Paper 2 Chemistry Final Push 2023
Paper 2 Chemistry Final Push 2023
Paper 2 Chemistry Final Push 2023
GRADE 12
PAPER 1
(CHEMISTRY FOCUS)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL CHANGE
22-23 SEPTEMBER 2023
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
LOW HANGING FRUITS : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. Definitions – e.g. hydrocarbons, saturated, unsaturated, isomers,
boiling points, melting points, vapour pressure etc
2. Drawing structural formulae, molecular formulae etc
3. Iupac naming.
4. Explaining the effect of physical properties on boiling point,
vapour pressure.
5. Identifying the type of intermolecular forces
6. Types of organic reactions (saturated to unsaturated, Unsaturated
to saturated, saturated to saturated)
LIMPOPO
LIMPOPO
ORGANIC MOLECULES – CONCEPTS CHECK
ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE
General formula:
Describes homologous
series e.g. CnH2n+2
Molecular formula:
Structural formula: Molecular formula
H H H Different e.g.C3H8
formulae:
│ │ │
H–C–C–C–H
Condensed structural formula:
│ │ │
CH3 – CH2 - CH3
H H H
8
Isomers
Isomers: organic compounds with the same chemical formula, but differing structural formulae are
called isomers.
There are three types of isomers
• chain isomers: same number of atoms of each type, but
different types of chains …
• positional isomers: the side chain, functional group or substituent is in a different position on
the parent chain...
• primary carbon – any carbon atom attached to only one other carbon atom in
an organic molecule is called a primary carbon
• secondary carbon – when a carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms
• tertiary carbon – when a carbon atom is attached to three other carbon atoms
Substituent
• This can be an inorganic atom (e.g. halogen) or an alkyl group that is shorter than the main group.
Often denoted by R, or R’
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• When discussing intermolecular forces, the concepts atoms, molecules and ions
should be revised.
• Emphasise the difference between bonds between atoms in molecules
(intramolecular) and forces between molecules (intermolecular) and that the
strength of intermolecular forces are responsible for the different phases.
Interatomic or intramolecular forces, which are much stronger than intermolecular
forces, are formed/broken during chemical reactions when new compounds are
formed. Intermolecular forces are overcome (not broken) during phase changes.
• When writing explanations related to physical properties of compound, learners
should be taught to follow the following steps:
❑ Comparing two compounds from the same homologous series:
✓ Compare the surface areas of the molecules.
✓ Compare the strength of intermolecular forces.
✓ Compare the energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.
❑ Comparing two compounds from different homologous series:
✓ State the type of intermolecular force in each compound.
✓ Compare the strength of these intermolecular forces.
✓ Compare the energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Ensure that learners know the different types of intermolecular forces when
comparing boiling points of compounds from different homologous series and
can compare the strength of these forces.
ORGANIC MOLECULES PART 2–CONCEPTS CHECK – PROMATHS PREP
EXAM P2 2022
16
17
Reactions and properties of organic molecules
1. Sufficient O2.
Reactions of organic molecules: Products:
Combustion
CO2 + H2O + Energy
2. Insufficient O2.
Products:
Substitution CO + H2O + Energy
Hydrolysis
Elimination
Halogenation:
Addition
With halogen
1. Dehydrogenation or cracking: Elimination
of H2.
Catalyst: Pt
1. Hydrogenation with H2.
2. Dehydrohalogenation:
Catalyst: Pt, Pd or Ni
Elimination of HX in alcoholic NaOH or
2. Hydrohalogenation with HX.
KOH.
X = halogen
3. Dehalogenation: Elimination of a
3. Halogenation with halogen.
halogen from a haloalkane
4. Hydration with H2O. 4. Dehydration:
Catalyst: H2SO4 Elimination of H2O from alcohol.
18
What learners must know?
• Identify the types of reactions that different Functional Groups undergo.
• Explain what happens during each type of reaction.
• Compare the reactivity of different Functional Groups/ Homologous Series.
Know that:
HALOALKANES undergo:
ALKANES undergo:
➢ Elimination reactions.
➢ Combustion (or oxidations) reactions.
➢ Substitution reactions
➢ Elimination reactions.
➢ Substitution reactions
ALCOHOLS undergo:
ALKENES undergo:
➢ Combustion (or oxidations) reactions.
➢ Combustion (or oxidations) reactions. ➢ Elimination reactions.
➢ Addition reactions ➢ Substitution reactions.
➢ Esterification.
ALKYNES undergo:
➢ Combustion (or oxidation) reactions.
NB: Give an example of each reaction mentioned above
➢ Addition reactions (no longer examinable).
and the specific conditions.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS – GRADES 10 -12
✓ MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS can be a powerful tool to assess learners’ understanding of
concepts (if used properly).
✓ Use these MULTIPLE- CHOICE QUESTIONS to address ALL key aspects and concepts in
CHEMISTRY, as outlined in the Examination Guidelines.
✓ Learners must learn theory. There are obvious definitions statement/theories/laws/ principles/ processes
that must be learnt [as stated in the Examination Guideline 2021].
✓ Learners must learn the laws, definitions and principles. These are ‘easy marks’ for learners to get.
N.B. Two marks are awarded for a correct definition/ law/ principle. No marks are available
for an incorrect or partially correct definition. (In 2020 and 2022 NSC, 60% of MC questions
came from 3 topics (Reaction Rates, Chemical Equilibrium and Organic Molecules, as shown in
the next slides). THE other 4 MC Items come from Acids and Bases x2 and Electrochemistry x2 .
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS – From 2020 NSC EXAM
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS – From 2021 NSC
EXAM
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS – From NOV 2022 NSC
EXAM
ORGANIC MOLECULES PART 1 –CONCEPTS CHECK – PROMATHS PREP
EXAM P2 2022
ORGANIC MOLECULES PART 2–CONCEPTS CHECK – PROMATHS PREP
EXAM P2 2022
ENERGY
CHANGES and
REACTION
MECHANISM
LOW HANGING FRUITS : ENERGY CHANGES AND REACTION RATE
1. Definitions – Exothermic and Endothermic, activation energy,
activated complex, enthalpy change, catalyst. Rate of reactions
2. Drawing and interpreting the energy graphs
3. Effect of a catalyst on both graphs
4. Collision theory
5. Identification of factors from a reaction
6. Explaining factors affecting rate of reaction, using the collision
theory
7. Calculating rate of reaction from-statements,tables and graphs
8. Stoichiometric calculations
9. Maxwell Boltzmann energy distribution curve
RATE OF REACTION LIMPOPO
2023
What is rate of reaction?
A(s) + B(aq) → C(aq) + D(g
change in mass of A mA 1 − mA0
Rate of reaction = = OR
change in time t1 − t0
[Q]
[P]
A
tA tB t t
NB: The gradient of either curve at a particular time would give us a measurement of the rate of
the reaction..
NUMBER OF MOLES OF REACTANT MASS OF REACTANT
MASS(g)
2
1,5
∆𝑛 ∆𝑛
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − . 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = −
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Unit : mol.s-1. Unit : g.min.-1.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate & Collision Theory
According to the collision theory, a reaction will take place between two reactant
particles when these particles have (i) sufficient energy and (ii) the correct
orientation for effective collisions to occur.
You must be able to use the collision theory to argue why and how the
following factors influence the rate of a reaction.
• the nature of the reactants (their state, form, size, electron structure, the
type of bonding) …
• state: solid, liquid or gas – gases, already at a much higher energy level
than solids, will react faster than solids
• form: ions in solution react far more readily than the same ions bonded in
solid form
• size: paraffin (C13H28) burns more slowly than methane (CH4) because
paraffin is larger and has less kinetic energy
• electron structure: Li, Na are much more reactive than Cu, Pb, Ag or Au.
• the surface area of solid reactants
• the greater the surface area – the greater its state of division, the more
effective collisions can take place, resulting in a a greater rate of
chemical reaction.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate Cont…
• the concentration of liquid or gaseous reactants
• the more reactants there are within a fixed volume, (greater
concentration), the more effective collision can occur per unit volume , and
thus rate of reaction increases.(this does not apply to solids or pure liquids
– their concentration cannot increase)
• the pressure (of gaseous reactants)
• a higher pressure implies a greater number of gas particles within the
same volume, and thus rate of reaction increases.
• the temperature at which the reaction occurs
• an increase in temperature will increase the average rate of reaction since
it increases the energy of the reactant particles, increasing the chance of
collision, and since it makes it more likely that the colliding particles will
have sufficient energy
• the use of a catalyst
• as noted previously, a (positive) catalyst is a substance that increases the
rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent
change.
• note: when speaking of catalysts, we generally mean positive catalysts; a
negative catalyst (or inhibitor) does the opposite to a positive catalyst – it
retards / inhibits the chemical reaction.
Boltzmann Distribution Curves
All particles in a system have energy, but some have more energy than others. Particles with the
activation energy required for a reaction can successfully collide and react
Using a Suitable Catalyst
By using a catalyst, the energy of particles in the system remains the same, but the activation energy
required for a successful collision is lowered. As a result, more particles are able to successfully collide
per unit time.
The effect of a catalyst on rate of reaction
By increasing the concentration of molecules within a system, the actual energy of the molecules doesn’t change.
The proportion of molecules with the required activation energy is the same, there are just more of them!
Because of this, more particles in the system have the required activation energy and react.
CONSOLIDATION: MECHANISM & RATES OF
REACTIONS
MECHANISM & RATES OF REACTIONS –CONCEPTS CHECK – PROMATHS PREP EXAM P2
2022
CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM
LOW HANGING FRUITS : CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
1. Definitions – Chemical equilibrium, Closed system,
Reversible reaction.
2. Stating Le Charteliers principle
3. Wring Kc Expression and Interpretation
4. Perform calculations based on Kc values.
5. Identification of factors affecting Equilibrium position
& explanations thereof using Le Chateliers Principle
If the pressure of the system is decreased, the opposite is true. The reaction that produces the greatest number of
moles of gas will be favoured.
Effect of Concentration Change on Equilibrium
CONT…
Why are the values of equilibrium constants NOT affected by Concentration/Pressure?
KEY POINT:
The position of equilibrium moves - not because Le Chatelier says it must - but because
of the need to keep a constant value for the equilibrium constant.
NB: Equilibrium constants are constant at constant temperature.
Equilibrium Graphs and Le Chatelier's
principle
Graphs can be used to represent data about equilibrium reactions.
The following are some points to keep in mind when presented with a graph.
1. Identify the type of graph by looking at the label on the y-axis. You will find either:
I. a rate-time graph
2. For rate-time graphs, when the rate for the forward reaction and the rate for the
reverse reaction are equal, the system is in equilibrium.
Using Le Chatelier’s Principle
• Depending on the ratio of reactant moles to product moles, either the forward
or reverse reaction would be favoured.
• That particular reaction will show a rate increase, the other a rate decrease.
• Rounding off should only be done at the final answer of a calculation. Learners
should be reminded not to round off in each step as it leads to an incorrect answer.
• In this case, the Ka value of HSO4- is lower than that of H2SO4 indicating that
H2SO4 ionises incompletely in water to form a low concentration of H3O+ ions. It is
thus a weaker acid than H2SO4.
To summarize:
Acids
◼Stronger acid » higher % ionisation » higher [H3O+] » larger Ka
Conversely,
◼Smaller Ka » lower [H3O+] » lower % ionisation » weaker acid
Bases
◼Stronger base » higher % dissociation » higher [OH—] » larger Kb
Conversely,
◼Smaller Kb » lower [OH—] » lower % dissociation » weaker base
The potency of Hydrogen (pH) scale
Together,
pH + pOH = 14
14. Define Kw as the equilibrium constant for the ionisation of water or the
ionic product of water or the ionisation constant of water, i.e.
74
TOPIC OVERVIEW: ACIDS AND BASES CONT….
8. Determine the approximate pH (equal to, smaller than or larger than 7)
of salts in salt hydrolysis.
▪ Hydrolysis of the salt of a strong acid and a weak base results in an acidic
solution, i.e. the pH < 7.
An example of such a salt is ammonium chloride.
▪ The salt of a strong acid and a strong bases does not undergo hydrolysis
and the solution of the salt will be neutral, i.e. pH= 7.
75
TOPIC OVERVIEW: ACIDS AND BASES CONT….
For a titration, e.g. the titration of oxalic acid with sodium hydroxide:
76
TOPIC OVERVIEW: ACIDS AND BASES CONT….
10. Motivate the choice of a specific indicator in a titration.
77
Different Indicators
Name of indicator Colour acid Colour base pH range
79
Titration Calculations – Summary of Formulae
A number of formulae are important for titration calculations …
measured in ….
c (mol·dm-3)
n (mole)
V (dm3)
m (g)
M (g·mol-1)
Anode: oxidation
– a loss of
Cathode: reduction –
electrons. The
a gain of electrons.
electrons released
The metal ions (Cu2+)
stay on anode,
accept electrons and
while metal cations
are deposited on the
(Zn2+) move into
+ electrode.
solution
Tabel 4A Tabel 4B
half reactions E0(V) half reactions E0(V)
strong F2(g) + 2e- 2F- +2,87 weak weak Li+ + e- Li -3,05 strong
OA RA OA RA
weak Li+ + e- Li -3,05 strong strong F2(g) + 2e- 2F- +2,87 weak
OA RA OA RA
When using the table (4B):
Any substance on
the right will
spontaneously react
with something
above it on the right
of the table – and
vice versa.
Full Redox potential Table 4B
Any substance on
the right will
spontaneously react
with something
above it on the right
of the table – and
vice versa.
Cell notation
The cell notation is used to represent electrochemical cells:
By Covention...
• The anode (where oxidation takes place) is always written on the left, while
the cathode (where reduction takes place) is always written on the right of the
salt bridge.
• the anode & cathode are separated by a || (which represents the salt bridge)
while the different phases in a half-cell are separated by a single |.
• The cell notation follows the reaction sequence …
reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species
(a way of checking your work – if the cell notation is correct, the electrodes will
appear on the outside, e.g. For the Cu/Zn cell:
Zn(s)|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu(s))
96
Cell notation Cont…
Correct Examples:
3. Mg|Mg2+ || F2|F-|Pt (Correct: order RA, oxidized species, OA, reduced species)
4. Pt|Cℓ- |Cℓ2|| F2 |F- |Pt (Correct: order RA, oxidized species, OA, reduced species)
Incorrect Examples:
5. Mg|Mg2+||F- |F2/Pt (Wrong - order)
6. Pt|Cℓ2|Cℓ- ||F- |F2|Pt (Wrong - order)
Important Electrolytic Processes
Review of Concepts: Electrolytic
Cells
Understanding the Processes and Redox Reactions Taking Place in
Electrolytic Cells
99
Summary:
Electrolysis of Concentrated NaCl Solution
The half reactions and cell reactions for the electrolysis of a saturated
sodium chloride solution are as follows:
silver plating
Electroplating A Spoon with Silver
Reaction at the Anode:
Ag (s) is oxidized at the anode to form Ag+ .
Ag (s) → Ag+ (aq) + e,–Ox. half
reaction
• The mass of the Ag electrode decreases and there is a
constant supply of Ag+ ions in the solution.
Reaction at The Cathode:
Ag+ in solution are reduced at the cathode to form Ag (s)