Alkenes

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 4

ALKENES

Introduction
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing C=C bond are
called alkenes.
2
• Carbon atoms having double bond make sp
hybridization.
• They are also known as olefins, because they react with
chlorine to form an oil-like liquid.
• General formula is Cn H2n.
• Simplest member is ethene, C2H4.
• Change –ane ending with –ene to name alkenes.
a. 1-pentene
1. Alkenyl Groups b. 4-methyl-1-pentene
• When one hydrogen is removed from an alkene an c. 7-chloro-4-methyl-2-heptene
alkenyl group is formed. d. 3,6-dimethyl-3-octene
• General formula of alkenyl group is CnH2n-1. e. 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene
CnH2n → CnH2n-1 f. 2-chloro-5-methyl-1,3, 5-hexatriene
Alkene Alkenyl
Example 1 Cycloalkenes
Alkenes may have cyclic structures. Their naming are similar
to cycloalkanes. Position of double bond must be indicated

Example 6
Example 2
What is the molecular formula of an alkene having 3.6 g
of carbon in its structure? (C:12, H:1)

Example 3
When 5.6 g of an alkene is burnt, 17.6 g of CO2 is
produced What is the molecular formula of the alkene?
(C:12, H:1)

Example 4
How many liters of air is needed to burn 2.1 g of propene Example 7
at STP? (C:12, H:1) Draw the structures of the following alkenes.
a. 2-ethyl-1-butene
2. Nomenclature of Alkenes b. 1, 3-butadiene
• Select longest carbon atom chain containing a double c. 3-propyl-1-heptene
bond. d. 2-chloro-1-cyclopentene
• Number the carbon atoms in the chain starting at the e. 1,3-dibromo-2-butene
end nearest to the double bond.
• Add the position of double bond before the parent 3. Isomerism
name. Structural Isomerism
• Use –diene suffix instead of –ene for alkadienes. Additionally, in alkenes according to position of double bond
different structures might be possible.
Example 5
Name the following alkenes.
Halogenation

Cycloalkanes and alkenes have same general formula, CnH2n.

Geometric Isomerism Addition of Br2 to hydrocarbons is a useful reaction to test


If the same groups are on the same side of the double bond, them whether they are saturated or unsaturated. If brown
it is cis arrangement. Br2 color disappears they contain double or triple bond.

Hydrohalogenation
If the same groups are on the different side of the double
bond, it is trans arrangement. Addition of hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr) to alkenes follow
Markovnikov’s Rule. He said that hydrogen in hydrogen
halides attaches to carbon atom which have greater number
of hydrogen atoms.

4. Physical Properties of Alkenes


• Alkenes containing 2-4 carbon atoms are gaseous, 5-17
carbon atoms are liquids and higher ones are solid.
• Boiling points increase as the number of carbon atom
increases.
• Branching decreases boiling point.
Hydration
5. Chemical Properties of Alkenes Addition of water to alkenes follows Markovnikov’s Rule.
• Alkenes are reactive substances because of weak pi
bond.

1. Combustion Reactions Oxidation


CnH2n + 3n/2 O2 → n CO2 + n H2O

2. Addition Reactions

Alkenes undergo oxidation upon addition of KMnO4 in cold


medium and produce diols, alcohol, and color of KMnO4 turns
to brown. This method is used to detect alkenes, and is
known as Baeyer’s Test.

Hydrogenation Example 8
Write an equation for each of the following reactions.
a. hydrogenation of 2-methyl propene
b. addition of chlorine to 1-butene
c. acid-catalyzed addition of water to 2-pentene
d. Addition of HCl to 2-butene

Example 9
If 3.6 g of water is added to an alkene, 12 g of alcohol is
obtained. What is the formula of the alkene?

Example 10
If 32 g of bromine (Br2) can be added to a 10 g mixture of
ethylene and ethane, what is the percentage by mass of
ethene in the mixture?

Example 11
11.2 L of hydrogen gas at STP are required to saturate a 14.6
g mixture of ethene and propene. What is the mass of each
gas in the mixture?

Polymerization • Invented in US in 1930s


• 1946, first marketed by DuPont as Teflon
• Has the lowest coefficient of friction of any solid
material known to man
Polymers are large molecules that contain repeating • Found on pots, pans, overcoats, bullets and pine
structural units. The simple molecule from which these lining
repeating units are derived is called a monomer, and the
process of converting a monomer to polymer is called 7. Preparation of Alkenes
polymerization. 1. Dehydration of Monoalcohols

6. Polymers
• Proteins, starch, nucleic-acids, cellulose, silk and natural
rubber are the most widely encountered natural
polymers..
• Polyethylene, PVC, teflon, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene,
and polypropylene are synthetic polymers.
• There are two types of synthetic polymers, addition
polymers and condensation polymers. 2. Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
• A condensation polymerization occurs when a polymer is
formed by a reaction that leaves behind a small
molecule, such as water.
• Addition polymerization is a reaction when a polymer is
formed from its monomer with no other molecules
produced.

3. Dehydrogenation of Alkanes
4. Cracking of Alkanes

5. Dehalogenation of Dibromines

Example 12
Write an equation for each of the following reactions.
a. Dehydration of propyl alcohol
b. Dehydrohalogenation of propyl chloride
c. Dehydrogenation of propane
d. Dehalogenation of 1, 2-dibromopropane

Example 13
How many grams of ethylene can be produced from 230
g of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, by 80% production?

Example 14
How many grams of butene can be produced from 13.7 g
of 2-bromobutane?

Ethylene (Ethene)

• simplest alkene, colorless, with specific odor, slightly


soluble in water, and organic solvents.
• produced from coal gas and petroleum by cracking
methods.
• used as monomer to produce many useful polymers.

You might also like