Deu Deu StyleGuide

German Localization Style Guide
Table of Contents
1 Welcome ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Reference material........................................................................................................................ 4
2 Microsoft voice ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Choices that reflect Microsoft voice ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Flexibility ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Words and phrases to avoid ................................................................................................. 7
2.1.3 Word choice .......................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.4 Word-to-word translation................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Sample Microsoft voice text ....................................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Address the user to take action .......................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Promoting a feature ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2.3 Providing how-to guidelines ............................................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Explanatory text and providing support ............................................................................. 12
3 Inclusive language ............................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Avoid gender bias........................................................................................................................ 14
3.2 Accessibility ................................................................................................................................. 19
4 Language-specific standards ............................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Grammar, syntax and orthographic standards ........................................................................... 20
4.1.1 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.1.2 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 23
4.1.3 Articles ................................................................................................................................ 24
4.1.4 Capitalization ...................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.5 Compounds ......................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.6 Conjunctions ....................................................................................................................... 27
4.1.7 Contractions ........................................................................................................................ 28
4.1.8 Gender ................................................................................................................................ 28
4.1.9 Genitive ............................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.10 Localizing colloquialism, idioms, and metaphors ............................................................... 30
4.1.11 Nouns .................................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.12 Numbers.............................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.13 Prepositions ........................................................................................................................ 31
4.1.14 Pronouns ............................................................................................................................. 32
4.1.15 Punctuation ......................................................................................................................... 34
4.1.16 Sentence fragments ............................................................................................................ 38
4.1.17 Subjunctive.......................................................................................................................... 38
4.1.18 Symbols & nonbreaking spaces .......................................................................................... 39
4.1.19 Verbs ................................................................................................................................... 39
5 Localization considerations ................................................................................................................. 39
5.1 Accessibility ................................................................................................................................. 40
5.2 Applications, products, and features .......................................................................................... 40
5.3 English terminology and the German language system ............................................................. 41
5.4 Frequent errors—troublesome or conflictive words .................................................................. 44
5.5 Guidelines for the localization of wizard names ......................................................................... 46
5.6 Software considerations ............................................................................................................. 48
5.6.1 Arrow keys .......................................................................................................................... 48
5.6.2 Error messages .................................................................................................................... 48
5.6.3 Keyboard shortcuts ............................................................................................................. 58
5.6.4 Keys ..................................................................................................................................... 60
5.6.5 Numeric keypad .................................................................................................................. 63
5.6.6 Shortcut keys....................................................................................................................... 63
5.7 Trademarks ................................................................................................................................. 66
5.8 Voice video considerations ......................................................................................................... 67
5.8.1 English pronunciation ......................................................................................................... 67
5.8.2 Tone .................................................................................................................................... 71
5.8.3 Video voice checklist ........................................................................................................... 71
1 Welcome
Welcome to the Microsoft Localization Style Guide for German. This guide will help you
understand how to localize German content in a way that best reflects the Microsoft
voice.
Before you dive in:
• Make sure you understand the key tenants of the Microsoft voice.
• Familiarize yourself with the recommended style references in German.
1.1 Reference material
Unless this style guide or the Language Portal provides alternative instructions, use the
orthography, grammar, and terminology in the following publications.
Normative references on orthography, style and usage
Governments in countries where German is spoken do not prescribe an official

dictionary. The Duden is the main reference resource and "unofficial authority" for
German grammar and orthography. Unless this style guide or the Language Portal
provides alternative instructions, use the orthography, grammar and terminology in
the following publications or online presences.
List of references:
1. https://www.duden.de (Online homepage of Duden)

2. Duden - Die deutsche Rechtschreibung. Bibliographisches Institut, Berlin; 28. Auflage,
2020
3. WAHRIG Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, Neu bearbeitete und aktualisierte Ausgabe
2018, Renate Wahrig-Burfeind, Gerhard Wahrig (Hrsg.), Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag,
München 2018
4. Duden. Richtiges und gutes Deutsch. Bibliographisches Institut, Berlin; 8. Auflage, 2016
5. Duden. Die Grammatik. Bibliographisches Institut, 9. Auflage, überarbeitet, Mannheim,
2016
2 Microsoft voice
Microsoft’s brand personality comes through in our voice and tone—what we say and
how we say it. The design renaissance across Microsoft products, services, and
experiences hinges on crisp simplicity.
Three principles form the foundation of our voice:
• Warm and relaxed: We’re natural. Less formal, more grounded in honest conversations.
Occasionally, we’re fun. (We know when to celebrate.)
• Crisp and clear: We’re to the point. We write for scanning first, reading second. We
make it simple above all.
• Ready to lend a hand: We show customers we’re on their side. We anticipate their real
needs and offer great information at just the right time.
The Microsoft voice targets a broad set of users from technology enthusiasts and casual
computer users. Although content might be different for different audiences, the
principles of Microsoft voice are the same. However, Microsoft voice also means
keeping the audience in mind. Choose the right words for the audience: use technical
terms for technical audiences, but for consumers use common words and phrases
instead.
These key elements of Microsoft voice should also extend across Microsoft content for
all language locales. For each language, the specific choices in style and tone that
produce Microsoft voice are different.
2.1 Choices that reflect Microsoft voice
Translating into German in a way that reflects Microsoft voice means choosing words
and grammatical structures that reflect the same style as the source text. It also means
considering the needs of the audience and the intent of the text.
The general style should be clear, friendly and concise. Use language that resembles
conversation observed in everyday settings as opposed to the formal, technical
language that is often used for technical and commercial content.
When you are localizing source text written in Microsoft voice, feel free to
choose words that aren’t standard translations if you think that’s the best way to stay
true to the intent of the source text.
Because Microsoft voice means a more conversational style, literally translating the
source text may produce target text that is not relevant to customers. To guide your
translation, consider the intent of the text and what the customer needs to know to
successfully complete the task.
2.1.1 Flexibility
It’s important for translators to modify or re-write translated strings so that they are
more appropriate and natural to German customers. To do so, try to understand the
whole intention of the sentences, paragraphs, and pages, and then re-write just like you
are writing the contents yourselves. Sometimes, you may need to remove any
unnecessary content.
English example German example
Low-slung for killer downforce and

decked out with stunning details like
Mit den tiefergelegten neuen Ferrari-
Testarossa-styled driver’s-side mirrors,
Modellen wie dem F430 und dem 458
this squadron of late-model Ferraris—
Italia erregt Ihr Windows-Desktop
including the F430 and the 458 Italia—will
ein Maximum an Aufmerksamkeit.
bring some serious swagger to your
Windows desktop.
Set-up and get started in 10 minutes. Bereit in 10 Minuten. Inside-Out-

Inside-out tracking is built right into each Tracking ist direkt ins Headset eingebaut
headset - no external set-up required. und muss nicht extern eingerichtet
Experience new worlds at home or werden. Entdecken Sie neue Welten, von
anywhere you want. Wherever your zu Hause und jedem anderen Ort.
devices go, Windows Mixed Reality Windows Mixed Reality ist überall auf
follows. Ihren Geräten mit dabei.
Ooh, ooh, ooh, what a little moonlight can Etwas Mondlicht erhellt die dunkelste
do to you! Yes, but how about a LOT of Nacht. Aber wie steht’s mit VIEL
moonlight? This free theme for Mondlicht? Dieses kostenlose Design für
Windows features brilliant full moons, Windows enthält strahlende Vollmonde,
hazy winter moons, and moons rising diesige Wintermonde sowie dramatische
dramatically over castles, mountains, Mondaufgänge über Burgen, Bergen und
cityscapes, and rock formations. Städten.
2.1.2 Words and phrases to avoid
Microsoft voice avoids an unnecessarily formal tone. The following table lists some US
English words that add formality without adding meaning, along with more
common equivalents.
en-US word/phrase to avoid Preferred en-US word/phrase
Achieve Do
As well as Also, too
Attempt Try
Configure Set up
Encounter Meet
Execute Run
Halt Stop
Have an opportunity Can
However But
Give/provide guidance, give/provide information Help
In addition Also
In conjunction with With
Locate Find
Make a recommendation Recommend
Modify Change
Navigate Go
Obtain Get
Perform Do
Purchase Buy
Refer to See
Resolve Fix
Subsequent Next
Suitable Works well
Terminate End
Toggle Switch
Utilize Use
See below words or phrases to avoid in German and their equivalent words or phrases
to be used to convey the German Microsoft voice.
en-US source de-DE word to avoid de-DE word/phrase
give/provide guidance Unterstützung bieten unterstützen or helfen
in parts partiell teilweise
require erfordern benötigen
browse the Internet im Internet browsen im Internet surfen
Make a call einen Anruf durchführen, telefonieren einen Anruf tätigen/führen

Mobile phone Mobiltelefon Handy
2.1.3 Word choice
Terminology
Use approved terminology from the Microsoft Language Portal where applicable,
for example for key terms, technical terms, and product names.
Short word forms and everyday words
Microsoft voice text written in US English prefers the short, simple words spoken
in everyday conversations. In English, shorter words are generally friendlier and
less formal. Short words also save space on screen and are easier to read quickly.
Precise, well-chosen words add clarity, but it is important to be intentional about using
everyday words that customers are accustomed to.
The German Microsoft voice can be conveyed through similar means by using short
words used by people in daily conversations. Take care to adhere to approved
terminology and not use different target terms for already established and approved
terms. There are only some occasions that allow shortened form of words. These words
are well-established in common usage. Be careful with using abbreviated forms in
German, as they might not be understood by all target audiences or it may have
different connotations in other German speaking countries.
Examples of allowed short words:
en-US
de-DE
source de-DE word usage
word
term
App App Use App instead of Anwendung or Programm.
Use Info in casual situations, unless information fits the context.

However, use Informationen when you point the reader elsewhere ("for
Info Info
more information, see <link>").The abbreviation "Info" can be used if
there are length restrictions.
Use for personal computing devices that run Windows (computer

PC PC
for situations about PCs and Macs).
en-US
de-DE
source de-DE word usage
word
term
Use Web in causal situations. Internet should be used, when present in

Web Web
the source.
2.1.4 Word-to-word translation
Literal translation should be avoided, as it often fails to get the sense of the text across
and sounds unnatural, even ridiculous. If necessary, split or merge sentences; omit
descriptors to make the text snappier.
Incorrect German
English text Correct German translation
translation
Find what you need on the Mit dem für Windows Suchen Sie mit dem für
web, using the browser best optimierten Browser steht Windows optimierten
suited for Windows. Ihnen das Web offen. Browser im Internet.
You use multiple PCs and a Sie verwenden verschiedene Sie verwenden verschiedene
phone. PCs und ein Smartphone? PCs und ein Telefon?
Compose your vision within Lassen Sie Ihrer Kreativität in Realisieren Sie in der Cloud
the cloud der Cloud freien Lauf. Ihre Vision.
2.2 Sample Microsoft voice text

The source and target phrase samples in the following sections illustrate the intent of
the Microsoft voice.
2.2.1 Address the user to take action
en-US source de-DE target Explanation
Das Kennwort ist falsch. The user has entered an

The password isn’t
Versuchen Sie es noch einmal. incorrect password so provide
correct, so please try
Bei Kennwörtern muss die Groß- the user with a short and
again. Passwords are
/Kleinschreibung beachtet friendly message with
case-sensitive.
werden. the action to try again.
The user has entered an
Mit dem Product Key stimmt
This product key didn’t incorrect product key. The
etwas nicht. Überprüfen Sie ihn,
work. Please check it and message casually and politely
und versuchen Sie es noch
try again. asks the user to check it and
einmal.
try again.
Casual and short message to

inform the user that setup has
All ready to go Jetzt kann’s losgehen.
completed, and the computer
is ready for use.
Use of the second person

Would you like to pronoun "you" to politely ask
Möchten Sie fortfahren?
continue? the user if they would like to
continue.
Give your PC a name— Geben Sie Ihrem PC

any name you want. If einen beliebigen Namen. Wenn
Address the user directly
you want to change the Sie die Hintergrundfarbe ändern
using second person pronoun
background color, turn möchten, deaktivieren Sie den
to take the necessary action.
high contrast off in PC hohen Kontrast in den PC-
settings. Einstellungen.
2.2.2 Promoting a feature
Picture password is a new Promoting a specific

Bildcode ist eine neue Methode zum
way to help you protect feature with the use of
Schutz Ihres Touchscreen-PC. Wählen
your touchscreen PC. You em-dash to emphasis
Sie dafür ein Bild aus und überlegen
choose the picture—and the specific
Sie sich eine Geste. Die Kombination
the gestures you use with requirements to enable
aus beidem ist ihr
it—to create a password the feature which in this
persönliches Kennwort.
that’s uniquely yours. case is picture password.
Promoting the use of

Let apps give you apps.
personalized content Wenn Sie möchten, wählen Apps Depending on the
based on your PC’s Inhalte aufgrund Ihres PC-Standorts, - context of the string we
location, name, account Namen, Profilbilds und anderer can add some more
picture, and other domain Domäneninformationen für Sie aus . familiarity to the text by
info. using everyday
words for e.g. PC.
2.2.3 Providing how-to guidelines
To go back and save Klicken Sie auf “Abbrechen”, um zu

Short and clear action
your work, click Cancel Ihrer Arbeit zurückzugehen, letzte
using second person
and finish what you need Änderungen vorzunehmen und dann
pronoun.
to. zu speichern.
Voice is simple and

To confirm your current natural.
Um Ihren aktuellen Bildcode zu
picture password, just The user isn’t
bestätigen, beobachten Sie einfach die
watch the replay and overloaded
Wiedergabe, und zeichnen Sie die
trace the example with information; we tell
angezeigten Beispielgesten auf Ihrem
gestures shown on them only what they
Bild nach.
your picture. need to know to make a
decision.
Speak to the user

It’s time to enter the
Geben Sie nun den Product Key ein. directly and naturally
product key. When you
Wenn Sie eine using second person
connect to the Internet,
Internetverbindung herstellen, pronoun "you" on clear
we’ll activate Windows
aktivieren wir Windows für Sie. actions to enter the
for you.
product key.
2.2.4 Explanatory text and providing support
Die Updates wurden installiert. The language is natural, the

The updates are installed,
Damit sie übernommen werden, way people talk. In this case
but Windows Setup needs
muss Windows Setup neu voice is reassuring, letting
to restart for them to work.
gestartet werden. Nach dem the user know that we’re
After it restarts, we’ll keep
Neustart setzen wir die Aktion doing the work. Use of "we"
going from where we left
dort fort, wo wir sie provides a more personal
off.
unterbrochen haben. feel.
If you restart now, you and Voice is clear and
Wenn Sie diesen PC neu starten,
any other people using this natural informing the user
können Sie oder andere Nutzer
PC could lose unsaved what will happen if this
ungesicherte Daten verlieren.
work. action is taken.
Dieses Dokument
This document will be
wird automatisch in die richtige Voice talks to the
automatically moved to the
Bibliothek und den richtigen user informatively and
right library and folder after
Ordner verschoben, nachdem Sie directly on the action that
you correct invalid or
die ungültigen oder fehlenden will be taken.
missing properties.
Eigenschaften korrigiert haben.
Something bad happened!

Without complexity and
Unable to locate Die Dateien zum Erstellen des
using short sentences
downloaded files to create startbaren USB-Speichersticks
inform the user what has
your bootable USB flash konnten nicht gefunden werden.
happened.
drive.
3 Inclusive language
Microsoft technology reaches every part of the globe, so it's critical that all our
communications are inclusive and diverse. These guidelines provide examples on how to
use inclusive language and avoid habits that may unintentionally lead to
marginalization, offense, misrepresentation, or the perpetuation of stereotypes.
General guidelines
Comply with local language laws.

Use plain language. Use straightforward, concrete, and familiar words. Plain and
accessible language will help people of all learning levels and abilities. Some examples
include using a two-syllable word over a three-syllable word or several clear words
instead of one complicated term or concept.
Be mindful when you refer to various parts of the world. If you name cities,
countries, or regions in examples, make sure they're not politically disputed. In examples
that refer to several regions, use equivalent references—for example, don't mix
countries with states or continents.
In text and images, represent diverse perspectives and circumstances. Depict a
variety of people from all walks of life participating fully in activities. Show people in a
wide variety of professions, educational settings, locales, and economic settings.
Don't generalize or stereotype people by region, culture, age, or gender, not even if
the stereotype is positive. For example, when representing job roles, choose names that
reflect a variety of gender identities and cultural backgrounds.
Don't use profane or derogatory terms.
Don’t use slang that could be considered cultural appropriation.
Don't use terms that may carry unconscious racial bias or terms associated with
military actions, politics, or controversial historical events and eras.
Use this Not this Use this Not this
English examples Target examples
primär vs. Master vs. Slave

primary/subordinate master/slave untergeordnet or
sekundär
demilitarized zone Umkreisnetzwerk demilitarisierte Zone

perimeter network
(DMZ) (DMZ)
Kolleg*innen Kollegen
colleagues; guys; ladies and alle
everyone; all gentlemen Kollegen und
Kolleginnen
Eltern (pl) Mutter or Vater

parent mother or father
Elternteil (sg)
3.1 Avoid gender bias
Use gender-neutral alternatives for common terms.
Use the suffixes -hilfe, -kraft, -personal, -schaft, -leute to create neutral forms that
replace individual masculine or feminine forms whenever possible. Or, use a general
term instead that omits the notion of gender (like Eltern, Personen). Or, use nominalized
present participles or plural forms. This method results in nouns that are short and
explicit. However, in a highly technical context, they sometimes sound contrived and
should therefore be used with caution. Use nouns in this category only if they are
already commonly used in German. Avoid inventing new words that sound unnatural.
Examples:
Lehrkräfte, Eltern, Personen, Fachleute, Freundeskreis for "friends", Kundschaft for
"customers"
Studierende, Teilnehmende, Beschäftigte, Freischaffende, Angestellte
Note: Many terms can be neutralized using the ‘-schaft’ suffix. This suffix is used to refer
to the whole group of individuals, when we are referring to many people, but not to
subgroup of individuals. When referring to specific individuals, then the gender asterisk
should be used for the plural form.
The table below provides en-US examples of compounds words containing man or men
that should be avoided in English.
Use this Not this
English examples
chair, moderator chairman
humanity, people,
man, mankind
humankind
operates, staffs mans
sales
salesman
representative
synthetic,
manmade
manufactured
workforce, staff,
manpower
personnel
The table below contains examples of gender-biased words or compounds that should
be avoided in German and the alternative that should be used to promote gender-
inclusivity.
Use this Not this
Team, Gruppe Mannschaft

(mit Personen) besetzte bemannte Raumfahrt
Raumfahrt,
Raumfahrt mit Besatzung
(Abstand) nach vorne (Abstand) zum Vordermann

(Abstand) zur Person vor sich
Wachpersonal Wachmann
Bankkaufperson Bankkaufmann
When presenting generalization, use plural noun forms (for example, Personen,
Menschen, etc).
Don't use gendered pronouns (sie, ihre, er, sein, etc.) in generic references. Instead:
• Rewrite to use the second or third person (Sie).

• Rewrite the sentence to have a plural noun and pronoun.
• Use articles instead of a pronoun (for example, das Dokument instead of sein/ihr
Dokument).
• Directly address the reader (for example, „Bitte unterschreiben Sie das
Formular“ instead of „Der Antragssteller muss das Formular unterschreiben“)
A user with the If the user has the Benutzer*innen mit Ein Benutzer mit
appropriate rights appropriate rights, entsprechenden entsprechenden
can set other users' he can set other Rechten können… Rechten kann…
passwords. users' passwords.
Developers need A developer needs Entwickler*innen Ein Entwickler benötigt

access to servers in access to servers in benötigen Zugriff auf Zugriff auf Server in
their development his development Server in ihrer seiner Umgebung, er
environments, but environment, but he Umgebung, aber benötigt aber keinen
they don't need doesn't need access keinen Zugriff auf die Zugriff auf die Server in
access to the servers to the servers in Server in Azure. Azure.
in Azure. Azure.
When the author When the author Wenn Autor*innen Wenn der Autor sein
opens the document opens her Dokumente öffnen Dokument öffnet
…. document ….
To call someone, Um eine Person Um jemand anzurufen,

To call someone,
select the person's anzurufen, wählen Sie wählen Sie seinen
select his name,
name, select Make a ihren Namen aus… Namen aus…
select Make a phone
phone call, and then
call, and then select
choose the number
his number.
you'd like to dial.
When you're writing about a real person, use the pronouns that the person prefers,
whether it's er, sie, es, or another pronoun. It's OK to use gendered pronouns (like er,
sie, sein, and ihr) when you're writing about real people who use those pronouns
themselves.
When there is no other gender-neutral alternative, use a gender asterisk instead of

using only the masculine form, or only the masculine and feminine forms.
Examples:
Kolleg*innen, Manager*innen, Partner*innen, Benutzer*in, Adressat*in
Interim approach for gender-neutral alternatives for common terms

The linguistic authorities in Germany and industry associations like CLDR are still
deciding on an overall approach to gender neutrality with respect to terminology. In the
meantime, to move towards more inclusive language, we started adopting an interim
approach to handle gender neutrality:
• If a gender-neutral noun exists in the lexicon, the gender-neutral noun should be
used.
• If there is no gender-neutral noun in the lexicon for the singular, the gender
asterisk should be used for the singular form.
• If a gender-neutral noun exists in the lexicon for the plural (even if it doesn't
exist in the lexicon for the singular), the gender-neutral noun should be used
when the noun is used in the plural.
• If there is no gender-neutral noun in the lexicon for the singular and the plural
forms, the gender asterisk should be used for both the singular and the plural
forms.
Examples:
Source Former
New approach Comment
term approach
Lehrkraft (singular) Gender-neutral noun to be

teacher Lehrer
Lehrkräfte (plural) applied (singular and plural).
Gender-neutral noun to be
1. Undetermined context:
applied (singular and plural).
Lernende*r (singular) Lernende
Note: If in a document a context
Schüler (plural)
is clear and specific, like school
(lower 2. Lower education:
and university, then (and only
student education) Schulkind (singular)
then) the translation may be
Student Schulkinder (plural)
contextualized with the context-
(university) 3. University:
sensitive terms Schulkind(er)
Student*in (singular)
(lower education) and
Studierende (plural)
Student*in(nen) (university).
Teilnehmende is a gender-
neutral plural noun. To refer to
Teilnehmer*in (singular) participant in the singular, as
participant Teilnehmer
Teilnehmende (plural) there is no gender-neutral
option in the lexicon, the
gender asterisk should be used.
Mitarbeitende is a gender-
neutral plural noun. To refer to
Mitarbeiter*in (singular) employee in the singular, as
employee Mitarbeiter
Mitarbeitende (plural) there is no gender-neutral
option in the lexicon, the
gender asterisk should be used.
The gender asterisk is used for

Kolleg*in (singular) both the singular and plural
colleague Kollege
Kolleg*innen (plural) forms, as there is no gender-
neutral alternative in the lexicon.
Notes:
- Use your best judgment to use a plural form with asterisk, if this alternative enhances
the style in a specific situation. A wording like “hart arbeitende Mitarbeitende” could
sound a little strange due to the duplicate usage of “arbeitende.” In such cases, it's
justifiable to use gender-neutral alternatives.
- Gender-neutral language should be used in new products and content going forward,
but it’s acceptable that we don’t update all existing or legacy material. It is up to each
product team to decide the best approach for legacy content.
3.2 Accessibility
Microsoft devices and services empower everyone, including people with disabilities, to
do the activities they value most.
Focus on people, not disabilities. Don't use words that imply pity or sickness, such
as erkrankt an or leidet an. Don't mention a disability unless it's relevant.
person with a Menschen/Personen mit Behinderte

handicapped
disability Behinderung
Menschen/Personen Normale,
person without a normal person;
ohne Behinderung Nichtbehinderte,
disability healthy person
Gesunde
Use generic verbs that apply to all input methods and devices. In procedures and
instructions, avoid verbs that don't make sense with alternative input methods used for
accessibility.
Wählen Klicken
Select Click
Keep paragraphs short and sentence structure simple—aim for one verb per
sentence. Read text aloud and imagine it spoken by a screen reader.
Spell out words like und, plus, and rund. Screen readers can misread text that uses
special characters like the ampersand (&), plus sign (+), and tilde (~).
4 Language-specific standards
This part of the style guide contains information and guidelines specific to the German
language.
4.1 Grammar, syntax and orthographic standards
This section includes information on how to apply the general language and syntax rules
to Microsoft products, online content, and documentation.
4.1.1 Abbreviations
Common abbreviations
You might need to abbreviate some words in the UI (mainly buttons or options
names) due to lack of space.
Use the common abbreviations listed below. Note, however, that we do not recommend
extensive use of abbreviations.
Expression Acceptable abbreviation
das heißt d. h.
gegebenenfalls ggf.
in der Regel i. d. R.
und Ähnliches u. Ä.
und so weiter usw.
unter anderem u. a.
unter Umständen u. U.
vergleiche vgl.
beziehungsweise bzw.
zum Beispiel z. B.
zum Teil z. T.
Expression Acceptable abbreviation
zurzeit zz.
Further guidelines
1. If a sentence ends with an abbreviation that has its own period, there is no additional
end-of-sentence period.
2. Use a non-breaking space (CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR) in abbreviations such as z. B. or d. h.
3. If non-breaking spaces cannot be used (e.g. in Help files), it is also acceptable to write
these abbreviations without a space to avoid having one letter move to the beginning of
the next line.
Use caution with the following abbreviations:
Abbreviation Comment
OK Use only in reference to the interface.
US Use only in compounds such as US-Dollar, US-Produkt
MS For legal reasons, Microsoft may not be abbreviated.
If it is necessary to keep the US time format in a product, use periods. (For

a. m./ p. m.
space reasons it may be necessary to omit them in the software.)
This is the Microsoft-specific abbreviation of two-dimensional (2-D) and

three-dimensional (3-D), respectively. As this abbreviation is usually
2D/3D
combined with a noun and hyphenated (e.g. 3D-Darstellung), do not to use a
hyphen in the abbreviation itself.
Abbreviations for measurements
In addition to common measurements such as km, m, cm, mm, etc. the following
abbreviations are used in technical documentation.
Abbreviation
Measurement Comment/Example
(+)
Gigabyte GB Do not use: (-) Gbyte

Abbreviation
Measurement Comment/Example
(+)
Kilobyte KB Do not use: (-) Kbyte
Kilobit KBit Do not use: (-) Kbit
Megabyte MB Do not use: (-) Mbyte
Megabit MBit used to be (-) Mbit
Use same type for similar measurements, e.g. frames

Bits pro Sekunde Bit/s
per second => F/s
Megabits pro
MBit/s used to be (-) Mbit/s
Sekunde
Kilobits pro
KBit/s used to be (-) Kbit/s
Sekunde
Bytes pro Sekunde B/s
Megabytes pro
MB/s
Sekunde
Kilobytes pro
KB/s
Sekunde
Point/Punkt Pt. No plural form
" is acceptable in Packaging and tables, but not in

Inch/Zoll "
body text. Use full form instead.
Megahertz MHz
Exclusion list:
Don’t abbreviate such words as:
• "oder,"
• "und,"
• "allgemein,"
• "etwas,"
• "links,"
• "rechts" or
• anything else that may not be immediately recognizable to a user.
When in doubt, spell it out.
4.1.2 Acronyms
Acronyms and initialisms are words made up of the initial letters of major parts of a
compound term. Some well-known examples are WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You
Get), DNS (Domain Name Server) or HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). They are not
as common in German as they are in English.
Caution: Don't include the full form of the last letter after the acronym or initialism. It is
a redundancy that occurs in source text sometimes, but it should be corrected in
translation.
Example:
en-US source de-DE target
RPC call (+) Remoteprozeduraufruf
HTML language (+) Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
TCP/IP-Protokoll (+) TCP/IP
PIN-Nummer (+) PIN
German equivalents
In UA material, use the German full form on first mention followed by the English full
and short forms in parentheses.
Example:
• (+) Datenzugriffsobjekte (Data Access Objects, DAO)

• (+) ActiveX-Datenobjekte (ActiveX Data Objects, ADO)
In UI material, other than in wizards, there is usually not enough space for all three
variants. If there are space constraints or if there is no "first" occurrence, it is up to the
localizers to judge whether the English short form is understandable without German
equivalent.
The localizer should also take into account that users of distinct products will also have
different levels of knowledge: A German user of Exchange may readily understand what
"DL" stands for, while the average German Windows user may not and prefer the
German equivalent "Verteilerliste." Try to be consistent within a product.
Note: Although the English short form generally can't be derived from the
German translation, creating a new short form from the German term is not an option.
Acronyms and initialisms in English
Many acronyms and initialisms are standardized and remain in English. They are only
followed by their English full form if necessary for understanding. When the short
form is rather common, adding the full form does not add value, but may be confusing.
Examples:
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

• ISO (International Standards Organization)
• ISDN
• WLAN
• HTML
• HTTPS
4.1.3 Articles
This section treats articles for product and feature names. For general information on
grammatical gender, refer to German grammar references as well as to the section
Gender.
English names in German texts
Like most proper names, Microsoft product names and non-translated feature names
are used without definite or indefinite articles in both English and German. "Von" and a
dative construction is an effective way of avoiding a genitive form and the associated
inflection. A genitive "s" must not be attached to trademarked product names, as it
could be interpreted as a modification of such names.
Example:
• (+) Die Vorteile von Active Desktop
German feature names
Feature names in German are not treated as proper names and therefore take a definite
or indefinite article.
Example:
• (+) Öffnen Sie den Task-Manager.
Articles for English borrowed terms
Here are aspects to consider for English loan words used in Microsoft products:
• Motivation: Does the English word have any formally motivated features that would
allow a straightforward integration into the noun class system of the German language?
• Analogy: Is there an equivalent German term whose article could be used?
• Frequency: Is the term used in other technical documentation? If so, what article is used
most often?
The internet may be a helpful reference here.
Always consult the Language Portal to confirm the use of a new loan word and
its proper article to avoid inconsistencies.
Example:
• die Homepage => die Seite
4.1.4 Capitalization
Follow the general German capitalization rules.
Capital ẞ
On 29th June 2017, the capital ẞ (ß – ẞ) has become an official letter in German
orthography.
It can be used to replace the capital “SS” in words that are written in capital letters and
use the “SS” as a replacement for the capital ẞ.
Example: STRASSE – STRAẞE
Windows keyboard shortcut for capital ẞ: Shift + Alt Gr + ß
Special case: Capitalization in English titles
In English titles, for example, all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and
subordinate conjunctions (e.g. that, until, which) are capitalized. Do not apply the same
principle to German titles. Instead, follow the general German capitalization rules. The
same rule applies to software strings.
Example:
• Switching Between Windows => (+) Wechseln zwischen Fenstern
4.1.5 Compounds
Generally, compounds should be understandable and clear to the user. Overly long
or complex compounds should be avoided. Keep in mind that unintuitive compounds
are ultimately an intelligibility and usability issue.
The Microsoft standard is that compounds of three components or less are written in
one word, unless there are definite problems with the readability of a term (i.e.
not subjective readability, but the coming together of several letters to form
an unintended character combination, e.g. US: back end, would be "backend," the
German present participle of "backen" => for better readability: Back-End), or the
software design requires hyphenation. Regarding hyphenation we do not make a
difference between English and German compounds anymore.
Examples:
Compounds with more than three Components
Dropdown Combo Dropdown-Kombinationsfeld
Home page file name Homepage-Dateiname
Real-time conversion rate Echtzeit-Konvertierungsfrequenz
Product Names
Product names are not hyphenated for legal reasons. However, in order to offset
the actual product name from the word that follows in a compound, the hyphen is
placed right between the product name and the following term. Please note that
this rule applies even if the word that follows is an English term. The
only exception is a product name directly followed by the word “Setup,” because
this Setup is treated like a product name.
Examples:
Skype Manager-
Administrator
Skype-Version
4.1.6 Conjunctions
For en-US Microsoft voice, use of conjunctions is another way to help convey a
conversational tone. Starting a sentence with a conjunction can be used to convey an
informal tone and style.
Similarly, the de-DE Microsoft voice can use conjunctions and adverbs in order to
convey a more natural and easier to understand tone.
German old use of German new use of

en-US source text
conjunctions conjunctions
On opening the document Beim Öffnen des Dokuments in Wenn Sie das Dokument in
in <product> potential <Produkt> werden Ihnen <Produkt> öffnen, können
coauthors will be shown in mögliche Co-Autoren mithilfe Sie eventuelle Co-Autoren
the Info bar by a ballon eines Ballontipps in der unteren per Ballontipp unten in der
tip. Infoleiste angezeigt. Infoleiste sehen.
Zum Bereitstellen der

To deploy the application, Um die App bereitzustellen,
Anwendung gehen Sie
do this. gehen Sie wie folgt vor.
folgendermaßen vor.
4.1.7 Contractions
For en-US Microsoft voice, the use of contractions helps to convey a conversational tone
and are used whenever possible.
If the German Microsoft voice can be conveyed, then contractions are fine to use. While
there are some perfectly acceptable and frequently used contractions, there are others
that are too informal.
Here are some examples of contractions that can be used in the right context.
en-US source text de-DE long form de-DE contracted form
Can you imagine? Hätten Sie es gedacht? Hätten Sie’s gedacht?
Try again. Versuchern Sie es noch mal. Versuchen Sie’s noch mal.
4.1.8 Gender
For information on grammatical gender, follow general rules for the German language.
For terminology, where gender information in the Language Portal deviates from these
rules, Microsoft term information overrides the general language rules.
Example:
Reference Term Info Comment
Correct Microsoft usage

Microsoft (For complete information
terminology (+) Virus, der on this term, refer to the
database Microsoft terminology
database)
Virus, das, außerhalb der Fachspr. auch der;

(kleinster Krankheitserreger; zerstörendes,
Duden
unbemerkt eingeschleustes
Computerprogramm)
Microsoft Correct Microsoft usage

terminology (+) Blog, der (For complete information
database on this term, refer to the
Reference Term Info Comment
Microsoft terminology
database)
Blog, das, auch der; <engl.> (kurz für

Duden
Weblog)
For information on gender bias, refer to the section Avoid gender bias
4.1.9 Genitive
First and foremost, follow the standard conventions on using -es vs. -s in genitive
formation. However, in cases where both solutions are possible, always use the simple
ending -s.
Convention 1: Product Names
A genitive "s" must not be attached to (trademarked) product names, as it could be

interpreted as a modification of such names.
Convention 2: -ES Genitive
Following the standard conventions, words ending on -s, -ß, -z, -tz, -x need the -es
genitive.
Examples:
• Verzeichnis -> (+) des Verzeichnisses

• Gruß -> (+) des Grußes
• Absturz -> (+) des Absturzes
• Satz -> (+) des Satzes
• Suffix -> (+) des Suffixes
Convention 3: -s Genitive
In cases where both endings are valid, always use the simple ending -s. (This applies also
to words like "Debitor" or "Kreditor" where Duden allows a genitive formation with "-s"
or "-en.")
Examples:
• Text -> (+) des Texts
• Feld -> (+) des Felds
• Tag -> (+) des Tags
• Vertrag -> (+) des Vertrags
Convention 4: Abbreviations
Applying the standard German orthography, abbreviations like PC do in general

not take the genitive "s" if (for neuter and masculine nouns) the genitive case is clearly
recognizable through the syntax (cp.: des PKW).
Examples:
• der PC -> (+) des PC

• das WLAN -> (+) des WLAN
• der ISP -> (+) des ISP
• das XML -> (+) des XML
See also: Unlocalized feature names in the section Articles.
4.1.10 Localizing colloquialism, idioms, and metaphors
The Microsoft voice allows for the use of culture-centric colloquialisms, idioms and
metaphors (collectively referred to "colloquialism").
Choose from the following options to express the intent of the

source text appropriately.
• Do not attempt to replace the source colloquialism with a German colloquialism

unless it is a perfect and natural fit for that context.
• Express the intended meaning of the colloquialism in the source text only if the
colloquialism’s meaning is an integral part of the text and can’t be omitted.
• If the colloquialism can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the text,
omit it.
• Do not translate the colloquialism literally.
We've hit a snag. Wir sind leider auf ein Problem gestoßen.
It's lonely in here. Go to the Store to Es ist so leer hier. Besuchen Sie den Store, um
add some podcasts. Podcasts hinzuzufügen.
4.1.11 Nouns
Follow general German language grammatical rules.
Find information on specific nouns in the section on English Terminology and the
German Language System.
4.1.12 Numbers
Follow Duden guidelines on when to use numerals (symbol that represents a number. e.g. 1, 2, 3,
234, etc.) and when to spell out numbers (one, two, three, two hundred and thirty-four).
4.1.13 Prepositions
Be aware of proper preposition use in translations. Many translators, influenced by the

English language, omit them or change the word order.
For the en-US Microsoft voice, use of prepositions is another way to help convey
a casual or conversational tone. Starting or ending a sentence with a preposition is
acceptable practice in conveying the en-US Microsoft voice, however, this does not
apply to German.
Translate English prepositions according to their context and avoid anglicism. The
following prepositions have become standard practice at Microsoft:
en-US
de-DE Expression Comment
Expression
migrate to (+) migrieren zu Do not use: (-) auf, (-) nach
import from/to (+) importieren von/in
export to (+) exportieren nach
integration with (+) Integration in
update/upgrade
(+) aktualisieren/upgraden auf
to
Pls avoid (-) “hinzufügen zu” if not

add to (+) hinzufügen (+ Dativ)
necessary; Example: (+) Benutzer wurde
en-US
de-DE Expression Comment
Expression
dem Konto hinzugefügt instead of (-)

Benutzer wurde zum Konto hinzugefügt
used to be "change in" and (-) "ändern

change to (+) ändern in
auf"
compatible with (+) kompatibel mit Do not use: (-) zu
click (on)
(+) klicken auf
something
connect to (+) verbinden mit Do not use: (-) zu
in the toolbar (+) auf der Symbolleiste
(+) auf die Registerkarte

click the tab
klicken
on the menu (+) im Menü
on the net (+) im Netz (werk) Do not use: (-) auf dem
on the Internet (+) im Internet Do not use: (-) auf dem
on the Web (+) im Web Do not use: (-) auf dem
on a web site (+) auf einer Website used to be "in einer"
on a web page (+) auf einer Webseite
welcome to ... (+) willkommen bei ...
For information (+) Informationen zu/über ... Do not use: (-) "Für Informationen
on ... see ... finden Sie unter ... zu/über ... sehen Sie ..."
4.1.14 Pronouns
For the en-US Microsoft voice, use of personal pronouns is a powerful way to express
all the attributes of the Microsoft voice. The source text is moving away from indirect
methods of referring to the user as "user" and instead addressing the user directly
through the use of first- and second-person pronouns like "you." Third-person
references, such as "user," are avoided as they sound formal and impersonal.
The German Microsoft voice follows the usage of the en-US voice if this does not
harm the grammar or create redundancy. Addressing the user by first-person or second-
person pronouns conveys the meaning that this person is not anonymous and is an
agent of the situation and all actions. The usage of “wir” (we) generates the image of
a team behind the software who cares about what the user is doing. However, always
check the context and decide according to your feel for the language. In some cases the
use of "we" might sound strange and might need to be replaced by a more neutral
translation in German even if "we" is used in the source text.
Examples:
de-DE classic user reference de-DE modern user reference
Benutzer können den Zeitpunkt für die Installation Sie bestimmen, wann neue Updates
von neuen Updates festlegen. installiert werden sollen.
Diese Einstellung bietet Benutzern eine optimale Wählen Sie eines der Schemas aus
Anzeigedarstellung. oder erstellen Sie ein neues.
Important: For German, when addressing children/teens under age of 18, use the
informal “du”. Usually, you will get specific instructions at localization time.
en-US modern user reference de-DE modern user reference
Your parent might not want you to visit Wahrscheinlich möchte deine Mutter oder dein
this website. Vater nicht, dass du diese Website besuchst.
If you're not sure this website would be Wenn du nicht sicher bist, ob deine Eltern diese
OK with your parents, don't visit it. Website erlauben, solltest du sie nicht besuchen.
Note: in general, verify the usage of "I", "we" and "you" in product-specific guidelines.
Special case: "My" terminology
"My" terminology is rarely used in new US Microsoft materials; however, it

was frequently used in the past and there are occurrences in legacy material. For
German products, the guideline is to leave out the possessive pronoun.
The following translations are standard for Windows:
Examples:
• My Computer --> (+) Arbeitsplatz
• My Documents --> (+) Eigene Dateien
4.1.15 Punctuation
For a detailed discussion of German punctuation, refer to the punctuation guidelines in

Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis, Empfehlung des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung:
https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung/6198. The comma rules
in this document are not significantly different from the original rules. Therefore,
we suggest not changing commas in legacy material, unless they impede usability.
Punctuation in digit groups
Country/region: Germany, Austria and Luxembourg
• Decimal Separator: ,
• Decimal Separator Description: comma
• Decimal Separator Example: 10,50 cm; 199,95 €; 1.495,68 kg
• Thousand Separator: .
• Thousand Separator Description: period
• Thousand Separator Example: 9.999,99 €; 120.000 kg; 1.250.254,99 m
• Notes: Numbers are written in groups of 3 digits.
Country/region: Switzerland and Liechtenstein
• Decimal Separator: .
• Decimal Separator Description: period
• Decimal Separator Example: 10.50 cm; 199.95 SFR; 1'495.68 kg
• Thousand Separator: '
• Thousand Separator Description: apostrophe
• Thousand Separator Example: 9'999.99 SFR; 120'000 kg; 1'250'254.99 m
• Notes: Numbers are written in groups of 3 digits.
Comma
Follow general German language grammatical rules on using comma. Find specific
information below.
Comma before „und“ or „oder“: If „und“ or „oder“, connect two full sentences (with a
subject and verb), they need to be preceded by a comma.
For information on the use of commas in numerals refer to the top of this section.
Colon
Follow general German language grammatical rules on using colons. Find specific
information below.
Special case: Do not use colons or other punctuation mark at the end of procedural
titles.
See also: Punctuation in Error Messages.
Example:
en-US de-DE Comment
To set up the (+) So installieren Sie das

ABC program Programm ABC There is NO colon or other punctuation
1. ... 1. ... mark at the end of procedural titles.
2. ... 2. ...
Dashes and hyphens
There are three different dash characters:
Hyphen
The hyphen is used to divide words between syllables, to link parts of a compound
word, and to connect the parts of an inverted or imperative verb form.
First and foremost: avoid unnecessary hyphenation. Hyphens can often be

avoided by applying the common rules of German syntax instead of following the
US syntax. When faced with a complex compound, resolve it by clarifying
the relationship among the various compound components. Ways of doing this include
shifting the word order or using prepositions.
For detailed information and examples on the Microsoft standard use of hyphens in
compounds, go to the section Compounds.
En Dash
The en dash is used as a minus sign, usually with spaces before and after.
Character En Dash
Halbgeviertstrich (en-dash); typically used as „Gedankenstrich“ and

–
„Minuszeichen“
Example:
• – 2.375,99 EUR
The en dash is also used in number ranges, such as those specifying page numbers. No
spaces are used around the en dash in this case.
Em Dash
In English the em dash should only be used to emphasize an isolated

element or introduce an element that is not essential to the meaning conveyed by
the sentence.
Character Em Dash
— Geviertstrich (em-dash; not used in German documentation)
Ellipses (Suspension points)
Character Ellipses
Ellipsis is a triple-dot punctuation mark, which is also called a suspension point

(Auslassungspunkte).
Ellipses, in general, tend to apply to a colloquial register and—wherever
…
possible—should be avoided in the Microsoft context.
Exception: UI elements. There is no space required when a continuing action
is indicated ( x gibt eine Nachricht ein…)
Period
Follow general German language grammatical rules on using periods. Find specific
information below.
Periods in lists and tables: To avoid inconsistencies when setting a period at the end of
a list or table entry, adhere to the following guidelines.
Guidelines:
• If bulleted items are complete sentences: each ends with a period

• If bulleted items continue an introductory clause: do not use a period
• For items in a list (chapters, sections, products, system requirements, etc.) that are
neither sentences nor continuations of sentences: do not use a period
• If your translation is longer than the US text, or if you split your translation into several
independent sentences, use common sense and insert a period if it improves the German
style
• Never put a period after just one word
• The same convention applies to instruction lists, captions and callouts.
For information on the use of periods in numerals refer to the top of this section.
Quotation marks
Quotation marks are, for example, used when a software user interface element is
referred to.
In US source strings, you may find software references surrounded by English

quotation marks.
Double quotes are the correct German typographical characters although

slightly different from the English in terms of direction and location. The
opening quotation mark is at the bottom „ (ANSI 0132); the closing quotation mark is at
the top “(ANSI 0147) (cp. English closing quotation mark: ” (ANSI 0148)).
As the manufacturer of one of the leading word processing applications, we have an

obligation to abide by German printing industry standards, curly quotation marks being
one of them.
The usage of German curly double quotation marks (bottom/top) is recommended

although all forms of quotation marks are possible for Microsoft products: curly
or straight quotes, and top/top or bottom/top quotation marks. Single quotation marks
should be used only when necessary for technical reasons.
Some fonts do not display the German closing quotes correctly. In cases of
single sourcing where a Help engine does not support curly quotation marks,
using straight quotation marks is also a valid solution in printed documentation which is
later converted to Help.
Examples:
1. Favored solution (curly, bottom/top): „Anführungszeichen“
2. Alternate solution (straight, top/top): "Anführungszeichen"
Parentheses
In English and in German, there is no space between the parentheses and

the text inside them.
Follow general German language grammatical rules on using parentheses.
Example:
5G (10 GBit/s) 5G (10 GBit/s)
4.1.16 Sentence fragments
While the English modern voice allows sentence fragments to convey a conversational
tone, it is very unusual in written communication for German. On rare occasions,
fragments or contractions are allowed, e.g. in headings or eye-catchers on Websites.
Important: Make sure that the fragment fits into the context and no relevant
information gets lost.
en-US source text de-DE long form de-DE sentence fragment
Use the following steps Folgen Sie den Anweisungen: So geht’s:
To start the process So starten Sie den Prozess Auf geht’s or Und so geht's
Here are some news Neuigkeiten Was gibt’s Neues?
4.1.17 Subjunctive
In German, the subjunctive form is mainly used in written form and indirect speech.
It is, in general, not appropriate style in the Microsoft context. Rather use active voice
and imperative or indicative mood. These are easier to understand than subjunctive
mood or passive voice, which can be confusing or sound formal.
4.1.18 Symbols & nonbreaking spaces
Symbols
This style guide does not cover all symbols used in Microsoft products.
Nonbreaking spaces
In HTML coding, the nonbreaking space ( ) is a character entity which can create
white space between words or web page elements, or stop the browser from breaking a
line in the wrong place.
Example for preventing a line break with a nonbreaking space:
• Mr. Mustermann à Herr Mustermann
Note: Nonbreaking spaces should only be used whenever they are present also in the
US text. Otherwise it is recommended to use a blank space as nonbreaking spaces can
create functionality problems. They can cause problems in the generation of the final
documents and should not be used in online help and documentation live content.
4.1.19 Verbs
For US English Microsoft voice, verb tense helps to convey the clarity of Microsoft voice.
Simple tenses are used. The easiest tense to understand is the simple present, like we
use in this guide. Avoid future tense unless you are describing something that will really
happen in the future and the simple present tense is inapplicable. Use simple past tense
when you describe events that have already happened.
Follow general German language grammatical rules on using verbs. For specific
information and examples, refer to the following sections:
• Some verbs require different translations, depending on the concept or context. Refer to
the sub-section Terminological Ambiguities in the section Frequent errors—troublesome
or conflictive words for detailed information and examples.
• English terminology and the German language system
• Error messages
5 Localization considerations
This section contains guidelines for localization into German.
General considerations
The language in Microsoft products should have the "look and feel" of a product
originally written in German, using idiomatic syntax and terminology, while at the same
time maintaining a high level of terminological consistency, so as to guarantee the
maximum user experience and usability for our customers.
5.1 Accessibility
Accessibility options and programs are designed to make the computer usable
by people with cognitive, hearing, physical, or visual disabilities.
Hardware and software components engage a flexible, customizable user

interface, alternative input and output methods, and greater exposure of
screen elements. Some accessible products and services may not be available in
German-speaking markets. Double-check with the appropriate resources.
General accessibility information can be found at https://www.microsoft.com/en-

us/accessibility/.
5.2 Applications, products, and features
Application and product names are often trademarked or may be trademarked in the
future and therefore might remain in English even in target-language markets.
Occasionally, feature names are trademarked, too (e.g. IntelliSense™).
Version numbers
Version numbers have the following format “Version x.x”.
If you are using Android 9.0 or (+) Wenn Sie Android 9.0 oder höher
later... verwenden...
Version numbers are usually also a part of version strings, but technically they are not
the same.
5.3 English terminology and the German language system
The influx of English into the German language system has significantly increased with
the "information revolution." Although there is no language governing institution
in German-speaking countries, there are popular movements to resist this trend. For the
localization of Microsoft products into German, use the terminology that is most widely
used in the computer press and among users. This naturally depends on the target
market of each product (technical products are bound to contain more specialized
language which usually means more English terminology).
While it is acceptable to use English terms if they are indeed the industry standard in
Germany, it is by no means an alternative to researching current industry standards.
False friends such as "Billion" for "billion" and stylistic anglicisms are still major
translation mistakes (see section on anglicisms below). When incorporating English
terms they must follow German grammar and syntax rules. The Institut für deutsche
Sprache has guidelines for the formation and incorporation of neologisms, which we
have adapted for this style guide. In cases that require more information, we can consult
the IDS at any time.
The most important guidelines are outlined below:
Nouns
Inflection: English loan words are inflected when used in German.
Examples:
• (+) der Standort des Servers

• (+) auf diesen Servern
Plural Formation: English loan words are generally pluralized with the plural -s.
Examples:
• (+) Clients
• (+) Websites
• (+) Downloads
Special cases:
English loan words ending in the letter -y simply receive a plural -s according to the new
German spelling.
Example:
• (+) Proxys
Loan words with the suffix -er follow German plural formation rules:
Examples:
• (+) Server
• (+) Manager
• (+) Viewer
Terms ending in -or receive a plural -s or -en depending upon whether they are already
existing German nouns:
Examples:
• (+) Locators
• (+) Administratoren
Agent is regarded as an English term and is pluralized with –s:
Example:
• (+) Agents
Verbs
In a few cases English verbs are used as loan words. They follow German conjugation
rules for weak verbs.
Examples:
• chat => (+) chatten, sie chattet, wir haben gechattet, zu chatten
• debug => (+) debuggen, sie debuggt, wir haben debuggt, zu debuggen
• crawl => (+) crawlen, sie crawlen, wir haben gecrawlt, zu crawlen
Articles for English borrowed terms
When faced with an English loan word previously used in Microsoft products, consider
the following options:
• Motivation: Does the English word have any formally motivated features that
would allow a straightforward integration into the noun class system of the
German language?
• Analogy: Is there an equivalent German term whose article could be used?
• Frequency: Is the term used in other technical documentation? If so, what article
is used most often?
The Internet may be a helpful reference here.
• Refer to the Microsoft terminology database to confirm the use of a new loan word and
its proper article to avoid inconsistencies.
Example:
• die Homepage => die Seite
Anglicisms
Anglicisms also increasingly sneak into sentence structure and syntax. Edit your
documents with this in mind. The following examples illustrate the type of direct
translation that increasingly occurs, but is not acceptable.
Example:
Correct de-DE
en-US source Anglicism in de-DE
translation
Holidays (-) Urlaub (+) Feiertage
For several (+) mehrere Minuten

(-) für mehrere Minuten
minutes lang
(-) Mittlerer Osten

(The term "Mittlerer Osten" exists in German as
well, but it describes a much smaller region than
Middle East (+) Naher Osten
the English term "Middle East." The closest
German term to the English "Middle East" is
"Naher Osten.")
(+) Um weitere
For more
Informationen zu
information (-) Für weitere Informationen kontaktieren Sie ...
erhalten, wenden Sie
contact ...
sich an ...
5.4 Frequent errors—troublesome or conflictive words
There are certain cases where terminological or orthographic ambiguities leave room for
interpretation. The intention of this section is to provide recommendations for these
specific cases.
For additional information and examples, see also: Error Messages and Anglicism in the
section English Terminology and the German Language System.
Orthographic ambiguities
The German orthographic reform sometimes allows for spelling alternatives. As long as
consistency is not at risk and other style guide rules don't prevent it, the alternatives
recommended by the Duden should be used. The following cases are mentioned here
for clarification only.
One word vs. two words
The new German spelling rules allow two different spellings for some words. To avoid
inconsistencies in Microsoft products, use the following forms:
Examples:
• so dass / sodass -> (+) sodass (BUT: aber er arbeitete so, dass er krank wurde)
• mit Hilfe / mithilfe -> (+) mithilfe
• auf Grund / aufgrund -> (+) aufgrund
• in Frage / infrage -> (+) infrage
• weit greifend / weitgreifend -> (+) weitgreifend
• schwer wiegend / schwerwiegend -> (+) schwerwiegend
• fertig stellen / fertigstellen -> (+) fertig stellen (until further notice)
Terminological Ambiguities
Some terms have different translations, depending on the concept or context. Below are
answers to some frequently asked questions.
a) select, click, point – auswählen, markieren, aktivieren, klicken auf, zeigen auf
The default translation for the US term "select" is "auswählen." It is rather general in its
meaning and should be used whenever the context does not require another specific
translation such as "aktivieren" for check boxes, or "markieren" when the emphasis is on
highlighting.
[Choosing the appropriate translation for "select" is a Terminology issue.]
The US text mostly uses the verbs "click" and "point" (instead of "choose"). The German
equivalents are "klicken auf" and "zeigen auf" (always used with the preposition
"auf"). "Enter" and "type" should be translated as "eingeben" when the user uses the
keyboard for input.
Examples for "Select":
Item en-US Example de-DE Example Comments
select = auswählen
In the drop-down (+) Wählen Sie in der
The user chooses a pre-
Lists list, select an Dropdownliste eine
existing entry, e.g. in a
option. Option aus.
list.
select = aktivieren
Select the check (+) Aktivieren Sie das Correspondingly, "to
Check Boxes
box. Kontrollkästchen. clear" a check box =
"deaktivieren."
Select the text select = markieren

Highlighting (+) Markieren Sie den
and then drag it The user "highlights"
Text, Graphics, Text, und ziehen Sie ihn
to the new text (or numbers, cells or
Cells, etc. an die neue Stelle.
location. graphics).
Examples for "Click":
Item en-US Wording en-US Example de-DE Example
On the ____ menu, On the File menu, (+) Klicken Sie im Menü Datei
Menus
click _____. click Open. auf Öffnen.
On the ___ menu, On the View menu, (+) Klicken Sie im Menü Ansicht
Cascading
click ___, and then click Fonts, and then auf Schriftarten und dann auf
Menus
click ___. click Small. Klein.
Item en-US Wording en-US Example de-DE Example
On the shortcut
Shortcut On the shortcut (+) Klicken Sie im Kontextmenü
menu, click Set Home
Menus menu, click _____. auf Homepage festlegen.
Page.
(+) Klicken Sie auf Formulare.

Buttons Click _____. Click Forms. Click OK.
Klicken Sie auf OK.
Tab Dialog (+) Klicken Sie auf die

Click the ____ tab. Click the View tab.
Boxes Registerkarte Ansicht.
In the _____ box, In the Color box, click (+) Klicken Sie im Feld Farbe
List Boxes
click ____. Red. auf Rot.
b) The Note: Hinweis vs. Notiz
"Hinweis" is used for notes to the user, e.g. in software or documentation. "Notiz" is
used for notes the user is taking.
"Anmerkung" should not be used except in cases where "note" is used in the same text
or section as "remark."
5.5 Guidelines for the localization of wizard names
General guidelines
For the localization of wizard names, follow the guidelines below.
Abbreviations: N = Noun, A = Adjective (incl. participle used as A), Nv = Verb used as

Noun
en-US source de-DE target Rule Pattern
N-Assistant
Connection Rule 1: One noun (For the treatment of
Wizard (+) Verbindungs-Assistent is followed by a the Setup wizards, refer
Installation (+) Installations-Assistent hyphen and to the information
Wizard “Assistent" available on the
relevant entries in the
Microsoft terminology
database and mind
possible conceptual
differences. There are
good reasons for using
translations like "Two-
Sided Printing Setup
Wizard" > "Assistent
zum Einrichten des
beidseitigen Drucks" or
"Stationary Setup
Wizard" > "Briefpapier-
Assistent.")
Rule 2: A NN-Assistent or AN-

compound of two Assistent
Disk Cleaner
(+) Diskettenreinigungs- nouns, or a Rule 3: In cases of
Wizard
Assistent compound of an three or more
Remote
(+) Remoteinstallations- adjective and a components, there are
Installation
Assistent noun is followed by two
Wizard
a hyphen and different constructions,
"Assistent" 3a + 3b:
(+) Assistent zum Erstellen

Create Folder Rule 3a: In cases of
von Ordnerdateien (+)
Files Wizard a compound with Assistent zum Nv von N
Assistent zum Aufteilen
Break Mirror more than two /NN
eines
Wizard elements, you can Or: Assistent zum Nv
gespiegelten Datenträgers
File Folders use eines/einer/von A +
(+) Assistent zum
Synchronization "zum", nominalized N/NN
Synchronisieren von
Wizard verb and noun.
Dateiordnern
Scheduled Rule 3b: In cases of

Synchronization (+) Assistent für geplante a compound with
Wizard Synchronisierung (+) more than two
Assistent für A +N/NN
New Virtual Assistent für neues elements, you can
Directory virtuelles Verzeichnis use "für", adjective
Wizard and noun.
Exception:
Command (+) Befehlsschaltflächen-
In cases where the
Button Wizard Assistent
wizard name
cannot be
separated, it is
acceptable to have
a compound with
more than two
elements followed
by a hyphen and
"Assistent."
5.6 Software considerations
This section refers to all menus, menu items, commands, buttons, check boxes, etc.,
which should be consistently translated in the localized product.
5.6.1 Arrow keys
The arrow keys move input focus among the controls within a group. Pressing the right
arrow key moves input focus to the next control in tab order, whereas pressing the left
arrow moves input focus to the previous control. Home, End, Up, and Down also have
their expected behavior within a group. Users can’t navigate out of a control group
using arrow keys.
5.6.2 Error messages
Error messages are messages sent by the system or a program, informing the user of an
error that must be corrected in order for the program to keep running. The messages
can prompt the user to take action or inform the user of an error that requires rebooting
the computer.
Considering the underlying principles of Microsoft voice, translators are encouraged to

apply them to ensure target translation is more natural, empathetic and not robot-like.
en-US source Correct de-DE target
Press F1 to get Help

If you want Help press F1 Drücken Sie F1, um die Hilfe anzuzeigen.
To get Help press F1
Oops, that can't be blank... Leider darf dieser Eintrag nicht leer sein ...
German style in error messages
Be consistent in your use of terminology and style and don't translate them literally.
Standard phrases in error messages
Standard phrases should be translated consistently, even if the error message in English
is not 100% consistent.
The phrases bellow commonly occur in error messages. When you are translating them,
try to use the provided target phrases. However, feel free to use other ways to express
the source meaning if they work better in the context.
Examples:
en-US
de-DE target Example Comment
source
(+) … kann
The texture file cannot be Could not/couldn't V
nicht.
opened / Couldn't open output = N ... konnte nicht
Cannot … file (+) Die Strukturdatei kann
(+) … konnte
Could not … nicht geöffnet werden. / Die (+) (Do not use: (-) Konnte
nicht. Ausgabedatei konnte nicht … nicht at the beginning
geöffnet werden. of the sentence)
Failed to generate … due to a

failure in generating a …
Failed to … name. (+) Fehler beim
(+) Fehler Failure = Fehler
Failure of … Generieren einer … aufgrund
eines Fehlers beim Generieren
eines … Namens.
Cannot find
…
Cannot locate
Could not
Microsoft Conversion Library.
find …
(+) finden (+) Die Microsoft- Locate, find = finden
Unable to
Konvertierungsbibliothek kann
find …
nicht gefunden werden.
Unable to
locate …
Not enough not enough,
memory insufficient = nicht
Insufficient genügend (Do not
memory Not enough memory to use: (-) nicht
There is not complete this operation. ausreichend);
(+) nicht
enough
genügend
memory (+) Nicht genügend Speicher Also: use the definite
There is not zum Abschließen des Vorgangs. article instead of the
enough demonstrative pronoun
memory unless it is important in
available context.
... is not
FCB unavailable.
available (+) Unavailable = nicht
... is nicht verfügbar verfügbar
(+) FCB ist nicht verfügbar.
unavailable
Error messages containing placeholders
When localizing error messages containing placeholders, try to find out what will replace
the placeholder. This is necessary for the sentence to be grammatically correct when the
placeholder is replaced with a word or phrase. Note that the letters used in placeholders
convey a specific meaning, see examples below:
%d, %ld, %u, and %lu means <number>

%c means <letter>
%s means <string>
Examples of error messages containing placeholders:
"Checking Web %1!d! of %2!d!" means "Checking Web <number> of <number>."

"INI file "%1!-.200s!" section" means "INI file "<string>" section."
(+) Ein Objekt mit der ID %1!d! wurde

Unable to locate an object with ID %1!d!
aufgrund des Fehlercodes 0x%2!8.8X! nicht
because of the error code 0x%2!8.8X!.
gefunden.
Articles and pronouns
en-US source de-DE target Comment
File already exists / In complete sentences, use

The file already exists / (+) Die Datei ist bereits vorhanden. articles consistently even if the
This file already exists US string does not.
In the plural, avoid the

Memory control (+) Arbeitsspeicher-Kontrollblöcke definite article (die) unless it is
blocks were destroyed. wurden beschädigt. clear that reference to all is
made.
Adapt translation of any to

Any action to correct the context: jede, jeder, alle,
(+) Jeder Versuch, das Problem zu
the problem should be der/die/das,or omit. Here, the
behandeln, sollte auf diesem
performed on this demonstrative
Computer durchgeführt werden.
computer. pronoun (diesem) is
important.
Windows cannot start (+) Das System kann nicht

Use definite articles instead of
your system. If gestartet werden. Wenden Sie sich
possessive pronouns Ihr/Ihre
the problem persists, an den Netzwerkadministrator,
unless ownership is important
contact your network wenn das Problem wiederholt
in context.
administrator. auftritt.
Prepositions and conjunctions
Wrong number of
arguments or (+) Falsche Anzahl von Argumenten Anzahl von (Do not
invalid property oder ungültige Eigenschaftszuweisung. use: (-) an or (-) der)
assignment
Read error on input file. (+) Lesefehler in der Eingabedatei. Do not use: (-) auf
Input past end of file. (+) Eingabe hinter dem Dateiende. Do not use: (-) nach
Metaphorically used
The network is down./
(+) Das Netzwerk ist ausgefallen. prepositions usually
Network is down.
require rephrasing.
You interrupted Setup (+) Setup wurde beim

while V + ing = beim
while it was copying Kopieren der Windows-Dateien von
N or nominalized V
Windows files from a Setup einer Setup-Datei (.CAB) unterbrochen.
(Do not use: (-)
(.CAB) file. / Disk full while / (+) Der Datenträger war beim Zugriff
während des ...)
accessing %1. auf %1 voll.
Verbs
The document is Use ist/sind/werden/wurde, etc.

too large. / Document (+) Das Dokument ist zu groß. consistently even if source
too large. message does not.
In complete sentences, use verbs

and the same tense as in the
Access was denied. / (+) Der Zugriff wurde
source string. Use different tenses
Access denied. verweigert.
only to avoid ungrammatical or
illogical results.
(+) Bei dem installierten

The installed
WordPerfect-Grafikfilter Rephrase to produce an
WordPerfect graphics
handelt es sich um eine ältere appropriate translation.
filter is an old version.
Version.
The application may (+) Die Anwendung versucht may + V = V + möglicherweise

attempt to convert the möglicherweise, die Grafik zu (Do not use: (-) vielleicht, (-)
graphic. konvertieren. eventuell)
Shorten and rephrase: Problem

A problem occurred
(+) Problem beim Herstellen beim + nominalized V or if this
while trying to connect
der Verbindung mit der does not work, Problem beim/bei
to the network share
Netzwerkfreigabe "%1!s!". der + N (Do not use: (-) ist ein
'%1!s!'.
Problem aufgetreten).
Shorten and rephrase: Fehler

An error occurred beim + nominalized V or if this
(+) Fehler beim Anzeigen des
while trying to display does not work, Fehler beim/bei
Bildes.
the image. der + N (Do not use: (-) ist ein
Fehler aufgetreten).
The following Shorten this construction where

(+) Fehler: "%1!s!" (Fehler
error occurred: '%1!s!' possible (Do not use: (-)
#%2!lx!).
(error #%2!lx!) Folgender Fehler trat auf:).
An unknown error has

(+) Unbekannter Fehler. / Shorten this construction where
occurred./ No error
Kein Fehler. possible.
occurred.
Translate the verb occur in the

This message should (+) Diese Meldung sollte nur
sense of "appearing on the
only occur on a down- bei einem älteren Computer
screen" with erscheinen (Do
level computer. erscheinen.
not use: (-) auftreten).
V + ing = ... beim nominalized V.

Problem (+) Problem beim
If this does not work, use
converting equation. Konvertieren der Gleichung.
beim/bei der + N.
(+) Nicht genügend Speicher to + V = ... zum nominalized V. If

Insufficient memory
zum Konvertieren der this does not work, use für
to convert equation.
Gleichung. die/den/das + N.
Rephrase if the German verb

(+) Nicht genügend Speicher
Insufficient memory requires an object (similar to: Not
zum Abschließen des
to complete. enough memory to complete this
Vorgangs.
operation).
Cannot find the (+) Die Grafikdatei "%s" kann

Locate, find = finden
graphic file '%s'. nicht gefunden werden.
Failed to perform (+) Fehler beim Ausführen Perform = ausführen (Do not use:
server operation. des Servervorgangs. (-) durchführen)
(+) Arbeitsspeicher-
Memory control
Kontrollblöcke wurden Destroyed = beschädigt
blocks were destroyed.
beschädigt.
Contact (+) Wenden Sie sich an den

Avoid the verb kontaktieren.
technical support. Technischen Support.
(+) Installieren Sie das

Re-install the program./ Use erneut when there is verb
Programm erneut. / Führen
Try running Setup again. prefixed by re- (e.g. reinstall)
Sie Setup erneut aus.
in the sense of "once more" or

the word again calls for it.
* See below for diverging

usage at Office.
Omit the translation of try

when there is a simple
alternative.
(+) Klicken Sie auf "OK," um
To try copying
die Dateien erneut zu
files again, click OK. * See below for diverging
kopieren.
usage at Office.
Standard term: fortsetzen (Do

not use: Do not use: (-)
Do you want to (+) Möchten Sie die
mit ...fortfahren)
continue installing Installation von Microsoft
Microsoft Exchange? Exchange fortsetzen?
* See below for diverging
usage at Office.
The verb fortsetzen requires a

(+) Warten Sie einige direct object. If there is none,
Wait a few minutes, and
Minuten, und klicken Sie auf add den Vorgang.
then click OK to
"OK," um den Vorgang
continue.
fortzusetzen. * See below for diverging
usage at Office.
Rephrase (Do not use: (-)

(+) Wenn Sie diese Datei
If you skip this arbeiten, funktionieren).
überspringen, ist Windows
file, Windows may not
möglicherweise nicht
work correctly. * See below for diverging
mehr voll funktionsfähig.
usage at Office.
Negation
Reproduce short form in this

Out of input. (+) Keine weitere Eingabe.
type of error message.
Not the same device (+) Nicht das gleiche Gerät. (Do not use: (-) dasselbe).
not enough, insufficient =

Not enough memory. (+) Nicht genügend Speicher. nicht genügend (Do not use:
(-) nicht ausreichend)
Wrong file type. (+) Falscher Dateityp. Wrong, incorrect = falsch
An illegal setting
(+) Es wurde ein ungültiger
name has been Invalid, illegal = ungültig
Einstellungsname eingegeben.
entered.
Invalid compatible (+) Ungültige Liste kompatibler Check relations to avoid

device list. Geräte. incorrect reference.
Adjective bad = ungültig

unless the meaning is
%1 has a bad format. (+) %1 hat ein ungültiges Format.
physically broken (=
beschädigt).
Do not use: (-) Sprache nicht

Unknown language. (+) Unbekannte Sprache.
bekannt.
Use standard word order (Do

Object doesn't
(+) Das Objekt unterstützt die not use: (-) Objekt
support current locale
aktuelle Ländereinstellung nicht. unterstützt nicht die aktuelle
setting.
Ländereinstellung).
Cannot open (+) Die Konvertierungsdatei kann Cannot/can't V = N ...

conversion file. / The nicht geöffnet werden. / Die kann/können nicht (Do not
"Defaults" settings Standardeinstellungen können nicht use: (-) Kann … nicht at the
cannot be overwritten. überschrieben werden. beginning of the sentence)
The texture file could Could not/couldn't V = N ...

(+) Die Strukturdatei konnte nicht
not be opened / konnte nicht (Do not use: (-)
geöffnet werden. / Die Ausgabedatei
Couldn't open output Konnte … nicht at the
konnte nicht geöffnet werden.
file beginning of the sentence)
Unable to ... = ...

kann/können nicht ... If
Unable to convert possible, use passive and
(+) Die ungültige Gleichung kann
badly formed move the object to subject
nicht konvertiert werden.
equation. position (Do not use: (-)
Kann ... nicht at the
beginning of the sentence).
Unavailable = nicht
FCB unavailable. (+) FCB ist nicht verfügbar.
verfügbar
Drive %1 is not a
(+) Das Laufwerk %1 ist kein Repeat the verb (here: ist) in
floppy disk drive or is
Diskettenlaufwerk oder ist einem order to retain the intended
mapped to a network
Netzlaufwerk zugeordnet. meaning.
drive.
Attempt to load (+) Fehler beim Laden der

Fehler bei + N ... or Fehler
required component erforderlichen Komponente
beim + nominalized V ...
ODBC32.DLL failed. ODBC32.DLL.
Rephrase (Do not use: (-)

Operation failed. (+) Fehler bei diesem Vorgang.
fehlgeschlagen).
Questions
Save changes to
%1? / Do you
(+) Möchten Sie die The standard form is: Möchten Sie … +
want to
Änderungen in %1 speichern? V
save changes to
%1?
Are you sure you want to + V =

Möchten Sie ... + V?
Are you sure you
(+) (-) "Möchten Sie … wirklich …
want to remove
Möchten Sie "%s" entfernen? entfernen?" and similar questions
'%s'?
could be perceived as intimidating
as they might suggest that the user
is about to do something
dangerous or wrong. Therefore,

omit "wirklich" in new and updated
strings.
Syntactic ordering
Setup encountered an
error while creating Avoid personified subjects if
your startup disk. / (+) Fehler beim Erstellen der the context allows for
Setup cannot access Startdiskette. / Kein Zugriff auf den omission (e.g. Setup
the server you chose. / gewählten Server. / Der encountered/was unable to
Setup cannot find the Remotecomputer wurde nicht ... in Setup error messages).
remote computer. / gefunden. / Der Lizenzvertrag Rephrase and change the
Setup was unable to konnte nicht angezeigt werden. / Die word order. In many cases,
display the agreement. Datenträgerinformationen können passive is possible. If the
/ Setup cannot get disk nicht abgerufen werden. / Das context does not allow for
information. / System kann nicht gestartet werden. omission of the agent,
Windows 98 cannot use vom/von der/von + N.
start your system.
Generally, describe the

Remove any existing (+) Entfernen Sie alle vorhandenen action before the purpose
settings to free space. / Einstellungen, um Speicherplatz (..., um zu) instead of the
To skip creating your freizugeben. / Klicken Sie auf other way around (Do not
startup disk, click „Abbrechen“, um das Erstellen einer use: (-) Um Speicherplatz
Cancel. Startdiskette zu überspringen. freizugeben, entfernen Sie
...).
Use passive for Attempt to

Attempt to remove (+) Es wurde versucht, das aktuelle ... = Es wurde versucht, ...
current directory Verzeichnis zu entfernen. However, see: Attempt to ...
failed = Fehler beim ...
Agreement
The image or selection

to be filtered is too To avoid agreement errors,
(+) Wählen Sie ein
small. Choose a larger rephrase or repeat the inflected
größeres Bild oder eine
image or selection. Das elements (here: articles
größere Auswahl aus.
Bild oder die Auswahl ist and adjectives).
zu klein zum Filtern.
As nouns replacing placeholders

may have different genders, avoid
(+) Möchten Sie "%s"
Replace invalid '%s'? agreement problems
(ungültig) ersetzen?
by rephrasing or changing their
position.
(+) Klicken Sie auf „OK“,

Click OK, and then und deaktivieren Sie dann Simplify the translation of one or
clear one or more of the mindestens eine more by using mindestens
selected components. der ausgewählten eine/ein, etc.
Komponenten.
Punctuation
Not available on (+) Nicht auf dieser Put a period at the end of an error message
this platform Plattform verfügbar. even if there is none in the US string.
Printer error (+) Druckerfehler / Exception: No period at the end of one-

/ Device I/O error Geräte-E/A-Fehler word-error messages.
Too many files! (+) Zu viele Dateien. Replace exclamation marks by a period.
5.6.3 Keyboard shortcuts
Sometimes, there are underlined or highlighted letters in menu options, commands

or dialog boxes. These letters refer to keyboard shortcuts, which help the user to
perform tasks more quickly. For example, the following menu options:
New
Cancel
Options
Note that in order to display keyboard shortcuts you might need to activate this
functionality in the accessibility center (activate “Tastenkombinationen und
Zugriffstasten unterstreichen” under “Bedienung der Tastenkombinationen erleichtern”)
Usage: Is
Keyboard shortcuts special options Notes
it allowed?
"Slim character," such as I, l, t, r, f can be used

yes n/a
as keyboard shortcuts
Characters with downstrokes, such as g, j, y, p

yes n/a
and q can be used as keyboard shortcuts
Extended characters can be used as Use only if all other possible

yes
keyboard shortcuts letters are used already.
An additional letter, appearing

between brackets after item name, can be no Do not use for German.
used as keyboard shortcuts
Sometimes used in dynamic

A number, appearing between brackets after
no menus. Do not use for
item name, can be used as keyboard shortcut
German, though.
A punctuation sign, appearing between

brackets after item name, can be used as no Do not use for German
keyboard shortcuts
Duplicate keyboard shortcuts are allowed

yes n/a
when no other character is available
No keyboard shortcuts is assigned when no

more characters are available (minor options no n/a
only)
Content writers usually just refer to “keyboard shortcuts” in content for a general
audience. In localization, however, we distinguish the following terms:
Term Usage
A subtype of keyboard shortcut. A letter or number that the user types to access UI
controls that have text labels. Access keys are assigned to top-level controls so that
access the user can use the keyboard to move through the UI quickly.
key Example: F in Alt+F
Example in UI localization: H&ome
In keyboard shortcuts, most access keys are used with the Alt key.
The letter or number that appears in the ribbon when the Alt key is pressed.
In UI localization, the key tip is the last character present in the strings after the
“`” character.
Example: In UI localization Home`H
key tip
A subtype of keyboard shortcut. A key that the user types to perform a common
action without having to go through the UI. Shortcut keys are not available for
every command.
shortc
Example: Ctrl+N, Ctrl+V
ut key
In keyboard shortcuts, most shortcut keys are used with the Ctrl key.
Ctrl+letter combinations and function keys (F1 through F12) are usually the best
choices for shortcut keys.
5.6.4 Keys
In English, References to key names, like arrow keys, function keys and numeric keys,
appear in normal text (not in small caps).
In German, key names are spelled in initial caps. On the first mention, use the definite
article and "TASTE" in conjunction with the key name, for example, "die ESC-TASTE." On
all subsequent references, refer to the key only by its name, for example, "Drücken Sie
ESC." As a rule of thumb, be frugal in your use of the word TASTE.
Use it, as in the first example below, if the key name appears alone in the sentence and
the actual key name does not appear on the keyboard. In the second example, the name
ALT appears on the key of the keyboard, so you don't need to follow it with -TASTE.
Example three and four deal with a procedure involving the pressing of two or more
keys simultaneously; note that you are not using the word TASTE in this case. Also, don't
use TASTE in tables.
Examples:
• (+) Verwenden Sie die NACH-LINKS-TASTE, um das Objekt nach links zu verschieben.
• (+) Drücken Sie ALT.
• (+) Drücken Sie ALT+O.
• (+) Zum Erweitern der Markierung drücken Sie UMSCHALT+NACH-LINKS-TASTE.
Key Names
en-US Key Name de-DE PC de-DE Macintosh
ALT ALT ALT or WAHL
BACKSPACE RÜCK --
BREAK UNTBR --
CAPS LOC FESTSTELL FESTSTELL
CLEAR ENTF ENTF
CTRL STRG CTRL
COMMAND -- BEFEHL
DELETE/DEL ENTF ENTF
DELETE (in the "backspace" location on the

-- RÜCKSCHRITT
Mac)
NACH-UNTEN-
DOWN ARROW NACH-UNTEN-TASTE
TASTE
END ENDE ENDE1
EINGABE
ENTER EINGABE
(Zehnertastatur)
en-US Key Name de-DE PC de-DE Macintosh
ESC ESC ESC
F1-F12 F1-F12 F1-F12
HELP -- HILFE
HOME POS1 POS1
INSERT/INS EINFG EINFG
LEFT ARROW NACH-LINKS-TASTE NACH-LINKS-TASTE
NUM LOCK NUM NUM
OPTION -- WAHL
PAGE DOWN BILD-AB BILD-AB
PAGE UP BILD-AUF BILD-AUF
PAUSE PAUSE PAUSE
PRINT SCREEN DRUCK DRUCK
EINGABE
RETURN (key pad) EINGABE
(Zeilenschalter)
NACH-RECHTS-
RIGHT ARROW NACH-RECHTS-TASTE
TASTE
SCROLL LOCK ROLLEN SYST.-ANFR
SHIFT UMSCHALT UMSCHALT
SPACEBAR LEER LEER
TAB TAB TAB
UP ARROW NACH-OBEN-TASTE NACH-OBEN-TASTE
WINDOWS KEY WINDOWS-TASTE --
MENU KEY MENÜTASTE --

Notes:
• Using other names than those in the list is a terminology issue.

• If available, symbols may be used instead of the key name.
• Use "die" and "-TASTE" except in combinations or sequences.
5.6.5 Numeric keypad
It is recommended that you avoid distinguishing numeric keypad keys from the other
keys, unless it is required by a given application. If it is not obvious which keys need to
be pressed, provide necessary explanations.
5.6.6 Shortcut keys
Shortcut keys are keystrokes or combinations of keystrokes used to perform

defined functions in a software application. Shortcut keys replace menu commands and
are sometimes given next to the command they represent. While access keys can be
used only when available on the screen, shortcut keys can be used even when they are
not accessible on the screen.
Standard shortcut keys
en-US
en-US command de-DE command de-DE shortcut key
shortcut key
General Windows shortcut keys
Help window F1 Anzeigen von Hilfe F1
Anzeigen der
F1;
Context-sensitive Help Shift+F1 kontextbezogenen
UMSCHALT+F1
Hilfe
Anzeigen
Display pop-up menu Shift+F10 UMSCHALT+F10
des Kontextmenüs
Cancel Esc Abbrechen ESC
Activate\Deactivate menu Aktivieren der

F10 F10
bar mode Menüleiste
Switch to the next primary Wechseln zwischen

Alt+Tab ALT+TAB
application geöffneten Elementen
en-US
shortcut key
Umschalten
zwischen Elementen in
Display next window Alt+Esc ALT+ESC
der Reihenfolge, in der
sie geöffnet wurden
Öffnen des
Display pop-up menu for
Alt+Spacebar Kontextmenüs für das ALT+LEER
the window
aktive Fenster
Display pop-up menu for

Alt+- n/a n/a
the active child window
Anzeigen
Display property sheet for der Eigenschaften für
Alt+Enter ALT+EINGABE
current selection das ausgewählte
Element
Schließt das
Close active application aktive Element oder
Alt+F4 ALT+F4
window beendet das aktive
Programm
Wechseln zum
Switch to next window nächsten Fenster
Alt+F6 ALT+F6
within application innerhalb der
Anwendung
Capture active window aktives Fensters

Alt+Prnt Scrn ALT+DRUCK
image to the Clipboard kopieren
Capture desktop image to gesamten Bildschirm

Prnt Scrn DRUCK
the Clipboard kopieren
Access Start button in Öffnen des

Ctrl+Esc STRG+ESC
taskbar Startmenüs
Anzeigen des
Display next child window Ctrl+F6 STRG+F6
nächsten Fensters
Vorwärtsbewegen
Display next tabbed pane Ctrl+Tab durch die STRG+TAB
Registerkarten
en-US
shortcut key
Starten des Task-

Launch Task Manager and STRG+UMSCHALT+ES
Ctrl+Shift+Esc Managers und der
system initialization C
Systeminitialisierung
File menu
File New Ctrl+N Neue Datei erstellen STRG+N
File Open Ctrl+O Datei öffnen STRG+O
File Close Ctrl+F4 Datei schließen STRG+F4 ; STRG+W
File Save Ctrl+S Datei speichern STRG+S
File Save as F12 Speichern unter F12
File Print Preview Ctrl+F2 Seitenansicht STRG+F2
File Print Ctrl+P Drucken STRG+P
File Exit Alt+F4 Datei beenden ALT+F4
Edit menu
Edit Undo Ctrl+Z Rückgängig STRG+Z
Wiederherstellen oder
Edit Repeat Ctrl+Y STRG+Y
Wiederholen
Edit Cut Ctrl+X Ausschneiden STRG+X
Edit Copy Ctrl+C Kopieren STRG+C
Edit Paste Ctrl+V Einfügen STRG+V
Ctrl+Backspac
Edit Delete Letztes Wort löschen STRG-RÜCK
e
Edit Select All Ctrl+A Alles markieren STRG+A
Edit Find Ctrl+F Suchen STRG+F
Edit Replace Ctrl+H Ersetzen STRG+H

en-US
shortcut key
Edit Go To Ctrl+B Absatz Block STRG+B
Help menu
Help F1 Anzeigen von Hilfe F1
Font format
Italic Ctrl+I Kursiv STRG+UMSCHALT+K
Bold Ctrl+G Fett STRG+UMSCHALT+F
Underlined\Word underli
Ctrl+U Unterstreichen STRG+UMSCHALT+U
ne
Large caps Ctrl+Shift+A Großbuchstaben STRG+Umschalt+G
n/a
SIMILAR COMMAND: n/a
Small caps Ctrl+Shift+K
Groß-Kleinschreibung UMSCHALT+F3
ändern
Paragraph format
Centered Ctrl+E Zentriert STRG+E
Text
Left aligned Ctrl+L STRG+L
linksbündig ausrichten
Text
Right aligned Ctrl+R rechtsbündig ausrichte STRG+R
n
Justified Ctrl+J Blocksatz STRG+B
5.7 Trademarks
Trademarked names and the name Microsoft Corporation remain in English unless local
laws require translation and an approved translated form of the trademark is available. A
list of Microsoft trademarks is available for your reference at the following location:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/legal/intellectualproperty/trademarks
5.8 Voice video considerations
A good Microsoft voice video addresses only one intent (one customer problem), is not
too long, has high audio quality, has visuals that add to the information, and uses the
right language variant/dialect/accent in voiceover.
Successful techniques for voicing video content
• Focus on the intent. Show the best way to achieve the most common task and
stick to it.
• Show empathy. Understand and acknowledge the viewer’s situation.
• Use SEO (Search Engine Optimization). Include search phrases in the title,
description, and headers so that people can easily find the topic.
• Talk to the customer as if (s)he is next to you, watching you explain the content.
• Record a scratch audio file. Check for length, pace and clarity.
• Try and keep translations as short as possible. For instance, avoid using semi-
colons and split your sentence in two instead. Avoid bullet points and partial
sentences, which are difficult to "read."
• Try and read translations out loud. If something sounds bad to your ear, chances
are it won't sound great in front of a microphone.
• Whenever possible and as for all types of translations, it is recommended that
you have experience with the product before translating, particularly when the
text deals with complex instructions. A good example would be interacting with
system by trying the task scenarios defined in the text.
5.8.1 English pronunciation

5.8.1.1 General rules
Generally speaking, English terms and product names left unlocalized in target material
should be pronounced the English way. For instance, Microsoft must be pronounced the
English way. However, if your language has an established pronunciation for some
common term (such as "server") the local pronunciation should be used. Moreover,
pronunciation can be adapted to the German phonetic system if the original
pronunciation sounds very awkward in German.
• Accent. Always use a neutral voice. A neutral voice is a voice that cannot be
identified with a specific region or background, i.e. as Saxonian, Austrian, Swiss,
etc.
• Voice. Male and female voices may both be used without preferences.
English words and phrases
▪ Generally speaking, English terms and product names should be pronounced in

UK English with a slight German language accent.
▪ "r" is always pronounced the German way, e.g. "Proxy" is pronounced like
"Probe."
▪ English "th" sounds, /đ/ and /θ/, are pronounced the English way, e.g.
"Northwind Traders" is pronounced /'no:Θwɪnd 'treɪdəs/.
▪ "Microsoft" must be pronounced the English way, with a slight German language
accent.
▪ If numbers are involved, pronounce them in German, e.g. "2012" reads
"zweitausendzwölf." Version numbers are also pronounced in German, e.g. "8.0"
reads "acht Punkt null."
Example Phonetics Comment
SecurID /se'kjʊə aɪ'dɪ/
Release Pack /ri'li:s/
Digest /'daɪdʒest/
/'maɪkrosoft
Microsoft Windows Numbers are pronounced in
ˌwɪndoʊz 'sə:və/
Server 2012 German, "Microsoft" in English
2012
Outlook Web Access /'aʊtluk 'webˌćkses/ Product Name
Excel /'eksl/ Product Name
Hardware /'hɑ:dweə/
Exchange Server /eksˌtʃeɪndʒ 'sə:və/ Product Name
Tool /tu:l/
ECHO_REQUEST /'eço rɪˌkwest/
Proxy /'proksɪ/
.NET /dot'nɛt/ .NET is considered a product name

Feature /'fi:tʃə/
live /laɪf/
Download /'daʊnlləʊd/
Mobile /'mo:baɪl/
Product names are mostly pronounced the

Skype /s'kaip/ way they are pronounced in the source
language.
Acronyms and abbreviations
Acronyms are pronounced like real words, adapted to the local pronunciation:
Example Phonetics
RADIUS /'ra:dius/
RAS /ra:s/
ISA /'i:sa/
LAN /la:n/
WAN /wa:n/
WAP /wap/
MAPI /'ma:pi/
POP /pop/
COM+ /kom'plus/
OWA /o:wa/
Other abbreviations are pronounced letter by letter. They should be pronounced the
German way.
CPU /tsepe'u:/
URL /u:eə.'el/ sometimes also "/uəl/"
HTTP /hatete'pe/
Rqc.exe /erku'tse: ˌekse/
XML /iksem'el/
HTML /hatɛem.'el/
SQL /esku.'el/
Exceptions to be pronounced the English way with a slight German accent
IIS /ˌaiˌai'ess/
TCP/IP /ˌti:zi:pi:'aipi:/
B2B /bi:tu'bi:/
5.8.1.2 URLs
"http://" should be left out; the rest of the URL should be read entirely.
"www" should be pronounced in German as "wewewe."
A hyphen in URLs is pronounced as "minus," hence /mi:nus/.
The slash is pronounced "Schrägstrich."
The "dot" can safely be omitted if the target audience is advanced users. But if you are
unsure about the target audience, include the dot. If read out, then it must be
pronounced the German way, as, /puŋkt/.
/wewe'we puŋkt maɪkrosoft puŋkt leave out/puŋkt/ for

http://www.microsoft.com
kom/ advanced users
http://www.microsoft.de
de'e/ advanced users

http://www.microsoft.at
a'te/ advanced users

http://www.microsoft.ch
'tse:ha/ advanced users

http://www.microsoft.org
oəg/ advanced users
http://www.windows- /wewe'we puŋkt wɪndoʊz mi:nus leave out/puŋkt/ for

xp.de iks'pɛ puŋkt de'e/ advanced users
Punctuation marks
Most punctuation marks are naturally implied by the sound of voice, e.g. ? ! : ; ,
Avoid unusual or too complex punctuation. For instance, avoid using semi-colons and
split your sentence in two instead.
Avoid bullet points and partial sentences, which are difficult to "read."
Em-dashes ("Geviertstrich" —) should not be used in German documentation.
En-Dashes ("Halbgeviertstrich" or "Gedankenstrich" –) are used to emphasize an isolated

element or introduce an element that is not essential to the meaning conveyed by the
sentence. It should be pronounced as a short pause.
5.8.2 Tone
Use a tone matching the target audience, e.g. more informal, playful and inspiring tone
may be used for most Microsoft products, games etc., or formal, informative, and factual
in technical texts etc.
5.8.3 Video voice checklist

5.8.3.1 Topic and Script
• Apply the following Microsoft voice principles:

o Single intent
o Clarity
o Everyday language
o Friendliness
o Relatable context
5.8.3.2 Title
• Includes the intent

• Includes keywords for search
5.8.3.3 Intro: 10 Seconds to Set up the Issue
• Put the problem into a relatable context
5.8.3.4 Action and Sound
• Keep something happening, both visually and audibly, BUT…

• …maintain an appropriate pace
• Synchronize visuals with voice-over
• Fine to alternate between first and second person
• Repetition of big points is fine
5.8.3.5 Visuals
• Eye is guided through the procedure

o Smooth, easily trackable pointer motions
o Judicious callout use
• Appropriate use of motion graphics and/or branding-approved visuals
5.8.3.6 Ending
• Recaps are unnecessary

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German Localization Style Guide

Before you dive in:

1.1 Reference material

Normative references on orthography, style and usage

Governments in countries where German is spoken do not prescribe an official

1. https://www.duden.de (Online homepage of Duden)

Three principles form the foundation of our voice:

English example German example

Low-slung for killer downforce and

Set-up and get started in 10 minutes. Bereit in 10 Minuten. Inside-Out-

2.1.2 Words and phrases to avoid

en-US word/phrase to avoid Preferred en-US word/phrase

As well as Also, too

Have an opportunity Can

Give/provide guidance, give/provide information Help

Make a recommendation Recommend

Suitable Works well

en-US source de-DE word to avoid de-DE word/phrase

give/provide guidance Unterstützung bieten unterstützen or helfen

in parts partiell teilweise

require erfordern benötigen

browse the Internet im Internet browsen im Internet surfen

Make a call einen Anruf durchführen, telefonieren einen Anruf tätigen/führen

2.1.3 Word choice

Short word forms and everyday words

Examples of allowed short words:

App App Use App instead of Anwendung or Programm.

Use Info in casual situations, unless information fits the context.

Use for personal computing devices that run Windows (computer

Use Web in causal situations. Internet should be used, when present in

2.1.4 Word-to-word translation

2.2 Sample Microsoft voice text

2.2.1 Address the user to take action

en-US source de-DE target Explanation

Das Kennwort ist falsch. The user has entered an

Casual and short message to

Use of the second person

Give your PC a name— Geben Sie Ihrem PC

2.2.2 Promoting a feature

en-US source de-DE target Explanation

Picture password is a new Promoting a specific

Promoting the use of

en-US source de-DE target Explanation

To go back and save Klicken Sie auf “Abbrechen”, um zu

Voice is simple and

Speak to the user

2.2.4 Explanatory text and providing support

en-US source de-DE target Explanation

Die Updates wurden installiert. The language is natural, the

Something bad happened!

Comply with local language laws.

Use this Not this Use this Not this

English examples Target examples

primär vs. Master vs. Slave

demilitarized zone Umkreisnetzwerk demilitarisierte Zone

Eltern (pl) Mutter or Vater

3.1 Avoid gender bias

Use gender-neutral alternatives for common terms.

Studierende, Teilnehmende, Beschäftigte, Freischaffende, Angestellte

Use this Not this