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General Chemistry
Types of Chemical Reactions

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Chemical reactions in
everyday life

combustion cooking

photosynthesis

digestion rusting
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Types of Reactions
Synthesis
Decomposition
Single Displacement
Double
Displacement
Neutralization
Combustion
Redox
Nuclear Reactions

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Types of Reactions
Synthesis
Two or more simple substances reacting together in
order to combine to form a more complex product.

A + B A B

Reactants Product

General equation: A + B AB
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Types of Reactions
Synthesis

A B

AB

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Types of Reactions
Synthesis (examples)
Synthesis of two elements

Oxygen
(B)

Dihydrogen
Hydrogen monoxide/
(A) water (AB)

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Types of Reactions
Synthesis (examples)
Synthesis of two compounds

Carbon
dioxide (B)

Magnesium
Magnesium
oxide (A)
carbonate
(AB)
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Types of Reactions
Synthesis (examples)
Synthesis of a compound and an
element
Oxygen (B)

Carbon
monoxide Carbon dioxide
(A) (AB)

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Types of Reactions
Decomposition
Simplifying a single chemical entity into two or more fragments.
Chemical decomposition is usually regarded and defined as the exact
opposite of chemical synthesis.

A B A+ B
Reactant Products

General equation: AB A+B

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Types of Reactions
Decomposition (examples)
Thermal decomposition (use of heat)

Calcium oxide (A)

Calcium Carbon
carbonate dioxide
(AB) (B)
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Types of Reactions
Decomposition (examples)
Electrolytic decomposition (use of electric current)

Hydrogen (A)

Water Oxygen
(AB) (B)

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Types of Reactions

Single Displacement
One element is substituted for another element in a compound. When
a replacement reaction occurs, a new aqueous compound and a
different pure element will be generated as products.

A + B C A C
B
+

General equation: A + BC AC + B
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Types of Reactions
Single Displacement
The Office series (2005-2013)
C A

A B
C

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Types of Reactions
Single Displacement (examples)
Zinc
(A) Zinc chloride
(AC)

Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen

(BC) (C)

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Types of Reactions
Single Displacement
Chlorine Calcium
(A) chloride
(AC)

Calcium iodide Iodine

(BC) (C)

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Types of Reactions
Double Displacement (Metathesis)
Exchange of bonds between two reacting chemical species which
results in the creation of products with similar or identical bonding
affiliations

A B + C D A D + C B

General equation: AB + CD AD + CB
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Types of Reactions
Double Displacement
The Big Bang Theory series (2007-
2019)

+
A B C D
C A
B D
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Types of Reactions
Double Displacement (examples)
Silver nitrate Silver
chloride
(AB)
(AD)

Sodium chloride Sodium

(CD) nitrate
(BC)

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Types of Reactions
Neutralization
An acid reacts with a base to produce salt and water.

H2
H A + B OH O + B A

General equation: HA + BOH H2O + BA

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Types of Reactions
Neutralization (examples)
Hydrochloric Sodium
acid chloride
(HA) (BA)

Sodium
Water
hydroxide
(BOH)

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Types of Reactions
Neutralization (examples)
Potassium
Hydrobromic
bromide
acid
(BA)
(HA)

Potassium Water
hydroxide
(BOH)

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Types of Reactions
Combustion
A high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a
fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces
oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.

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Types of Reactions
Reduction-Oxidation (Redox)
Electron transfer occurs.

+ e -
Oxidation: A A +

e - B -
Reduction: B +
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Types of Reactions
Reduction-Oxidation (Redox)
Electron transfer occurs.
Charge: 0 Charge: +1

A + e -
Oxidation: A +
Gain of oxygen Loss of
hydrogen Loss of
electrons
Increase in oxidation number

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Types of Reactions
Reduction-Oxidation (Redox)
Electron transfer occurs.
Charge: 0 Charge: -1
Reduction:
B -
B +
e-
Loss of oxygen Gain of
hydrogen Gain of
electrons
Decrease in oxidation number

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Types of Reactions
Reduction-Oxidation (Redox)
Gain Lose
Electrons Electrons
Reduction Oxidation
Oxidizing Reducing
Agent Agent
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Types of Reactions
Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear fission
Splits atoms to create smaller atoms
Neutrons hit and cause the split
Does not occur naturally in nature
235U is limited

Meltdown risk
● radioactive waste
● Less energy B-WITZ REVIEW AND TUTORIAL SERVICES
Types of Reactions
Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear fusion
Combining atoms to create larger atom
Hydrogen is abundant
Produces radiant energy
No meltdown risk
2
4
He is limited
Not yet sustainable
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Types of Reactions
Nuclear Reactions

Common features between the two nuclear reactions:

Involvement atoms and energy

Production of electricity
Exothermic reaction (release of heat)

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Nuclear Emission

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Half-Life

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Stoichiometry
Utilizes relationship between the reactants and
products of a chemical reaction to obtain the desired
quantifiable data.

Concept of dimensional analysis

Example

Convert 7 inches into cm

Answer: 7 inches is equivalent to 17.78 cm

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Stoichiometry (example)
How many grams of magnesium oxide (MgO) is needed to
prepare 10 g of magnesium carbonate (MgCO3)?

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Stoichiometry (example)
Step 1: Balance the chemical equation

List the atoms present in the reactant (lefthand side)

and the product (righthand side) side of the chemical equation.

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Stoichiometry (example)

Note: Molecular weight of the components can be

used Ensure working with a balanced chemical Answer: 4.78 g MgO
equation
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Limiting and Excess Reagents

I wanted to have friends over for lunch on Saturday and make grilled
cheese sandwiches that require two slices of bread and one slice of
cheese. I opened the refrigerator to find that I had 40 slices of cheese. I
looked in the bread box to find that I had 16 slices of bread.

1.Which of my ingredients is limiting the number of sandwiches I can

make?

a. Cheese
b. Bread
c. None of these
d. Both of these B-WITZ REVIEW AND TUTORIAL SERVICES
Limiting and Excess Reagents

I wanted to have friends over for lunch on Saturday and make grilled
cheese sandwiches that require two slices of bread and one slice of
cheese. I opened the refrigerator to find that I had 40 slices of cheese. I
looked in the bread box to find that I had 16 slices of bread.

Note: Limiting ingredients make the least

amount of sandwiches.
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Limiting and Excess Reagents

I wanted to have friends over for lunch on Saturday and make grilled
cheese sandwiches that require two slices of bread and one slice of
cheese. I opened the refrigerator to find that I had 40 slices of cheese. I
looked in the bread box to find that I had 16 slices of bread.

1. Which of my ingredients is limiting the number of sandwiches I can

make?

a. Cheese
b. Bread
c. None of these
d. Both of these B-WITZ REVIEW AND TUTORIAL SERVICES
Limiting and Excess Reagents

I wanted to have friends over for lunch on Saturday and make grilled
cheese sandwiches that require two slices of bread and one slice of
cheese. I opened the refrigerator to find that I had 40 slices of cheese. I
looked in the bread box to find that I had 16 slices of bread.

2. How many sandwiches I can make?

a. 16
b. 8
c. 40
d. 9
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Limiting and Excess Reagents

I wanted to have friends over for lunch on Saturday and make grilled
cheese sandwiches that require two slices of bread and one slice of
cheese. I opened the refrigerator to find that I had 40 slices of cheese. I
looked in the bread box to find that I had 16 slices of bread.

3. How much of my starting material is left over once I am done

making sandwiches?

Answer: 32

32 slices of cheese in excess

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Limiting and Excess Reagents

One of my favorite breakfast foods are ham and cheese omelets in the morning. I am on a
diet, so I always measure the amount of each ingredient I use. I always make two in case
someone else wants one. Below is the recipe for my 'perfect' omelet.

Recipe:
6 Large eggs = 200.0 g per one egg
1 cup of ham = 125.0 g per one cup
2 cups of shredded cheese = 50.0 g per one cup

I open the refrigerator this morning to find an excess of large eggs (50 eggs), 400.0 g of
ham and 250.0 g of cheese.

How many omelets can I make for breakfast with all of the ingredients I pulled out
of the refrigerator?
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Limiting and Excess Reagents

Determine the amount of the ingredients that can be used to make

omelet.

Based on the available amount of ingredients, we can use 5

cups of shredded cheese and 3.2 cups of ham to make the
'perfect' omelet.
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Limiting and Excess Reagents
Determine the amount of omelets that can be produced to know the
limiting ingredient.

Number of omelets using 50 eggs

Number of omelets using 5 cups

of cheese

Number of omelets using 3.2

cups of ham
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Limiting and Excess Reagents

Consider respiration, one of the most common chemical reactions on

earth. What mass of carbon dioxide forms in the reaction of 25 grams of
glucose with 40 grams of oxygen?

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Limiting and Excess Reagents

Consider respiration, one of the most common chemical reactions on

earth. What mass of carbon dioxide forms in the reaction of 25 grams of
glucose with 40 grams of oxygen?

Step 1: Balance the chemical equation

List the atoms present in the reactant (lefthand side) and the
product (righthand side) side of the chemical equation.

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Limiting and Excess Reagents

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Limiting and Excess Reagents
Consider respiration, one of the most common chemical reactions on
earth. What mass of carbon dioxide forms in the reaction of 25 grams of
glucose with 40 grams of oxygen? Determine the limiting reagent and
excess amount of the reactant.

Step 2: Convert 25 g of glucose and 40 g oxygen to mass of carbon

dioxide produced.

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Limiting and Excess Reagents
Determine the amount of carbon dioxide that can be
produced to know the limiting reagent.

Amount of carbon
dioxide produced from
25 g glucose.

Amount of carbon
dioxide produced from
40 g oxygen. B-WITZ REVIEW AND TUTORIAL SERVICES
Limiting and Excess Reagents
Limiting reagent: glucose
Excess reagent: oxygen

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Limiting and Excess Reagents

In the combustion of ethyne in oxygen, 8 g of oxygen was present.

Ideally, what amount of ethyne could have reacted with all that oxygen,
and how much carbon dioxide could have been produced?

a. 13 g ethyne; 11 g carbon dioxide

b. 2.3 g ethyne; 7.3 g carbon dioxide
c. 3.2 g ethyne; 6.4 g carbon dioxide
d. 2.6 g ethyne; 8.8 g carbon dioxide

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Limiting and Excess Reagents

In the combustion of ethyne in oxygen, 8 g of oxygen was present.

Ideally, what amount of ethyne could have reacted with all that oxygen,
and how much carbon dioxide could have been produced?

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Limiting and Excess Reagents

In the combustion of ethyne in oxygen, 8 g of oxygen was present.

Ideally, what amount of ethyne could have reacted with all that oxygen,
and how much carbon dioxide could have been produced?

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Limiting and Excess Reagents

In the combustion of ethyne in oxygen, 8 g of oxygen was present.

Ideally, what amount of ethyne could have reacted with all that oxygen,
and how much carbon dioxide could have been produced?

a. 13 g ethyne; 11 g carbon dioxide

b. 2.3 g ethyne; 7.3 g carbon dioxide
c. 3.2 g ethyne; 6.4 g carbon dioxide
d. 2.6 g ethyne; 8.8 g carbon dioxide

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