự cần thiết (cực độ).
NE EXEAT - A writ or court order which forbids the person to whom it is
addressed to leave the country, the state, or the jurisdiction of the court.
Lệnh cấm ra khỏi khu vực (quận hạt, tiểu bang, quản hạt của tòa).
NEGLECT - Absence of care or attention in the doing or omission of a given act.
Sao lãng, bỏ bê.
NEGLIGENCE - When someone fails to be as careful as the law requires to protect
the rights and property of others.
Bất cẩn, cẩu thả.
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS - A written and signed unconditional promise or
order to pay a specified sum of money on demand or at a definite time payable to
the bearer.
Chứng thư chuyển nhượng được.
NEXT FRIEND - One acting without formal appointment as guardian for the
benefit of an infant, a person of unsound mind not judicially declared incompetent,
or other person under some disability.
Người bạn bên cạnh, người giám hộ tự nguyện.
NO BILL - This phrase, endorsed by a grand jury on the written indictment
submitted for approval, means that the evidence was found insufficient to indict.
Lời phê cáo trạng không đủ chứng cứ (của đại hội thẩm đoàn).
NO-CONTEST CLAUSE - Language in a will that is meant to keep people from
challenging the will. It says that if a person challenges the will and loses, the person
gives up anything he or she would have inherited.
Điều khoản không quyền tranh cãi (trong chúc thư).
NO-FAULT PROCEEDINGS - A civil case in which parties may resolve their
dispute without a formal finding of error or fault.
Thủ tục tố tụng không quy lỗi.
NOLLE PROSEQUI - Decision by a prosecutor not to go forward with charging a
crime. It translates, "I do not choose to prosecute." Also loosely called nolle pros.
Quyết định ngưng truy tố (của công tố viên).
NOLO CONTENDERE - Same as pleading guilty, except that your plea cannot be
used against you in civil court. This can only be used in traffic or criminal court.
From the Latin for "I do not wish to contend."
Không tranh cãi, không chống.
NOMINAL PARTY - One who is joined as a party or defendant merely because the
technical rules of pleading require his presence in the record.
Bên tham dự kiện tụng theo nguyên tắc.
NON COMPOS MENTIS - Not of sound mind; insane.
Tâm thần bất ổn.
NON-CAPITAL CASE - A criminal case in which the allowable penalty does not
include death.
Vụ hình sự không áp dụng án tử hình.
NON EST (INVENTUS) - A return of process when the sheriff could not find the
person who is to be served. Latin meaning
Không tìm thấy, không thể tống đạt.
"not to be found."
NON OBSTANTE VERDICTO (N.O.V.) - A verdict entered by the judge contrary
to a jury's verdict.
Phán quyết của tòa trái với phán quyết của hội thẩm đoàn.
NONSUIT - The name of a judgment given against a plaintiff when he is unable to
prove a case, or when he refuses or neglects to proceed to trial and leaves the issue
undetermined.
Sự bác đơn, sự đình chỉ vụ kiện.
NOT GUILTY - The form of verdict in criminal cases where the jury acquits the
defendant.
Không có tội.
NOT GUILTY BY REASON OF INSANITY - The jury or the judge must
determinethat the defendant, because of mental disease or defect, could not commit
the offense.
Không có tội vì bị bịnh tâm thần.
NOTARY PUBLIC - A person authorized to certify a person's signature, administer
oaths, certify that documents are authentic, and take depositions.
Công chứng viên.
NOTICE - Written information or warning. For example, a notice to the other side
that you will make a motion in court on a certain date.
Giấy báo, giấy khuyến cáo.
NOTICE OF MOTION - A notice to the opposing party, that on a certain date a
motion will be made in court.
Thông báo về đơn thỉnh nguyện (cho đối tụng).
NOTICE TO PRODUCE - A notice in writing requiring the opposite party to
produce a certain described paper or document at the trial, or in the course of pre-
trial discovery.

Thông báo yêu cầu trưng tài liệu.
NUISANCE - That activity which arises from unreasonable, unwarranted or
unlawful use by a person of his own property, and producing such material
annoyance resulting in damage.
Sự phiền toái.
NULL AND VOID - Having no force, legal power to bind, or validity.
Không có hiệu lực pháp lý.
NULLITY - A legal action that says a marriage never existed and the persons are
still single. (Compare DISSOLUTION.)
Sự vô giá trị (của hôn thú).
NUNC PRO TUNC -When a court order is issued on one date, but is effective as of
a date that is in the past. From the Latin for "now for then."
Lệnh có hiệu lực hồi tố.
NUNCUPATIVE WILL - An oral (unwritten) will.
Di chúc bằng lời nói.
OATH - When a witness promises to tell the truth in a legal proceeding.
Lời tuyên thệ.
OBJECT - To protest to the court against an act or omission by the opposing party.
Phản đối.
OBJECTION - A formal protest made by a party over testimony or evidence that
the other side tries to introduce in court.
Sự phản đối.
OBJECTION OVERRULED - A ruling by the court upholding the act or omission
of the opposing party.
Sự phản đối bị bác.
OBJECTION SUSTAINED - A ruling by the court in favor of the party making the
objection.

Sự phản đối được chấp thuận.
OBSCENITY - Conduct tending to corrupt the public morals by its indecency or
lewdness.
Hành động đồi trụy, khiêu dâm.
OF COUNSEL - A phrase commonly applied to counsel employed to assist in the
preparation or management of the case, or its presentation on appeal, but who is not
the principal attorney for the party.
Luật sư trợ tá.
OFFENDER - One who commits a crime, such as a felony, misdemeanor, or other
punishable unlawful act.
Người phạm pháp, tội phạm.
OFFENSE - An act that breaks the law.
Hành vi phạm pháp.
OFFENSIVE WORDS - Language that offends; displeasing or annoying language.
Những lời nói xúc phạm.
OFFER OF PROOF - Presentation of evidence to the court (out of the hearing of
the jury) for the court's decision of whether the evidence is admissible.
Đệ trình chứng cớ.
OMNIBUS HEARING – the second hearing after one’s initial appearance. This is a
scheduling hearing where you and your attorney usually have to be present.
Lần xét xử thứ hai sau lần đầu tiên người hầu tòa xuất hiện. Lần xét xử này được
lên lịch trước và thường người hầu tòa và luật sư sẽ có mặt.
ON A PERSON'S OWN RECOGNIZANCE - Release of a person from custody
without the payment of any BAIL or posting of BOND, upon the promise to return
to court.
Sự cho tại ngoại hầu tra.
ONE-THIRD THE MIDTERM RULE - The rule that limits a person' sentence
when they have been convicted of multiple offenses.
Quy tắc 1)3 án trung bình.
OPENING ARGUMENT - The initial statement made by attorneys for each side,
outlining the facts each intends to establish during the trial.
Sự biện luận mở đầu.
OPENING STATEMENT - See OPENING ARGUMENT.
Lời biện luận mở đầu.
OPINION - A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court or of a majority
of judges. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority opinion because of the
reasoning and)or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring
opinion agrees with the decision of the court but offers further comment. A PER
CURIAM OPINION is an unsigned opinion "of the court."
Y kiến, quan điểm.
OPINION EVIDENCE - Witnesses are normally required to confine their testimony
to statements of fact and are not allowed to give their opinions in court. However, if
a witness is qualified as an expert in a particular field, he or she may be allowed to
state an opinion as an expert based on certain facts.
Bằng chứng dựa trên ý kiến (của nhân chứng chuyên viên).
OPPOSITION - (1) act of opposing or resisting. (2) confronting another.
1) sự phản đối, chống đối. 2) sự đối chất.
ORAL ARGUMENT - The part of the trial when lawyers summarize their position
in court and also answer the judge's questions.
Lời biện luận.
ORAL COPULATION - the act of copulating the mouth of one person with the
sexual organ or anus of another person, however slight. Penetration of the mouth,
sexual organ or anus is not required.
Sự làm tình bằng miệng.
ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE - Court order that makes someone go to court to
explain to the judge why he or she did not follow the rules.
Lệnh trình bày lý do.
ORDER, COURT - (1) Decision of a judicial officer; (2) a directive of the court.
1) lệnh tòa. 2) chỉ thị.
ORDINARY NEGLIGENCE - The failure to use that degree of care which the
ordinary or reasonably prudent person would have used under the circumstances
and for which the negligent person is liable.
Sự bất cẩn, cẩu thả hơn thông thường.
ORDINANCE - A regulation made by a local government to enforce, control, or
limit certain activities.
Quy định của chính quyền địa phương.
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION - The court in which a matter must first be filed.
Quyền nguyên thẩm.
OVERRULE - A judge's decision not to allow an objection. A decision by a higher
court finding that a lower court decision was wrong.
Sự bác bỏ.
OVERRULED - See OVERRULE.
Bị bác.
OVERT ACT - An open act showing the intent to commit a crime.
Hành động thể hiện.
OWN RECOGNIZANCE - Release of a person from custody without the payment
of any bail or posting of bond.
Sự cho tại ngoại.
PANDERING - Pimping. Arranging for acts of prostitution.
Sự xúi giục mãi dâm.
PARALEGAL - A person with legal skills, but who is not an attorney, and who
works under the supervision of a lawyer or who is otherwise authorized by law to
use those legal skills.
Người trợ tá pháp lý.

PARDON - When the chief executive of a state or country releases a convicted
person from the punishment given him or her by a court sentence.
Ân xá.
PARENS PATRIAE - The power of the state to act in the parents' place to protect a
child or his or her property.
Quyền thay thế cha mẹ.
PAROLE - Supervised release of a prisoner that allows the person to serve the rest
of the sentence out of prison if all conditions of release are met.
Sự phóng thích có điều kiện.
PAROLE EVIDENCE - Oral or verbal evidence rather than written. The Parole
Evidence Rule limits the admissibility of parole evidence which would directly
contradict the clear meaning of terms of a written contract.
Bằng chứng bằng lời nói.
PARTY - One of the sides of a case. The person who started the case is called the
plaintiff or defendant. The person being sued is called the defendant or respondent.
Bên, đương sự trong vụ kiện.
PAT DOWN SEARCH - A limited search of the outer clothing of a person in an
attempt to discover weapons which might be used to assault the officer and may be
conducted if the officer has a reasonable belief that the detained person is armed
and dangerous.
Lần soát.
PATENT - A government grant giving an inventor the exclusive right to make or
sell his or her invention for a term of years.
Bằng sáng chế, môn bài.
PATERNITY - Who the birth (biological) parents of a child are.
Phụ tử hệ.
PEACE OFFICER - Includes sheriffs and their deputies, members of the police
force of cities, and other officers whose duty is to enforce and preserve the public
peace.
Nhân viên an ninh.
PENALTY - Punishment for breaking a law.
Hình phạt.
PENALTY ASSESSMENT - An amount of money added to a fine.
Tiền phạt thâu thêm.
PENALTY OF PERJURY - Circumstances under which a person takes an oath that
he will testify, declare, depose or certify truthfully.
Hình phạt khai man.
PENDING - The status of a case that is not yet resolved by the court.
Đang chờ xử, chờ giải quyết.
PENETRATION, UNLAWFUL - Unlawful insertion of the male part into the
female parts, however slight an extent.
Sự giao hợp bất hợp pháp.
PENITENTIARY - A prison or place of confinement where convicted felons are
sent to serve out the term of their sentence.
Nhà tù, trại giam.
PEOPLE (PROSECUTION) - A state, for example, the People of the State of
California.
Nhân dân (công tố viện).
PER CURIUM OPINION - An unsigned OPINION of the court.
Y kiến tòa.
PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE - The right to challenge a juror without assigning a
reason for the challenge.
Quyền bãi miễn hội thẩm viên (không nêu lý do).
PEREMPTORY WRIT OF MANDAMUS (also PEREMPTORY WRIT OF
MANDATE or simply PEREMPTORY MANDAMUS) is an absolute and

unqualified writ (a formal written command) to the defendant to do the act in
question.
Trát đòi cưỡng bách.
PERJURY - A false statement made on purpose while under oath in a court
proceeding.
Lời khai man.
PERMANENCY HEARING - The hearing for children placed in or awaiting
placement in foster care who were under age three at the time of detention, and for
all children, to monitor the welfare of the child, evaluate the parents' reunification
efforts and establish a permanent plan for the child.
Phiên tòa định nơi cư trú dài hạn cho thiếu niên.
PERMANENT INJUNCTION - A court order requiring that some action be taken,
or that some party refrain from taking action. It differs from forms of temporary
relief, such as a TEMPORARY RESTRIANING ORDER or PRELIMINARY
INJUNCTION.
Lệnh cấm chỉ dài hạn.
PERMANENT PLANNED LIVING ARRANGEMENT (PPLA) -. One of the
permanent plans that may be ordered for a child who is not returned to parental
custody (formerly long term foster care).
Sự định nơi cư trú dài hạn cho thiếu niên.
PERMANENT RESIDENT - One who lives in a location for a period of time and
indicates that it is their official address or residence.
Thường trú dân.
PERSON IN NEED OF SUPERVISION - Juvenile found to have committed a
status offense rather than a crime that would provide a basis for a finding of
delinquency. Typical status offenses are habitual truancy, violating a curfew, or
running away from home. These are not crimes, but they might be enough to place a
child under supervision. In different states, status offenders might be called children
in need of supervision or minors in need of supervision. (See STATUS
OFFENDERS.)
Thiếu niên cần sự giám thị.
PERSONAL PROPERTY - Things that you own and can move, like furniture,
equipment, or paintings.
Tài sản cá nhân, động sản.
PERSONAL RECOGNIZANCE - Pre-trial release based on the person's own
promise that he or she will show up for trial (no bond required). Also referred to as
release on own recognizance or ROR. (See ON A
PERSON'S OWN RECOGNIZANCE.)
Việc cho tại ngoại hầu tra.
PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE - A person picked by the court to collect,
manage and distribute a person's property (estate) when they die. If named in a will,
that person's title is an EXECUTOR. If there is no valid will, that person's title is an
ADMINISTRATOR.
Người quản lý và phân phối di sản.
PETIT JURY or (TRIAL JURY) - A group of citizens that listen to the evidence
presented by both sides at trial and figure out the facts in dispute. Criminal juries
are made up of 12 people; civil juries are made up of at least 6 people.
Hội thẩm đoàn xét xử.
PETITION - A court paper that asks the court to take action. For example, in
juvenile cases, the Petition starts the court case. (Compare MOTION.)
Đơn thỉnh cầu.
PETITIONER - A person who presents a petition to the court.
Người thỉnh cầu.
PETTY OFFENSE - An offense for which the authorized penalty does not exceed
imprisonment for 3 months or a fine of $500.
Tội nhẹ.
PETTY THEFT - The act of taking and carrying away the personal property of
another of a value usually below $100.00 with the intent to deprive the owner of it
permanently.
Tội ăn cắp vặt.
PIMP - (1) the act of getting customers for a whore or prostitute; (2) one who gets
customers for a whore or prostitute.
1) sự đưa gái. 2) ma cô)tú bà.
PITCHESS MOTION - A request made by the defendant for discovery of a peace
officer's personnel file with regards to any complaints or acts of excessive force and
violence.
Thỉnh nguyện Pitchess – (Do luật sư của bị can yêu cầu nhân viên an ninh cung cấp
hồ sơ về các khiếu nại của dân chúng liên quan đến sự hành sử sức mạnh và sự bạo
hành qúa mức).
PLAINTIFF - The person or company that files a lawsuit.
Đương đơn, nguyên đơn.
PLEA - In a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading "guilty" or "not
guilty" in answer to the charges. (See also NOLO CONTENDRE).
Sự trả lời cáo trạng. Tự bào chữa. Biện hộ.
PLEA BARGAIN - An agreement between the prosecutor and the defendant. It lets
the defendant plead guilty to a less serious charge, if the court approves.
Sự thương lượng hình phạt cho sự nhận tội.
PLEAD - To admit or deny committing a crime.
Trả lời cáo trạng.
PLEADING - Written statements filed with the court that describes a party's legal
or factual claims about the case and what the party wants from the court.
Bản lý đoán, biện minh trạng.
POLLING THE JURY - A practice in which jurors are asked individually whether
they agree with the final verdict in the case they just decided.
Xác định việc bỏ phiếu của từng hội thẩm viên.
POLYGRAPH - Lie detector test and the apparatus for conducting the test.
Trắc nghiệm nói dối.
POSSESSION OF DRUGS - The presence of drugs on the accused for recreational
use or for the purpose to sell.
Sự chấp hữu ma túy.
POST CONVICTION - A procedure by which a convicted defendant challenges the
conviction and)or sentence on the basis of some alleged violation or error.
Thủ tục hậu án.
POSTPONEMENT - To put off or delay a court hearing.
Đình.
POUR-OVER WILL - A will that leaves some or all estate property to a trust
established before the will-maker's death.
Chúc thư chuyển di sản.
POWER OF ATTORNEY - Formal authorization of a person to act in the interest
of another person.
Sự ủy nhiệm, uỷ quyền.
PRAYER- A request of the court to grant the process, aid, or relief which the
complainant desires; also, that portion of a document containing such request.
Sự khẩn cầu trước tòa.
PRECEDENT -A court decision in an earlier case that the court uses to decide
similar or new cases.
Tiền lệ.
PREINJUNCTION - Court order requiring action or forbidding action until a
decision can be made whether to issue a permanent injunction. It differs from a
TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER.
Lệnh cấm chỉ (ngăn cấm) tạm thời.
PREJUDICE - When an act or decision affects a person's rights in a negative way.
Sự phương hại đến, bất lợi (cho ai).
PREJUDICIAL ERROR - Synonymous with reversible error ; an error which
authorizes the appellate court to reverse the judgment before it.
Lỗi lầm có thể gây hủy án; sự phương hại bất lợi cho ai.
PREJUDICIAL EVIDENCE - Evidence which might unfairly sway the judge or
jury to one side or the other.
Bằng chứng thiên vị.
PRELIMINARY HEARING - The hearing available to a person charged with a
felony to determine if there is enough evidence (probable cause) to hold him for
trial.
Phiên tòa sơ bộ)sơ khởi.
PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION - In civil cases when it is necessary to preserve the
status quo prior to trial, the court may issue this or a temporary restraining order
ordering a party to carry out a specified activity.
Lệnh cấm chỉ tạm thời.
PREMEDITATION -The planning of a crime before the crime takes place, rather
than committing the crime on the spur of the moment.
Sự dự mưu, toan tính trước.
PREMISES - That which is put before; that which precedes; the foregoing
statements.
Điều đã nêu trước.
PREPERMANENCY HEARING - The hearing conducted according to Welfare
and Institutions Code Section 366.21(e) for foster care placement children who
were over age three at the time of detention, to monitor the welfare of the child and
evaluate the parents' reunification efforts.
Phiên tòa định nơi cư ngụ tạm cho thiếu niên.
PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE - To win a civil case, the plaintiff has to
prove that most of the evidence is on his or her side.
Sự ưu thế về chứng cứ.
PRESENTENCE REPORT - A report prepared by the probation department for the
judge when sentencing a defendant. Describes defendant's background: financial,

job, and family status; community ties; criminal history; and facts of the current
offense.
Báo cáo để tỏa tuyên án.
PRESENTMENT - Declaration or document issued by a grand jury that either
makes a neutral report or notes misdeeds by officials charged with specified public
duties. It ordinarily does not include a formal charge of crime. A presentment
differs from an INDICTMENT.
Bản ý kiến của đại hội thẩm đoàn.
PRESUMED FATHER - A man who is married to the mother of the child, who has
signed a declaration of paternity, or has received the child into his home and held
the child out to the community as his child, whether that man is the biological father
of the child, or not.
Người được xem là cha.
PRESUMPTION - An inference of the truth or falsity of a proposition or fact, that
stands until rebutted by evidence to the contrary.
Sự giả định.
PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE - A hallowed principle of criminal law that a
person is innocent of a crime until proven guilty. The government has the burden of
proving every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt and the defendant has
no burden to prove his innocence.
Sự cho là vô tội.
PRESUMPTION OF LAW - a rule of law that courts and judges shall draw a
particular inference from a particular fact, or from particular evidence.
Sự suy đoán về luật pháp.
PRETERMITTED CHILD - A child born after a will was written, who is not
provided for by the will. Most states have laws that provide for a share of estate
property to go to such children.
Trẻ sanh sau khi chúc thư đã lập.

PRETRIAL CONFERENCE - Any time both sides of the case go to court before
trial. In criminal cases, it's usually when the defendant and prosecutor talk about
settling the case.
Buổi thảo luận trước khi xử.
PRIMA FACIE CASE - A case that is sufficient and has the minimum amount of
evidence necessary to allow it to continue in the judicial process. From the Latin for
"from first view."
Vụ án có bằng chứng hiển nhiên.
PRINCIPAL - The source of authority or right.
Nhân vật chính, nhân vật có thẩm quyền.
PRINCIPALS - Persons who are involved in committing or attempting to commit a
crime. Includes those who directly and actively commit or attempt to commit the
crime, or those who assist (aid and abet) in the commission or attempted
commission of the crime.
Chánh phạm.
PRINCIPLE TERM - Greatest term of imprisonment imposed by the court on any
one count, imposed of base term plus any enhancements, to which subordinate
terms are added.
An tù cao nhất (án căn bản cộng án gia trọng).
PRIORS - Term meaning previous conviction(s) of the accused.
Các tiền án.
PRIOR CONVICTION - As used in Superior Court pleadings, an allegation that
defendant has previously been imprisoned.
Tiền án tù.
PRIOR INCONSISTENT STATEMENT - In evidence, these are prior statements
made by the witness which contradict statements the witness made on the witness
stand.
Lời khai mâu thuẫn với lời khai trước.

PRISON - A federal or state public building or other place for the confinement of
persons. It is used as
Nhà tù, trại giam.
either a punishment imposed by the law or otherwise in the course of the
administration of justice. Also known as penitentiary, penal institution, adult
correctional institution, or jail.
PRIVACY, RIGHT OF - The right to be left alone; the right of a person to be free
from unwarranted publicity.
Quyền riêng tư.
PRIVILEGE - An advantage not enjoyed by all; a special exemption from
prosecution or other lawsuits. (See also IMMUNITY.)
Đặc quyền.
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS - Confidential communications to certain
persons that are protected by law against any disclosure, including forced disclosure
in legal proceedings. Communications between lawyer and client, physician and
patient, psychotherapist and patient, priest, minister, or rabbi and penitent are
typically privileged.
Thông tin riêng tư; giao tiếp riêng tư.
PRIVITY - Mutual or successive relationships to the same right of property, or the
same interest of one person with another which represents the same legal right.
Quan hệ về tài sản khi cũng chung quyền lợi.
PROBABLE CAUSE - A good reason to believe that a crime has or is being
committed; the basis for all lawful searches, seizures, and arrests.
Lý do khả tín.
PROBATE - The judicial process to determine if a will of a dead person is genuine
or not; lawful distribution of a decedent's estate.
Việc chứng thực chúc thư.
PROBATE COURT - The court with authority to deal with the estates of people
who have died.
Tòa di sản.
PROBATE ESTATE - All the assets in an estate that are subject to probate. This
does not include all property. For example, property in joint tenancy are not part of
the probate estate.
Di sản cần kiềm chứng.
PROBATION - A sentencing alternative to imprisonment in which the court
releases a convicted defendant under supervision of a probation officer that makes
certain that the defendant follows certain rules, for example, gets a job, gets drug
counseling.
Sự quản chế.
PROBATION BEFORE JUDGMENT (PBJ) - A conditional avoidance of imposing
a sentence after conviction.
Điều kiện thử thách để được miễn án.
PROBATION DEPARTMENT - The department that oversees the actions of those
who are on probation as well as the location of where probation officers work.
Phòng quản chế.
PROBATION OFFICER - One who supervises a person placed on probation and is
required to report the progress and to surrender the them if they violate the terms
and conditions of the probation.
Viên chức quản chế.
PRO BONO - Legal work done for free. “Pro bono publico” is the Latin meaning
"for the publi
c good."
Do lòng tốt, miễn phí.
PROCEDURAL LAW - The method, established normally by rules to be followed
in a case; the formal steps in a judicial proceeding.
Luật tố tụng.
PRODUCTS LIABILITY - Refers to the legal liability of manufacturers and sellers
to compensate buyers, users and even bystanders for damages or injuries suffered
because of defects in goods purchased.
Trách nhiệm về sản phẩm.
PROFFER - An offer of proof as to what the evidence would be if a witness were
called to testify or answer a question.
Xuất trình, trình bầy.
PRO HAC VICE - for this one particular occasion. For example, an out-of-state
lawyer may be admitted to practice in a local jurisdiction for a particular case only.
From the Latin meaning "for this turn."
"Cho lần này thôi"
PROHIBITION: Act or law that forbids something.
Sự cấm đoán.
PROMISSORY NOTE - A written document that says a person promises to pay
money to another.
Giấy nợ.
PROOF - Any fact or evidence that leads to a judgment of the court.
Bằng chứng.
PROOF OF SERVICE - A form filed with the court that proves that court papers
were properly delivered to someone.
Chứng cớ tống đạt.
PRO PER - Person who presents their own cases in court without lawyers (See also
IN PROPIA PERSONA and PRO SE.)
Sự tự đại diện biện hộ trước tòa.
PROPERTY - Something tangible or intangible that someone holds legal title.
Tài sản.
PRO SE - Person who presents their own cases in court without lawyers (See also
PRO PER and PRO SE.)
Người tự đại diện biện hộ trước tòa.
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY - A public office who prosecutes criminal cases for
the state. See PROSECUTOR and DISTRICT ATTORNEY.
Công tố viên
PROSECUTION - The party that starts a criminal case and files criminal charges.
The prosecution is the lawyer for the state. A common name for the state's side of
the case.
Công tố viện.
PROSECUTOR - A trial lawyer representing the government in a criminal case and
the interests of the state in civil matters. In criminal cases, the prosecutor has the
responsibility of deciding who and when to file charges.
Công tố viên.
PROSTITUTION - The performance or agreement to perform a sexual act for hire.
Mãi dâm.
PROTECTIVE ORDER - A court order to protect a person from further
harassment, service of process, or discovery.
Lệnh bảo vệ.
PRO TEM - A temporary assigned official with authority to hear and decide cases
in a court.
Tạm thời.
PROXIMATE CAUSE - The act that caused an event to occur.
Nguyên nhân trực tiếp.
PUBLIC DEFENDER - A lawyer picked by the court to represent a defendant who
cannot afford a lawyer.
Luật sư công cử.
PUNITIVE DAMAGES - Money awarded to an injured person, over and above the
measurable value of the injury, in order to punish the person who hurt him.
Tiền bồi thường trừng phạt.
PURGE - To clean or clear, such as eliminating inactive records from court files;
with respect to civil contempt, to clear the noncompliance that caused the contempt
finding.
Tiêu hủy.
QUANTUM MERUIT - Latin meaning "as much as he deserves," and describes the
extent of liability on a contract implied by law.
"Tối đa được hưởng" (theo luật định).
QUASH - To overthrow, to vacate, to annul or make void.
Hủy bỏ, xóa bỏ.
QUASHING WARRANT – setting aside a warrant, overturned.
Hủy bỏ trát tòa.
QUASI JUDICIAL - Authority or discretion vested in an officer whose actions are
of a judicial character.
Bán tư pháp.
QUID PRO QUO - Something for something; giving one valuable thing for another.
Sự bù trừ, có qua có lại.
QUO WARRANTO - A writ issuable by the state, through which it demands an
individual show by what right he or she exercises authority which can only be
exercised through a grant from the state or why he or she should not be removed
from a state office.
Lệnh giải thích về thẩm quyền của chức vụ.
RAP SHEET - A written summary of a person's criminal history.
Hồ sơ tội phạm.
RAPE - Unlawful intercourse with an individual without their consent.

Hiếp dâm.
RAPE, STATUTORY - See STATUTORY RAPE.
Hiếp dâm luật định.
RATIFICATION - The confirmation or adoption of a previous act done either by
the party himself or by another.
Phê chuẩn.
RATIO DECIDENDI - The ground or reason of the decision in a case.
Cơ sở)căn bản của sự phán quyết.
RE - In the matter of; in the case of.
Về vụ.
REAL EVIDENCE - Evidence given to explain, repel, counteract, or disprove facts
given in evidence by the adverse party.
Bằng chứng thực tiễn.
REAL PROPERTY - Land and buildings.
Bất động sản.
REASONABLE DOUBT, BEYOND A - The degree of certainty required for a
juror to legally find a criminal defendant guilty. An accused person is entitled to
acquittal if, in the minds of the jury, his or her guilt has not been proved beyond a
"reasonable doubt"; that state of mind of jurors in which they cannot say they feel a
persisting conviction as to the truth of the charge.
Vượt mức nghi ngờ hợp lý.
REASONABLE PERSON - A phrase used to define a hypothetical person who
exercises qualities of attention, knowledge, intelligence, and judgment that society
requires of its members for the protection of his or her own interest and the interests
of others. Thus, the test of negligence is based on either a failure to do something
that a reasonable person, guided by considerations that ordinarily regulate conduct,
would do, or on the doing of something that a reasonable and prudent (wise) person
would not do.
Người biết lý lẽ.
REBUTTAL - Evidence presented at trial by one party in order to overcome
evidence introduced by another party.
Sự bác biện.
RECALL - Cancellation by a court of a warrant before its execution by the arrest of
a defendant; also, a process by which a retired judge may be asked to sit on a
particular case.
- Thu hồi.
- thủ tục mời một chánh án hồi hưu thụ lý một vụ án.
RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY - Offense of receiving any property with the
knowledge that it has been feloniously, or unlawfully stolen, taken, extorted,
obtained, embezzled, or disposed of.
Tàng trữ đồ ăn cắp.
RECIDIVISM - The continued, habitual, or compulsive breaking the law after
having been convicted of prior offenses.
Sự tái phạm.
RECKLESS DRIVING - Operation of a motor vehicle that shows a reckless
disregard of possible consequences and indifference of other's rights.
Sự lái xe cẩu thả.
RECLASSIFY - To change the jurisdiction of the case from Limited (up to
$25,000) to Unlimited (more than $25,000) and vice versa.
Tái phân loại.
RECOGNIZANCE - The practice that enables an accused awaiting trial to be
released without posting any security other than a promise to appear before the
court at the proper time. Failure to appear in court at the proper time is a separate
crime.
Sự tại ngoại hầu tra.
RECORD - The official papers that make up a court case.
Hồ sơ, biên bản.

RECUSE - When you remove yourself or are removed from a criminal or civil
proceeding because you have a conflict of interest. For example, a judge can recuse
himself because someone in the case is a friend or business partner.
Tránh thụ lý nội vụ vì mâu thuẫn quyền lợi.
REDACT - To adapt or edit for public record.
Hiệu chính, cải biên.
RE-DIRECT EXAMINATION - Opportunity to present rebuttal evidence after
one's evidence has been subjected to cross examination.
Tái trực vấn.
REDRESS - To set right; to remedy; to compensate; to remove the causes of a
grievance.
Đền bù, bồi thường.
REFEREE - A person appointed by the court to hear and make decisions on limited
legal matters, like juvenile or traffic offenses.
Thẩm phán trọng tài.
REGULATION - A rule or order prescribed for management or government.
Quy tắc, điều lệ.
REHEARING - Another hearing of a civil or criminal case by the same court in
which the case was originally heard.
Việc tái xét xử.
REINSTATED - To bring back to a previous condition. When bail that had been
Được phục hồi.
forfeited, exonerated, or reduced is reestablished in its original amount.
REJOINDER - Opportunity for the side that opened the case to offer limited
response to evidence presented during the REBUTTAL by the opposing side.
Lời đáp lại.
RELEVANT - Evidence that helps to prove a point or issue in a case.

Có liên quan.
RELINQUISHMENT - A forsaking, abandoning, renouncing, or giving over a
right.
Từ bỏ, khước từ.
REMAND - (1) When an appellate court sends a case to a lower court for further
proceedings; (2) to return a prisoner to custody.
1) Trả về tòa nguyên thẩm. 2) Trả về trại giam.
REMEDY - The means by which a right is enforced or the violation of a right is
prevented, redressed or compensated.
Phương tiện bảo vệ, sự đền bù.
REMITTITUR - The transfer of records of a case from a court of appeal to the
original trial court for further action or other disposition as ordered by the appellate
court.
Sự chuyển giao hồ sơ về tòa nguyên thẩm.
REMOVAL - The transfer of a state case to federal court for trial; in civil cases,
because the parties are from different states; in criminal and some civil cases,
because there is a significant possibility that there could not be a fair trial in state
court.
Việc chuyển hồ sơ lên tòa liên bang.
REPLEVIN - An action for the recovery of a possession that has been wrongfully
taken.
Việc kiện đòi lại vật sở hữu.
REPLY - The response by a party to charges raised in a pleading by the other party.
Đáp lại, đối đáp, trả lời.
REPORT - An official or formal statement of facts or proceedings.
Bản báo cáo, biên bản vụ án.
RES - A thing; an object; a subject matter; or a status.
Đồ vật, đối tượng.
RES IPSA LOQUITUR - Latin meaning "a thing that speaks for itself." In tort law,
the doctrine which holds a defendant guilty of negligence without an actual
showing that he or she was negligent.
"Sự vật tự nó chứng tỏ."
RES JUDICATA - A rule of civil law that once a matter has been litigated and final
judgment has been rendered by the trial court, the matter cannot be relitigated by
the parties in the same court, or any other trial court.
Nguyên tắc không xử lại.
RESCUE DOCTRINE - Rescue doctrine is that one who has, through his
negligence, endangered safety of another and may be held liable for injuries
sustained by third person who attempts to save other from injury.
Thuyết về giải cứu.
RESPONDEAT SUPERIOR - "Let the master answer." The doctrine which holds
that employers are responsible for the acts and omissions of their employees and
agents, when done within the scope of the employees' duties.
Thuyết "Chủ nhân phải chịu trách nhiệm."
RESPONDENT - If you are the person that answers the original Petition, you are
the respondent. Even if you later file an action of your own in that case, you are still
the respondent for as long as the case is open.
Bị đơn.
REST - When a party in a case has presented all the evidence it intends to offer.
Kết thúc, chấm dứt.
RESTITUTION - Giving something back to its owner. Or, giving the owner
something with the same value, like paying to fix his or her property.
Sự bồi thường.
RESTITUTION HEARING: A hearing that may be requested to dispute the amount
of restitution ordered by the court.
Phiên xét xử về bồi thường

RESTRAINING ORDER - A court order that tells a person to stop doing something
for a certain amount of time, usually until a court hearing is held.
Lệnh cấm chỉ.
RETAINER - Act of the client employing the attorney or counsel. Also, the fee the
client pays when he or she retains the attorney to act for him or her.
- Việc mướn luật sư.
- Tiền thù lao cho luật sư.
RETALIATION - Infliction upon someone in response to an injury that he)she has
caused another.
Sự trả thù, trả đũa.
RETURN - A report to a judge by police on the implementation of an arrest or
search warrant. Also, a report to a judge in reply to a subpoena, civil or criminal.
Báo cáo, tường trình
REUNIFICATION SERVICES - Services that help parents get their children back
after they are taken away.
Những dịch vụ đòan tụ gia đình.
REVERSE - An action of a higher court in setting aside or revoking a lower court
decision.
Sự bãi bỏ phán quyết của tòa dưới.
REVERSIBLE ERROR - A procedural error during a trial or hearing sufficiently
harmful to justify reversing the judgment of a lower court. (See PREJUDICIAL
ERROR.)
Lỗi lầm có thể gây hủy án.
REVOCABLE TRUST - A trust that the grantor may change or revoke.
Quỹ tín thác có thể hủy bỏ.
REVOKE - To change or take back.
Huỷ bỏ, thâu hồi.

RIGHTS, CONSTITUTIONAL - The rights of a person guaranteed by the state or
federal constitutions.
Các quyền hiến định.
RIOT - A public disturbance involving acts of violence by persons where three or
more persons are gathered.
Sự nổi loạn.
ROBBERY - The act of taking money, personal property, or any other article of
value that is in the possession of another by means of force or fear.
Ăn cướp.
ROUT - Two or more persons, assembled and acting together, making any attempt
or advance toward the commission of an act which would be a riot if actually
committed.
Nhóm người toan gây náo loạn.
RULE - An established standard, guide, or regulation.
Quy tắc, luật lệ.
RULE OF COURT - An order made by a court having competent jurisdiction.
Rules of court are either general or special; the former are the regulations by which
the practice of the court is governed, the latter are special orders made in particular
cases.
Quy chế tòa án (quy tắc tố tụng tư pháp).
RULES OF EVIDENCE - Standards governing whether information can be
admitted and considered in a civil or criminal case.
Quy phạm về bằng chứng.
SANCTION - A financial punishment meant to make someone obey the law. For
example, a judge can order someone to pay for not following court orders.
Chế tài, phạt.
SATISFACTION OF JUDGMENT - Payment of a judgment amount by the losing
party.

Trả tiền theo phán quyết.
SEALING - The closure of court records to inspection, except to the parties.
Niêm phong.
SEARCH AND SEIZURE - A person or place is searched and evidence useful in
the investigation and prosecution of a crime is taken. The search is conducted after
an order is issued by a judge.
Khám xét và tịch thu.
SEARCH WARRANT - An order that tells the police to search a specific place to
find specific people or things. A judge can order a search warrant if there is
probable cause.
Trát khám xét.
SECURED DEBT - In bankruptcy proceedings, a debt is secured if the debtor gave
the creditor a right to repossess the property or goods used as collateral.
Món nợ được bảo đảm.
SELECTION AND IMPLEMENTATION HEARING: The hearing conducted post-
reunification failure according to Welfare and Institutions Code Section 366.26, to
decide whether to terminate parental rights and free the child for adoption, order a
legal guardianship, or order permanent planned living arrangement.
Phiên xét xử chọn lựa và thi hành giải pháp cho thiếu nhi.
SELF-DEFENSE - Claim that an act was legally justifiable because it was
necessary to protect a person or property from the threat or action of another.
Tự vệ.
SELF-INCRIMINATION - Acts or declarations by which one implicates oneself in
a crime.
Sự tự buộc tội.
SELF-PROVING WILL - A will that is signed under penalty of perjury by two
people who will not get anything from the will. You do not have to get an affidavit
from the witnesses.
Chúc thư tự nó có giá trị
SENTENCE - A judge's formal pronouncement of the punishment to be given to a
person convicted of a crime.
Bản án, hình phạt.
SENTENCE REPORT - A document containing background material on a
convicted person. It is prepared to guide the judge in the imposition of a sentence.
Sometimes called a PRE-SENTENCE REPORT.
Báo cáo để tòa tuyên án.
SENTENCE, CONCURRENT - Two or more sentences of jail time to be served
simultaneously.
Án song hành.
SENTENCE, CONSECUTIVE - Two or more sentences of jail time to be served in
sequence.
Án nối tiếp.
SENTENCE, SUSPENDED - A sentence postponed in which the defendant is not
required to serve time unless he or she commits another crime or violates a court-
imposed condition.
Án treo.
SENTENCING - The hearing where the court determines a person's punishment.
Phiên tòa tuyên án.
SEPARATE MAINTENANCE - Allowance ordered to be paid by one spouse to the
other for support while the spouses are living apart, but not divorced.
Trợ cấp (cho người phối ngẫu) ly thân.
SEPARATION - An arrangement where a husband and wife live apart from each
other while remaining married either by mutual consent or by a judicial order.
Sự ly thân.
SEQUESTRATION OF WITNESSES - Keeping all witnesses (except plaintiff and
defendant) out of the courtroom except for their time on the stand, and cautioning
them not to discuss their testimony with other witnesses. Also called separation of
witnesses. This prevents a witness from being influenced by the testimony of a prior
witness.
Tách biệt nhân chứng.
SERVE A SENTENCE - The act of spending an allotted amount of time in a
designated location such as a prison as punishment for the crime committed.
Thụ án.
SERVICE - When someone over 18 and not involved with your case gives the other
party a copy of the court papers in person or by mail.
Việc tống đạt.
SERVICE OF PROCESS - The delivery of legal papers to the opposing party. The
papers must be delivered by an adult aged 18 or older that is not involved in the
case and that swears to the date and method of delivery to the recipient.
Việc tống đạt văn thư.
SETTLEMENT: When both sides reach an agreement that solves the case before
the judge or jury makes a decision.
Việc giải quyết.
SETTLOR - The person who sets up a trust. Also called the GRANTOR.
Người lập quỹ tín thác.
SEVERANCE DAMAGES - Compensation, which may be recovered in the courts
by any person who has suffered loss or detriment as a consequence of being cut off
from something (i.e. employment).
Tiền bồi thường thôi việc, bị tách rời.
SEXUAL ABUSE ) ASSAULT - Unlawful sexual contact with another person.
Lạm dụng tình dục, xúc phạm tình dục.
SEXUAL BATTERY - The forced penetration of or contact with another's sexual
organs or the sexual organs of the perpetrator.
Hành hung tình dục.

SEXUAL HARASSMENT - Sexual words, conduct, or action (usually repeated and
persistent) that, being directed at a specific person, annoys, alarms, or causes
substantial emotional distress in that person and serves not legitimate purpose.
Sách nhiễu tình dục.
SEXUAL MOLESTATION - Illegal sex acts performed against a minor by a
parent, guardian, relative or acquaintance.
Xâm phạm tiết hạnh trẻ em.
SEXUALLY VIOLENT PREDATOR - a person who has been convicted of a
sexually violent offense against two or more victims and has a diagnosed mental
disorder that makes him or her a danger to the health and safety of others.
Người phạm tội tình dục hung bạo.
SHERIFF - Elected officer of a county whose job is to conserve peace within his or
her territorial jurisdiction as well as aid in the criminal and civil court processes.
Cảnh sát quận.
SHOPLIFTING - The willful taking and concealing of merchandise from a store or
business with the intention of using the goods for one's personal use without paying
the purchase price.
Ăn cắp ở cửa hàng.
SHOW CAUSE - A court order telling a person to appear in court and present any
evidence why the orders requested by the other side should not be granted or
executed.
Lệnh trình bày lý do.
SIDEBAR - A conference between the judge and lawyers, usually in the courtroom,
out of hearing of the jury and spectators.
Thảo luận bên án thư.
SLANDER - Defamation of a person's character or reputation through false or
malicious oral statements. See DEFAMATION.
Mạ lỵ, phỉ báng (bằng lời nói).

SMALL CLAIMS COURT - A court that handles civil claims for $5,000 or less.
People often represent themselves rather than hire an attorney.
Tòa vi thẩm.
SODOMY - Oral or anal copulation between humans, or between humans or
animals.
Sự làm tình phản tự nhiên.
SOLICITATION - Getting someone else to commit a crime.
Xúi giục phạm tội.
SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY - The doctrine that the government, state or federal, is
exempt to lawsuit unless it gives its consent.
Thuyết đặc miễn tối thượng.
SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCE - Allegation that a case or charge warrants the death
penalty.
Tình trạng, hoàn cảnh đặc biệt.
SPECIAL VERDICTS - A verdict that gives a written finding for each issue,
leaving the application of the law to the judge.
Phán quyết riêng biệt (về một vấn đề cụ thể).
SPECIFIC INTENT CRIME - A crime which requires a specific mental state.
Loại tội có ý định cụ thể.
SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE - A remedy requiring a person who has breached a
contract to perform specifically what he or she has agreed to do. Ordered when
damages would be inadequate compensation.
Việc thực hiện cụ thể.
SPEEDY TRIAL - The right of an accused to an immediate trial as guaranteed by
the 6th Amendment of the United States Constitution.
Xét xử nhanh chóng theo luật định.

SPENDTHRIFT TRUST - A trust that says that the beneficiary cannot give away or
sell their part of the trust. This means that creditors cannot take money from the
trust.
Quỹ tín thác cấm người thụ hưởng bán hay chuyển nhượng.
SPOUSAL SUPPORT - Court-ordered support of a spouse or ex-spouse; also called
"maintenance" or "alimony."
Sự cấp dưỡng cho người phối ngẫu.
(SPOUSE) COHABITANT BEATING - See DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Việc đánh đập người phối ngẫu (người sống chung).
STALKING - The act or an instance of following another by stealth; the offense of
following or loitering near another, often surreptitiously, with the purpose of
annoying or harassing that person or committing a further crime such as assault or
battery.
Sự rình rập.
STANDARD OF PROOF - There are essentially three standards of proof applicable
in most court proceedings. In criminal cases, the offense must be proven BEYOND
A REASONABLE DOUBT, the highest standard. In civil cases and neglect and
dependency proceedings, the lowest standard applies by a mere
PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE, (more likely than not). In some civil
cases, and in juvenile proceedings such as a permanent termination of parental
rights, an intermediate standard applies, proof by CLEAR AND
CONVINCING EVIDENCE.
Tiêu chuẩn chứng minh.
STANDING - The legal right to bring a lawsuit. Only a person with something at
stake has the right to bring a lawsuit.
Còn hiệu lực, có quyền thưa kiện.
STARE DECISIS - The doctrine that courts will follow principles of law
established in previous cases. Similar to PRECEDENT.
Thuyết tòa sẽ xử theo tiền lệ.

STATEMENT, CLOSING - The final statements by the attorneys to the jury or
court summarizing the evidence that they have established and the evidence that the
other side has failed to establish. Also known as CLOSING ARGUMENT.
Lời biện luận kết thúc.
STATEMENT, OPENING - Outline or summary of the nature of the case and of
the anticipated proof presented by the attorney to the jury before any evidence is
submitted. Also known as OPENING ARGUMENT.
Lời mở đầu.
STATEMENT OF FACT - Any written or oral declaration of facts in a case.
Lời phát biểu về sự kiện.
STATUS OFFENDERS - Youths charged with being beyond the control of their
legal guardian or who are habitually disobedient, truant from school, or have
committed other acts that would not be a crime if committed by an adult. They are
not delinquents, but are persons in need of supervision, minors in need of
supervision, or children in need of supervision, depending on the state in which they
live. Status offenders are placed under the supervision of the juvenile court. (See
PERSON IN NEED OF SUPERVISION.)
Các thiếu niên ngỗ nghịch.
STATUTE - A law passed by Congress or a state legislature.
Đạo luật
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS - A law that says how much time you have to file a
lawsuit after something happens.
Luật thời tiêu.
STATUTORY - Relating to a statute;
Thuộc về luật.
created, defined, or required by a statute.
STATUTORY ACTIONS - Actions relating or conforming to, or created, defined,
or required by a statute.
Sự kiện tụng theo luật định.
STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION - Process by which a court seeks to interpret the
meaning and scope of legislation.
Sự giải thích luật.
STATUTORY LAW - Law enacted by the legislative branch of government, as
distinguished from CASE LAW or COMMON LAW.
Luật điển chế (thành văn)
STATUTORY RAPE - The unlawful sexual intercourse with a person under an age
set by statute, regardless of whether they consent to the act.
Tội hiếp dâm luật định - (thiếu niên dưới tuổi luật định).
STAY - The act of stopping a judicial proceeding by order of the court.
Hoãn.
STAY OF EXECUTION - An order that prevents the execution of an action, e.g.
the serving of a sentence. The stay may be granted on a motion by the defendant, or
it may be ordered in accordance with statutory law, e.g. Calif. Penal Code Section
654.
Lệnh hoãn thi hành án văn.
STIPULATE - To agree to something.
Đồng ý, thỏa thuận.
STRICT LIABILITY - A concept applied by courts in product liability cases in
which a seller is responsible for any and all defective or hazardous products which
unduly threaten a consumer's personal safety.
Sự chịu trách nhiệm về sản phẩm.
STRICKEN EVIDENCE - Evidence that has been removed from the record.
Bằng chứng bị xóa bỏ.
STRIKE - (1) to delete or remove. (2) To dismiss an allegation before sentencing.
(3) A serious violent felony prior conviction that is charged as a prior allegation,
e.g. a second strike, or third strike.
1) xóa, loại bỏ.
2) bỏ tội danh trước khi tuyên án.
3) gạch.
SUA SPONTE - Used to describe when a judge does something without being
asked to by either party. Latin meaning "of one's own will."
Do sự tự ý.
SUB CURIA - Latin meaning "under the law;" the holding of a case by a court
under consideration, sometimes to await the filing of a document, such as a
presentence investigation report or memorandum of law, or to write an opinion.
"Để cứu xét" (tòa giữ hồ sơ vụ án).
SUBMIT - To yield to the will of another.
Đệ trình tùy toà phán định.
SUBPOENA - An official order to go to court at a certain time. Subpoenas are
commonly used to tell witnesses to come to court to testify in a trial.
Trát gọi hầu tòa.
SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM - A court order to bring papers or records to court at
a certain time.
Trát đòi trình hồ sơ.
SUBROGATION - To substitute one person for another in a legal claim.
Sự thế quyền (thay thế người khác trong một vụ kiện).
SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE - Where a party has honestly and faithfully
performed the essential and material portions of the contract and the only non-
performance consists of technical or unimportant provisions.
Viẽc đã thi hành phần trọng yếu.
SUBSTANTIVE LAW - The law dealing with rights, duties, and liabilities, as
contrasted with PROCEDURAL LAW, which governs the technical aspects of
enforcing civil or criminal laws.
Luật nội dung.

SUCCESSION - The acquisition of title to the property of one who dies without
disposing of it by will.
Sự thừa kế di sản không qua di chúc.
SUE - To commence legal proceedings for recovery of a right.
Kiện, đưa đơn kiện.
SUIT - Any proceeding by one person or persons against another in a court of law.
Sự kiện tụng.
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - When the judge decides a case without going to trial.
The decision is based on the papers filed by both sides.
Phán quyết theo thủ tục đơn giản.
SUMMONS - (1) A notice to a defendant that he or she has been sued or charged
with a crime and is required to appear in court. (2) A jury summons requires the
person receiving it to report for possible jury duty.
1) Trát đòi hầu tòa. 2) Giấy triệu tập hội thẩm viên.
SUPERSEDEAS - A writ issued by an appellate court to preserve the status quo
pending review of a judgment, or pending other exercise of its jurisdiction.
Lệnh tạm đình chỉ tố tụng của tòa phúc thẩm.
SUPPORT TRUST - A trust that instructs the trustee to spend only as much income
and principal (the assets held in the trust) as needed for the beneficiary's support.
Quỹ tín thác hỗ trợ.
SUPPRESS - To stop or put an end to someone's activities. See also
EXCLUSIONARY RULE - In the United States, the exclusionary rule is a legal
rule, based on constitutional law, that prevents eviden ce collected or analyzed in
violation of the defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law.
This may be considered an example of a prophylactic rule formulated by the
judiciary in order to protect a constitutional right.
Ngăn chặn, đình chỉ.

SUPPRESSION HEARING - A hearing on a criminal defendant's motion to
prohibit the prosecutor's use of evidence alleged to have been obtained in violation
of the defendant's rights. This hearing is held outside of the presence of the jury,
either prior to or at trial. The judge must rule as a matter of law on the motion.
Phiên xử đơn thỉnh cầu loại bỏ bằng chứng thâu thập bất hợp pháp.
SURETY BOND An insurance policy taken out by a defendant with a national
insurance company in which the insurer agrees to pay the court the amount of bail
required for the defendant's release if the defendant fails to come to court when he
or she is supposed to. Often called a fidelity bond.
Hợp đồng bảo hiểm để bảo lãnh tại ngoại.
SURVIVORSHIP - Another name for JOINT TENANCY.
Quyền thừa hưởng của người còn sống.
SUSPEND - To postpone, stay, or withhold certain conditions of a judicial sentence
for a temporary period of time.
Đình chỉ, hoãn, treo.
SUSTAIN- To maintain, to affirm, to approve.
Thuận, duy trì.
SWEAR - To put to oath and declare as truth.
Tuyên thệ, thề.
TANGIBLE - Capable of being perceived, especially by the sense of touch.
Hữu hình.
TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY MEMORANDUM (TPPM) - A legal
document referred to in a will and used to guide the distribution of personal
property that you can move or touch. For example, furniture, computers, jewelry,
and artwork.
Bản ghi chú về tài sản hữu hình cá nhân.
TAXATION OF COSTS - The process of ascertaining and charging up the amount
of costs in an action to which a party is legally entitled, or which are legally
chargeable. Adjustment; fixing the amount.
Xác định mức giá, mức lệ phí.
TEMPORARY RELIEF - Any form of action by a court granting one of the parties
an order to protect its interest pending further action by the court.
Lệnh bảo vệ quyền lợi tạm thời.
TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER (TRO) - A court order that says a person
must not do certain things that are likely to cause harm that can't be fixed.
TENANCY - An interest in real estate which passes to the tenant.
Quyền của người thuê.
TESTAMENT - A will disposing of personal property. (See WILL.)
Chúc thư.
TESTAMENTARY CAPACITY - The legal ability to make a will. To write a will,
a person has to be at least 18 years old; know what property he or she owns; and
know who he or wants to give the property to.
Khả năng pháp lý để lập di chúc.
TESTAMENTARY DISPOSITION - A disposition of property by way of gift,
which is not to take effect unless the grantor does or until that event.
Sự thi hành chúc thư.
TESTAMENTARY GUARDIAN - A guardian appointed by the last will of a father
for the person and real and personal estate of his child until the child reaches full
age.
Người giám hộ chúc thư.
TESTAMENTARY TRUST - A trust created in a will. The trust does not exist until
the person dies.
Quỹ tín thác theo chúc thư.
TESTAMENTARY TRUSTEE - A person appointed to carry out a trust created by
a will.
Người quản lý quỹ tín thác theo chúc thư.
TESTATE - One who has died leaving a will or one who has made a will.
Người lập chúc thư, người để lại chúc thư.
TESTATOR - Male person who makes a will (female: testatrix).
Người lập chúc thư (nam).
TESTATRIX - Female person who makes a will (male: testator).
Người lập chúc thư (nữ).
TESTIFY - To give evidence under oath as a witness in a court proceeding.
Cung khai.
TESTIMONY - Oral evidence at a trial or deposition.
Lời khai.
THEFT - The act of stealing or the taking of property without the owner's consent.
Tội ăn cắp.
THIRD-PARTY - A person, business, or government agency not actively involved
in a legal proceeding, agreement, or transaction.
Đệ tam nhân.
THIRD-PARTY CLAIM - An action by the defendant that brings a third party into
a lawsuit.
Vụ kiện có liên lụy đến người thứ 3.
THREE STRIKES LAW - Law that subjects person convicted of felony who has
two or more prior serious or violent felonies to a life term in prison.
Luật bất quá tam.
TIME SERVED - A sentence given by the court to a convicted criminal equal to the
amount of time that the criminal was incarcerated during the trial.
Thời gian đã ở tù.
TIME WAIVER - When you give up the right to have a certain phase of the legal
process take place within the normally specified amount of time.
Sự miễn thời hiệu.
TITLE - Ownership or evidence of ownership of land or other property.
Bằng khoán, giấy chủ quyền.
TORT - When a person is hurt because someone did not do what he or she was
supposed to do. The most common tort action is a suit for damages as a result of an
automobile accident. See EX DELICTO.
Lỗi do sự thiếu trách nhiệm.
TORTURE - To inflict intense pain to body or mind for purposes of punishment, or
to extract a confession or information, or for sadistic pleasure.
Tra tấn.
TRANSACTIONAL MALPRACTICE - Professional misconduct, unreasonable
lack of skill in professional duties, or illegal or immoral conduct in regards to an act
of transacting or conducting any business.
Sự giao dịch phi pháp trong chức vụ.
TRANSCRIPT -A record of everything that is said in a hearing or trial.
Biên bản, bản ghi chép.
TRANSFERRED INTENT - Doctrine under which original malice is transferred
from one against whom it was entertained to person who actually suffers
consequence of unlawful act. When one attempts to kill a certain person, but by
mistake or inadvertence kills a different person, the crime, if any, so committed is
the same as though the person originally intended to be killed, had been killed.
Thuyết ý định phạm pháp được chuyển hoán.
TRANSITORY - Actions that might have taken place anywhere.
Có tính cách lưu động.
TRAVERSE - In common law pleading, a denial. Where a defendant denies any
material allegation of fact in the plaintiff's declaration.
Phản bác, bác bỏ.
TRESPASSING - Unlawful interference with one's person, property and rights.
Xâm nhập bất động sản.
TRIAL - A court process in which the issues of fact and law are heard and decided
according to legal procedures so a judicial officer or jury can make a decision.
Phiên xử, việc xét xử.
TRIAL DE NOVO - A new trial or retrial held in an appellate court in which the
whole case is heard as if no trial had been heard in the lower court or administrative
agency.
Sự xét xử lại vụ án bởi tòa phúc thẩm.
TRIAL COURT - The first court to consider a case, generally the superior court.
(Compare APPELLATE COURT).
Tòa nguyên thẩm.
TRIAL, COURT (BENCH) - A trial where the jury is waived and the case is seen
before the judge alone.
Phiên xử bởi chánh án.
TRIAL, SPEEDY - The Sixth Amendment of the Constitution guarantees the
accused to an immediate trial in accordance with prevailing rules, regulations and
proceedings of law.
Phiên xử nhanh chóng.
TRIAL STATUS)SETTING CONFERENCE - See PRETRIAL SENTENCE.
Buổi thảo luận để thẩm định tình trạng vụ án.
TRIER OF FACT - Term includes the jury or the judge in a jury-waived trial, who
have the obligation to make finding of fact rather than rulings of law.
Người xét xử về sự kiện.
TRO - See TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER.
TROMBETTA MOTION - A motion to suppress evidence for failure to preserve
the same.
Thỉnh nguyện Trombetta (Thỉnh cầu xin loại bằng chứng vì bằng chứng không
được bảo vệ nguyên trạng)
TRUE BILL - The endorsement made by a grand jury on a bill of indictment when
it finds sufficient evidence for trial on the charge alleged.
Cáo trạng được đại hội thẩm đoàn chuẩn y.
TRUE FINDING - The juvenile court equivalent of a guilty verdict.
Phán quyết có tội.
TRUE TEST COPY - A copy of a court document given under the clerk's seal, but
not certified.
Sao y bản chánh.
TRUST - A legal device used to manage real or personal property, established by
one person (the GRANTOR or SETTLOR) for the benefit of another (the
BENEFICIARY). A third person ( the TRUSTEE) or the grantor manages the trust.
In Traffic Trust is an account into which bail is posted to insure appearance or
compliance until the case is settled.
Quỹ tín thác/quỹ uỷ nhiệm
TRUST AGREEMENT OR DECLARATION - The legal document that sets up a
trust.
Bản thỏa thuận hoặc công bố lập quỹ tín thác.
TRUSTEE - The person or institution that manages the property put in trust.
Người được ủy thác.
TURNCOAT WITNESS - A witness whose testimony was expected to be
favorable, but who later becomes an adverse witness.
Nhân chứng phản cung.
UNCONSCIONABILITY - An absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of
the parties to a contract, and contract terms which are unreasonably favorable to the
other party.
Sự quá đáng không công bằng.
UNCONSTITUTIONAL - That which is contrary to or in conflict with the federal
or state constitutions.

Bất hợp hiến.
UNDERCOVER - A person participating in a secret investigation in order to
acquire information about the crime without the other party realizing their identity.
Nhân viên chìm.
UNDERTAKING - A promise given during legal proceedings by a party or his
attorney, usually as a condition of getting some concession from the court or third
party.
Lời hứa, cam đoan.
UNDUE INFLUENCE - When someone pressures the person making a will (called
testator) to include or leave out people or things from his or her will. This can be a
reason to challenge a will.
Sự ảnh hưởng sai trái (có thể đưa đến sự hủy bỏ chúc thư).
UNDER THE INFLUENCE - Any abnormal mental or physical condition which is
the result of indulging in any degree in intoxicating liquors, and which tends to
deprive one of that clearness of intellect and control of himself which he would
otherwise possess.
Dưới sự ảnh hưởng.
UNEMPLOYMENT - State or condition of not being employed.
Thất nghiệp.
UNILATERAL - One-sided, or having a relation to only one of two or more
persons or things.
Đơn phương.
UNJUST ENRICHMENT, DOCTRINE OF - The principle that one person should
not be permitted to unjustly enrich himself at the expense of another, but should be
required to make restitution for the property or benefit received.
Thuyết làm giầu bất chính.
UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLY - At common law, the meeting together of three or
more persons, to the disturbance of the public peace, and with the intention of
forcible and violent execution of some unlawful private enterprise.
Sự tụ tập bất hợp pháp.
UNLAWFUL DETAINER - The eviction papers (Summons and Complaint) that a
landlord gives a tenant.
Sự chiếm cứ bất hợp pháp.
UNRUH CIVIL RIGHTS ACT - This law provides protection from discrimination
by all business establishments in California, including housing and public
accommodations, because of age, ancestry, color, disability, national origin, race,
religion, sex, or sexual orientation.
Luật dân quyền Unruh.- Luật này cấm các cơ sở thương mại tại tiểu bang
California, bao gồm cả việc cho thuê mướn nhà và các dịch vụ cho công chúng,
không được kỳ thị về tuổi tác, nguồn gốc, mầu da, mất năng lực, nguồn gốc quốc
gia, chủng tộc, tôn giáo, phái nam hay nữ, hay chiều hướng tình dục.)
UNSECURED - In bankruptcy proceedings, for the purposes of filing a claim, a
claim is unsecured if there is no collateral, or to the extent the value of collateral is
less than the amount of the debt.
Không có bảo chứng.
USURY- Charging a higher interest rate or higher fees than the law allows.
Lấy lãi suất cao.
UTTER -- To use or to attempt to use a check, draft, or order to either (1) assert that
it is genuine, or (2) represent to another person that it is genuine.
1) Lưu hành bạc giả. 2) Nói giả là thật.
VACATE - To render an act void; to set aside.
Hủy bỏ, bỏ qua một bên.
VAGRANCY - The state or manner of living by wandering from place to place
without a home, job, or means of support.
Tình trạng sống lang thang.
VANDALISM - Willful or malicious acts that are intended to damage or destroy
public or private property.
Phá phách, hủy hoại tài sản.
VEHICULAR HOMICIDE - Caused by the illegal operation of a motor vehicle.
Both intentional conduct and negligence maybe the basis for such charge though
statutes vary from state to state as to the elements of the crime.
Tội lái xe ẩu gây tử thương.
VENIRE - Describes the whole group of people called for jury duty from which the
jurors are selected. Latin meaning "to come."
Triệu tập nhóm hội thẩm dự tuyển.
VENUE - The court where you can file your action.
Địa điểm xét xử, nơi nạp đơn kiện.
VERDICT - A jury's or a judge's final decision.
Phán quyết.
VERIFICATION: An oral or written statement, usually made under oath, saying
that something is true.
Sự xác nhận có tuyên thệ.
VEXATIOUS LITIGANT: A person shown to repeatedly file legal actions that
have little or no merit.
Người hay kiện cáo vô căn cứ.
VICARIOUS RESPONSIBILITY - Acting or serving in place of someone or
something else.
Nhận trách nhiệm thay thế người khác.
VICTIM - A person who is the object of a crime or civil wrongdoing.
Nạn nhân.
VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT - A statement during sentencing which informs
the judge of the impact of the crime on the victim or the victim's family.
Lời phát biểu về tác động của tội phạm đối với nạn nhân.
VIOLATION - A breach of a right, duty, or law.
Sự vi phạm.

VIOLATION OF PROBATION - A new allegation against a defendant for non-
compliance with a previous probation condition related to a criminal sentence.
Sự vi phạm quản chế.
VISITATION - Times when the parent who does not have custody is with the
children and is responsible for them.
Sự thăm viếng con cái (của người cha)mẹ không có quyền giữ con).
VOIR DIRE - The process of questioning potential jurors to choose the people who
will decide a case. Latin meaning "to speak the truth."
Sự khảo vấn, khảo sát hội thẩm viên.
VOLUNTARY ARRAIGNMENT LETTER - A notice sent by the District Attorney
to a defendant indicating date, time and department for appearance in court on
newly filed charges for which there is no signed promise to appear.
Giấy thông báo hầu tòa của Biện lý về cáo buộc mới.
VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER - Committed voluntarily during a heated
moment; for example, during a sudden quarrel, two persons fight, and one of them
kills the other.
Tội cố sát (khác với unvoluntary manslaughter là tội ngộ sát).
VOLUNTARY UNDERTAKINGS - An act unconstrained by interference;
spontaneous; or of oneself.
Tự nguyện làm, tự gánh trách nhiệm.
WAIVE (RIGHTS) - To give up a legal right voluntarily, intentionally, and with
full knowledge of the consequences.
Từ bỏ quyền pháp lý tự nguyện, cố ý và biết rõ hậu quả.
WAIVER AND ESTOPPEL - Voluntary surrender of some known right, benefit, or
advantage.
Tự bỏ quyền, quyền lợi có sẵn.
WAIVER OF IMMUNITY - A means authorized by statute by which a witness,
before testifying or producing evidence, may relinquish the right to refuse to testify

against himself or herself, making it possible for his or her testimony to be used
against him or her in future proceedings.
Sự bỏ quyền đặc miễn pháp lý (của nhân chứng).
WARD - A minor who is under the care and control of the court instead of the
parents.
Thiếu niên do tòa giám hộ, bảo nhi của tòa.
WARD OF THE COURT - A person under the age of 18 when he)she violates a
criminal law or ordinance. The minor is under the care and supervision of the court.
Thiếu niên do tòa giám hộ và giám thị.
WARRANT - A court order telling an officer to do something.
Trát tòa.
WARRANT, ARREST - Commands a peace officer to arrest and bring before the
court the person accused of an offense for purpose of commencing legal action.
Trát tầm nả.
WARRANT, SEARCH - A written order directing a law enforcement officer to
conduct a search of a specified place and to seize any evidence directly related to
the criminal offense.
Trát lục soát.
WEAPON - An instrument used or designed to be used to threaten, injure or kill
someone.
Vũ khí.
WEAPON, CONCEALED - A weapon that is carried by a person, but that is not
visible by ordinary observation.
Vũ khí dấu kín.
WEAPON, DEADLY - A weapon, device, instrument, material or substance,
whether animate or inanimate, which if used as it is used or intended to be used is
known to be capable of producing death or serious bodily injury.
Vũ khí nguy hiểm.
WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE - The persuasiveness of certain evidence when
compared with other evidence that is presented.
Gía trị của bằng chứng, năng lực của bằng chứng.
WHEELER MOTION - A motion to dismiss a jury panel due to the prosecution's
exclusion of a particular class of people (i.e. black jurors, women, etc.).
Thỉnh cầu Wheeler (Xin bãi bỏ toàn bộ nhóm hội thẩm viên dự tuyển vì công tố
viên loại bỏ một lớp người nào đó).
WILL - A legal paper that says what a person wants to happen to his or her personal
property after the person dies. A will can be changed or cancelled at any time
before a person dies. (See TESTAMENT.)
Tờ di chúc.
WILLFUL - A "willful" act is one done intentionally, as distinguished from an act
done carelessly or inadvertently.
Cố ý, cố tình.
WITH PREJUDICE - Applied to orders of judgment dismissing a case, meaning
that the plaintiff is forever barred from bringing a lawsuit on the same claim or
cause.
Không được quyền tái truy tố.
WITHOUT PREJUDICE - When rights or privileges are not waived or lost. If your
case is dismissed without prejudice it means that there can be a new case about the
same thing.
Được quyền tái truy tố.
WITNESS - 1. A person called testify about what he or she saw, heard, or knows. 2.
To sign your name to a document for the purpose of authenticity.
Nhân chứng.
WITNESS STAND - The space in the courtroom occupied by a witness while
testifying.
Bục nhân chứng.

WITNESS, DEFENSE - A non-hostile witness that is called by the defense counsel
to assist in proving the defense's case.
Nhân chứng của bị can/bị đơn.
WITNESS, EXPERT - Qualified by knowledge, skill, experience, training or
education to provide a scientific, technical or specialized opinion of the subject
about which he or she is to testify. That knowledge must not be generally possessed
by the average person.
Nhân chứng chuyên viên.
WITNESS, HOSTILE - An uncooperative witness.
Nhân chứng bất hợp tác.
WITNESS, MATERIAL - A witness who can give testimony relating to a particular
matter that very few others, if any, can give.
Nhân chứng chính, nhân chứng quan trọng.
WITNESS, PROSECUTION - The person whose complaint begins a criminal
prosecution and whose testimony is mainly relied on to secure a conviction at the
trial.
Nhân chứng chính của công tố viên/biện lý.
WOBBLER - A felony which provides either a county jail sentence or a state prison
commitment and which can be held to answer as a felony or a misdemeanor.
Loại tội có thể truy tố là tội đại hình hay tiểu hình.
WORK FURLOUGH - A correctional program which allows inmates, primarily
one's being readied for discharge, to leave the institution for the purpose of
continuing regular employment during the daytime but reporting back on nights and
weekends.
Chương trình thụ án tù có thề đi làm ban ngày.
WORK PROJECT - Program allowing sentenced person the option of performing
labor instead of jail time.
Chương trình cho phép người bị án tù đi làm lao động để thế việc ở tù.

WRAP AROUND SERVICES - Specialized and intensive social and health
services for families with children concurrently residing in a group home or at risk
of entering a group home, designed to reduce the level of foster care or facilitate the
placement of a child with his)her parent instead of foster care.
Chương trình dịch vụ tập trung (để giúp thiếu niên được sống với cha mẹ khỏi phải
vào nhà tập thể).
WRIT - A court order that says certain action must be taken.
Lệnh tòa. Trát.
WRIT OF EXECUTION - A court order that tells the sheriff to enforce a judgment.
Lệnh thi hành phán quyết của tòa.
WRIT OF MANDATE - A petition used to compel the court, officer, or agency to
perform a duty required by law or to compel a court to assume jurisdiction and
exercise its discretion after its refusal to act.
Thỉnh cầu tòa thi hành trách nhiệm luật định.

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Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento

720 9th Street

The Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento ("Court"), has prepared

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FITNESS HEARING - A court hearing to decide if a juvenile (minor) should be

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