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    Pression Test

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    alinader20022
    Forging is a metal deformation process where compressive forces are used to shape metals. It includes processes like open-die forging which uses flat dies to reduce height, and closed-die forging where the workpiece takes the exact shape of die cavities. Forging produces parts with strength, fatigue resistance, and consistency. It is used for applications requiring high strength, like automotive and aerospace components. The forgeability of metals determines how easily they can be shaped through forging without cracking.

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    Pression Test

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    alinader20022
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    Forging is a metal deformation process where compressive forces are used to shape metals. It includes processes like open-die forging which uses flat dies to reduce height, and closed-die forging where the workpiece takes the exact shape of die cavities. Forging produces parts with strength, fatigue resistance, and consistency. It is used for applications requiring high strength, like automotive and aerospace components. The forgeability of metals determines how easily they can be shaped through forging without cracking.

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    10.Compression Test

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    Forging is a metal deformation process where compressive forces are used to shape metals. It includes processes like open-die forging which uses flat dies to reduce height, and closed-die forging where the workpiece takes the exact shape of die cavities. Forging produces parts with strength, fatigue resistance, and consistency. It is used for applications requiring high strength, like automotive and aerospace components. The forgeability of metals determines how easily they can be shaped through forging without cracking.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    9 views19 pages

    Pression Test

    Uploaded by

    alinader20022
    Forging is a metal deformation process where compressive forces are used to shape metals. It includes processes like open-die forging which uses flat dies to reduce height, and closed-die forging where the workpiece takes the exact shape of die cavities. Forging produces parts with strength, fatigue resistance, and consistency. It is used for applications requiring high strength, like automotive and aerospace components. The forgeability of metals determines how easily they can be shaped through forging without cracking.

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    Deformation Processes

    Forging
    Deformation Processes
     Deformation processes in manufacturing are operations that induces
    shape changes on the work piece by plastic deformation under
    forces applied by various tools and dies
    Classification according to size and shape of specimen
     Surface Area to volume OR Surface Area to thickness Ratio
    Bulk Deformation
     Surface Area to thickness ratio is small, cross-section of the work
    piece changes
    Sheet Forming
     Surface Area to thickness ratio is high, thickness changes are
    undesirable
    Examples

     Extrusion
     Drawing
     Rolling
     Forging
    Extrusion

     A round billet is placed in a chamber and


    forced through a die opening by ram. The
    die may be round or of various shapes
    Extrusion Dies
    Examples

    Extrusion and examples of products made by sectioning off extrusions


    Drawing
    Rolling
    Forging

    A family of processes by which plastic deformation is


    carried by compressive forces

    Open-die Forging (Upsetting)


    Placing a solid cylindrical work piece between two flat
    dies and reducing its height by compressing it

    Impression die forging


    The work piece acquires the shape of die cavities
    (impressions)
    Open-die Forging (Upsetting)
    Impression-Die Forging
    Forging A Connecting Rod
    Closed die forging
    In closed-die-forging, no flash is formed and the
    workpiece is completely surrounded by the dies.

     Therefore, proper control of the volume of


    material is essential to obtain a forging of desired
    dimensions. Undersized blanks in closd-die

     forging prevent the complete filling of the die,


    while oversized blanks may cause premature die
    failure or jamming of the dies.
    Advantages of Forging
     Impact Strength: Through proper grain flow orientation, the forging
    process can develop the maximum impact strength and fatigue resistance
    possible in a metal.

     Structural Integrity:. There are no internal gas pockets or voids


    that may cause unexpected failure under conditions of high stress or impact.
    It is well known a forging's structural reliability is excelled by no other
    metalworking process

     Size Range: Forged parts are economically produced in a broad range


    of sizes and shapes.

     Uniformity: The consistency of material and dimensions from one


    forged part to the next, and from separate production lots of forgings
    produced months or years apart, is extremely high. Forgings are made
    through a carefully controlled sequence of production steps, in contrast to a
    random flow of material into the desired shapes. Uniformity in composition
    and structure, piece to piece, insures reproducible response to heat
    treatment, minimum variation in machinability, and consistent property
    levels of finished parts.
     Strength-To-Weight Ratio:
    The higher strength-to-weight ratio can be used
    to reduce section thickness in part design.

     Economic Advantages:
    Forging's superior functional advantages of
    strength, fatigue resistance, reliability, and high
    quality combine into economic benefits. Uniform
    dimensional relationships result in consistent
    machinability and predictable response to heat
    treatment. This, combined with obvious
    strength-to-weight ratios, make forgings a top
    priority of the cost-conscious user.

     Good surface finish.


    Applications of Forging

     Automotive & Truck


     Agricultural Machinery & Equipment
     Valves, Fittings, Oil Field Applications
     Hand Tools & Hardware
     Off-Highway Equipment/Railroad
     Ordnance/Shipbuilding
     Aerospace
    Forgeability

     The forgeability of a metal can be defined


    as its capability to undergo deformation by
    forging without cracking
     Metal which can be formed easily without
    cracking, with low force has good
    forgeability.
    Tests to determine forgeability
     Upsetting test OR Compression Test :
    cracks while upsetting cylindrical specimen
     Various temperatures and strain rates
     Just provides guidelines
     Hot-twist test
     Metal rod is twisted at various temperatures.
     Forgeability can be determined for different materials
    using this method.
     Used for steel.
    Lubrication during forging
    1- Reduces die wear
    2- Affects the flow in the die cavity
    3- Serves as a parting agent and prevents sticking
    4- Reduces friction and as a result saving energy

    Examples of hot forging lubricants: Graphite, Molybdenum, Glass

    Examples of cold forging lubricants: Mineral oil, water, soap

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