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BES 122

ESSENTIAL QUESTION :

Computer - How much you know about it?

Computer is used in almost each and every sphere of


life. It not only boost our activities but also render a
great help in our day to day life. It has become a part
of our life to such an extent that we cannot think of
our life without computers.
COMPUTER
COMPUTER
COMPUTER
USES OF COMPUTERS
USES OF COMPUTERS
 In
business, computers track inventories
with bar codes and scanners, check the
credit status of customers, and transfer
funds electronically.
USES OF COMPUTERS
 Inhomes, tiny computers embedded in
the electronic circuitry of most appliances
control the indoor temperature, operate
home security systems, tell the time, and
turn videocassette recorders (VCRs) on
and off.
USES OF COMPUTERS
 Computers in
automobiles regulate the
flow of fuel and are used
in anti-theft systems.
Computers also
entertain, creating
digitized sound on
stereo systems or
computer-animated
features from a digitally
encoded laser disc.
USES OF COMPUTERS
 Educators use computers to track grades and
communicate with students; with computer-
controlled projection units, they can add
graphics, sound, and animation to their
communications.
USES OF COMPUTERS
 It helps us in weather forecasting, national
security, road safety measures and long
distance personal interface [tele-conferencing].

 It helps us in assessment and evaluation of


various scientific as well as statistical data.
COMPUTER

Commonly Operating Machine Particularly Used


for Trade, Education & Research

A computer is a machine that manipulates data


according to a list of instructions.
 A computer can store data & information in its
memory, process them & produce the desired
results.
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Input  formed by the input devices which


allow users to input data for processing.
2. Process  the processing and conversion of
data from input to output is done in the CPU.
3. Storage  it is where instructions and data
are stored while processing is done.
4. Output  used to display the data to the user
either in the form of hard copy or soft copy.
4 Basic Functions of Computer System

STORAGE

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT


BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer system consists of input devices which


allow users to input data for processing;
Storage devices where the processed information
are stored;
A central processing unit(CPU) which interprets
and executes data or instruction; and
Output devices where the outcomes are
displayed.
ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

A. Hardware

B. Software

C. Peopleware
ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Hardware
Computer hardware consists of the
components that can be physically handled.
The function of these components is
classified into input devices, output devices,
the central processing unit (CPU) and
secondary storage.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS..

1. Input Devices
Input hardware consists of external devices—
that is, components outside of the computer’s
CPU—that provide information and instructions
to the computer.

Ex: keyboard, mouse, trackball, scanning


device, multimedia devices
INPUT DEVICES
HARDWARE COMPONENTS..

2. Output devices
Output hardware consists of internal and
external devices that transfer information from
the computer’s CPU to the computer user.

Ex: monitor, printer, speakers


OUTPUT DEVICES
HARDWARE COMPONENTS..

3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)


The processing and conversion of data from
input to output is done in the CPU. Its main
function is to perform arithmetic and logical
operations on data taken from the primary
storage or on information entered through any
input device.
BASIC COMPONENTS: CPU

Main Storage  it is where instructions and data


are stored while processing is done.

The two types of memory inside the main


storage are the RAM and ROM.
 Random access memory (RAM) is used to store
the information and instructions that operate
the computer's programs. Typically, programs
are transferred from storage on a disk drive to
RAM. RAM is also known as volatile memory
because the information within the computer
chips is lost when power to the computer is
turned off.
 Read-only memory (ROM) contains critical
information and software that must be
permanently available for computer operation,
such as the operating system that directs the
computer's actions from start up to shut down.
ROM is called nonvolatile memory because the
memory chips do not lose their information
when power to the computer is turned off.
BASIC COMPONENTS: CPU

Buses a set of wires used for data transfer


among the components of a computer system.
- bundles of tiny wires that serve as the
communication path between components of
the CPU.
- important buses are the address, data and
control buses.
BASIC COMPONENTS: CPU

Registers  part of the CPU that function as fast-


accessed temporary memory locations. The
bits of information taken from the main
memory and those that will be placed in the
main memory are temporarily held in the
registers while computations are being
performed.
The register can contain the address of a
memory location where data is stored rather
than the actual data itself.

Registers hold the material that the CPU is


currently working with and they can be thought
of as being the CPU's workspace.
A

 Only assembly language programs can manipulate


registers.
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
- performs all the
arithmetic and logical
calculations of the CPU.
general purpose registers:

8086 CPU has 8 general purpose registers,


each register has its own name:
AX - the accumulator register (divided into
AH / AL).
BX - the base address register (divided into
BH / BL).
CX - the count register (divided into CH / CL).
DX - the data register (divided into DH / DL).
SI - source index register.
DI - destination index register.
BP - base pointer.
SP - stack pointer
 Control Unit – responsible for directing the flow
of instructions and data within the CPU. It
fetches the instructions from the main memory
for execution in the CPU.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS..

4. Secondary Storage  where data are stored


permanently.

Ex. Magnetic tape, magnetic disk, optical disk


ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
2. Software
 Software represents the set of programs that
govern the operation of a computer system and
make the hardware run.
 Software as a whole can be divided into a
number of categories based on the types of
work done by programs.
1. Operating System
2. Language Processors
3. Application Software
SOFTWARE CATEGORIES..
Operating System  set of programs which
controls and coordinates the whole operation
of the computer system.

 An operating system is a program which acts


as an interface between a user & the hardware
(i.e., all computer resources). An operating
system is an important component of a
computer system which controls all other
components of the computer system.
The operating system perform the following function:
 1. Provide the instruction to prepare user-
interface.
 2. Loads necessary program which are required
for proper computer functioning.
 3. Manages the way information is stored on &
retrieved from disks.

Ex. OS/2, INIX, LINUX, JavaOS, Windows NT,


Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows 98
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS..

LANGUAGE PROCESSORS

 ASSEMBLER: This language processor converts


the program written in assembly language into
machine language.
 INTERPRETER: A computer program that executes,
performs instructions written in a programming
language. If there is any error in any line, it reports
it at the same time & program execution can not
resume until the error is rectified.
 COMPILER: A compiler is a computer program
(or set of programs) that transforms source
code written in a programming language (the
source language) into another computer
language (the target language, often having a
binary form known as object code).
 An interpreter translates to machine code and
executes it, while a compiler only translates to
machine code that it stores as executable files;
these can then be executed as a separate step.

 Source code and object code refer to the


"before" and "after" versions of a computer
program that is compiled before it is ready to
run in a computer.
For example, a programmer using the C language
types in a desired sequence of C language
statements using a text editor and then saves
them as a named file. This file is said to
contain the source code. It is now ready to be
compiled with a C compiler and the resulting
output, the compiled file, is often referred to as
object code.
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS..
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 An application software is the set of programs
necessary to carry out operations for a
specified application.
 Examples include enterprise software,
accounting software, office suites(Business
applications, e.g. Microsoft Office, Open Office
and iWork), graphics software and media
players.
PEOPLEWARE
 Peopleware can refer to anything that
has to do with the role of people in the
development or use of computer software and
hardware systems, including such issues as
developer productivity, teamwork, group
dynamics, the psychology of programming,
project management, organizational factors,
human interface design, and human-machine-
interaction.
ACTIVITY
 * Research one(1) Article in the Internet with
the topic about: “Functions and/or
Contributions of a Computer System to the
Society”
 * Include the Author's Name; Date; Web
Address
 * Make a reflection paper (minimum of 500
words)
-- end of presentation--

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