Artificial Intelligence” ” and its Applications ‘Scanned with CamScannerTypes of Artificlal Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence can be classified in several ways. The first classifies the Al as either weak Al or strong Al. Weak Al also known as narrow Al, is an Al system that is designed and trained for a specific type of task. Strong Al, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an Al system with generalized human cognitive abilities so that when presented with an unfamiliar task, it has enough intelligence to find a solution. The Turing Test, developed by mathematician Alan Turing in 1950, is a method used to determine if a computer can think like a human, although the method is controversial. The second example is from Arend Hintze, an assistant professor of integrative biology and computer science and engineering at Michigan State University. He categorized Al into four types, and these were as follow: ‘Scanned with CamScanner« Natural Language Generation: it’s a tool that produces text from the computer data. Currently used in customer service, report generation, and summarizing business intelligence insights. Speech Recognition: Transcribes and transforms human speech into a format useful for computer applications. Presently used in interactive voice response systems and mobile applications. Virtual Agent: A Virtual Agentis a computer generated, animated, artificial intelligence virtual character (usually with anthropomorphic appearance) that serves as an online customer service representative. It leads an intelligent conversation with users, responds to their questions and performs adequate non-verbal behavior. An example of a typical Virtual Agent is Louise, the Virtual Agent of eBay, created by a ‘Scanned with CamScannerFrench/American developer VirtuOz. « Machine Learning: Provides algorithms, APIs (Application Program interface) development and training toolkits, data, as well as computing power to design, train, and deploy models into applications, processes, and _ other machines. Currently used in a wide range of enterprise applications, mostly ‘involving prediction or classification. Deep Learning Platforms: A special type of machine learning consisting of artificial neural networks with multiple abstraction layers. Currently used_ in pattern recognition and classification applications supported by very large data sets. Biometrics: Biometrics uses methods for unique recognition of humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. In computer science, particularly, biometrics is used as a form of identity access management and access ‘Scanned with CamScannercontrol. It is also used to_ identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance. Currently used in market research. Robotic Process Automation: using scripts and other methods to automate human action to support efficient business processes. Currently used where it is inefficient for humans to execute a task. Text Analytics and NLP: Natural language processing (NLP) uses and supports text analytics by facilitating the understanding of sentence structure and meaning, sentiment, and intent through statistical and machine learning methods. Currently used in fraud detection and security, a wide range of automated assistants, and applications for mining unstructured data. ‘Scanned with CamScannerApplications of Artificial Intelligence: 1. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the best-known technologies is IBM's Watson. It understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema. Al is a study realized to emulate human intelligence — into computer technology that could assist both, the doctor and the patients in the following ways: «By providing a laboratory for the examination, representation and cataloguing medical information «By devising novel tool to support decision making and research ‘Scanned with CamScannere By offering a content rich discipline for the future scientific medical communities. 2. Artificial Intelligence in business: Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally performed by — humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM (Customer relationship management) platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have already been incorporated into websites and e companies to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become a talking point among academics and |T consultancies. . Al in education: |t automates grading, giving educators more time. It can also assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. ‘Scanned with CamScanner4. Al in Autonomous vehicles: Just like humans, self-driving cars need to have sensors to understand the world around them and a brain to collect, processes and choose specific actions based on information gathered. Autonomous vehicles are with advanced tool to gather information, including long range radar, cameras, and LIDAR. Each of the technologies are used in different capacities and each collects different information. This information is useless, unless it is processed and some _ form of information is taken based on the gathered information. This is where artificial intelligence comes into play and can be compared to human brain. Al has several applications for these vehicles and among them the more immediate ones are as follows: Directing the car to gas station or recharge station when it is running low on fuel. » Adjust the trips directions based on ‘Scanned with CamScannerknown traffic conditions to find the quickest route. «Incorporate speech recognition for advanced communication with passengers. ¢ Natural language interfaces and virtual assistance technologies. 5. Al for robotles will allow us to address the challenges in taking care of an aging population and allow much longer independence. It will drastically reduce, may be even bring down traffic accidents and deaths, as well as enable disaster response for dangerous situations for example the nuclear meltdown at the fukushima power plant. 6. Cyborg Technology: One of the main limitations of being human is simply our own bodies and brains. Researcher Shimon Whiteson thinksthat in the future, we will be able to augment ourselves with computers and enhance many of our own natural abilities. ‘Scanned with CamScannerThough many of these possible cyborg enhancements would be added for convenience, others may serve a more practical purpose. Yoky Matsuka_ of Nest believes that Al will become useful for people with amputated limbs, as the brain will be able to communicate with a robotic limb to give the patient more control. This kind of cyborg technology would significantly reduce the limitations that amputees deal with daily. In the future, predictive analytics and artificial intelligence could play an even more fundamental role in content creation and also in the software fields. Open source information and artificial intelligence collection will provide opportunities for global technological parity and the technology of artificial can become the future in all the domains of health, environment, public safety and security. ‘Scanned with CamScannerN-Gram language models Intuitively, in general, more common words like “cat ’or “dog should tend to have higher probabilities then more uncommon ones such as aardvark or kingfisher. Thus, a good starting off point could be the frequency of words in the corpus. A system for this purpose that takes into account only the number of appearances of a word normalized by the number of words in the corpus is called a uni-gram language model. Similarly, bi-gram language models consider the frequency of couples of word, for example, if in our English corpus the couple [united, states] appears more often than [united, the] a bi-gram language model would assign a higher probability to “states ” rather then to “the” to follow “united despite the much higher frequency of the latter. Higher-gram language models also exist, but as the dimensions of the sequences of words increase, their frequency in the corpus decreases exponentially. These models thus have a sparsity problem and struggle with infrequent word sequences. ‘Scanned with CamScannerLanguage Models ¢ Formal grammars (e.g. regular, context free) give a hard “binary” model of the legal sentences in a language. ¢ For NLP, a probabilistic model of a language that gives a probability that a string is a member of a language is more useful. ¢ To specify a correct probability distribution, the probability of all sentences in a language must sum to 1. ‘Scanned with CamScannerUses of Language Models ¢ Speech recognition ~ “Tate a cherry” is a more likely sentence than “Eye eight uh Jerry” OCR & Handwriting recognition — More probable sentences are more likely correct readings. * Machine translation ~ More likely sentences are probably better translations. ° Generation — More likely sentences are probably better NL generations. Context sensitive spelling correction ~ “Their are problems wit this sentence.” ‘Scanned with CamScannerN-Gram Word Models « We can have n-gram models over sequences of words, characters, syllables or other units. ¢ Estimate probability of each word given prior context. — P(phonel Please turn off your cell) « AnN-gram model uses only N—1 words of prior context. — Unigram: P(phone) — Bigram: P(phone | cell) — Trigram: P(phone | your cell) * The Markov assumption is the presumption that the future behavior of a dynamical system only depends on its recent history. In particular, in a kth-order Markov model, the next state only depends on the k most recent states, therefore an N-gram model is a (N—1)-order Markov model. ‘Scanned with CamScannerN-Gram Model Formulas * Word sequences wl = Wy, ¢ Chain rule of probability POw?) = POW, PO, Ly, PGs Lv )..POw, Lyf =P] Qn bist!) ¢ Bigram approximation . Pw) = T]Po le 1) ° N-gram approximation Pave) =] [Pon lf b ) kA ‘Scanned with CamScannerN-gram character models One of the simplest language models: P(cj’) Language identification: given the text determine which language it is written in. Build a trigram character model of each candidate language: P(c,1¢,_»,4.!) We want to find the most probable language given the Text: =" = argmax Plc) = = arginax POPC 12) = argmax PUT | Pl, IC; ov ve!) i-l ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘ystem i too mach felt because Ms problematic to undartand complete Tang there sno pt en analyse reslls fl aur lle + Trasafer + Some of machine mansion sssem ere based on tafe, They fe atte warwation rule, asthe rule mulches then the travlalion t plored areal, ‘Memory based tansation ; Is one ofthe robust transfer mood which consti (ie sentence fo another setene. 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NG : “Giant packers and mavers Ltd" G: Read NG : India CJ : between, and FR = 10 ‘Thus we have, NG : Noun group ' VG: Verb group (C] : Conjunction group PR : Freposition group 4) Complex phrase handling + The grouping of basic group into complex phrases are handled in. complex phase. ‘The alm of this component is to design finlte-state rule. For e.g.- Ruby services + Set up joint venture with Giant packers and movers. 5) Structure merging : ' Ibis a phase which merges the complex phrases. For e.g. The joint venture will siart marketing from June. ‘Tus information extraction is proved for specific domain in which the topic is predefined. ‘Scanned with CamScanner