Airlaw

Airlaw Materials

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Introduction
For commercial airlines to operate, it is necessary for states to afford the airlines of
other states the right to fly right across their territory for both traffic and non traffic
purposes.
International air transport is not just about navigation. The competitive nature of
business could create the obvious temptation to cut corners and increase profit, so a
strict regulation is required to maintain safety. Over the years the philosophy of “a
safe airline, is a profitable airline” has evolved.

Civil Aviation Regulations (CAR)

The Civil Aviation Regulations (CAR) provide the regulatory requirements
dealing with aviation safety related to aircraft operations, airworthiness and
personnel licensing; and are presented in parts.

Implementing Standards are used in these Regulations to allow the flexibility to

incorporate new practices or procedures as they become available without the
procedures required for promulgation of legally binding regulations.

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 International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO)
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was created in Chicago
Convention of 1944 with 52 countries signing for the creation of the said
Organization.

Its Purpose is to develop policies and standards for the development of

International air transport to ensure safety and orderly growth.

Civil Aviation Authority of The Philippines

(CAAP)
THE CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (CAAP) WAS CREATED
BY VIRTUE OF THE REPUBLIC ACT 9497 WHICH TOOK EFFECT ON 23 MARCH
2008

R.A 9497 “Civil Aviation Authority Act”

On the 3rd December 2007 saw senator Edugardo Angara file a bill now known
as the Civil Aviation Authority Act of 2007, once again renaming the Air
Transportation Office as CAAP. The mandates of the CAAP became more
specific , including an appropriation of funds and making the CAAP an
independent regulatory office with quasi-judicial and legislative powers. The bill
was signed in March 2008 by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 15th
President of the Philippines.

Purpose of CAAP
To implement policies, rules and regulations on Civil Aviation in order to ensure
safe, economical, and efficient air travel.

Licensing (Pilots, Mechanics, ATC, Medical)

Conduct Inspections to aircrafts for Airworthiness and Registration Certificate.

Investigate aircraft accident/incidents via its Aircraft Accident/Incidents

Investigation Board (AAIB)

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 Director General
CAPT MANUEL ANTONIO L.TAMAYO

Philippines Civil Aviation Regulations

(PCAR)
PART 01 General Policies and Procedures and Definitions

PART 02 Personnel Licensing

PART 03 Approved Training Organization

PART 04 Aircraft Registration and Marking

PART 05 Airworthiness

PART 06 Approved Maintenance Organization

PART 07 Instrument and Equipment

PART 08 Operations

PART 09 Air Operator Certification and Administration

PART 10 Commercial Air Transport by Foreign Air Carriers within Republic of the
Philippines

PART 11 Aerial Work and Operating Limitations for Non-Type Certificated

Aircraft

PART 13 Accident and Incident Reporting and Investigation

PART 18 Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air

ICAO ANNEXES
Annex 1 Personnel Licensing

Annex 2 Rules of the Air

Annex 3 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts

Annex 5 Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations

Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft

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 Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

Annex 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft

Annex 9 Facilitation

Annex 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications

Annex 11 Air Traffic Services

Annex 12 Search and Rescue

Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation

Annex 14 Aerodromes

Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Service

Annex 16 Environmental Protection

Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful

Annex 17
Interference

Annex 18 The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air

PCAR PART 1
GENERAL POLICIES, PROCEDURES AND
DEFINITIONS
Aerial Work
Refers to an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized
services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying,
observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc.

Aerodrome
Refers to an airport, a defined area on land or water/sea (including any
building, installation and equipment) intended to be used wholly or in part for
the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

Aircraft Accident
Refers to an occurrence associated with the operation of an Aircraft which
takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention
of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked in which:

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 Any person suffers death or serious injury as a result of being in or upon
the aircraft or by direct contact with the aircraft of anything attached
thereto: or

The aircraft receives substantial damage.

Aircraft Incident
Refers to an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation
of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation.

Air Operator
Refers to any Organization which undertakes to engage in domestic
commercial air transport or international commercial air transport, whether
directly or indirectly, or by lease or any other arrangement.

Air Operator Certificate (AOC)

Refers to a certificate authorizing an operator to carry out the specified
commercial air transport operations.

Air Route
Refers to the navigable space between two points and the terrain beneath such
airspace identified, to the extent necessary, for application of flight rules.

Approved Training Organization (ATO)

An organization approved by and operating under the supervision of authority
in accordance with the requirements of PCAR to perform approved training.

Approved Training Organization Certificate (ATOC)

Refers to a certificate authorizing and ATO to operate in Accordance with the
Requirements of PCAR.

Civil Sunset/Sunrise
Sunset or Sunrise, which requires the sun to be below the earth’s horizon by 3
degrees.

Night Time
Time between end of civil twilight and beginning of morning civil twilight

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 Civil Twilight
Begins in the morning or end in the evening it is when the center of the sun is
6 degrees below the horizon (Period sunset/sunrise before darkness)

Civil Aircraft
Refers to any aircraft other than a State or Public aircraft

Civil Aviation
Refers to the operation of any civil aircraft for the purpose of general aviation
operations, aerial work or commercial air transport operations.

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
PUBLICATION
Published aeronautical information necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency
of international and national air navigation in the Philippine Flight Information Region
(FIR). The aeronautical information is provided in the form of an Integrated
Aeronautical Information Package consisting of the following elements.

VFR AND IFR

VFR - VISUAL FLIGHT RULES

Flying with Visual Reference

IFR - INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES

Flying using your instruments

VMC - VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

(Weather is good to fly visually)

IMC - INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

(Weather is not good enough to fly visually)

Flight rules will depend on type and conditions of flight. If conditions are below VMC
minimums, IFR will prevail.

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 VFR MINIMUMS
1500M Horizontally from clouds

300M(1000ft) Vertically from clouds

Visibility

5KM below 10000ft

8KM above 10000ft

Violations
Sanction Table
Failure to check aircraft logs, flight manifest, weather, etc. 30 to 90 suspension

Takeoff below weather minima 60 to 120 day suspension

90 suspension to
Operating VFR within clouds
revocation

Approach below weather minimums 45 to 90 day suspension

Acting as flight crewmember while under the influence of liqour,

Emergency revocation
drugs or alcoholic beverage consumption within 8 hours

Fuel mismanagement/exhaustion 30 to 150 day suspension

Medical certificate 15 to 60 day suspension

180 day suspension to

Lack of a type rating
revocation

Missed proficiency check 30 to 90 day suspension

Moderate civil penalty to 7

Failure to have current certificate or license in possession
day suspension

Personnel Licensing
Student Pilot License (SPL)
Must be at least 16 y.o

Can read, write and understand English.

Must have a class 2 medical certificate.

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 Validity of SPL 2 years.

Private Pilot License (PPL)

Must be at least 17 y.o

Can read, write and understand English.

Must have a class 2 medical certificate.

Flight experience - 40 Hours

5 Hours maybe on a simulator.

10 Hours as Pilot In Command (PIC)

5 Hours local.

5 Hours cross country.

150 nautical miles flight and perform full stop landings in 2 different
aerodromes.

Local - Within the vicinity of area, 35 nautical miles from airport

Must pass CAAP exam and check ride.

Validity 5 years.

Limitation - PIC on non-revenue flights

Commercial Pilot License (CPL)

Must be at least 18 y.o

Class 1 medical

Flight experience - 200 Hours non ATO/150 Hours ATO - 10 Hours maybe
simulator.

100 Hours non ATO/70 Hours ATO (PIC)

20 Hours cross country

300 nautical miles flight and perform full stop landings in 2 different
aerodromes

Must pass CAAP exam and check ride.

Validity 5 years.

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 Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL)
Flight experience - 1500 Hours

500 Hours as Pilot In Command.

100 Hours night flight.

Medical Certificates
Class 1 Medical Certificate
CPL, ATPL, Flight Engineer, Flight navigator

Validity:

CPL - 12 Months/1 Year

ATPL - 6 Months

When CPL Holder has passed their 40th Birthday validity will be reduced to 6
Months

Class 2 Medical Certificate

SPL, PPL, Glider, Free balloon pilots

Validity:

PPL - 24 Months/2 Years

When PPL Holder has passed their 40th Birthday validity will be reduced to 12
Months/1 Year

Additional Ratings
Example

C172 Rating - 12 Hours with the type

Instrument Rating - 40 Hours

20 Hours actual

20 Hours simulator

Flight instructor Rating - 30 Hours

Type Ratings

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 A type rating is required when operating aircrafts over 12500 LBS

Ex. (ATR 72, Airbus 320, Boeing 737 etc.)

Type ratings required

1. Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air)

2. Turbojet-powered airplanes

3. Other aircraft specified by the administrator through aircraft type

certificate procedures

Recency requirements
3 takeoffs and landings within the preceding 90 days or else cannot act as a
PIC

3 takeoffs and landings at night within preceding 90 days or else cannot act
as PIC - If you do not have an instrument rating

English Language Proficiency (ELP)

LEVEL 4 - 3 Years Validity.

LEVEL 5 - 5 Years Validity.

LEVEL 6 - No Expiration.

An Applicant for ELP must at least have a LEVEL 4 ELP to pass his/her exam.

National Telecommunications License

(NTC)
Since Pilots communicate to ATC and other pilots, it is a need for Pilots to have
an NTC license.

Needs to undergo NTC Exam

Validity is 3 Years

Certification Of Airmen

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 Category Of Aircraft
Airplane

Rotorcraft

Glider

Lighter than Air

Powered Lift

Class Of Aircraft
Single Engine Land

Single Engine Sea

Multi Engine Land

Multi Engine Sea

Certification Of Aircraft
Category Of Aircraft
Normal

Utility

Limited

Restricted

Acrobatic

Class Of Aircraft
Airplane

Rotorcraft

Glider

Balloon

License Requirements Of PIC

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 No Pilot may act as PIC of an aircraft certified for operations with more than one
pilot in commercial air transport operations unless he/she is an Airline
Transport Pilot License (ATPL) holder and he/she is certified for the category,
class and type of that aircraft.

No pilot may act as PIC of an aircraft certified for operations for one pilot in
commercial air transport operations unless he/she is a Commercial Pilot
License (CPL) holder and he/she is certified for the category, class and type of
that aircraft.

If instrument privileges are to be exercised the PIC shall hold an Instrument

Rating (IR).

Responsibilities Of A Pilot In Command

(PIC)
As a Pilot in command you are responsible for the overall safety of the flight.

Prior to every flight as pic you are required to become familiar with all
available information concerning their flight.

Airport

Weather

Departure

Enroute

Arrival

Terrain

Obstacles

Fuel Requirements

Weight And Balance

Perform Pre-Flight inspection to general condition and if airworthy.

Determine Runway lengths of airports intended for takeoff and landing.

Determine A/C takeoff and landing distance requirements.

Pre Flight Planning/Briefing

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 Planning of route

Determining checkpoints

Latest notice to all airmen (NOTAMS)

Threats enroute

Obstacles

Terrain

Minimum Enroute Altitude

Forecasted weather

Fuel Requirements

Determine W/B and Takeoff and Landing distance required

Alternate Aerodromes

Flight Plans
Contain important information related to flight.

Destination

Aircraft Type

Aircraft Registration

Pax on board

Used to gather information for Search and Rescue.

Must be submitted to Air Traffic Services 1 Hour before departure.

Flight plans must be kept at least 6 months.

Pre-Flight Inspection/360 Inspection

As PIC it is your responsibility to determine overall condition of the A/C.

Pilots perform preflight inspection/360 inspection before every flight.

Refer to POH for sequence of inspection.

Ensure A/C is airworthy for safety of flight.

POH - PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK

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 Fuel Requirements
VFR - Fly to point of intended landing and;

DAY - 30 Minutes after that

NIGHT - 45 Minutes after that

IFR - Fly to point of intended landing and;

Fly to alternate

Fly after that for 45 Minutes at normal cruising speed

East/West Altitude Rules/Half-Moon Principle

VFR

0 Degrees to 179 Degrees - Odd Thousand Plus 500

180 Degrees to 359 Degrees - Even Thousand Plus 500

IFR

0 Degrees to 179 Degrees - Odd Thousand

180 Degrees to 359 Degrees - Even Thousand

Documents Required In A/C

A - Airworthiness Certificate

R - Registration Certificate

R - Radio Station License

O - Operating Limitations

W - Weight And Balance

Operating Limitations can be found in an approved flight manual or on markings

and placards located throughout the plane.

An Airworthiness Certificate is a certificate which verifies the A/C is safe to fly.

Checked annually by CAAP.

Displayed in the cockpit or cabin so crew and passengers can see it.

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 Operations
Age Limitations of PIC
Single Pilot Operation - 60 y.o

International Commercial Air Transport - 65 Years if other Pilot younger

than 60

Domestic Commercial Air Transport - 67 Years if other Pilot younger than

60

Flying Time Limitations

Day - 8 Hours

Week - 30 Hours

Month - 100 Hours

Year - 1000 Hours

1 Reserve Crew - 18 Hours

2 Reserve Crew - 22 Hours

Limitations imposed so pilot has enough adequate rest and does not endanger
flight safety

Pilot Fatigue can pose a risk to flight safety - Leading factor to Pilot Error

Alcohol Consumption
NO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WITHIN 8 HOURS!

Blood Alcohol level under 0.04%

Emergency revocation of license if found under the influence.

8 HOURS BOTTLE TO THROTTLE

Safety Belts/Seat Belts

Seatbelts or Shoulder Harness must be fastened or secured on everyone on
board the A/C during Critical Phases of Flight.

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 Critical Phases of Flight - Taxi, Take-off, Landing

Pilot must brief the passengers on the use of seatbelts and notify them to fasten
their seatbelts. Passengers can unfasten while Enroute.

Crewmembers

Safety Belt - Fastened at all times while at their stations.

Shoulder Harness - Must be worn during Takeoff and Landing

Altimeter - An Instrument that measures Altitude

Should be set to local altimeter setting or if not available, set to field elevation.

In Philippines all aircraft operating at or above 13,000 ft MSL must set their
altimeters to 29.92 in. hg. (Inches Of Mercury).

PPL holders are not allowed in this airspace without an Instrument Rating.

When A/C are operating on the ground or in the air, between sunset and sunrise
pilot must turn on position lights, sometimes called navigation lights and the
beacon or strobes.

Authority refers to them as Aviation red and white anti-collision lights.

Color Function

Beacon Red Engine Started/Starting Engine

Strobe White Inform other A/C of position

Left - Red | Right - Inform other A/C of position | Also electrical

Navigation
Green system on

Taxi White For Taxi

Landing White For Landing

When dropping objects from aircraft in flight reasonable precaution must be

taken.

Formation flying requires prior arrangement with all participating pilots.

Acrobatic flight includes all intentional maneuvers not required for normal flight.

A bank of more than 60 Degrees or pitching more than 30 Degrees is considered

an acrobatic maneuver.

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 A parachute must be packed by a certified parachute rigger in the preceding 120
days (4 Months)

Acrobatics is not allowed when:

Visibility is less than 3 Statute Miles.

Below 1,500ft AGL.

Within 4NM of any airway.

Over congested areas of a city, town, or settlement.

Over an open-air assembly of people.

Within the lateral boundaries of the surface of CLASS B, C, D, or E Airspace.

Light Gun
From Tower From Tower
Signals

Light A/C In Flight A/C On Ground

Steady Green Clear To Land Clear For Take-off

Green Flashes Return For Landing Cleared To Taxi

Give Way to Other A/C, Continue

Steady Red Stop
Circling

Red Flashes Aerodrome Unsafe, Do Not Land Taxi Clear Of Landing Area

Land At Aerodrome And Proceed Return To Starting Point On The

White Flashes
To Apron Aerodrome

Not Withstanding With Any Not Withstanding With Any

Red Pyrotechnic Previous Instructions Do Not Land Previous Instructions Do Not Land
For The Time Being For The Time Being

Red And Green

EXERCISE EXTREME CAUTION EXERCISE EXTREME CAUTION
Flashes

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

Helps search and rescue track wreckage.

Must be checked every 12 months.

Must be replaced if;

Used for more than 1 Hour

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 Used more than 50%

MSL Oxygen Requirements

Supplemental Oxygen Requirements for Non-Pressurized Aircrafts

Supply For Duration And Pressure Altitude

All occupants of flight deck on

Entire flight time above 10,000ft.
flight deck duty.

All required cabin crew Entire flight time above 13,000ft. Any period extending 30
members. Minutes between 10,000ft and 13,000ft.

100% of passengers. Entire flight time above 13,000ft.

Any period extending 30 Minutes between 10,000ft and

10% of passengers.
13,000ft.

Requirements for Supplemental Oxygen - Pressurized Aircraft During and

Following Emergency Descent

Supply For Duration And Cabin Pressure Altitude

Entire flight time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 13,000ft
and entire time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 10,000ft but
All occupants of flight
does not exceed 13,000ft after the first 30 minutes at those altitudes,
seats on flight deck
but in no case less than; (1) 30 minutes for aircraft certified to fly at
flight.
altitudes not exceeding 25,000ft. (2) 2 hours for aircraft certified to fly
at altitudes more than 25,000ft.

Entire flight time when cabin pressure altitude exceeds 13,000ft but
All required cabin not less than 30 minutes and entire flight time when cabin pressure
crew members. altitude is greater than 10,000ft but does not exceed 13,000ft after the
first 30 minutes at these altitudes.

10 minutes or the entire flight time when the cabin pressure altitude
100% passengers.
exceeds 15,000ft whichever is greater.

Entire flight time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 14,000ft
30% passengers.
but does not exceed 15,000ft.

Entire flight time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 10,000ft
10% passengers. but does not exceed 14,000ft after the first 30 minutes at these
altitudes.

Summary

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 All Occupants Of Flight Deck Seat On Flight Deck Duty
Entire flight time when CPA exceeds 13,000ft.

Entire flight time after 30 minutes has passed when CPA between 10,000ft and
13,000ft, in any case not less than;

30 minutes for A/C certified to fly below 25,000ft.

2 hours for A/C certified to fly above 25,000ft.

All Required Cabin Crew Members

Entire flight time when CPA exceeds 13,000ft, in any case not less than for 30
minutes.

Entire flight time after 30 minutes has passed when CPA is between 10,000ft and
13,000ft.

Passengers
100% Passengers

10 minutes or entire flight time when CPA exceeds 15,000ft, whichever is

greater.

30% Passengers

Entire flight time between 14,000ft and 15,000ft.

10% Passengers

Entire flight time after 30 minutes has passed between 10,000ft and
14,000ft.

Maintenance
Owner/Operator maintaining A/C airworthiness.

Must have annual inspection - Inspection due on the last day of the 12 calendar
month.

If used for compensation or hire - Must receive inspection every 100 Hours.

If A/C used for instruction - Requires both annual inspection and a 100 hour
inspection.

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 Aircraft altered must be test flown - Logbook entry must be made.
The pilot must hold at least a private pilot certificate in the aircraft flown.

The transponder must be tested every 24 calendar months and the record
updated.

The annual inspection must be recorded in the maintenance records and all ADs
must be recorded as complete.

Owner may perform minor preventative maintenance such as small parts, wheel
bearings, servicing hydraulic fluid and so forth.

AD - Airworthiness Directive

TCAS - Traffic Collision Avoidance System

ACAS - Aircraft Collision Avoidance System

Transponder (XPDR)
A device that transmits and receives signals to be seen on radar.

Allows ATC to see A/C on radar.

Codes
VFR - 1200

HIJACK - 7500

LOST COMMS - 7600

EMERGENCY - 7700

Air Traffic Control

Purpose

Orderly flow of traffic.

Traffic Separation.

Prevent collisions with obstructions in the area.

A pilot may not deviate an ATC clearance, when needed it must request to ATC.

During emergency, a pilot may deviate to the extent needed.

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 Types of Controller
Aerodrome Controllers - Responsible for the safety and
movement of aircraft around an airfield.

Area Controllers - Manage aircraft at higher altitudes.

Responsible for aircraft in Climb, Descent and Enroute.

Approach Controllers - Manage aircraft approaching an airport

putting them in the most efficient sequence to land. Also
manage those just departed in initial phases of flight.

During Emergencies
Pilot may deviate to the clearance to the extent needed.

Inform ATC of the emergency. You will be given priority.

Comply with requests for any reports.

Airspace
An airspace is part of the sky that is over that country and is considered to
belong to that country.

CLASS A - MUST HAVE INSTRUMENT RATING

CLASS A,B & C - 4096 TRANSPONDER WITH ALTITUDE REPORTING

CLASS A,B & C - TWO WAY RADIO AND ATC CLEARANCE

CLASS B - PRIVATE PILOT CERTIFICATION

Golf Airspace (G)

Distance from clouds.

Clear of clouds.

Visibility

5KM

VFR Minimum Altitudes

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 Congested Area - 2000ft Horizontal
1000ft Vertical

Uncongested Area - 500ft Vertical

Sparsely Populated - 500ft From Any object

Speed Restrictions
Below 10,000ft - 250 Knots

In Class B Airspace - 250 Knots

Underlying Class B or within VFR corridors - 250 Knots

In Class D Airspace - 250 Knots

Special VFR
Clearance from ATC

Remain clear of clouds.

At least 5KM visibility - 8KM at night.

At night, pilot and aircraft must be instrument capable.

Right Of Way Rules

Each pilot shall maintain vigilance so as to see and avoid other aircraft

An aircraft in distress has the right of way over all other traffic.

When approaching head on - Each shall alter its heading to the right.

Converging - A/C on the right has the right of way.

If converging A/C are of different category - Least maneuverable A/C has right of
way.
Towing or Refuelling - Has right of way over all other engine driven A/C except
A/C in distress.

Overtaking - Aircraft being overtaken has right of way and each pilot overtaking
an A/C must alter its course to the right to pass well clear.

Approach - A/C on final approach to land or while landing has the right of way
over other A/C in flight or operating on the surface.

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 NOTE: The PIC may not take advantage of this rule to force an A/C off the
runway surface which has already landed and is attempting to make way
for an A/C on final approach.

Written Reports
All accidents must be reported immediately.

A written report is required within 10 Days of the accident.

A written report is required when A/C has been missing for more than 7 Days.

Report To CAAP Immediately

The inability of any required crewmember to perform normal flight duty because
of injury or illlness.

An in flight fire.

Malfunction or failure of a flight control system.

An overdue airplane that is believed to be involved in an accident.

An airplane collision in flight.

A turbine engine failure.

Do not disturb an accident/incident site before the CAAP takes custody, unless
you are assisting injured people or protecting wreckage or cargo.

Safety Devices
Inside the A/C you can locate Life Vest on the back pocket of your seat.
Inflate Life Vest when OUTSIDE THE AIRCRAFT.

Inside the A/C you have a portable fire extinguisher.

To operate;

P - PULL THE PIN.

A - AIM THE HOSE.

S - SQUEEZE THE LEVER.

S - SWEEP THE HOSE.

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 Emergency Exits - For the C152 and C172 it has 2 emergency exits.

Hangar Rules
Within the vicinity of the airport all aviation personnel should wear High
Visibility Vest.
This helps other crew see you easily in high movement environments.

Be mindful of your surroundings, always check for movement around you.

Do not touch anything such as fluids as it maybe hot or can cause infections.

If you found anything in the A/C such as wallets, phones, pilot equipment turn it
over to our mechanics.

Be polite with everyone greet them with Good Morning/Good Afternoon.

Always Smile!

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