CLASS-11t

chapter - 12
Best Handwritten Notes

organic
Chemistry
-

SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES & TECH.

with ⑲
Bharat Panchal Sir
By
bhavatpanchal 92
gen Bharat Panchal Sir

Bharat Panchal-chemistry
⑧ Gurujic.o
 ⑪NTENTS
·
Introduction
·

Tetravalency of carbon

Hybridization of Carbon
·
Representation of Organic Compounds
·
classification of organic compounds
·
Nomenclature of Organic compounds
·
Isomerism
·
Mechanism oforganic Reactions.

INTRODUCTION
=>

Wohler synthesized firstorganic compound urea,

in ammonium canate.
the lab by
heating
NH4 CNO - >

NH, CONHC
Ammonium Canale
wrea (organic)
Q What
organic chemistry?
is
An Organic chemistry is chemistry of carbon

compounds
or
It is the study of hydrocarbons and

their derivatives.

Tetravalency of carbon

6- 192252 2b, 2pyCP2

carbon always make a covalent bond and
is
it known as
retravalency of carbon.
NOTE
number of organic compounds is very
large. The reason for large no. of Organic compound
is catenation

↳ What is catenation?
Ans. It is the tendency of an element to form
chains of identical atoms. It is maximum
&
m carbon. Catenation depends upon bond enthalpy,
which is maximum in carbon
order o <> SiS >P>N>0
catenation

HYBRIDIZATION OFCARBON:

Type %
Geometry Bond Example
S-character
Angle
sp3 25 Tetrahedral Alkane Ar bond
109:281
-

SbC 33.3% Tagonal 120° Alkene -

30 bond
I planar
Sp 50% linear 1808 Alkyne -
2 u bond

NUMBER OF U and M BONDS:

type of Bond Bond 8 I Bond

No.- No.

-2 I O

2 L
=

1 1

=C 2
1

APPLICATION OF
HYBRIDISATION:
Size-sp>> SPC) sp Bond length -(=C=(<C-C
↑

Bond
=) =)<-C
enthalpy
sp>sp2>56>
Electronegativity -
REPRESENTATION OF COMPOUNDS:
·

ORGANIC

Molecular formula structural formula

H nnn

in
I I

Cultio H -
-2-C- [

↳ in
is H H
CaHs-OH
CHICOOn
n
--
-
-

condensed Formula Bond line formula

CHy-CH-CHG-CH3
CHy-CHa-OH
3-DStr. of organic compounds.

·
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
·
open chain compounds:
·
chain
Sight chain
when
CHy-CHI, CHyrCH-CH3 eE
CHS-4
Isaturated or unsaturated
ethane (Saturated) Unsaturated

--n
H I
↓ -
n -

Ethere Ethyne
is
4x 1
↳
=
H -
-H
H

cyclic
* compounds.
These compoundscontain atleast
one closed chain of atoms.

Alicyclic compounds:

cyclopropane cyclobutans Cyclohexane

Aromatic compound:
Benzoid
which follows
Huckle Rule ,CH3
I ,
-- -
1151 1;1
- -

Cyclic Str. Benzene Toluene Anthracene

Napthalene
-> sp2 hybridisation
Non-Benzoid
-> Trigonal planar
geometry
->
(Ai + 2)πeo Y Es
in
2, 6, 10, 14, 18.... I propolone Azulene
 Hetrocyclic
·

·O

it
-
/
/
I11 17
N-
N -
-

oxivane
H

Pyridine Tetrahydro
Pyrole
Fran (THE)
& What is a functional group!
Asan atom or group of atom in a molecule which is
responsible for the characteristicchemical properties
o organic compound.
·
Typesof Carbon Atoms

H3 CH3
eg S

cts CH
Hy
-- -

" i.
Hy
some common prefixes
n-normal) It is used for chain sidrocarbor

straight
-

C-C -
) -
C 2
-

Iso-cHy group is attached to and last carbon

CH-chch-CHy Isobentane

Neo-two city groups are attached to and last carbon

, CH]
CHy-C- CH-CH]
its New hexane

2- and B-Carbon Atoms

-In-H-cHo
IUPAC Nomenclature

Prefix Word
Root +1 suffix 2° suffix
2. Prefix 1
+

+
+

I ↓ ↓ ↓
↓
substituent Bond
Type
Chain
Principal Functional
Fluoro-F chain Type
open -X Group
Chloro-4 ane
C1 -meth
-

Bromo-BU
close -

Cyclo c eth
- =ene
Iodo I
C3-prop
-

=>

The
Nitro-NO2 cu-but
Nitroso NO 2) diene
15-pent
-

DiGZO-N2 Cs -
nex 3C=) triene
27 -kept
Alkoxy-OR 2) tinne
28-Oct
Alkyl R -

Non
Ca
onery -
-

Co-dec
2"
suffix tells us about functional group

Note 'a'i added

extra
to word root is I

suffixbegins with
a consonant

Note
If 2" suffixbegins
with a vowel the

terminal 'e'is
dropped.
 RULES FOR IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
Selection of longestchain
·

Numbering ofselected chain

·Arrangementof Prefixes (Alphabetical order

is c-c-c-C- - - [

I !! 2,3,6-Trimethyl heptance

ii) C-
Ethyl-5-methylheptance
-- -
-

- ) 3-

iii) 3,4-Dimethyl hexane

coc e -

iv)
quCl-Dimetylethyl
c-c-ce----
octane e

Nomenclature ofUnsaturated Hydrocabous

-

·
c=(-(- C ⑥
c -c -
-

[=(

B ut-I-eve Pent-I-yne

cG )(
=
=
-
·

c-c--c= (
·

c Buta-1,3-diene
4. Methylpent-1-ene
Chc methylidene
=

(-
- =(
Cty-CH= ethylene
=
·

pent-3-en-l-yne CHa CH
-ethenys c
=

2
CH=CH-c-(H (He 3-Methylidene benta-1,4-diene
·
=
Alcohal-OH
·
- of
Propane 1,2,3-triol
-

<- (-)-)-OH Butan-1-ol C-C- C

<Glycerol (
c -c -
C- 0H 2-Methyl propan-tol
in or bi
↳ OH
/-

cyclohexan-10
Of
Pent
H
Mi 3-en-1-ol
-

<- c

in on
Ethane-1,2-diol
(glycol
o H 3-chloro
-
cyclobuta
1,3-dien-Fol

*cyanide (-(EN) -
Nitrile
· Ic--( -
(=
N
3 Methylbutane-I-nitile
↓ N
=
I Bromo-2-ethylpent-4-ene
·c =c--c-(-)
B - I-nitrile

LCEN Cyclopentane-1-carbonitrile

"EnEn"Em Propane-1,2,3-carbonitrile

# Amine -

NHa -

amine

S-C-NH2 Ethan-I-amine
c-c-c-c -c pentan-2-amine
Na
c-c-N-C N-methyl ethan-lamine

C-2-C-N-1 C =

N-Probyleth---en
-I-amins
 Ethers R-O-R Alkoxy Alkane

L-0-[
Methoxy methane c-c-0-c-) Ethoxyethane
<-c-o-2 Methoxyethane c = (-0 - (=
(

C-c-c-0 -c c =

Proboxy ethere Ethynoxy ethere

0

Aldehyde
#
- -H -
al

c-(HO Ethan-I-al /
Ho
Cyclopentane-1-carbaldehyde
·

↳
· c-c-CHO 2-Methylpropan-ral C-C-)-(140
I I
X
-
↳-Eclopsapyl
c-c --CH0 3-cyclopropyl
I
· =

butan-I-al
pent-3-en-ral
D
11
#
Ketones -
G- -
One &
I
- c-c 4 Methylhexan-3-one
Propan-2-one
E
C-L-
-
-

·
- -
0
0
.c-c C Butan-2-one
MV/
-

2-Ethenylcyclobrobanone
-

·
-

Cyclohexan-1-one

#Carboxylic Acid -
LOOH -
oic acid

c-c-COOH Propan-toic acid

IT sta-ene-1-carboxylic
·

acid
.
= -COOH Prob-2-en-toicacid
=C -C=(-COOH
C-C-COOH
⑥
3-cyclobrobyl
I proban-roic acid pent-2-el-4-4n-1-oic and

Acid Amide-CONH2 amide

-

C-CONHc Ethan-l-amide
-CONte E-Pan-I-amide
↳

ICONta cyclobutane
-

I -

carboxamide
Preference order of functional Group

Carboxylic Acid -
COOH
carboxy oi, acid

sulphonic Acid -

SOH sulbho sulphonic acid

Ester -

200-
Alkoxy carbonyl alkyl alkanoate
Acid Chloride -
col Chloso
formyl oyl chloride
Amide -

CONH2 carbamoy amd

Gunide -
(IN cyaho nitrile
Isocynide - N=
C
Isocyano Isonibile

Aldehyde -
CHO oxo/formyl al

Ketone -
cO- oxol keto one

Alcohol -

OH
hydroxy -
ol

Amine -

NH2 amino amine

#Polyfunctional Group
2-Hydroxyprobanoic acid
·-- I
3- Amino pentan-2-01

-
· c-c-

·)
11 2- Amino-4-hydroxy pentan-3-one
c-

nite
-
,
-

D
It
·( -c-c-COOH 3-oxobutan-1-oic acid
O-C

Methoxy probanal
I
2
c-c-CHO
-

·)
Nomenclature of Benzene and its perivatives:
N Nil
CH3 OCH3 H CH2
=

H I
- -

Tot
-
10 I 1 101
10, -
0
-/ -
-
methylbenzene *mino Methoxy vinyl benzene Benzene
benzene Benzene diazonium
(Toluenel (Anilinel (Styrene)
(Anisole) chloride

SOH NOs oc
CHO COOl

/- - I /I /

101 lol 101 1

0 10/
- -
-- Y -
Benzoic Benzoyl
Benzene Nitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Chloride
sulphonic Acid
acid
,
20
CH3 4 1, 2 16- othe
ICONA, / -
0/ -
0 or
/
10/ "I
mis,
101 0 1300 1,5-meter
X -
- m
1, 1 para
Aceto
-

Benzamide
Phenome s
/
a Be
I
101
-
Chlorobenzene 101
Y
Bromobenzene
By
↳
I
- u 12- Dichloro X
I
1,4-Dibromobenzene
-
101
->

I-
⑧ I benzene
↓-Dibromobenzene.
o-Dichloro Bu
benzene
 ISOMERISM:
Those which have same molecular
compounds
formula but differ from each other in their properties
and this phenomenon is called isomerism

Structural Isomers have same molecular formula butdifferent

str. are called structural isomers.

·
Chain Isomerism
chain isomers have difference in chain
branched
I
straightor
e.g CH3
CH CH CACI CH3 -1-
'H CH CHs <-- C
Hy
IH Inz
Position Isomerism:
position isomers differ in the
·

position of multiple bond or substituent or functional

group in the same carbon chain.
·

cty-CH=CH-CH3 CHI-CH-CH (Ha =

CHy-CH-CH-0H CHy-CH-CH3
·

Or
# Functional Isomerism:
functional isomers have same molecular formula but

differentfunctional group. Thus, they have different

physical and chemical proberties.
Alcohol - Ether

CH3-CH-OH CH3-0-CH3

Aldehyde * Ketone
0
11

CHy-CH-CHO CH3-C-CH3
Carboxylic Acid ->Ester

CHI-CH2-COOH CH,-C00-CH3
Cyanide >Isocyanide

CHy-CH,-(N CHy-f2 ny

Amine i2 Amine it3 Amine

CH-CHy-CH-NY2
CHS-CNY M-s
#Metamerism:
It occurs due to presence of different
alkyl groups attached to same divalentfunctional group
or atom i.e O

-O- -
NH- --
Ethers ↳'Amine Ketone

2de
C245-0-145 CH7-0-CH3

~C3H7-0-CyH7 GHs-O-CHg

new (245--NH-$15 CHy-0-CyH7

*
Tautomerism
It is due to the
migration of H-atom
<mobile H-atom) between carbon and polyvalentatom
of functional group within same molecule

92. OH
I

CHy-c-CHs *Y CHy-c CH2 =

Stereoisomerism:
The compounds having same
molecular
formula,but different arrangement of
atoms or groups in space.

i) Geometrical Isomerism:
this tube
of isomerism
arises due to the restricted rotation around(= (
multiple bonds.

(a) Cis-Trans Isomerism

similar
If groups are adjacent
to each other the isomers are called is while
if similar groups are opposite to each other
the isomers are called cis-trans isomer
Cis Trans group
same
same group
at adjacent position
at opposite position
H- H
= C
H-
C= 4
& c I
-
H

OPTICAL ISOMERS:

A beam of ordinary light consist

of electromag-
when
-netic waves
vibrating inall planes
bass through Nicol prism, vibrates in one plane
called PPL (plane polarised light
-Rotatory -
which rotate PPL towards
right
levo-Rotatory - which rotate POL towards left.

Y
/T
deX Do
rotatory

④
optically
=>
incactive

-
Raevo
Racemic Mie Rotatory
eq, usmolar enixtune
-
-

of
an ero. So thatnet rotation of

i
 *
Tautomerism
It is due to the
migration of H-atom
<mobile H-atom) between carbon and polyvalentatom
of functional group within same molecule

92. OH
I

CHy-c-CHs *Y CHy-c CH2 =

Mechanism of Organic Reaction

In anorganic reaction, reactants consist of substrate
and reagent. The substrate is attacked by the reagent
leading to the formation of intermediate and finally
the product.
substrate + Reagent ->
Inter ->
product
mediate

Inductive Effect
The permanent displacement of electron
pairs along the saturated chain cratom when either
o
electronegative atom or electropositive atom is attached
with end carbon chain
one
of
Type
I
↓ ↓
+I effect
-
I effect
when election withd-
when electron donating
group is attached
rawing group in
-

with the
attached with c-atom.
chain of catom
St SSS+ S8+
St 8 -

888-58-8-
C- - -

E.D.4 C-C-C-E-m.G
e.g.
e.g

ricks
chs -

NO, Y-(N)-C00K)
- Cy
CH3
-

Ins -

F).47. Br) -
I
Electromeric Effect
Theprocess
of complete transference
of electron pair it bond to one of the atom which
is usually more
electronegative in the presence
of attacking reagent is called as electromeric
effect.
It is temporary effect. It occurs in the
presence of attacking reagent.

If attacking reagent attaches If attacking reagent

to that atom which withdraw attaches to thatatom
the pair of electron Linose election pair
withdraw.
Resonanceor Mesomeric Effect:
Theprocess of
transfers of electron from one part of conjugated
system to the other parto f conjugated system
due to phenomenon of resonance is called

R
esonance effect.
group donates
If

electrons to the

conjugated system
 If group
withdraws 20

from the

conjugated
systems

Hyperconjugation effect:
It is a type of interaction
between - elections and electrons of near by c-nbond.

is is
This effect achieved when
conjugative system
attached with alkyl group.
CONDITION: <-carbon with hydrogen.
H

4- =
*
CH

H
I

i
H *- H,*-CH= C Het

(H
i
I
H it
Hi
c =
-2 -

H H

6
4y*-cH = - Hi
-
H
Also called no bond resonance or Anchimeric
assistance or Baker Nathen effect
Note Greater the no. o hyperconjugative str. are
formed
more will be stability.
its

condition for hyper conjugation effect Molecules that

shows
hyperconjugative effect musthave x-catom
with hydrogen. The no. of hyper conjugative str
formed directly related with
no.g x-H-atom.
 CH] CH3 CH3
=
CH3

ns
CH3
c
-
/ 2

is C
> Y > I
Y c =
=

↓3
2
Cly CHI H H
12
I 6

substitution Reaction
the tubes of
organic reactions
in which one group or atom displace by other atoms
these reactions are of three types.
hilic
substitution Rxn
substitution reaction carried
by the nucleophile.

CHI-C ON
CH-OH +4-
- >

Nucleophile
Electrophilic substitution Rxn
The substitution reaction
is carried out by the electrophile

14
H du/re
- / H+
11+ ut
+
-

Electrophile
Free Radical substitution Rxn
substitution Rxn is
carried outby free radical

CH =
CH-CHy +BU, +
CH =
CH-CH, -Br
+
HB2

Addition Reaction
tubes of reactions in which
the
two atoms or group react with each other
to form single molecule of the product.
Nucleophilic Addition Rx
Addition of nucleophile to
carbonyl group
(
1
0
=
+
(No -

, -
00
Ca
 ·
Electrophilic substitution Reaction
Addition of electrophile
to alkene A
CH2 CH2
=
H+-
+

CH CH3
i
·
Free Radical Addition Ryn
Addition of MB to Alkene
-
CHy-CH CH2 H-B8
CHy-CH-CHy
-
+
=

-
By

Elimination Reaction
the
type of organic reactions
in which two atoms eliminated to
groups
or are

form alkene or cycloalkane or carton etc.

es
·

imination:elimination of two atoms from same

--atom RX with alkali
e.g g CH,
"
⑧
HO t
I
2 4
+4-
- ->
iCU +H,0
d ↳
Dichlovo carbene

·
,B-Elimination elimination of two atoms or
groups
from adjacent atoms
e.g Dehydrohalogenation Rxn

all

-Cha CH, +Hu

·
c,4-elimination: Elimination of two atoms or groups
from one position to
another
position within same molecule
Rxn
eg g 1,3-dibromopropane with
In dust
in CHI-OH
Rearrangementor isomerisation Ren
The types of
organic reactions in which one group migrate from
one position to another position within same
molecule.
(Isomerisation)
eg 1-Bromobutane

CHI-CHa-CH.-CHa-Br y CH3-CH-CH,-CHy
is
canhyl
2 -
Bromobutane.

Bond Fission:
Breaking of a covalentbondis called bond

fission or bond cleavage

Homolytic Fission Hebolytic Fission
a
If covalent bond breaks If a covalent bond breaks
in such a
way that each in such a way that
atom acquires one 20 both the eo of a
from bond. The species bond bais acq, air
is called
by
thus formed one aton. The species
free radicals thus formed are

..+. :
: carbocation or carbonion.

Cry-Y- +He
-

Electrophile
These
are to
are to
loving species. They
deficient species. They acts as
Lewis Acids.

e.g C+, 292+, Cu2+, Al3+, Niution

BFs, BLy, BBU y, HIFs
Nucleophile:These are nucleus loving species.
They are rich in ed. They actas Lewis Base

e.g UT Br I, H0:,:NHs, R-NH, etc.

Reaction Intermediates
These are
highly reactive
species. They are short lived.
They can not be
isolated from the reaction mixture.
Carbocations:
these are
organic species that have the
on carbon atom. charge
h8 ⑰
CHI-C ↳
CHy +4-
order I stability carbocation

C-c-CHs 41-CHs
⑰
CHy-CHa [ City
19 28 CH3
Carboanions:

charge organic
on
species which have negative

A-CH,-CHo-> CHCHO +HO

OH-
order of stability
C-7 CH,-H-CHS) CH-E-CHS
10 20
CH3
Free Radicals:
Tnese are organic species in which
carbon atom has odd orunpaired e0.

CHIH
nu
- CH, + i
order
of stability
-caCH-c-CHs7CH
19
CLASS 12ᵗʰ -

CBSE -
2023

Haloalkanes &
Halo are nes
HANDWRITTEN NOTES

with **¥¥#
Panchal Sir
By Bharat

ʰ• *&•⇐É÷¥s¥¥É¥
⇐:•¥A÷•¥gBÉEG¥ÉAB÷&G¥É PBhharaattpaannehha.at $ #

GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
INTRODUCTION : -

me derivatives of aliphatic
halogen
and aromatic hydrocarbons are called alkyl
halide Chalo alkahest and aryl halide ( Halo . aren.es )

Halo alkanes contain halogen atom attached to

the Sps hybridised c- atom
of an alkyl grouts :

whereas Haloarenes
contain halogen atom attached to spa hybridised
c- atom of an
aryl grouts .

CLASSIFICATION OF HALO ALKANES & HALO ARENE

( *) On the basis of no .
(A) On the basis of
hybridisation state
of halogen atoms
.

µ
it 4115 ✗
&
-

'

( Mono halo alkanes ) R _

-
✗

it ( 1° Primary )
44 ✗ H -
-

( Dimaio alkanes)
,R
'

( Ha -

✗
"

"it
R C- ✗ C2 : secondary)
41 ✗
-
-

halo alkanes,
CH -
✗
te
'

EH, ✗ ↑
Fenian
-

f- ✗ (
"
R -

✗
cmonohaloarenes )
,
-

R
'"
Haloalkane)

( Dihaloarenes )
✗ = f, U, Br I ,

( Trihaloarenes )
✗
 ALLYLIC HALIDES : -

the halogen is bonded to an

Sps c- atom next to the c=c .

§i- Allylic
e-
9 .
R -
CH - CH -
CH -
✗
,

Allylic # carbon .

carbon

BENZYLIC HALIDE : -

the halogen atom is bonded

to ]
c- atom to
sing
an sp next an aromatic

g ith ✗
-

e.
-

¥1
PROPAGYL HALIDE ! -

the halogen atom is bonded to

]
an sp c- atom next to a CEC bond
, .

e.g R -
CE C -
CH
,
-
✗

Vinyltlaide :
Aryltlalidei .

halogen atom is bonded is

the the halogen atom
to an spa c- atom bonded to sb'
✗ ✗
e. c- atom of an
G R CH -

,
__ en -
✗ ,
I
ring
'
aromatic .

NOMENCLATURE OF HALO ALKANES

common Name IUPAC Name

•
CH -4
, Methyl chloride chloro methane

• CH, CH CH Br n -
Propyl Bromide Bromo propane
, ,

U isobath chloride 1- chloro

cYµjCH
• CH
]
-
- -

2- methyl
,
propane
CH
] 1- chloro -2,2

&µ,- neobentyl chloride

•
CH CH -6
]
-

,
-
dimethyl
propane
-
.
a) When both halogen atoms b) when two halogen
are attached to the same atoms are present
c- atom , these are called at adjacent c-

gem - di halides then they are

also called albylidene called vicinal
dihalide .

di halide
called alkylene
CHILL
✗ also
*(✗ e.g CH -

] dihalide
✗ ✗
etheelidene
gem dihalide
-4¢ CHA CHA
-
-

dichloride -

'
ce Le
ethylene dichloride
NOMENCLATURE OF HALOARENES
a

! * ce il
"
a tu
chlorobenzene 1,2 -
Pichon benzene
1,3 -

Rich / on 14 Pichon
-

co Pichon
-
benzene benzene
benzene ) ( M Pichon
-

( b- Dickon
benzene ) benzene)
6 ortho
ortho -
a

melee 5¥ 's meta stingy

O Mgb
para ,
 Nature of C- ✗ Bond
the c- ✗ bond is covalent
but the
electronegativity of halogen atom
is more than C, due to which C- ✗ bond is bolar

& &E✗s polar Bond

-

-
-

✗ → -

•
Molecular structure of ctfu
the c- ✗ bond is formed

Sps hybrid orbital

by the
overlaying of of
c- atom and b- orbital of U - atom

C
METHODS OF PREPARATION b. orbital

OF HALO ALKANES : -
000
②
.

①
1. from Alcohol

a) By the action of halogen acid

R -
OH + HX → R -

✗ +
H2O
1° & 2° alcohols form chloro alkanes when
,
hydrochloric acid
gas is passed
through
alcohol in the presence of anhydrous 2nd
,

This is known as
"
Groove 's
poocessu
?⃝
 2h42 help in the cleavage of C- 0 bond .

→ 3. alcohols are very reactive , they react with

HU at
conc .

room tenets . without 2h42

CH OH + HU K CH]
CHA U -1110
CHA
-
-
•
- -

]
2h6

die ? OH
,
"

die ?u
"
CH + Ha ah ctg Hao
-

}
-
+

2h42
ftlz PM]
CH -
C OH + tell ¥ CH
G U -1110
-

} - -

* Mb ]
↳ .

Cpg
Note 2° & I
'
bromides and iodides can not

be prepared from the respective alcohols

because 2° & so alcohols on
heating with cone .

and
Has 04 Undergo dehydration form alkene

is least reactive
fluoro alkane is
→ Hf .
So not
formed .

of reactivity of alcohol → 3723in 1°

Order
Reactivity of halogens → HI > Hbo > tell
•

By the action of Phosphorous Halides :

R OH -
+ PUS → R U -
+ Polls + HU

R -
OH + Pll] → R U -
+ Hypo]
Note PBB & PI are not stable , so they
}
are prepared on the site of reaction CSITU )

By the action of thionyl Chloride

R OH-
+ SOU
,
É R I -
+ SO ↑ + HUT
,
Ka This method is preferred than other method
because both the side products C SO, & Hell
are
gaseous and can easily escape .

# from Hydrocarbons
a) From Alkanes
ce , & Bo reacts with alkanes in
,

the light to form halo alkanes

presence of Uv

free radical
"

This reaction is
"
substitution reaction

ex . CH] CH CH]
, g CH, CH
, CHAU + CH ] CHCH ]
he
145%1 ( 55 %)
Note -7 Thereactivity of different type of
hydrogen in halo compound are
{ Benzylic allylic > Alkyl > Vinyl aoyig
=
-
_

→
Allylic and benzylic halides can be easily
prepared
CH CH + Cl, A- CH CH -
CHAU + HU
Ctf
-
=
=
•

, ,

FH] "

€4 + U
,
→
+ HU

→ Both are highly reactive and this can be explained

in terms of stabilisation by resonance
CH ÉH
,
EH -

CH =
Ctf
,
 ÷ .
¥]
From Alkenes

> c=cf + tex →

-
i - i -

' '
n ✗
•
It is possible in symmetrical alkenes C- CH -
-
CH -7

Markovnikov 's Rule : -

In unsymmetrical alkenes ,
the - ve
part of addendum goes to that
the
carbon
having lower no of Hydrogen .

otcet Negative )
(H CHIH THX → CH] -
' _
'%
did
-

lower , ,

Edd* Hydrogen
ANTI MARKONIKOV 'S RULE
- : -

↳ Applicable to te Br
☒ -
É
-
o -
o 'É.☐
↳ takes place Ñn the presence of organic peroxide
In unsymmetrical alkenes ,
the negative part of
the additive goes to that carbon having
higher no -

of hydrogen
+ HB.ir#desCHz-CH
CH
CHI CH
-

(
Hz
,
- ,
, '
Br
Anti Markovnikov 's Rule is also known as

peroxide effect or Kharasch effect .

Test Negative )
EI Higher
Edd# Hydrogen .
 Addition of Halogen : when Brz & U
,
is added to
alkenes the addition occur at the double bond

forming vicinal di halide Bo

Po
> c=cf + Br, > d- cc
c vicinal di halides )

N0Ñee% This test is used to check unsaturation

because reddish brown colour of Bra
disappeared when reacts with alkene

By Halogen Exchange : -

Acetone NAX
R ✗
-

+ NAI > R I + a,Br)

(✗
-

=
Heat
Finkelstein Reaction

•
Fluoro alkanes are difficult to poebare directly
these chloride
are prepared by treating alkyl
and bromide with
inorganic fluoride such as
and this reaction is
( Hgs Fa g Agf Cofz
, , Sbfz )
termed as Swarts reaction

CH ] -
Br +
Agf → CH
]
-
f + Ag Br
•
From Silver salt of Acids : -

CH, COO Ag + By # CHzBr -110, ICH

}
, COOAG -11-2
+ A9Br
CH, COOCH, -119+2 Aest

Boro dine
"

Hllnsdiecker "
Birnbaum Simonin
Reaction "

Reaction
"
 Methods of Preparation of Haloarenes
•

.
Electrophilic substitution of Arches or
Direct Halogenation of aromatic
ring :

↑
+ ✗
Halogen carrier
a " + HX (✗ = Cl, Br )
310 -320k

{ Here Halogen carrier → red ] / re Br ] IAIU }

LEWIS ACID }
Mechanism: -

sHb-1_ Generation of electrophile

-1
U + fell ] → fell i + Cl
,

skkʰ_ formation of carbocation intermediate

¥Fie+→i¥+i÷↑ É¥
Slept loss of brown from the intermediate
6

+ Fedie →
1T¥ + tell + feel
]

If excess of Halogen is used ,

the second
halogen attached to ortho & bara position

' +
9ex.is#Eii- ¥%
Note The reaction with fluorine is violent
→
or

vigorous and can not be controlled

→
The reaction with Ign is not possible because
when product is formed ,
HI reduce to back

+ Ia É + HI

→
So the reaction is carried out in the presence
of oxidising agent CHIO ] , Hgo ) to oxidise HI .

r Side Chain Halogenation :

f Hall
É+u .
3%4 ☒ + HU
"
☆ in
"
is
"
"
If U excess than all H are replaced by U
,

when the side chain is larger than a methyl

group , halogenation occur at c- atom next to
benzene ring .

¥k
CH
%
-

CHIH] - ]

-1cg
To From Diazonium Salt :
◦
Diazotization Reaction
NANO + HU → Nall + HOMO
,
NIU
-

Nᵗʰ + Homo + tell °

-

+11,0
☒
Sand Meyer Reaction
✗ cx=4Br )
É
'
^5
-
"
-

+ Na
→ Gaiter Mann Reaction

ÉI ¥ + %

+ KI ← É☒ + ix. + KU

roo Balz Schliemann Reaction

-

[ ☒ Nini]
^5'4- HBF I +
BIG
-

,
,

→ from Silver salt of Aromatic Acid :

00^-8 + Bra c÷ - +
coat Ag Br

Note Haloarenes can't be prepared from phenol because

it is difficult to replace -
OH group This . is
due to resonance in phenol .

Physical Properties of Halo alkanes : -

→ In general halo alkanes are colourless 1 when bare)

sweet
smelling liquids .

→ They are
slightly soluble in water because of
low tendency to form Hydrogen Bond .

→
Density :
fall < Bo LI
more no .

of H -
atom ,
less is density
e-
G CH, Uz { CHU ]
→
Boilingpoint-B.pt ✗ Moi Mass .

B- Pt ✗ 1-
Branching
# Physical Properties of Haloarenes :

1. These are generally colourless liquid or crystalline

solid .

2. The aryl halides are heavy than water .

insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents .

3. The m.pt & b.pt of aryl halides are nearly

the same of alkyl halide containing the same
no .

of carbon atoms .

B. Pt → ortho > Para > meta

M.pt → Para > ortho > meta

Chemical Properties Of Halo alkanes

*) Nucleophilic substitution Reaction : -

¥-1T
°
Ni Ie
-

Nu ✗
→ c- ✗
-

+
→ + -

Reactivity order : - R I > R Br > R U > R F

- - -
-

Types Uni molecular Nucleophilic sub Rxn )

SN (
' .

{
SN ' ( Bimolecular Nucleophilic Sub .
Ran )

SNL R ✗ + NUO → R NY- +✗

_

X]
Rate ✗ TR
-

Mechanism fH ]
CH}

É [⊕ + ✗
°

Steb -1 Ctf f ×
-
-

/ -
CH
Formation of C+ CHS Ctf ]

CH,

%!
3 ,
step -2 + Ny◦t C- Nu

!
"
Attack Of Nucleophile CH CH CH
, , CH
}
 ra Retention as well as inversion of configuration
takes place

CHIC (CHIH
'
order of SN reaction -
✗ > -
✗ > ( Hjctf X -

> CH, ✗-

Allylic and
benzylic halides show
higher reactivity
towards the SN reaction
'
.

The carbocation thus formed get stabilised

through resonance .

SNL ( Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Rxnl

°
R ✗
-
+ Nuo → R Nu-
+ ✗

Rate ✗ ER X ] [ Nuo]
-

Mechanism
H H
th , H
,
•
no a → no . . . .
c.E.cl → no - C + 6-0
'
'
n h n

Order of SNZ reaction ÷ CHSX > 1° > 273°

roo inversion of configuration takes place

A beam of ordinary light consist of electsomag .

when
metic waves
vibrating in all planes
-

pass through Nicol prism ,

vibrates in one blane
called PPL ( Plane polarised light)
Dextrorotation -
which rotate PPL towards
right
Levu -
Rotatory - which rotate PPL towards left .

>
I
dextro
rotatory

BHF
_gIbk ally
inactive

i. I
laevo
Rae¥ Mt_¥ rotatory
equi molar mixture
of d and l , so that met rotation of
ppl is zero .

i.

÷
Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

substitution by Amino Group :

NH, R AH, + HX
R X -
+ → -

when halo alkanes in excess amount then

is
R)
all three of NH] is replaced by group (
R X-
+ NH] → BN + HX
( excess )
reaction
"
"

Holtman Ammo no lysis

R ✗ + KNO A-
•
R O N -0 + KX
-
- -
-

,
A-
R -
✗ + Agnos R -
N
f+Ag✗ ,

-
•
Substitution by -
OH
group . .

R ✗ ^-
-
+ KOH : R OH
-
+ KX or
or Agx
Agon
•
Substitution by alkoxy group
Na⊕_ OR Max
A '

R ✗
-
+ > R O R
-
-
+

This reaction is known as Williamson synthesis

•
Substitution by cyano Group coni.HU
"
TONY

,
R ✗ + KCN
-
→ R CN -

+ KX
pil.HU or NaOH
CH, COOH
4145 I
-
+ KCN → qq.cn,
MEY CH CH
, Nha
M
,
LiAttlee ,

Mendius Reaction : The formation of 1° amines by reduction

with nascent
hydrogen obtained by
the action of sodium on alcohol .

Substitution by isocyanide group :

R ✗ -
+
Agent → R NC +
-

Agx
activate N & K activate c- group
Note Ag
-

group

• Substitution by azide group :

R X + Nan,
- → R N,- + Wax

◦ Substitution by carboxyl group :

R
'
- di 0 Ag
- + x R - KER '
-
É - OR + Agx
 Elimination Reaction (
Dehydrogenation )
•

when a halo alkane with B H atom- is

healed
with ale . KOH there is an elimination of H atom -

from p -
C and a halogen from ✗ -
C
,
result an
alkene is formed
H

? I 1

-1×0
top
¥
B
-

→ -
C. = c- + BH
1
I

( here B- base ✗
leaving group]
-

If there is a
possibility of formation of more than one
alkene due to
availability of more than one § H usually -

alkene is formed bro duct

one as
major .

→ (
Hs Ctf CH CH CH ( 81%1
- - -
-

]
_

CH } Ctf Ctf gu Ctg

-
-
- - -

( 19%7
Ctf Ctf Ctb
- -
-

CH -
-
CH
→ }
" "
•
Acc . to
saytzeffis Rule the alkene with greater no of alkyl
,
-

group is preferred [ Rac CR, > Rac CHR > BECH, > RCH :(Ha ]
= =

Note → A primary alkyl halide prefer a SNL he action .

→ A Sec . halide prefer SNL & SN

'
depending
upon the
strength of
°
base / Nu and a tert .
halide
prefer SN '

Reactivity 37271° > CH, ✗ Cas carbocation

-

→ Alcoholic KOH causes elimination ,

while aqueous
leads to substitution
solution of base
Aa Reaction with active metals -

-
A Reaction with magnesium
# ( U Bo I]
R ✗
R ✗ +
Mg Mg
→
- - -

✗ , ,

ether
Grignard Reagent
→ These grignard reagents are very reactive
compounds .

They react with any source of Proton

to form hydrocarbons So it is very necessary
.

avoid traces of moisture from grignard

to
reagent -

R Mgx
Hg÷◦µ.,→
+ R H +
mg
-
-

a
carbon
* Reaction with Nac work Rxnl

r-i.i.IIn.iq?-iI.i-rDM-r-R+2Nax
ether to brebare used
alkanes
Symmetrical
.

* Reaction with 2h ( Frankland Reaction )

2 GHS -

Br + 22h → GHS -
Zn -

↳ Hs + 2h BK
diethyl zinc ( Frankland
Reagent I
→ Reduction Reaction :

R X
-
+ 2M ) → R - H + HX

↳ Hs Ut 2Gt ) → GHG 1- HU

Clan following reagents are used too reduction

2h / HU NA / ↳ Hs OH liA1H4 ,
Red P / HI
, ,
 Reaction
Rearrangement
→

CHactb.UA#sCHy-c&-CHzcHs-&?cHiAf-YcHs-&H?cHz-CHz
CH ]

'

CH,
he
# Chemical Properties of Haloarenes :

Haloarenes
are less reactive than Halo alkanes due to

1. Resonance Effect →
pelocalisation of H e -0
⑦
iii. ⑦
it : :

RJ
Jo
2. Difference in hybridisation of C- ✗ Bond

spa R -
cµ¥ˢb3
more s -
character more
electronegative so ,

hold e◦ pair more tightly so less reactive

,

3. Polarity of C- ✗ Bond
In c- ✗ bond of aryl halide
polarity is less ,
so reactivity is less

tea Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

Do%Pr
•

once

°
"

+ Noon
÷÷ ¥÷:
↳ Effect of substituent in Haloarenes on Reactivity :

→ The presence of co
withdrawing groups such as -
NO
,,
-
CN , -
COOH de . at ortho and para position to the

halogen atom
greatly activates the halogen towards
Nucleophilic substitution
↑
.

e.g is NaOH 623k 1-

% " Pheno
iildil.HU 300am

¥1
OH

1¥
it 15% NaOH 443k ,

>
I iildil.HU '

Nk
"
% in
ftp.NAOH 368k ^"
NO
,
it ,
+ A-
÷ iildil.HU ¥
NO OH
N°2
--
,
NO No,
9*7^192
¥
"
323k ¥
NO
,
Nda

NOTE → Nitro
group C- NO, ) meta to the chlorine has
no effect on
reactivity .

Explanation : -
NO
,
at para positions .

É% [É¥
• On
U OH
OH cl OH U

¥ slowness
#
Yo ☒
]
Mo
"

-0-4*-0 GT
" -
-

- - o
o
In case
of ortho and Para structures , one of
the
resonating structures bears a negative charge
atom
on the c-
bearing the -
NO, grouts .

These stabilized by the NO,

Carbo anions are -

group
well
as as it eo of benzene ring .

However in structure
case of m -

,
none
of
the
resonating SH .
bear the -
ve charge on carbon atom .

bearing the -
NO, group .

: The - NO grouts does not stabilise

,
the Carbo anion and thus has no effect towards Reactivity .

9 Out of chlorobenzene and cyclo hexyl chloride , which

one is more reactive towards nucleophilic
substitution reaction and why ?
At cyclo chloride is more reactive towards
hexyl
'

nucleophilic substitution reaction because c- 4

bond
strength is less in cyclo hexyl chloride than
chlorobenzene .

atom is bonded
to
In cyclo hexyl chloride ,
I -

Sps hybrid c- atom while in chlorobenzene

U is bonded to stir hybrid c- atom
A bond in
chlorobenzene and
c-
less
is more
reactive towards nucleophilic Suh
strong .

9 Identify the chiral molecule in the following pairs .

~ and a
~
ce

AE
is chiral molecule as it contains
asymmetric
an c- atom which
U
is denoted by *
.
 4,011 pH
=
÷
fast
stop
¥
"

④N N°2
"
is
E-A NO
,
at ortho position :

É¥::÷1i¥¥ Step
¥
:-p
ÉÉ¥% * ÷: ↳I

[ ñ
.
≤

6-• NO at meta
,
position

¥E: ¥¥÷¥i¥o
"
%

ii. [ ⑦
to
"
o

111

EH
fast N°2
Sth
Cea substitution of Amino Grout :

il NHL

2 + INH, + Ago 4751<-2

book .
¥1 +
cuff -1110
Aniline
Cea substitution by cyano Group
for in
+ CUCN É ☒ + Cee
Br
475k
Cyano benzene
f0Nᵗk nitrile
or Benzo
pm
.¥É
alk His Benzamidec
.

Partial
Hydrolysis )
¥9
"
>
Benzoic
( complete
Alan acid

benzene
liAIHcey.CH NH , ,
hydrolysis )
Na / ↳ Hs OH
BenlglaminecReduction )
-

Cea Reaction with Metal : -

mgbr Grignard
1¥ -1mg IE ( phenyl
Reagent
magnesium
bromide )
↳ Reaction with sodium
,

Wurtz -

tiltigrxu filtig Reaction

☒U + 2Nd -1 U -

Ctb -4+2 Na + UKI

¥g 7-1-41 ¥er☒-47
Cea Reaction with Copper Ullmann Reaction

☒ -
I -124 + I -4¥ 4-7-17 + beats
Cea Reduction

¥4 + an + the

Benzene

Qa Electrophilic Substitution Reaction

Note d) Haloarenes undergo electrophilic substitution

reaction slowly as compared to benzene
ii ] is Otho and
( Halogen group Dara directing
Halogenation :

E) +4 ¥j +
% + the

te Cmajoo ) (Minor )
Nitration :

¥4 + H Nosecone , ¥ÉiN " -1

T¥ +110
(minor ] Into ,C major )
sulpho nation :

É + Hasoy
→^-
%%H+É%gµ -1110

Frieda Craft Alkylation :

" +416
I
AIU
}
%ᵗʰ +
¥% ,
+ the

Frieda craft Acylation :

" "" I -144
↳ _
+
+ CHIOU AIU,
{ OCH ]
Poly halogen Derivatives
→ Chloroform C Trichloromethane ,
CHU} )
< the -1342 ÉÉ CHU} -1344
Controlled
oxidation
→ Iodoform ( tri iodoform CHI] ]
,

NaOH CHI ↓ -13 Nat + CH, COO Na

Ctf coats +
31-2-14 →
]
+3110
Bae Carbon Tetrachloride [ Cela ]

is CH, +44 , sunlight Cap -14 HCl

>

%) CHU} -142 c.CH -12 HU

Cela b a colourless ,
non -
inflammable poisonous liquid
, ,

soluble in alcohol and ether .

☆ Uses
as solvent for oils , fats resins
•
a
,
in dry extinguisher
cleaning
•
◦
as fire

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane )
'
DDT ( b b -

a- n
-8-4
"
g- if
? ,
-

te a-☒ he
ce
-

-
%& -
bis 6- chloro
chloral
Chlorobenzene phenyl )
1,1 I -

Kichwa ethane
,
 lOMoARcPSD|36270376

CLASS - 12M

CBSE 2022

ALCOHOL PHENOL ,

& ETHERS

with **¥¥#
Panchal Sir
By Bharat

%•*⇐→÷⇐-•AsB•B•AB•DgBE@¥≠ÉT PBhharaattpaannehhaakssi.ir bharat panchal 92

GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

Downloaded by rob van patten (loxine8892@ziragold.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|36270376

Alcohols and Phenols : -

when a
hydrogen of aliphatic or
aromatic hydrocarbons is replaced by C- OH] group
then the compounds which are obtained are

called alcohols and phenols .

OH
R H
-
> R -
OH
Alcohol
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
OH
>
¥-0M
Aromatic hydrocarbons Phenol

%• Also called Hydroxy derivatives of Hydrocarbons .

Classification of Alcohol and Phenols

On the basis of of
no OH
groups
•
- - -

t
.
↓ ↓

Mono hydric Dihydric Tri or

polyhydric
OH CH OH
City CY
OH
-
-

,
,

08
t.tk - OH
GH
- OH

or CH, -
OH

[H #
%
OH

4%011
YE OH
-

"

OH OH

G@BGG-oBharatPanchal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
Downloaded by rob van patten (loxine8892@ziragold.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|36270376

→ \,

primary ( t)
secondary (2) Tertiary (5)

CHS Ctf -
-
OH Ctf -

Ctf
-
CH CH
}
- É%H
} }
tote
OH
•
Allylic Alcohols
In this type of alcohols OH
9804 .
-

is attached the to Sps hybridise d carbon which

itself attached to a double bonded carbon atom

Ctg = CH -

CHA -
OH → Prob -
2- en -
1-01

Benzylic Alcohols
•
:

In this type of alcohol the OH -

group is attached to the Sps hybridized carbon

attached
which itself to a benzene ring .

OH
¥441 alcohol
-

→
Benzylic .

bharat panchal 92
•
Vinyl ic Alcohol :
In this type of alcohols OH
9804
-

is attached to a double bonded carbon atom .

C. Ha = CH -
OH → Vinylic Alcohol

NOMENCLATURE :

EH} 3,3 -
Dimethyl Benton -2-01
(
Hz G GH CH
- - -

}
OH
↳ Hs

Downloaded by rob van patten (loxine8892@ziragold.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|36270376

" the sing

B-
{ ,=§jcH
-

OH
•
Draw
,
µ Hex -1 -
en -3-01

3- Bromo -4 methyl -

CH CH CH CH
cty.CH ,
-

,
-
- -_
,
bent -3 -
en - 1-01 "
OH
bharat panchala -

NOMENCLATURE
OF
PHENOL

Downloaded by rob van patten (loxine8892@ziragold.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|36270376

•
structure of Alcohol and Phenol group :
142 PM 109
.

"
µ
c
&¥µ"Pm Ec
"

108.9
.

↳
136 pm
No "
The C- 0 bond length in bhenol is 136 pm which
is less than alcohol due to

(d) lone is
In phenol , pair of oxygen conjugation
with H bond of aromating ring and

acquire partial double bond character -

Iii ) In phenol oxygen atom is attached to

spa hybridise d carbon .

Preparation of Alcohols :

•
From Alkenes :( BY Hydration of Alkene )
"+
( O H
CH CH H2 + H pH
-
- -
- _

]
"

CH ] -
CH -
CH]
Poop an -2-01
when alkene react with water in the

of acid catalysed then alcohol is formed

presence
.

unsymmetrical alkene when water

On ,

molecule is added ,
then product is formed
according to Markovnikov 's Rule .

Mechanism :
H2O + H+ → Hz0+
I
step -

Downloaded by rob van patten (loxine8892@ziragold.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|36270376

> e- of + H¥É±H ÷ -

↑ - E: + tea :O.

step
F- at
2 :

÷ ¥
•

% :O
:c
+
-

.
. -
.

Step 3 :
µ H H It

& -

& É -
-
ii. + Ha :& →
-4-4--1%0?
+ A
•

By Hydro b oration Oxidation - :

3kHz CH -_
Ctf ) +
&B2H > CH] CHA CH
} B
-
-

,
-

OH +311202
-

{
3kHz -
(
Ha (11-04)
-

+ BCOH) } bharat panchal 92

when alkene react with diborane ( Batts ) ,

then trial kid
borane is
formed which gives alcohol by the oxidation
of Hack in the presence of sodium hydroxide .

From carbonyl compound :

•
By the reduction of aldehyde and ketones
Aldehydes and
ketones are reduced to the
corresponding alcohols
by hydrogen in the presence of reagent like

Pt , Pd , Ni ,
Li AIHA ,
NABHA ele .

{ In the presence of Pt/Pd we take Ha & rest

of these take QH
}
Go@GG-GBharatPaneha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o
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R CHO
-

+ H2 R -

CHA -
OH
2. alcohol
Aldehyde
R R
R -

G
-
R TH
,
-

GH -

2. alcohol .

, OH

•
From the reduction of carboxylic acid & ester

R -

f
-
OH +4Gt] i R -
CH
,
- OH -1110
,

Alcohol
0
Carboxylic Acid
"A ""
+R OH
R CH, OH
'

'

4TH]
-

R C OR > -

+
-

"
Alcohol
8 ester

•
From Grignard Reagent when :

react with
grignard reagent
aldehyde and ketone , then alcohol is formed .

=c=%+ñ-Ñig-✗ >
[ orig × ]
%
-
-

Adduct

> OH + MGCOH)✗
gig
-
'

yo

✗ # H CH OH -

-1mg !%
Mg
-

=otR
H-GH-o.mg
# →
-

k
,
1. alcohol
formaldehyde
*
%c=o+R-Mg✗
→

R-fgte-o.mg#Yr-cH-0H+Mg1ouk-2oalcohol
# Ketones give 3° alcohol r

R%=o R-mgx-i.gs?i-omgxH--Hg-c-0H-iMg::..
+

3. alcohol
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Preparation of Phenol

from Haloarenes
Chlorobenzene is fused with NaOH at
623K and 300 atm Phenol is obtained
pressure .

by
acidification of sodium phenoxide
il f- Nat ,0H
ask
#
Fj + NaOH Foam I ,
•
from Benzene Sulbhonic acid :
Benzene is sulphonate d
with oleum and benzene sulphuric acid so formed is
with
converted to sodium phenoxide on heating
molten sodium hydroxide

EI
POSH " "
"
"
%:# i ¥ >

• from Diazonium salts :

A diazonium salt is formed
by treating aromatic i amine with nitrous acid
an

( Manoa 1- HU ) at 273K -278K Diazonium salts .

are hydrolysed to phenols by with

warming
with dilute acids
water or
by treating .

1^1112 1%+6
'

Nano, 11,0
, /
2 -1116
+ Ha
" > + Na
warm

Aniline Benzene diazonium phenol .

Chloride

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this method cymene is oxidised

in the presence of air then cumene hydroperoxide
is obtained .
Now it react with dilute acid ,

and acetone
gives phenol .

Ftl}
OH
" o o
1-i it
- - -

]
% "+
,
§;] , + CH C CH}
- -

} "
◦
cymene cymene hydro Phenol Acetone
peroxide
•

Physical Properties
Boiling Point :

the b.pt of alcohols and phenols increase

with increase in no .

of carbon atoms ( increase in Van

der Waals forces )
Point of butanol is more than ethanol
e.
g Boiling
.

→ In isomeric alcohol , the B. Pt decreases with increase

in
branching .
i. e B.pt follows the order

1° alcohol > 2° alcohol > 3° alcohol

[ Because decrease in Van der Waal forces
of
with decrease in surface area ]
→ The -
OH
group in Alcohols and phenols is involved
in intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding .

bharat panchal 92

pyo p
ri
H H H
pyo
-
-

H - - - - - - - -
- - -
-

" "

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Solubility :

→
solubility of alcohols and phenols in water
is due their Bonds with
to
ability to form Hydrogen
water molecules .

→ The solubility decreases with increase in size

of
alkyl / aryl ( hydrophobic ) groups .

H O H
Q
%
H
- - - -

H
-
- -
- - - -
- -

H R te

pm chemical Properties of Alcohols :

1. Rxn in which cleavage of -
0÷H bond takes place
2 Ran in which cleavage of -
( ÷ OH bond takes place

# Rxn in which
cleavage of - O -
H bond takes place

10 alcohol > 2° Alcohol > 3° alcohol

it Acidic Nature of Alcohol and Phenol
a) Rxn with Metal
Alcohols and phenols react with active
metals such as sodium , potassium and aluminium to
yield alkoxide / then oxides and
corresponding hydrogen .

2 R O -
-

H +2 Na → 2 R O - - Na + H
,
sodium alkoxide
pH in a
, +2 Na → 2
k¥ 1- Ha
Phenol sodium bhen oxide

,
OH
,0Na
¥1 + NaOH →
¥1 + Hao
sodium phenoxide
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 lOMoARcPSD|36270376

b.) Acidity of Alcohol -

acidic nature alcohol is due

The of
to the bolar OH bond
nature of
-
.

alcohol
*µ In f- CH g
an
,
e-0
releasing group -

GH 5) increase
the eo density on oxygen atom and decrease the polarity
of OH bond Due to this the acidic strength of alcohol
-
.

also decreases

Therefore the order of acidity of different

alcohol is as _ ..

R *
Ctf -
OH >
R"
*
CH -

OH > 2¥
R
# OH

3°
1° 2°

9. why alcohols are weak acid than cornball to water ?

AE In alcohol
,
alkoxide ion is
formed after removing H+
ion and in water hydroxide ion is formed after removing Htion .

But alkoxide ion is less stable than compare

to OH ion due to the of more eo density
-

presence
on oxygen atom Therefore alcohol act .

,
as weak acid than
compare to water .

0÷H H+
-

R - → R O-
+

Alkoxide ion ( less stable )

c) Acidity of Phenol :
phenol is more acidic in nature
than compare to alcohol .

bharat panchal 92
Reason :
ionisation alcohol phenol
The of and
takes place as -

R -
OH
'
R -
+ It -1
,

Alkoxide ion
PH
Fit ÷ É + "
+

]
Due to the
higher electronegativity of Sb hybridise d
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carbon of phenol to which -

OH is attached , eo density
decreases on oxygen . This increase the polarity of
OH bond and result in an increase in ionisation of
phenols that that
of alcohols .

In alcohol alkoxide ion is formed and in

Phenol
,

phenoxide
ion is
, ion
after removing H+ ion Phenoxide .

more stable due to resonance than compare

to alkoxide ion .

Therefore phenol is more acidic than alcohol .

g. Explain
the
following observation -

o - and b- nitro phenols are more acidic than phenol .

Au .
No, being an electron withdrawing grouts when
present at ortho and bara -

positions withdraws
co density from benzene
sing thereby decreasing the

co density of OH bond and thus make the release

of proton easier .

H -
o Ñ → Ht +
o==niI-
µ++Éy=ñ%
H
p niko phenol is
-

ni
.

>

\
O_0
0 -
nitrophenol

Also ,
the -
NO
, group intensifies the are charge of phenoxide
ion and thus , stabilise it and hence increase its acidic
strength
Éj
as "

"
^
s
<
IN 02
Hence ortho and para nibobhenol are more acidic

than phenol .

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Esterification of Alcohol -

Rxn with carboxylic acid -

O R -1110
§
HO R R
R f -1011
- -

+
-
- -

A aft
Alcohol .

•
Rxn with Acid Chloride -

P" "dine
OR -1116
§
a H O R R
ff
+
-

>
R
-
-
-
-
-

• Rxn with Acid Anhydride -

+ R C OH
% _
OR
-

R
§
-

R OH + R
-

8
- -
-

R
§
-

•
Esterification of Phenol -

CH]
o - -

"

É +
CH, -

§
-

ce ¥1phenyl acetate (esler)+116

phenol

%
'%

1¥
"
CH,
%:* § acid
OH
-

" 1- CH,
-

0
-

as §
-

Phenol Acetic

Reaction in which cleavage 7 c- OH bond takes Place :

In this tube of reaction , alcohol behave as a electrophile

•
Rxn with Hydrogen Halide
2h42
R OH + HCl
-
7 R Ut Hao
- -

mixture of HU +2nA
,
→ Lucas Reagent
"%
CH CH CH Cl
CH OH tea
- -

g
e- + ,
z ,
- -

} ,

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Lucas Test :

alcohol 3° alcohol
'

2 alcohol
'

fH3
CH] -
CH
,
-
OH CH] -
{F- OH CH
}
-

f -

OH
CH
,
HU HU
HU
+2mHz
+
\,
2nd, + +

-1%3-6 2h42
v

CH , CH, -
-

Cl CH eats
,
"%
+ Hao
{ ,- 4
-

+ tho µ
+ Hao

Turbidity Turbidity
appears after Turbidity
appears after appears
heating 5min .
immediately

Dehydration water molecule alcohol

Removing of from
is called dehydration of alcohol It is an elimination -

reaction in which cone Hasan , Phosphorous Penta oxide .

CIOs) , Alumina ( Ako] ) is used for dehydration and

alkene is formed as product .

-
d- d- x > c- Cf -1110
Hasoy
i bharat panchal 92

The order of reactivity of different alcohols

1° alcohol
3° alcohol > 20 alcohol > .

GaB@0GBharatPanehal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
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Mechanism of Dehydration of Ethanol :

Dehydration of ethanol in the presence of conc tyson

involve the following steps :

step -1 Protonation of alcohol

H - É É ÷+i+ fast -
¥ -
E- %%
te
-

n
te te
Protonated alcohol
( ethyl Oxonian ion )
step -2 Formation of carbocation
H H
"

! is - % f. +110
*
a- -

a- _ a

n te
elimination of Proton
step -3

Ctu
H H
' = + ut
+
a- c
Ethene
h H
.

Oxidation
oxidation of alcohol involve the formation of
-

bond with cleavage of an

'
O H
'
bond
carbon Oxygen
-
-

and
'
C H -
'
bond .

H÷& YEO TH ,
→
-
o H

* This process is also known as dehydrogenation

Primary Alcohol It is oxidised into aldehyde which is
further oxidised into an acid .

CHO CH, COOH

( Hy CH Ctg
-

-
-
OH -

, -

↳ °
Aldehyde Acid .

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Secondary Alcohol
It is oxidised into ketone which is
further oxidised into acid

% to] Kdr°Hhj ◦
>
=
CH -
OH +

CH
-

%° CH
] 36]
,

<
CH, - COOH 1- HCOOH

Tertiary Alcohol
oxidised in ordinary
It is not
condition but in the presence of
strong oxidising
agent a mixture of carboxylic acid is formed
,
.

Dehydrogenation :

↳ CH CHO +
( H2
-

OH >
CH,
Hy ]
-
-

(B) CH - OH ÷ , MY
'
-0 + H,

CH CH
, ]
'

In
of
.

case }

ICH ]

ay ,
¥2 alcohol, delve
dration takes
-

% f OH
-

-
-

{tg Place .

CH
]

Rxn due to -
OH group of phenol
bharat panchal 92
•
Rxh with Ammonia

PH
+ NH} #
2h42
%%qo
Aniline
GeB@GGBharatPanchal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
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•
Rxn With Zinc Powder -

*
+ 2h
! + 2h0

Phenol Benzene
•
Rxn with Phosphorous Penta chloride CPUs )

got
+ Pus > + Poll, + tell

Rxn due to benzene of phenol

ring
Resonance in phenol

As a result of resonance ,
electrophilic substitution
Rxn takes place at ortho and para position .

Nitration OH

dit HNO "° -

},
-
b- nitro
-

¥,
+
278 -288k phenol
Nilrobhenol
in, , ,
phenol 0 -

PH "° NO,
" no HNO ]
, 0 2,4
,
6- Trinitrophenol
" ( Picric Acid )
Now

GoB@0GBharatPanehal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
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Notch The ortho and basra isomers can

Nibobhenol is
be
steam
separated
volatile
by steam distillation o
-

due to intramolecular H -

Bonding ,
while b- nitro phenol
is less volatile due to intermolecular H -

Bonding which
causes the association of molecules
"
ii.
Ho -
E- No . . ..
Ho -

TIN . .

0 - Nitro phenol b- Nibobhenol

( intramolecular H -

Bonding ) ( intermolecular H -

Bonding )
Kolbe 's Reaction
Phenoxide ion is more reactive than
phenol towards electrophilic sub . reaction Therefore .

when phenoxide ion react with co

,
, then salicylic
acid is formed as a product This .
reaction is called
Kolbe 's Reaction
OH PNA
it COL
- COOH
-4
NaOH
,
ii ) Ht
> Lot
Sod Phenoxide 2- Hydroxy Benzoic
Phenol .

acid
( salicylic Acid )
Reimer -
Tiemann Rxn
when phenol react with
chloroform in the presence
of sodium hydroxide
then salicyl aldehyde is formed as a product .

This is called Reimer -

Tiemann Rxn .

Na ima
go area
jcH0
CHU NaOH NaOH

[
+
}
,
,
,

Enter
a

011 mediate
"" OH
1¥
H -

f
Salicylate hyde
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Halogenation in
when phenol react with bromine the

presence of Csa , CHU or Cay at

low tents ,
then
,
ortho and bara bromo phenol is formed .

OH

Éʳ+☐
1011
+ Br . →
,
phenol 0 -
Bromo
phenol b- Bromo
OH 011 phenol

[¥+3Bn → BY - Br
24,6 -
Tri bromo
@ %) phenol
1B , .

Oxidation :
oxidation of phenol in the presence of air with
chromic acid ( Madriz -11150*7 form benzoquinone

N%CK°7
+0, > Benzo
11504
no quinone
Ethers ( R -
O R -

) bharat panchal 92

• The general formula of ether is Cn Han -120

◦
In ether two alkyl grouts are attached with the both
side of oxygen atom R O - -

o Ether is also known as Anhydride of Alcohol ..

R OH + HO R → R O R + Hao
- -
-
-

Ether (
Anhydride of Alcohol )
Types of Ethers
'
i.

simple ethers mixed Ethers

_

CH
CH
]
-
O -

} # 0 -5¥ 4115 - O -

CH
, , ! -
O -
CH
]
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Common & IUPAC Name of Ethers

structure of Ethers :
The bond angle btw ( c- the )
is 111
'

due to repulsion between alkyl grouts which

,

are attached to oxygen atom

141PM
a.

CH }
4¥ CH ]
111°

Preparation of Ethers
•
By dehydration of alcohol
Has 04
CH CH, OH
, CH2=CH2
, 443k

Has 04
> GHS
-
-
O -

GH g-
413k

GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

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Mechanism
The formation of ether is SNI involving the

attack of alcohol molecule on a Protonated alcohol .

(f)
'

CH
]
-

CH -
H+ → CH -

CH -
H
, } ,

( iil CH CH
Oi Ctf - TO
:
+ CH] -

CH} CH CH
-

, , →
CHA
-
- - -

'
, ,
H
H
+ H2O
( Iii ] CH] -

city -¥ -

CHI -
CH
]
→
CH (
] Hy -
O -

CHIEH] + Ht
H

•
Williamson synthesis
when sodium or potassium alkoxide
are healed with alkyl halide then ether is too med
,
.

takes place by SNL mechanism

'
R X -
+ R' -
o -
Na → R -

¥ -
R + Max .

CH
fth
•

, ,
C NaBr
f- &
CH +
CH Na -1
1- CH Bo → CH
-
- - -
-

] ] ,
,

CH}
{H]
In case
of 2
'
and 3° alkyl halides , elimination completes
over substitution If a 3° alkyl halide is used .

an
alkene is the only reaction product and no ether is too med

pH ]

-101011
CH -
C -
Br + Nat _ - CH
]
→ CH
]
-
G- CH
,
+ Na Br
3
I { H]
4^3 bharat panchal 92 2- Methyl propane

phenols are also converted to ethers by this method .

" + "" "

"
+ ctg-ctg.BR a- I + Na Br

Ethoxy benzene
sod Phenoxide
.
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Physical Properties of Ethers

Ipi methyl ether and diethyl ether are

gaseous and other
•

ethers are liquid in nature .

•
7 Ethers are
lighter than water i. e density is less
than water .

volatile in nature
•
) Ethers are highly .

•
) solubility ethers are partially soluble in water
and are
highly soluble in chloroform and Benzene .

a)
Boiling Point
The b.pt of ether very less than is
compare to isomeric alcohol because in ether
intermolecular is
H -

Bonding not present .

The b.pt of ether is similar

to the molecular wt
of alkane
.

Chemical Properties
it Hydrolysis
↳ 0s -
O -

↳ He + Hao , & ↳ Hs OH -

Tsonga
'

Rxn with Acids

i; Halogen :

HI ? H Br > HU 7 Hf
bharat panchal 92

# Reaction with HI :
react with HI in
when ether
hot and cold medium ,
then different product is formed
H -
I

↳ Hs -
O -

GH g- IF 2 Calls -

I 1-
Hao
I -
H

H I ¥ ↳ Hs -
-
OH + ↳ Hs .
-

I
↳ Hs -0 + GHG
ethyl alcohol ethyl iodide
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Note
when one
of the alkyl grouts is a tertiary group ,

the halide ion is formed is a tertiary halide .

FH] fH]
CH CH] 1- HI CHI OH -1 CH ] C
f O I
- -
- -
-
-

CH
]
thy
•
Electrophilic Substitution Reaction

OR group is ortho and bara directing .

Therefore
electrophilic substitution takes place on ortho
and para position of benzene ring .

bharat panchal 92
✗
•
Halogenation
PCH] PCH}
PCH] Br
Bra É
+
+
acid '
0 -
Bromo Br
Anisole
Anisole b- Bromo Anisole
(major )
r• Nitration
OCH ]
PCH]

É%
""
+
Cone Has 04
ÑO2
.

0 - Nitro
Anisole p Nitro anisole
-

GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

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ra Frieda craft Reaction

Alkylation OCH ]

PCH ]
+ cusa
É
( S2
É"ʰ +
,
'
CH }
2- Methoxy
toluene ( minor )
4- Methoxy
toluene
.

Acylation cmajor)
' PCH] CH
]

+ CH Coo
,
¥ -
coats +
All] '
COCH]
2- Methoxy
4- Methoxy
ace to the none acetobhenone

Denaturation Of Alcohol
The commercial alcohol is
made unfit for drinking by mixing
it with some

copper sulphate and

methyl alcohol .

Power Alcohol -

Absolute alcohol mixed with petrol

(
roughly in the seatio 20 : 80 ) is used in internal
combustion engines .
this is known as tower alcohol
mixing is done in presence of 1% benzene or 1% ether .

ALCOHOL ME TRY -

The determination of the percentage of

alcohol in a liquid especially be alcohol is known
,

as alcohol metre
help in
.

To our

Journey , you
can donate
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SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT ALCOHOLS

1.Methanol ,
CH} OH ↳ also known as wood stirk
preparation
By catalytic hydrogenation of carbon mono oxide at
high
pressure and temp in the presence of 2h0
.
-

ergo, catalyst
2h0 -0203
CO
-12112 > Ctg OH
200-300 atm
573-67319
Properties
•
it is a colourless liquid and
highly poisonous
•
It is completely soluble in water .

Uses
- It is used as a solvent for paints .

It is manufacture of formaldehyde
used for the
-

It is used as an antifreeze for automobile radiators .

It is used for
denaturing ethyl alcohol
-

2. Ethanol ( ↳ Hs OH )-

Ethanol is mainly obtained commercially by fermentation

of sugar .

Invertase
(
421122011 + H2O > 6111206 + ( 6141206

24 Mase
↳ 1112 06 > 2GHs- OH +2102
Ethanol
Properties
Ethanol is a colourless liquid
methanol
The
boiling point of ethanol is higher than .

USES -

-
as a solvent in paint industry
-
it is used as an antiseptic in the form of
rectified spirit .

-
in the preparation of a no
of compounds .

such as ether acetic acid, chloroform,

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CLASS 12ᵗʰ -

Bio Molecules -

HANDWRITTEN NOTES

with **#¥¥
Panchal Sir
By -
Bharat

%•*⇐•_÷•⇐• •B•BDgBE¥GEÉ B. Karak Bannen at $

Mr.

GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

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Introduction :

Biomolecules are the organic compound

which form the basis of life i. e
they build up
the
living system and responsible for their growth
and main fence
The sequence that relates bio molecule to living organism is

Biomolecules cells living

→
Organ ells → → Tissues →
Organs →

organism
living
→
systems are made up of various complex
biomolecules like carbohydrate proteins nucleic acids,
, ,

lipids ek
Proteins
.

and carbohydrates are essential

constituents of our food .

→ In addition , some simple molecules

like vitamins and mineral salts also play an
important role in the
function of organism .

Amino Acids & Proteins

The compounds containing amino group c- NII ) and
carboxylic group c- Coote ) are called amino acids .

where R=H ,

alkyl or

aryl grouts

F
→ except glycine (H -

G
-

Coote) ,
others are optically
"
active in nature .

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 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

* Classification of amino acids

xp ,q - amino acids depending upon the position of

-

Mtg with respect to -

COOH group .

→ Neutral , having one -

NH
,
and one -
COOH group .

EG NH
,
E- COOH
- C glycine )
in

→ Acidic ,
having one -
NH, and two -
COOH
group .

" ,NH,
8h00 C- CH Coote ( Aspartic Acid
)
g-
-

→ Basic ,
having two or more -
NH
,
and one -
COOH
group .

,NH2
% ( lysine )
HAN CHI, f- Coote
-
-

he

* Essential and Non -

Essential Amino Acids :

Those amino acids which can be synthesized by

our body are known as non -
essential amino acids
while which cant be synthesized
by our
body so must be supplied through our

diet are called essential amino acids .

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 <
lOMoARcPSD|36638271

configuration of ✗ amino acids

•
-

cool,
COOH

11N H H MH
,

R CL amino acid )
-

R [ D- amino acid )
( NH on LHS ) CNH on Ritts )
, ,

amino acids amino acids

→ Naturally
amino acids
occurringoccur ✗ -

in
are 1-

antibiotics and
D- some
bacterial cell walls .

twitter ion : when a proton is migrated from carboxyl

to amino group dual ion is formed
group , a

and this dual ion is called zwi Her ion .

a-

-1
µ

Isoelectric Point ( pI )
ion which is 2. witter
,

electrically neutral can only exist at a specific

pH , that pH is called isoelectric point
which is for all amino acids
different .

pI of leucine pH -6.0
e.g
-

pt of Arginine pH = to -8 .

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Structure of amino acids :

R
'
nite
{
COO
-

-
CH -

higher pH )
2
HIN
-1
-

H -
Coo
-

as anion c

twitter ion R
ite
( isoelectric point ) HIN -
-
COOH

as cation c low pH )

Pe . peptides condensation products of

•
are

two or more ✗ amino acids -

.

:-.
. . . . . -

HAN -
% -
COOH +
Han -
CIF -
COOH
# YN
- c%÷ .

- T -
-

l - \ 1
NH
, I / / \
/
H -
COOH

dipeptide
%
.

-
-
NH - is known as peptide linkage or peptide bond .

→ 2 molecules of 4- amino acid form dipeptide .

3 Molecules ✗ amino acid form bipebtide

of -
.

→ Dipeptide has only bektide bond

one .

fripeptide has only two peptide bond .

Polypeptide :
Condensation products of many amino acid
C- 10000 ) is known as polypeptide and those
polypeptide which have molecular mass above

than 10000 u are called boot eins .

•
Proteins they are linear polymers of ✗ -
amino
acid .

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 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

Str .

of Proteins :

1.) Primary Structure :

It simply reveals the sequence
of amino acids .

2.) Secondary structure :

✗ -
helix Sir maintained.

by H Bond
-

or p -

pleated sheet Str .

when R is small
gsoub .

3.) Tertiary Structure :

The folding and superimposition
of polypeptide chains shake
forms a compact globular .

termed as tertiary Str .

It is stabilised by covalent, ionic , H Bond -

and disulphide bonds .

4.) Quaternary Structure : The precise arrangement of

constituents
,qgg@@@ Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

the Basis
Classification on of Hydrolysis
•

simple Protein :

which
give only ✗ amino
- acid ubon
hydrolysis e.
g albumin
conjugated Protein :
These proteins give ✗ amino acid -
and

non protein part ,

called prosthetic
group
Protein Prosthetic Group

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Derived Proteins
These are obtained by partial hydrolysis
of simple or conjugated Proteins .

[ Proteins → Proteose → Pets tones → Polypeptides ]

On the Basis of Molecular shape

1

Fibrous Protein Globular Protein

Primary Str of Proteins

. :

proteins may have one or

more bolybebtide chains
→ each polypeptide in a protein has amino acids
linked with each other in a
specific sequence and
it is this amino acids is
sequence of that said
to be Slr that protein
the si of 0 1 ^

G@BGG-oBharatPanchal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
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Any change in this 1° Str .

i. e the sequence
of amino acid creates a different broken

secondary structure of Proteins :

The secondary Str .

of proteins refers to the shake in which a

long
polypeptide chain can exist .

They are found to exist in two different

types of Str .

✗ -

helix stir .

B- bleated sheet str .

most common ways In this Str .

all peptide
in which a bombe chains are stretched
btide chain form out to
nearly
-

all possible H Bond -

maximum extension
into and then laid side
by twisting held
handed by side are
a
right
screw ( helix )
together by intermolecular
with the NH H Bond
group
- -
-
.

of each amino acid residue

Tertiary Str Proteins

of :
.

the tertiary sto .

of proteins
represents overall folding of boy bebtide chains i. e

further folding of secondary structure

the
It gives rise to 2 major molecular

shapes i. e fibrous and Globular

The main forces which stabilize

the 2° and 3° Sto .

of proteins are H -
Bonds ,

disulphide linkage , van . der Waal and electrostatic

forces of attraction
Panchal
.µggqqg Bharat
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-

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

Quaternary stir of Proteins

.

some
of the proteins are

composed of two or more

polypeptide chains referred

to as sub .
units

spatial
arrangement
The

of these subunits
with respect to each

other is known as
quaternary structure
Denaturation of Proteins
The process that changes the

native proteins is
3- D Sto .

of
called denaturation of proteins .

It can be caused
by change in pH , change in tents .

addition of electrolyte addition

,
solvent like water
of ,
alcohol , acetone .

Nucleic Acids : These are the polymers which are

prepared by Nucleotide also known as boy nucleotide

a nucleotide contain .
. . .

Pentose *) Nitrogenous *) Phosphate

*7
sugar
Base group .

Pentose Sugar :
either ribose
sugar
•
or
g carbon
ribose
deoxy
( not contain

oxygen at →

2nd position )
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Nitrogenous Base
1

Purine Pyrimidine
→ Adenine →
Thymine
Uracil
Guanine
→

→
→
Cytosine
Two H Bonds
-
present between A&T
are CA =D
while three hydrogen bonds are present between
C & 9 C CIG)

structure of D. N.tt
consist
It poly nucleotide of two
each chain
chains form a ,

right handed helical spiral

with ten bases in one turn of
the spiral
The two chains coil
to double helix and run in
opposite direction These . are

held together by H -

bonding .

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Types of RNA
1.) Mess anger RNA (
M -
RNA )
is produced in the
It
nucleus and carries information for the synthesis
of protein .

2.) Transfer RNA

is found in cytoplasm
It .
Its function
is to collect amino acids from cytoplasm for
protein synthesis .

3.) Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA )

This provide site for
protein synthesis
'

functions of Nucleic Acid

Direct the synthesis of protein

•

•
transfer the genetic informations .

→
Replication :-[ in which
+ is a process a molecule can

duplicate .

→
Templates It means pattern ,
in the process of replication
of DNA , the parent strand serves as timbale .

Gene The portion of DNA carrying information about

specific protein is
a called gene .

Genetic code : The relation between the amino acid

and the the nucleotide triplet is called
genetic code .

Codons The nucleotide bases in RNA function

amino
in
group of three Cbiblet ) in coding
acid .

These bases triplets

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by Dhruv Karhe (dhruvkarhe1@gmail.com) codons .
 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

Vitamins
The organic compounds other than carbohydrates ,

proteins and fats which are required in the diet in

small amount to perform specific biological functions,
maintain normal health , growth and nutiritition are
called vitamins
basis of
classification on the
Solubility
Fat Soluble Vitamins
vitamins A , D, E , K are soluble In fat
and oils but insoluble in water .
They are stored in
liver and adipose ( fat
storing ) tissues .

Water Soluble Vitamins

group vitamins
-

B and C are
soluble in water . water soluble vitamins must be
subblied regularly in diet because they are readily
excreted in urine and can not be stored in
our body ( except vitamin B12 )
bun vitamin K is responsible for coagulation of blood .

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ENZYMES
Enzymes are biocatalyst almost all the enzymes ,
are
globular proteins They are generally named after the
.

compound or class of compound upon which they work

e.
g the enzyme that catalyse hydrolysis of maltose
into
glucose is named as maltase
421122011 + H2O É 2614206
Maltose Glucose
Some Common Example
Substrate Name Product
Urea Urease coat NH]

Maltose Maltase Glucose

Sucrose Invertase Glucose + Fructose

Starch Amylase Maltose

Proteins Amino Acids
Trypsin
Mechanism Of Enzyme Action -

Characteristic feature of Enzyme :

•
Rate of Reaction :
They increase the rate of reaction
upto 106 to 107 times .

GeB@0GoBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o
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•
Specific Nature -

urease catalyse the hydrolysis of Urea

and not methyl urea , so these are specific in nature .

•
Optimum Temperature -

It is active at 20 -30%
•

pH of medium -

it is about 7
,
for bebsin 18-2-21
for trypsin 7.5-8.3
•
Concentration -
Dilute solutions are more effective
•
Amount of enzyme -

Very small amount can accelerate

the reaction
•

Enzyme Inhibitors -
These compound inhibit the enzyme
action , with the help such
of
compounds , the reaction can be controlled .

HARMONIES
These the chemical substance which are
are
produced by endocrine C.ductless ) in the
glands body .

Harmonies acts as chemical messengers .

Some examples of ductless ( endocrine ] glands are

thyroid , pitutary ,
adrenal , pancreas , testes and ovaries .

Hormones are divided into three types :

is steroids &; proteins Ciii, Amines

GaB@0GBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o
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Carbohydrates These are

optically active bowl hydro -

✗y aldehydes / Ketones or the substance which

give these on hydrolysis are called carbohydrates .

General formula cx(Hao )y

Classification on the basis
of Hydrolysis
•
Monosaccharides -
can not be hydrolysed further eg
Glucose '

fructose
Oligosaccharides 2- Lo molecules
•
-

give of monosaccharides
g
e. Glucose ,
fructose
•

Polysaccharides give monosaccharides

large of
-

no .

e.
g starch ,
cellulose .

•
Preparation of Glucose :

fromsucros.ec121122011 + H2O ¥ 6111206 + ( 6111206

glucose fructose
from starch
↳ Hid 06 glucose
( ↳ HMOs )n -1 NHAO n

structure
( Ho ← one aldehyde 900Mt

( ( HOH )
2° alcohol
&
← four

ÉH ,
OH ← one 1° alcohol

Sir
Glyceraldehyde
.

D- Glyceraldehyde 1-

CHO CHO

H -1011 HO -1 H

CH OH CHIH
,

2 means OH in 1. His
D means OH in R.MS
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 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

Str .

of Glucose

is known
{
carbon
}
The G as anomeric
Str of fructose :
compounds called
.

and these are another

six membered cyclic

ring
fire membered cyclic ring
ce. µ

Reducing Sugar Non Reducing Sugar

free Do not have any free
Aldehyde'C or
•
•

ke tonic aldehyde or ketone grouts

group
.

so in
Do not reduce to liens
fencing
-

Reduce
Reagent and f- ehling Solh
or Totten 's Reagent
Maltose & Fructose sucrose
e.
g
e.
g
•

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Chemical Properties of Glucose

CHO
CHO
•
7 ◦

( { Hotel,
Acetic
>
( { H -

O
-
É -
CH
] )
,
1 Anhydride I °

CH -0 É CH]
CHIH
- -

,
Glucose Penta acetate

CHO COOH

(ÉHOHL
•
)
( OHH + [ 0] Glyconic
↳° '
acid
CHIH agon

CHO ( OOH

•
) ( { HOH )q
"
N°37 ( { HOH] , saccharic
1 ' acid
CH OH
CHIH
,

N OH
-

{ GHO
"°
•
)
µ, GH] •
)
"A- ° "
( CHOH )q ( HOH )q ( CHOHI
I
> ( Clg )
1
, { >
1
,

CHI Chao
CHIH CHIH
n -
Hexane Ghlcoxine

HO
•
) CHO
'
_ (N
CH
' HCN Glucose
,
(C
,H0H↳ 7 (C
,HoH↳ Cyanohydrin
CHIH CHIH
Mutarotation when either the two forms
of of glucose
is dissolved in water there is . a spontaneous
change in specific rotation till the equilibrium
value of +52.5° .
This is known as mutarotation .

⑧s②⑥0G Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

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 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

✗ DC -11 Glucose f- Equilibrium B- DH Glucose

-

mixture +19.5°
+ 111.5°

Importance of carbohydrate
•

carbohydrates are essential for life in both plants and

animals
•
They are major portion of our food .

carbohydrates are used as storage molecule as starch

in plants and in animals
glycogen .

cell wall
of bacteria and blunts is made up of cellulose
•

Honey has been used for a

long time as an instant
source of energy .

Ebimers monosaccharides
°

differing in configuration at

a carbon other than anomeric carbon are called ebimers

g glucose and galactose differ in
e.
configuration at 14 ,

hence called epimers .

Non
Sugars and -

Sugars
monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides having sweet
•

taste , soluble in water are known as

sugars
•

Polysaccharides which are insoluble in water and not

sweet in taste are known as non -

sugars

•→*•¥⇐_É÷•⇐-¥a⑥z¥O•aE•¥Bz8ED¥O BE8÷É PBhharaattpaannehha.at Sir

Panchal Chemistry Guruji a. o

00088 Bharat
-

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 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

DISACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES -

CARBOHYDRATES Hydrolysis Linkage Reducing

Product Probert
sucrose x-D Glucose & C- I @ lucose)& Non -

C Disaccharide ) B D fructose
-
C- 2 (fructose ] Reducing
Maltose
Cpi saccharide )
✗ D- Glucose
- C- 1 Glucose &
Reducing
C- 4 Glucose
lactose B- D- Galactose
( Disaccharide) & B- D- Glucose
c- 1 ( Galactose) &
c- 4 ( Glucose ]
Reducing
Cellulose C- 1 ( Glucose] & Non
B- D- Glucose
Polysaccharide)
-

C.
C- 4C Glucose
] Reducing
Glycogen ✗ D- Glucose c-I Clelucose ) &
mon
-

(Polysaccharide)
,

c-4 ccelulose] Reducing

BAGGA Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
MUTA ROTATION
when is dissolved in water
glucose
then its specific rotation changes into an equilibrium
,

value This spontaneous change in specific rotation of

.

an
optically active substance to an equilibrium value
is called mutarotation
The two
anomersq glucose i. e x-D glucose &

p D Glucose in changes their specific rotation

-
solution

to an equilibrium value which is the rotation of a

chain str
straight .

X-D Glucose 7-
Obenchain F- B- D- Glucose
Csp .
rotation Str .
Csbeaefic
= -1110 )
.
C. Sp rotation
. rotation
-152.5° ) -119.2 ]
.
= =

DISACCHARIDES
Disaccharides are the carbohydrates
which on hydrolysis with dilute acids or with
enzyme give two molecules of either same or
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 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

The two monosaccharides are joined together by an

oxide linkage formed by loss
of a water molecule
This is is called
actually an ether
group and

glycosidic linkage .

& o-

& -
→ -

& -0 -

& -

+140

SUCROSE

✗ D- Glucose
-

+
P D
- -

Glucose

MALTOSE

B- D- Galactose
+

B- D Glucose

LACTOSE

B- D- Galactose
+

B- D- Glucose

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INVERSION OF SUCROSE -

sucrose on dextro -

rotatory
but on hydrolysis either with dilute acid or with
enzyme invertase ,
the solution is changed into
laevo -

rotatory solution .

As dextro rotatory sucrose is changed

to lack rotatory solution after hydrolysis
The sucrose is called a invert sugar "

921122011 1- H2O ¥6 Co Hiroto + ↳ Hiroo

DC-1) Glucose
-
DG ) fructose
-

1- 66.5°
+52.5° -92.4°

since the laevo rotation of fructose C- 92.4° ) is

more than dextro rotation of glucose C -152.5° ) ,
the

mixture is laevis
rotatory .

Polysaccharides GaB@G-GBharatPanehal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
starch it is a
polymer of ✗ glucose units and it consist -

two components -

Amylose and Amylopectin

Amylose

Amylopectin

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 lOMoARcPSD|36638271

Cellulose
It is a
straight chain polysaccharide of B D
-
-

glucose units in which glucose unit

↳ of one and
Ca of the next unit is linked together by
glucose
glycosidic linkage

Ge@BG-GoBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o

Glycogen -

It is called animal in
starch as stored
animal body and its resemblance with the Str .

of amylopectin . It is highly branched and is

present in liver ,
muscles and brain .
is broken
It
down to to bro ride energy
glucose by the enzyme

of the body .

To help in our

Journey , you
can donate
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 NAME REACTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER
4) FinkelsteinReactio (Alkyl halide preparation)
R X
-
+ Na -
I - R -
I + Nax [✗ = Cl , Bo ]

(this reaction can favoured in forward

be direction by precipitating Nax with dry acetone .

Acc .
to Le chattier 's Principle]

(2) Swartz Reaction :

R -
✗ + Metallic florid e - R F -
+
Agx
( ✗ Cl
=
,
Br )
( AgfSbfz
Hgzfz , ,
Cofz ,
)
Finkelstein and Swartz Rxh
Halogen exchange ox
"

(3) SandMayer 's Reaction :

Cl , Brand CN → can be easily introduced in the benzene .

ring of benzene diazonium

salt in [v11) ion
presence of .

Nice
ÉÉ + Na

"
ÉÉ + Ne

Benzene diazonium
chloride
+ N2
CUCNIKCN
:-)
*÷: ↑

K3B= : Diazotization Reaction :( How this Benzene diazonium chloride Ps formed )

Diazonium Gotts Need) is
prepared by treating ice cold solution of Aniline in excess

dilute HCl with ag Solh .

of NaN02 at low temperature .

4h2 HNOZ / HCl or Nice

ts
(0-52)
Aniline Benzene dizonium
chloride
141 Wurtz Reaction :
R -
X + 2N a + X -
R ¥É R -
R + ZNAX

Ñ
ey:-(Hz ( Hz Br + 2 Nat Bo [ Hz Ctb ( Hz cuz Ctlz CH } -12 Na Bo
- -
- - - -
-

: 2C Hz Na
ᵈ% (H }
Ig ✗ Ctb 2 Na ✗
-
-
+ 2 - +
(5) FPHPG 's Reaction :
2 g +
zµa→% +
2Na✗

(6) wuotz -

fitting 's Reaction :

+ 2Na+R-✗ &¥ + 2Na✗

ie
egfo CH } -
Cd +2 Nat &¥ + 2. Nacl

(7) Reaction with metal ( Grignard reagent )

:

R
R ✗ +
My - -

mg ✗
- -

1
Grignard reagent)
rÉmjÉr
i
+
my µ

(8) Friedel-Crafts Reactions :

%
Cd

↑
++AñA→
+
[Friedel rafts
,,
Alkylation] É
products ( major)
'

(minor

lit
-1+r-etA r
+
☒
ie
lfñedel crafts
Acylation] Auto Phenom
(mpno , ,
-
r
(
major)
(9) Saytzaff Rule :( zaitsev rule / B- elimination / dehydro halogenation)
Rule : More
alkyl group containing alkene is
major product .

- CHE CH CH 2- ( Hz -
Ctb
cl
-

B 9 B

CH3-CY-CHz-C.tk
: ( Hz
G- 1-
-

KOH
.
.
-
-
-

( Hz -

CH = CH -
C Hz -

CH}
.

Br
lmajorproduc.tl:2
-

alkyl group

Note : Now we'll use these Name reactions further in these notes by mentioning only
name of the reaction .
 PREPARATIONS
HALO ALKANES ?
\ \ \ \ \ \

(1) from Alcohols

Luca's test ( Luca's Anny Znllz)
reagent cone Hilt
→ =
. .

R -
OH + Hcd R - Ll + H2O

released
Darren 's test ( best process as 502 and HCl is as
gas)
→

R OH - + socdz → R Cd -
+502-1 till
Tnionyichloride
→ R OH
-
+ Nabs + Hzsoy → R Bo - + Natlsoy 1- H2O

→ 3R OH- + PX } - 3 R -
X 1- H3P0 }
/ Boric acid]

→ R -
OH É R
- ✗
✗2=882,12

→ R -
OH + Pcls - R Cl-

+ Poclzt HCl

(2) from Hydrocarbons :

→ From Alkanes :
% RH + ✗2 R -
✗ + HX

( d- CH z [ H2
%) CHICHI Cha ( Hz CH z C Hz CH} 1- ( Hz CH Cl Ctb
-
-
- -
- - - -

two
type of H
,
so 2

product will be there with Cl on diff position

.
.

→ from Alkenes :
f) Add Of
"
Hydrogen Halide :(only Brill , 1)

> c=c( + tix _ > c- CC

'
H ×

( Hz ( H=CHz
elf ! +
HCl CH } CH ( H2
-

-
- -
-

de it
E) Add of Halogens
"
:

" H
/
→
-

c=c + Boz Boz -

CH, -
CHZ -
Bo
/ \
H H

add " of Bo Pnccdy to alkene give reddish boom fumes help in detach of =/ bonds -

131 from Halogen Exchange :

By Finkelstein and Swartz reaction (mentioned earliest
 HALOARENES
'

\ \ \ \ \
I

(1) from hydrocarbons

by electrophilic substitution :

""

Feo
✗

☒ * ×,
dark
+

-
halo toluene £
(2) From amines p halo toluene
by sand
Meyer 's Reaction
: -

NÉX
_

NHZ

☒ -H✗
273 -278k
Benzene diazonium
halide
( ✗ =ce,Br)
Ni"
×
+ Nz

Halide
Aryl
Iii If Iodine ,
then no
cuoeguired :

[
Nik
-

[ # + Nz
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
HALO ALKANES ?
\ \ \ \

"
substitution
Nucleophilic → Ni

-
nu
-

+
=,ÉÉ -
¥ -

nu +
✗
-

→ other gins in table 10-4 but main I ,

É RCN (Nitriles

R ✗
/A RCN ( Pso nitrite)

-1¥
-

R ONO
-

/ Alkyl nitrite)
1¥02 R -

N0z(Nitro alkene )

SN
'
reaction mechanism :
attack fromsides R
→

Rig #
both
%
,
RI ,
s
f-
R2 +
/ Rs
Rz sp2 R ! NU
R, R / NV

(carbocation)
( Racemic mixture) 352° > I
→ SNZ reaction mechanism :
↑
↑
↑
c- ✗
փ /
no c- ×

) ni
-
- -
-
-

- -

HI µ
/
µ
/

i > 2° > 3° Walden inversion

Transition state

(2) Elimination Reaction:

↑
¥C(
I
c- B H ×
g-
- - + -
+
'

B
B- / ×

B- Base
,
✗ =

leaving group
in
e-f-IHzc-CHz-ctl-CH-CH3-tlzc-C.tk -

Ctb -
CH -
CH , Hzc-
Ctb -
Cha -

CHE CH

( 81% ) ↓ ( 19%1

(3) Reaction with metals :

→
Grignard Reagent
/ both mentioned
]
→ Wurtz Reaction earlier
 HALO ARE NES
'

\ \ \ \ \
I
(d) Nucleophilic substitution :
→ Chlorobenzene - Phenol ( Dow's Process)
4 %
¥;¥"Em
[ This process alternatively add at ten temp
very costly
Ps ,
so we IN Oz) so

it is affordable .

↓ and
Cl
And , if we add more No,
gaps
→
temp am
easily occurs .

ie .

Éy ÉT
N°2
402
add more
Noz
:
ÉN°2Na÷¥ N°2

Hoz ↓ 02
↑ NO2
add more N°2 ,
N°2
No

¥-0m
;
N°2

↓oz Hoa

Electrophilic Substitution Ran : major)

'

12 ]
'

Call Para products →

Halogenation :
→

ÉÉ + ce . ¥¥s ÉI . ÉI '
"

te
Nitration :

4¥
→

ce
el

¥ÉÉI
""
+

N°2

Sul phonation :

sH ÉI
-

ie
!
+

friedel ( mentioned earlier)

£03M
→
crafts Rxn

③ Reaction with metals :

→ Wurtz
fiHPg / mentioned earlier)
-

Fitting
 PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL
% They are colourless
%) Polar but insoluble in creates
%) Soluble in org .
solvents
F) Polarity
] R -
f > R - Cd > R Br
-

> R -
I

Molecular wt
✓]
Boiling point ✗ -

2. R f < R ce CR Br CR
-
- -
-
I

vis
melting Point ( seen by symmetry)

II. •
< < ¥
[
de
 NAME REACTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER
47 Kolbe 's Reaction :

É%
Tna ""

( remove 11205 ;÷
¥
sodium Acid
Phenoxide
↓
acidic medium Salicylic
(2) Reimer -
Tiemann Reaction :

Tna
-

g-Not "
OH

f¥;÷¥Ñ / """
°
"
±
☒
Salicyladehyde
OI
YH
saÉ,
%) HCl
dH°
Williamson synthesis :

RIONE + É¥£ ¥-2 ROR + Nax

ÉÑ
ether
sodium all halide

( Hsctlz Bo Gt3
: CHz0Na +
=µaCHz -0 Ctlz
- -

Ig
(4) Cumene Reaction :

( Hs Ctg -

!3-0-0-11 OH

☒
→
☒ ¥5s +
CHSCOCH
Acetone
cumene cumene

hydroperoxide
 PREPARATIONS
A. kokoki
(d) From Alkene :
→ By Acid Catalysed hydration :
)c=c( + H2O } -

Cf
↓ tote
elf: ( Hz ( H = ( Hz +
H2O -1€ Ctb -

CH -
Ctb

bit
oxidation :
→
By hydro carbonation
[µ [ H=CHz + (H B H2) 2 → ( " 3- ( H [ "≥

)
- -
-

te \BHz (µ (µ
,
-
=
ay

¢113 -

Ctb -

Cha )zB "=%Hz- ( th -

CH )zBH C-

L→2Q→ 3 ( H} -
C Hz -

( Hz -
OH + B(OH)3
OH

(2) from carbonyl compounds :

reduction of Aldehydes and ketones
→
By :

like Pt Pd
Add not H+ in presence of catalyst , ,
Ni ,NaBHy,LiAdHy .

It is
expensive ,
so used for some only
alcohol
Aldehyde give - 1°
2° alcohol
ketone
give -

RCHO + Hz Pᵈ_ R -
( Hz -

OH

RCOR
'
¥4s R -
CH -
R
'

th

KIB : We can
get alcohol from acids also via Esters .

¥sR R'OH
'

RCOOH COOR Rltk OH +

catalyst
③ From
Grignard Reagent :

HCHO
RMGX RCHZOMGX RCHZOH
My [OH )✗
→ + → +

'

%
R
R' du #R
→ RCHO +
Mgx → R- -

omg ✗
-
-

OH +
Myton)✗
¥
R'

¥
RCOR R'
Mgx R
-0mg ✗ R
Mg ( OHH
→ + → -
-
-

OH +
 Rheine'
4) from haloarenes :
%
+

É% + NaOH ¥7m ☒
-

(2) from benzene sulphuric acid :

E.
* ÷÷÷
(3) From diazonium salts :
N H2 42%-0
É N ¥0m
Benzene diazonium
+
iv. + me

chloride

(4) from Eumenes

↳ mentioned earlier
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Note : Alcohols acts as both nucleophile and electrophile .

4) Reactions involving cdevage of O -

H Bond :

F)
Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols :
(a) Reaction with metals : Alcohols and Phenol react with active metal
( Naif Al) to give Phenoxide ,

212-01-1 + 2Nd - 2- R -
O -
Na +
H2

ˢO)
413
6 ( Hz -
C
,
( Hz
-

OH +2 Al - 2

( ( Hz -

CH} 3
Al 1-31-12

test
butyl alcohol Aluminium tert butoxide -

% ima

☒ +2 Na → 2 ! 1- He

(b) Acidity of alcohols :

Acidity
no.at#a+ahgwup--e- releasing)
✗

R
R I
R -

CHZOH >
R
> (HOH > R -

f- OH
1° 20 R 3°

Phenols react with ag sodium hydroxide to

(c)
Acidity of Phenols : .

form sodium Phenoxide but alcohols dont .

R OH
- + NaOH - No ox
"

Ph OH-
+ NaOH - Ph -
ON a + H2O

P.e.
acidity : Ph OH > H2O > R OH
-
-

in
: É
eg Lot ☒
dH3 IN 02
(a) (b) (C)

c > a >b
Acidity :

F) Esterification : Alcohols and Phenols react with

carboxylic acid (coom) ,
Acid anhydride / Rico)z0 and acid ( R' cocl)
chlorides
to Ester
give
.
 Ar / ROH .
+ R' COOH - As / ROCOR
'
+ Hao
( R' 1020 R' COOH
'
Ar / ROH + As / ROCOR +

RI Ar OH + R' coal P¥É /

R Ar OCOR
'
+ HCl

40011 4004 "" %

NAH
41×004
+ ¢1131020 +

/Aspirin)
salicylic Acid
acid
Acetyl salicylic
(2) Reactions
involving clevageC-0of bond
C- 0 bond :
Pn Alcohols
Reactions of
clevage of only .

Phenols show this only with zinc .

E) Reaction with
hydrogen halides :
R OH HX -
+ - RX +
H2O
Alcohols soluble Pn lucas their halides immiscible and produce
reagent ,
are

turbidity .

Tertiary alcohols → immidiate turbidity

Primary alcohols - no
turbidity at room
temperature
% Reaction with Phosphorus trio halides :
3 R OH - + PX} →
3R -
X + Has PO}
(✗ = Cd , Bo)
Iii , Dehydration Used also ↳ Poy
anhy chloride

¥¥,aᵗᵈYˢᵗ
,
. zinc

-
d- d- Hzc =CHz + H2O

14 1011 Hzsoy 443K

°
[

under milder condition :

2° and 3° alcohols are
dehydrated
YH
( Hz -
CH -
CH } ÉÉcH3
440k
-

CH = ( Hz + H2O

4113 14112
CH} -

C- OH t CH} -
C -
CH} + H2O
I 358k
C Hz

for
dehydn : 3° > 2° > i

(Pv) Oxidation (
dehydrogenation ) : It means formation of carbon
oxygen
double bond with
clevage of an O H and C H bonds
- -
.

H
¥ -01^-1-1 -
¥-0
A-bond breaking
 Nate : •
loss of dihydrogen from alcohol molecule .

alcohol oxidise to
•

Depend on oxi
agent used I
-

acid
aldehyde then oxidised to
↑
carboxylic .

in
RCHZOH R -
C - O -
R
-
G- 0
aldehyde
ARCH
c.

OH RCHO
,

strong oxi
agent like acidified
permanganate potassium
•

Reagent for oxidation of tiako to

aldehyde
chloro chromate ( Pcc)
in
good
complex
yieldPs
pyriodpnium ,
a

of chromium trioxide with

pyrite and Hel .

CH} -

CH = ( H -
CHZOH CH 3- CHIH -
CHO

• 2° alcohol -
ketones
'
'
R -
CH -
R R -
C -
R

GH
Ketone

3° alcohol do not do oxd but

vapours of 1° and passed over
"
• 2°

heated Cu at 573kg It takes place and aldehyde or

ketone is formed
4113
.

4113
( Hz
-4 ¥-3k (Hz -

C=CH2

( Hz

RCHZOH ¥É RCHO

'

s ks
'
R -

CH -

R R -
C -
R

OH ¥

(3) Reactions Of Phenols only :

E) Electrophilic aromatic substitution :
(a) Nitration
pH % N°2 9
"

É
☒ ☒ +
☒
¥02
Imp :
-
O and P isomers can be separated by steam distillation ,
0 Nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular h
-

while P Nitro phenol is less volatile due to intermolecular

-
-

bonding .

b-
bonding .
 H NO≥
NO,
N03,
( picric acid)
T
G but of this MMPs poor
yield .
So
, Noz
Now a days P A - -

is formed by
,
i"
N°2

hog %%
¥02
(b)
Halogenation solvents like
→ Reaction is carried out in low
polarity
Ctlclz 08 Csz OH

[¥
'"
e-
nE +

273K

→
Phenol treated with Boz to
104 PM
B BE
+ 313oz _ +
3. HBO

I
1382
( white ppt)

(c) Kolbe 's reaction

(d) Reimer Tieman Reaction
-

(e) Reaction of phenol with Zndust

YH
+ Zn -
+ ZnO

(f) Oxidation
i
7,
Hzsoy
( conjugated )
di ketone

to
Benzo
quinone
 Ethers
'

\ \ \

PREPARATION :

4) By dehydration of alcohols
CHECK

Ctb CH , OH
|
-
_

, 121150 C2H5
413K

(2) Williamson synthesis :

3° is used then alkene is formed
Only for i alkyl halide , if .

'

R -
X + R
'
-
ONA - R O - -
R + Nax
9- R
phenols
of:erkd
+ NaOH -
É¥ 1¥

ÉLAN :

4) bond in
Cdevage of C- 0 ethers :

R -

O -

R + HX → RX + R -
OH

R -

OH + HX - R -
✗ + H2O

+ HX - + R -
✗

1-7
' '
R -

OR +
HX -
R -
✗ + R -

OH

HI > HBO > HCl reactivity of hydrogen halide

for 3° :-
f &
C - C -
O -

Ctb + HI - CH} OH + C- -

' '
c
c

(2) Electrophilic substitution :

CH3 10443 '"

Halogenation ☒ ÷÷
→ :
+

Anisole
tsr
→
Friedel-Crafts -8in
PCH } OCHS

xcᵗʰ
"

É
+

Abel
☒
+
csz
{ Has
3

cH3Cl ˢ
Log
+

Adel,
+ °%tho

→
Nitration
c↓CH3
3
÷÷
one
+
ortho

02
 NAME REACTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER
Gutterman -

Koch reaction :
4110

☒ + CO + HCl
Allez

(2) Rosenmund Reaction :

R -

C -
Cd + Ha
É R -
§ _
µ

8 Benzaldehyde
Benzoyl chloride

③ Reaction :( from nitrites and esters) ( R CN )

Stephen ≈ R EN
-
-

R CEN
-
+ Snllz + Hcl - R -
G- N -
H ¥s R -
§ -
H
H2O
Imine t
also R C -=N
-
DHs R -
CHO
, H2O

(4) Clemmensen Reduction :

Amalgam
-

> C=0 ¥8s > CH2 +

H2O

(5) Wolff kishner Reduction :

Reagent :
Hydrazine ,
sodium / Potassium hydroxide Ethylene glycol
,
.

> C=NNHÉÉ%' N
"

> o_0 A
+

161 Aldol condensation :

2GHz -
CHO ( Hz -
CH -
CH2- CHO
¥0s ( Hz -

CHIH -
CHO

lots /Aldol condensation)

Ctlz CH3

2443 -
CO -

CH } ( Hz -

¢ -

CHIO Ctb -

-7%-2 Ctlz
-
É=CH -

CO -
CH}

OH / Aldol condemn )
(7) Cross Aldol condensation :(2 diff aide / keto reacts)

Ethanol ( Hz -
CHO CHz-ctt-CH-CHO-CHzctlz-CH-C-C.NO
µ,
+
" ☐ Études { µ, too
?} pmaonkaewleof
( Hz CHZCHO simple self aldol prodv _¥*
propanol
-

aldol CTFCHCHO
/
cross
CHO CHI Ha
Ctb
y-
CH
-

+
-

product
-

from 1- mole of Ethanol and propanol

 IT
☒
- CHO +
☒ § -
-

Ctb ¥3k -CH=cH-%

Benzalacetophenone
(8) Canizzaoo Reaction ( self oxidn) : (
major product)
Autooedox / disproportionation reaction
base
Reagent : conc .

condition : x H -
should be absent
H

H -
C -

H + conc . KOH - H - d- H + H -
% -
O -
K

8 Potassium formate

formaldehyde

of Ph PHCOONA
§
-
-

H Ph -

CHEON +

alcohol sodium benzoate

Benzyl
421 Etard Reaction :
→
by chromyl chloride ¢802 2)
clocroitclzz
* + Crack
Lot
Toluene chromium complex Benzaldehyde
CH(010113) 4110
→
A
] + GO } -16%020 ¥3k É
☒
(B) Decarboxylation : 3 : i

2- COOH R-
H
alkane

44 ] Hell volhaod Zelinsky Reaction :

R R CH COOH ( ✗ =ce Bo)

§
ctk OH
-
-

-
-
-
,

IT ) H2O
¥
acid
✗
Halocarboxylic
-

4-H should be
☆
present
-
 PREPARATIONS
PREPARATIONS OF ALDEHYDE AND KETONE :

C) By oxidation of alcohols
Aldehyde & ketone formed by 1° and 2° alcohol -
(ch ID -

(2) By dehydrogenation of alcohols

volatile alcohols Industrial
suitable for , application
Alcohol vapours metals ( ch -11)
passed by heavy -

③ From
hydrocarbons zinc dust , (ch -13)
Ozonolysis alkenes
of ,
to
get aldehyde and ketone -

(4) of alkynes
Hydration
addn of H2O to ethyne in presence of Hzsoy and Hgsoy to
give acetaldehyde ,

all
alkyne give ketone -
Ccn -

)
13

PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES :

4) from chloride (acid chloride )

acyl
Rosen mund oxn ( already mentioned)

(2) From nitriles and Esters

→ In nitrile Stephan reaction
→ "
by DI BAL H
-

"

→ " "

by
: RCN
%s R
-
CHO

In esters :
%-06145 %
→

CHz(CHz)q -

CHz(CHz)q - -
H

(3) From Hydrocarbons :

Aromatic aldehydes prep by aromatic hydrocarbon
.

d) By oxidation of methyl benzene

a) Use of chromyl chloride Ccoozclz) lftard react ]
"

(0601411212
YH
÷ 1€
+ Crack
☒
oxidise methyl group to chromium complex .
 b) Use of chromic oxide
""
+ Coo, + (Cuzco), pcH(°Y¥¥
%) side chain chlorination followed
By by hydrolysis :

It is commercial method of manufacture of benzaldehyde .

[¥ᵗʰ→ ☒ 'ʰ¥o,s
CH CHO

,
Benzoel Chloride

Ii ) By Ga Herman -

Koch -

(mentioned earlier)

PREPARATION OF KETONE :

4) From acyl chlorides :

2 R ✗ cdcdz Rzccl 2mg G) Cl

Mg + - +
- -

'
Cl +
Rzcd
'
% Cdclz
§
2 R - - -
212 -
-
R +

② from Nitrites :
MY ☒
CH2- ( = N +6 Hsing Bo CH, CH,

)
Ctb
-

C6H5
-

GHS
-
C
µ,

Propiophe none
③ From Benzene or substituted Benzene .

Friede crafts
acylation %
"
aka ox

Ao / R É ce ¥
_
AHR

☒
-

+ -
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
C) Nucleophilic Addition Reaction :

f) Add " Of hydrogen cyanide CHCN)

HCN :[ H2O
-

+ OH N +

/ Yµ )
tetrahedral
> ⇐◦ + EN =
Intermediate

% Add of sodium
"

hydrogen sulphite
→
forms addition products
converted back to
→

Theyare water-soluble and

mineral acid or alkali
can be
original carbonyl
with dilute
compound by treating .

→
Used for
separation and purification of aldehyde .

/ OSUNA
¥0 + Namsos =
%aH÷y Jc \ OH

"
BPsulphate add
ccoystalline)
compound

Elis Addition Of Grignard Reagent -

Ccm -11 )

Ev ' Addition of alcohols :

""
R
-
CHO
fr -

cuff! ) R -
ca
'
OR
'
+ H2O

Hldgas Acetal / gem

Hemiacetal /
alcohol intermediate
dial
Kong compound
alkoxy
R\C=o 4ᵗʰ
OH
Rlc 0 ctk
-
-

/
+ H2O
al
+

← [ Hz OH-

RI lo -

ketal
Ethyl glycol Ethyl glycol
4) Addition of ammonia and its derivatives

¥-0 +
Han -
2
/ ¥z / →
¥ N -
Z + H2O

other 8in in textbook (Table 122 )

② Reduction :
E) Reduction to alcohols
by } lialteyl catalytic EH "]
reduced to 1° alcohol
Aldehyde
→

NABH , /
-

alcohol
→ Ketone n n
2°
by hydrogen
 F) Reduction to hydrocarbons
Clemmensen reduction and Wolff Kish neo Reduction
③ Oxidation :
→

Aldehydes are
easily oxidised to
carboxylic
acid , potassium
acid on treatment with :
common
oxidising agents : Nitric permanganate
-

potassium dichromate
R CHO
-
R -
[ OOH

mild : Totten 's and Feb

lings reagent
ketone oxidase under condition i. e.
vigorous strong oxidising agents
→

and at elevated temperature .

R -

ith E- Étlz
-
-
R R -

COOH + R' CHZCOOH

bond)
(
by clevage of G -
Cz

*-
R CHz( OOH
-
+ R' COOH
( de of bond)
by rage
G- ↳

Totten 's test :

Warm aldehyde with ammonia silver nitrate Hollen 's reagent,

reagent
→

mirror is produced due to formation of silver metal

a
bright .

alkaline med aldehyde oxpdpse to ion

reaction in
carboxylate
→
occurs .

,
.

R CHO
-
+ 2 [ Ag ( Nhs)21++3015 - R COO
-

+ 2
Ag +21120 + 4MHz

%) fending 's Test :

↓ ↳
fending A fending B
alk sodium potassium tartar ate
aq copper sulphate
→ →
. .

1 Rochelle 's salt)

both mixed in heated aldehyde and brown formed
→
ppt .

→
Aromatic compounds do not show this .

R CHO 2 CU 2++5014 R COO Cuz 0 31420

-

+
-

-
+ → +

Red brown
ppt
 His Oxidation of halo form reaction :
methyl ketones by
R
-
%-
CH} s R -
% -

Na + CHX, (✗ = Cd , Bo
,
)
I

sodium
nypohalite
'

¥3
Ctb
/
= ,
- -
CH }
→
_
ON a +
ctlscd
Hzc § ( Hs
§
→
Iodoform reaction with NAOI use for detection of CHIO
gop
or

CHIH /OH) grp which produce CHIO by 10 ] .

(4) Reaction due to a- Hydrogen :

Aldol , cross aldol ( discussed earlier)
-

(5) Some other Reactions :

Cannizaro
%) Electrophilic substitution reaction :
""
-
CHO - CHO
273 -283K

→ Uses of aldehyde and ketone from Textbook

 Carboxylic
\ I \
Acid
\
-

PREPARATION :

(1) from aldehydes :

disused before

② from Primary alcohol :

R CHZOH
-
Éo RCOOH
2.
1130

Hasoy ( acidic med)

Jones Reagent Cross any
= -

↳ CHz(CHz)gCHz0H
Decanol
¥s CH3(CHz)g COOH
Decanoic acid

③ From
alkyl benzene :
oxidised
i and 2°
alkyl group are not 3°

◦ OH
'"

3-km.no#oy cookies

Ctbltbltts "
'
inks ☒
(4) from nitriles and amides :
Nitrites → amides - COOH

R -
CN ¥¥s R - É -

Nth É RCOOH

egg Hz CONHZ
( Hᵗ¥ (
Hz ( OOH + NH}

N#¥oH-s
'◦ ◦"
+ NH}

(5) From
Grignard Reagents
G. R .
reacts with CO2 (0--5-0)

R -

ing
-
✗ +0=0-0
÷ R-cd-f.mg#+sRC00H
(6) from
acyl halides and anhydrides :

-1¥
ce
-

RCOOH +

Rcocd
¥1120s RCOO + ( d- RCOOH

Hs ( 020 €0s 2 Cotes COOH

Benzoic acid
Benzoic anhydride

↳ Hs (00C OCH } ¥ 611s COOH + ( Hz COOH

Benzoic ethanol

anhydride
(7) from Esters :

Ester
ÑY ""

COOH + OH

ÉᵈÉ
Ester
carboxylate COOH

[ 004M¥ (°°"+GHsOH
benzoate
Ethyl

( Hzctkctkcoocztls - ( Hzctfzctlz (OONA + Cz Hs OH

↓ 1430
( Hzctlzctk COOH
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF Carboxylic Acid :

Reactions involving devage of O H -

bond :

4) Acidity
→
Reactions with metals and alkalies :

Nat
-

212 -

COOH +2 Na - ZR -
COO + Hz
sodium carboxylate
R COOH +
NaOH R COO Nat H2O
-

- - - +

Nai coz
-

R-
COOH + NAHCO} - R -
COO + H2O +

Reactions
involving derage of C- OH bond :

formation of
4)
anhydride
Cµ
Ht D "
°
Ctb
,
CH
+ Ctb
7g }
-

Hzc
-

}
-
-

, 1305
Ethanol is
Ethanoic anhydride
acid

(2) Esterification :

'
RCOOH + R' OH RCOOR + H2O

③ Reactions with :

RCOOH + Pcds - RCOCI -1 Pock + HCl

3. RCOOH + Pcd } -
3Rcocd + 431003
ROOM +
sock → RCOCD + 502 + HCl

(4) Reactions with Ammonia :

CHz(OOH + NH } ← CH} COO

-

ÑHY ¥0s CHzC0Ntk

Ammonium acetate Acetamide

Month CONHZ
Nts
☒ _¥s
Ammonium Benzamide
Benzoate
 COE NHI
COOH
/ \/ +
Nᵗʰ

]
'
Coo NHI
-

cool, Ammonium
phthalate
Pthalic acid ON H2

#
/
NH
heat
C- NHA
☒ 10MHz

" phthalamiae
◦

Phthalimde
Reactions
involving -

COOH
group
:

4) Reduction
→
Diborane do not
easily reduce functional group like ester nitro , ,
heal; .

→ sodium borohydoate do not reduce carboxyl gop .

R-foote-ketherr-ctgoHE.li
Hzot ,

(2)
Decarboxylation 3: I

R -
[ OONA Ñ R -
H + Nastos
also
→
Kolbe 's
electrolysis .

substitution Reaction in
Hydrocarbon Part

4) Halogenation
Hell V01 hard
Zelinsky Rxn

(2) Ring substitution cools

40011
A cone

☒ no.

COOH

É I -
Bo
 NAME REACTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER
4) Diazotisation Reaction :
Nice
-

"

☒ %¥
② Hoffman Bromide Reaction :
for both
aliphatic and aromatics I.ami
°
→ es

R
-

G
-
N Hz -11382 + 4 KOH -
R N Hz
-
-12k Bo + Kzc 03+21420
0 (one C less in product)
③ Gabriel Pthalamiode Synthesis :( I formed)
→

Only for Aliphatic

jn%-→
0

in
#

Phthalamide

17%-0 Na N-alkylphthadami.de/,Na0H(Hz0)
¥g- ONA
+ R N H2
-
(I amine )

Reaction :
14 ] Coupling -
Hee
5°C
-N=N--
0° -

> OH

☒ OH / NaOH →

hydroxy azobenzene Grange )

-

P-

-N=N -
ce
-

8- 5°C
-
HCl
, -N=N--NH2
Ntk / HCl
P -
amino azobenzene ( yellow)

⑤ Carbylamine Reaction / Isocyanide test :

R/ Ar -
N Hz 1- CHI } -13 KOH - R Ar / NC +3kcal -1-31120
-

Hint smell )

↳ to differentiate b/w 1° amine 243?

use from
 PREPARATIONS
4) Reduction of Nitro compounds :
N°2 " "2
I, H
Ethanol

" "2
N°2
% SIE
00 Fe + HCl
,
F-
Reduction with iron scrap and Hee Ps preferred because Fella formed gets
hydrolysedsmall
to release Hee .

to initiate reaction
-

only amount of tell is required .

SB
② Am
Monty of Alkyl halidesC- :
The
process of cdevage of ✗ bond
by ammonia molecule Ps Ammo no
lysis
s Ry Ni
-

R N Hz
-
R2 NH sR3H
ammonium salt
Quaternary
R -
NH%X⊖ -1 NaOH - R N Hz
-
+
H2O + Not
G mixture of 5,273° and 4° salt
Disadvantage : It
yields .

tips
major product by taking large excess of ammonia .

Order of Reactivity
R-2 > R Br > Red -

of halides with Amine

③ Reduction of Nitrites :
→ I amine produced
→ This reaction is used for ascent of amine series i. e-
preparation of
amines
containing one carbon atom more than
starting amine .

R CEN
-
É R-
CHz -

N Hz
Nat H g) / Ca Hs OH
08

LPALHY
141 Reduction of Amides :

R -
É -

N H2
Ñ
H2O
R-
CH 2- NH 2

(5) Gabriel Phthalamide Synthesisdo: Aromatic I amines cannot be prepared by this

method because
aryl halides not undergo nucleophile substance with anion
formed by phthalamide .

⑥ Hoffman Bromide degradation Reaction : lone carbon less in product)

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
☆ Amines behave as nucleophile .

4) Basic character of Amines :

with salt
They are basic in nature ,
react Acid →

R N Hz
-
+ HX R -
Nz salt

F- H2 Nj%cI
¥ ☒ + HCl
Ammonium chloride

→
Amine salts are soluble Pn H2O and not
Pnoog . Sol Like ether
.
.

salt + base -
parent amine

RNH%✗⊖ +0% -
R -

NII +
H2O +

→
This reaction is basis for separation of amines from non -

basic
00g .

Compounds insoluble in water .

plkb) of
.pl/2b)---logkbf&Kbordpkb
-
ammonia = 4- 75

strong
→

base

Aliphatic amines
strong base due to +I
→
are

↳ pkb btw 3-4.22 .

pkb Of aniline is high

aromatic amine pkb < ammonia .

→ Structure -

basicity related to Amines :

basicity depends on

of form of cation
"
ease
by accepting a
proton from the
acid .

More stable cation, more basic amine

→
Acylation
H

Ghs -
I

N + ( Hz
É- -

Cd É Cz Hs -
00

1N
-
C -
C
Hz -1 H -

Cd
,
↳ Hs
Cztls

Colts
§
CH } O CH } CH> COOH

§
H CH} +
Cots
§
N +
-
-
-
-
- - - -
-

is
Benzanamine Ethan 0Pa
anhydride Acetanilide
 [ HzNHz + ( 614510cal -
CH3NHCO(• Hs + Hcl
chloride
Benzoyl
reaction
carbylamine
Reaction with nitrous acid } at last in easy way
Reaction with aoyesulphonyechbn.de
Ms " 'd ce
%
-

Hinsberg 's
reagent :
☒
≈

(2) Electrophilic substitution :

(a) Boom Pnation

'" "°

+ 313oz
É + 3 HBO

É ¥80 NHZ

H d- CH,
4112 H CH}

%÷i¥ ¥1
4-
4-
-
- -

¥¥:s Acetanilide Bo
Bo
( major)

(b) Nitration :
acidic medium aniline is protonated tofoomaniliumion which
In
strongly ,
is meta
directing
.

N
2 ,H2 ""

☒ HÉ
+ +

µ,

V02
147%1 12%7
151%1

→
By acetylation reaction with acetic
anhydride reaction can be controlled and
P can obtain
major product

¥÷:÷÷÷iÉÉ
NHCOCH}
4ᵗʰ Nfl COCH }

Nba to
Sul phonation :
,
(C)
MHz ni-j-HS.iq Nite 4%3
EH =
☒É
Anioliniom state ski
hydrogen sulphate svlphanalic acid zwilterion
 Diazonium Salts i
\ I \ \ \ \

PREPARATIONS :

diazonium
The conversion
primary
of aromatic amines into salts is
→

known as diazotisation
Nice
'
.

H2

✗
+ Na NO , + 2 HCl ¥-283K
[ + Nacd + 21420

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :

Benzene diazonium chloride colourless solid -

crystalline
It is
readily soluble
→ .

stable Pn cold but reacts with water when warmed

→
.

in
decomposes state
easily dry
→
.

Benzene diazonium Floro borate Ps water insoluble and stable at

.
room temp .

CHEMICAL REACTIONS :

•
Reactions involving displacement of Nitrogen -

t .
Replacement by halide or cyanide Pon .

Sand 's t reactions aka

Mayer
→

É Arcd Na
+
,

Ao NII -
ÉÉ Ar Bo + Nz

Ar CN + N2

→ OR , Br or Cl can be introduced
by halogen acid in presence of Cu powder,
this is called Ga Herman reaction .

And + Net ax
Nix
-

Ar
%7r Bo + Nz + Cut

sand Mayer is better than Ga Herman

2. Replacement by iodide Pon :

Iodine not introduced Pn benzene ring directly , but when
easily
diazonium salt solution is treated with potassium Iodide Todobenzene
,
is formed .

Ar Nic d- + KI -
Ar I t-KC.lt Nz
 3.
Replacement by fluoride Pon :

Ar NÉCÑ +
HBFY - Ar -
NBF → Ar F - + BF> + Nz

4. Replacement by H

As NÉ( d- +
Hzpoz +
H2O →
Art + Nz -1 113 Post HCl
↓
↓

hypo phosphorous acid/ Phosphorus

acid
acid
Phosphine

AoÑz(d- t-ctlzCHZOH-AJH-Nz-ctb.CH 0 + HCl

5- Replacement by Hydroxyl group

:

Temp ↑ then 283k Phenol form

get
-
.

Arnold +
H2O - Aron + Nz + HCl

6. Replacement by Noa group : NO 2

42 Bfy

☒
+ HBFY -

1¥02 + Nz + Na Bfy

diazo
B. Reactions
involving retention of
gop .

coupling reaction
→

IMPORTANCE : •
Diazonium salts are
good intermediate for intro of F. Cd , Br , I ,
NO ≥
CN ,
OH , gop .

Help in forming compound which cannot substitute directly .

 3 TESTS :

1) Carbylamine Reaction /
Isocyanide Test Cdifferentiate from other) to

→
Aliphatic / Asom i amine on
heating with chloroform and ethanol
potassium hydroxide forms isocyanide or
carbylamine , foul in smell .

→
distinguish famine from 2° and 3°

R / Ar - N Hz -1 CH clog + 3 KOH - R Ar/ -

NC + 3kV -1 3h20
☒ v1 smell )

2) Reaction with Nitrous acid ( test 2) (diff .

btw aliphatic & aromatic from
Ponty )
B P aliphatic amine
R N Hz
- + ( Na NO, + HCl) - R OH-

+ Nz t NaCl
08 I
HNOZ Produced

%) 1° aromatic amine
Ar N Hst-

HNOZ 05¥ Ar - Ñzcé

273 -278k diazonium chloride
Hinsberg Reagent ( HR)
→
3) Reaction with Arylsvlphonyl chloride test (separates 172%39
alkali
IT soluble
-§-NH
Ph
I R
§ Y R
- - -
-
-

O ④acids 's e
*
r
p
2° R NI Ph not soluble
§
H . . + H - -

R - -
-

N -

R
( because H absent)

↑
3° H.R. + R - N -
R - no reaction
H -

absent