Nama : Desima Roida Glori Simorangkir

NIM : 190801088
2.2.9 Let

( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0
−1 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 1
i= . j= . k=
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0
Show that
(a) i2 = j2 =k2= -1, where 1 is the unit matrix
(b) ij=-ji=k,
jk= -kj = i,
ki= -ik = j.
Answer :

( )( )( )
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 0
−1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0
(a) i2¿ ixi = x =
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0
0 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 −1

( )
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
¿− =−1, dimana 1 adalah matriks identitas 4x4
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

( )( )( )
0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 −1 0 0 0
0 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0
j2¿ jxj = x =
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1

( )
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
¿− =−1, dimana 1 adalah matriks identitas 4x4
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

( )( )( )
0 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 −1 0 0
k2 ¿ kxk = x =
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0
0 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 −1

( )
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
¿− =−1, dimana 1 adalah matriks identitas 4x4
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
(b) ij = -ji = k
 ( )( )( )
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0
−1 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 1
ij = x = =k
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0

( )( ) ( )
0 0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 −1 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1
-ji = −⌊ x ⌋=−
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 −1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0

( )
0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 1
= =k
1 0 0 0
0 −1 0 0
jk= -kj = i

( )( )( )
0 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 1 −1 0 0 0
jk= x =
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 −1 0

[( ) ( )] ( )
0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 1 x 0 0 −1 0 =− 1 0 0 0
-kj = −
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 −1
0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

( )
0 1 0 0
−1 0 0 0
= =i
0 0 0 1
0 0 −1 0
ki= -ik = j

( )( )( )
0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 −1
0 0 0 1 x −1 0 0 0 = 0 0 −1 0
ki = =j
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 −1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 0

[( ) ( )] ( )
0 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 1
−1 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 1 =− 0 0 1 0
-ik = −
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 0

( )
0 0 0 −1
0 0 −1 0
= =j
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
2.2.10 A matrix with elements ai j= 0 for j < i may be called upper right triangular. The
elements in the lower left (below and to the left of the main diagonal) vanish. Show that
the product of two upper right triangular matrices is an upper right triangular matrix.
Answer:

( )( )( )
a b c m n o am an+ bp ao+bg+ cr
0 d e 0 p q= 0 pd dq +er merupakan matriks
0 0 f 0 0 r 0 0 fr
segitiga kanan atas
2.2.11 The three Pauli spin matrices are
σ 1= ( ) (
0 1
.σ =
1 0 2 i 0
0 −i
.∧σ 3=)1 0
0 −1 ( )
Show that
2
(a) ( σ i ) =12
(b) σ i σ j=i σ k , ( i, j, k ) =(1 , 2 ,3) or a cyclic permutation theorof
(c) σ i σ j +σ j σ i=2 δ ij 12 ; 12 is the 2 x 2 unit matrix
Answer:
2
( )( )( )
(a) ( σ i ) =σ 1 x σ 1=
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
x =
1 0
0 1
=12 for i=1

( σ ) =σ x σ =( i 0 ) x ( i 0 )=( )=(
0 1)
2
2 0 −i 0 −i i 0 1 0
i 2 2 =1 for i=2
2 2
0 i

( σ ) =σ x σ =(0 −1) x (0 −1 )=( 0 1 )=1 for i-3

(b) σ i σ j=i σ k , ( i, j, k ) =( 1 ,2 , 3 )
σ i σ j= ( )(
0 1
1 0
x
0 −i
i 0 )( =
i 0
) (
0 −i
=i
1 0
0 −1 )
=i σ k

(c) σ i σ j +σ j σ i=2 δ ij 12 ; 12
σ i σ j +σ j σ i= (01 10)(0i −i0 )+(0i −i0 )(01 10)=(0i −i0 )+(−i0 0i )
=(
0 0)
0 0

2.2.31 Three angular momentum matrices satisfy the basic commutation relation
(and cyclic permutation of indices). If t [J x , J y ]=iJz
wo of the matrices have real elements, show that
the elements of the third must be pure imaginary.
Answer :

( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 0 0 −i 0 1 0 0
ħ ħ
J x= 1 0 1 ,J = i 0 −i , J =ħ 0 0 0
√2 0 1 0 y √ 2 0 i 0 z 0 0 −1
 ) ( ) (( ) ( )
0 1 0 0 −i 0 0 −i 0 0 1 0
ħ ħ ħ ħ
[ J x , J y ]=J x J y −J y J x = 1 0 1 i 0 −i − i 0 −i 1 0 1
√2 0 1 0 √ 2 0 i 0 √ 2 0 i 0 √2 0 1 0

[( )( ) ( )( )]
0 1 0 0 −i 0 0 −i 0 0 1 0
ħ
¿ 1 0 1 i 0 −i − i 0 −i 1 0 1
2
0 1 0 0 i 0 0 i 0 0 1 0

[( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
i 0 −i −i 0 −i 2i 0 0 1 0 0
ħ ħ
¿ 0 0 0 − 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 =i ħ 0 0 0 =iJz
2 2
i 0 −i i 0 i 0 0 −2i 0 0 −1