NURSING THEORISTS Dorothea E.

Orem – “Self-care Deficit Theory”

Florence Nightingale - “Environmental Theory”

- Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons

- the act of UTILIZING THE ENVIRONMENT of the who are wholly or partly dependent or when those who
patient to assist him in his recovery are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give
care.
* Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory,
and perhaps this was her biggest mistake. Yet, her theory * In self-care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A
was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation helping or assistive profession to person who are wholly
of environment that includes appropriate noise, or partly dependent or when people who are to give care
nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could to them are no longer available. Self-care, are the
provide the client’s body the nurturance it needs for activities that a person do for himself to maintain health,
repair and recovery. life and well-being.
- She defined health as the SOUNDNESS AND
WHOLENESS of developed human structure and bodily
Sister Callista Roy - “Adaptation Model” mental functioning.
* Orem defined health as the SOUNDNESS and
WHOLENESS of developed human structure and of
bodily and mental functioning.

Betty Neuman – “System Model”

- Nursing is a THEORETICAL SYSTEM OF
KNOWLEDGE that prescribes a process of analysis and
action related to care of the ill person
* Remember the word “THEOROYTICAL” For Callista
Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of knowledge that
prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person.
She introduced the ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed
person as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed - Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the
that by adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis. variables affecting an individual’s response to stressors,
which are INTRA, INTER AND EXTRA PERSONAL in
- She conceptualized that man, as an OPEN SYSTEM is nature.
in constant interaction and transaction with a changing
environment. * Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and
extra personal in nature. She said that NURSING is
* OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a
continuously allows input from the environment. maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client
Example is when you tell me I’m good looking, I will be through PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY
happy the entire day, because I am an open system and prevention modes. Please do not confuse this with
continuously interact and transact with my environment. LEAVELL and CLARK’S level of prevention.
A close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE. When - Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.
you cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it
will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass * Betty Neuman asserted that nursing is a unique
for combustion. A closed system do not allow inputs and profession and is concerned with all the variables
output in its environment. affecting the individual's response to stressors. These are
INTRA or within ourselves, EXTRA or outside the
- Postulated that health is a state and process of being individual, INTER means between two or more people.
and becoming an INTEGRATED AND WHOLE She proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL
PERSON. which states that by PRIMARY, SECONDARY and
TERTIARY prevention, the nurse can help the client
* According to ROY, Health is a state and process of maintain stability against these stressors.
becoming a WHOLE AND INTEGRATED Person.
- According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all
parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with
the whole system.
* Neuman believe that man is composed of subparts and
when this subparts are in harmony with the whole
system, Wellness results. Please do not confuse this with
the SUB and SUPRA systems of Martha Rogers.

Virginia Henderson – “14 Basic Human Needs” - Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING
WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING
BELIEF.
* Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes.
Knowing means understanding the client. Being with
emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the
- The unique function of the nurse is to ASSIST the patient. Doing for means doing things for the patient
individual, sick or well, in the performance of those when he is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling
activities contributing to health that he would perform means helping client transcend maturational and
unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and developmental stressors in life while maintaining belief
knowledge, and do this in such a way as to help him gain is the ability of the Nurse to inculcate meaning to these
independence as rapidly as possible. events.
* This was an actual board question. Remember this
definition and associate it with Virginia Henderson.
Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING Margaret Jean Watson – “Theory Human
theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She Caring”
describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE: Doing
everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY: Helping
the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the
client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating
and drinking adequately, Worship and Play are some of
the basic needs according to her.
- She introduced the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL. - Caring is healing, it is communicated through the
consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared
for. It allows access to higher human spirit.
Madeleine Leininger – “Transcultural Theory” * The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came
from Jean Watson. For her, Caring expands the limits of
openness and allows access to higher human spirit.
- According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturing way
of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse
feels a sense of commitment and responsibility.
- Caring is the essence and CENTRAL UNIFYING, a * This is Jean Watson's definition of Nursing as caring.
DOMINANT DOMAIN that distinguishes nursing from This was asked word per word last June 06' NLE. Benner
other health disciplines. Care is an essential human defines caring as something that matters to people. She
need. postulated the responsibility created by Caring in
nursing. She was also responsible for the PRIMACY OF
* There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARING MODEL. Leininger defined the 4 conservation
CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSON'S Human principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of
Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger's caring.
definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN GER? [Could I Lie In
There] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. Patricia Benner – “Novice to Expert”
C stands for CENTRAL, U stands for UNIFYING, D
stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this
matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch
about a question about CARING.

Kristen Swanson – “Theory of Caring” - Caring means that person, events, projects and things
matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options.
Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of
nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to
recover in the face of the illness.
* I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of - Developed the CLINICAL NURSING – A HELPING
BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring means ART MODEL
being CONNECTED or making things matter to people.
Caring according to Benner give meaning to illness and * Just remember ERNESTINE WEIDENBACHLINICAL.
reestablish connection.

Myra Levin Erickson, Tomlin, Swain

- She described the four conservation principle. - Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING
* Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles theory
which are concerned with the Unity and Integrity of an
individual. These are ENERGY: Our output to facilitate
meeting of our needs. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY: We Joyce Travelbee – “Human-to-Human
must maintain the integrity of our organs, tissues and Relationship Model”
systems to be able to function and prevent harmful
agents entering our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY:
These refers to our self-esteem, self-worth, self-concept,
identify and personality. SOCIAL INTEGRITY: Reflects
our societal roles to our society, community, family,
friends and fellow individuals.
Dorothy Johnson – “Behavioral System Model” - Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF
NURSING
* Travelbee's theory was referred to as
INTERPERSONAL theory because she postulated that
NURSING is to assist the individual and all people that
affects this individual to cope with illness, recover and
FIND MEANING to this experience. For her, Nursing is
a HUMAN TO HUMAN relationship that is formed
- Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL during illness. To her, an individual is a UNIQUE and
irreplaceable being in continuous process of becoming,
* According to Dorothy Johnson, Each person is a
evolving and changing. PLEASE do remember, that it is
behavioral system that is composed of 7 subsystems.
PARSE who postulated the theory of HUMAN
Man adjust or adapt to stressors by a using a LEARNED
BECOMING and not TRAVELBEE, for I read books that
PATTERN OF RESPONSE. Man uses his behavior to
say it was TRAVELBEE and not PARSE.
meet the demands of the environment, and is able to
modified his behavior to support these demands.
- Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, Lawrence Kholberg – “Moral Development
interaction, interdependence and integration of the Theory”
subsystem of the behavioral system.
* Once you see the phrase BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM,
answer Dorothy Johnson.

Ernestine Weidenbach
- He proposed the theory of morality that is based on
MUTUAL TRUST
* Kohlber states that relationships are based on mutual
trust. He postulated the levels of morality development.
At the first stage called the PREMORAL or
preconventional, A child do things and label them as * Martha Rogers states that HEALTH is synonymous
BAD or GOOD depending on the PUNISHMENT or with WELLNESS and that HEALTH and WELLNESS is
REWARD they get. They have no concept of justice, subjective depending on the definition of one's culture.
fairness and equity, for them, If I punch this kid and
mom gets mad, thats WRONG. But if I dance and sing,
mama smiles and give me a new toy, then I am doing
something good. In the Conventional level, The
individual actuates his act based on the response of the
people around him. He will follow the rules, regulations,
laws and morality the society upholds. If the law states
that I should not resuscitate this man with a DNR order,
then I would not. However, in the Post conventional
level or the AUTONOMOUS level, the individual still
follows the rules but can make a rule or bend part of
these rules according to his own MORALITY. He can
change the rules if he thinks that it is needed to be Imogene King – “Goal Attainment Theory”
changed. Example is that, A nurse still continue
resuscitating the client even if the client has a DNR order
because he believes that the client can still recover and
his mission is to save lives, not watch patients die.

Martha Rogers – “Unitary Human Beings” - Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and
Illness as interference in the life cycle.
* Imogene King states that health is a state in the life
cycle and Illness is any interference on this cycle. I
enjoyed the Movie LION KING and like what Mufasa
said that they are all part of the CIRCLE OF LIFE, or
the Life cycle.
- postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is
greater than sum of its parts.
* The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that
MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and that his
dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this
part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The
mother of Queen Elizabeth and the wife of King Henry
VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to marry
another wife and that his divorce was not approved by
the pope. Outraged, He insisted on the separation of the
Church and State and divorce Anne himself by making
everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another
man. Anne was beheaded while her lips is still saying a
prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect
to her diseased body and a separate head. She was still
remembered as Anne Boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who
lead England to their GOLDEN AGE.
- She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra
systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and
systems while the suprasystems are family, society and
community.
* According to Martha Rogers, Man is composed of 2
systems : SUB which includes cells, tissues, organs and
system and SUPRA which includes our family,
community and society. She stated that when any of
these systems are affected, it will affect the entire
individual.
- Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by
the culture or an individual.