Unit-I Artificial

Intelligence
Total Marks: 06
 Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence
1. Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence
defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-
made thinking power."
2. “The science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs”.
3. It is a branch of computer science by which we
can create intelligent machines which can behave
like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions.
4. Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a
• The aim of AI is to improve computer
functions which are related to human
knowledge, for example, reasoning,
learning, and problem-solving.
• The intelligence is composed of
– Reasoning
– Learning
– Problem Solving
– Perception
– Linguistic Intelligence
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and
action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence such as:
– Proving a theorem
– Playing chess
– Plan some surgical operation
– Driving a car in traffic
• Creating some system which can exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 Importance/Need of AI
• With the help of AI, you can create such software
or devices which can solve real-world problems
very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal
virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots
which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new
devices, and new Opportunities.
• The objectives of AI research are reasoning,
knowledge representation, planning,
learning, natural language processing,
realization, and ability to move and
 Advantages of AI
• High Accuracy with less errors
• High-Speed
• High reliability
• Useful for risky areas
• Digital Assistant
• Useful as a public utility
 Disadvantages of AI

• High Cost
• Can't think out of the box
• No feelings and emotions
• Increase dependency on machines
• No Original Creativity:
 Scope of AI
• The ultimate effort is to make computer
programs that can solve problems and
achieve goals in the world, as well as
humans.
• There is a scope in developing the
machines in
– game playing
– speech recognition machine
– language detection machine
– computer vision
– expert systems
– robotics
 Components of AI
• Cognitive Abilities
– Natural Language Processing (NLP)
– Automated Reasoning
– Machine Learning (ML)
• Database
• Hardware
• Framework
• APIs are required to publish AI
services.
Types of AI
 AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

• It is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence.
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or
limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task.
• Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI
• IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under
Narrow AI
• Some Examples :
playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-
commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition,
and image recognition.
2. General AI:
• General AI is a type of intelligence which could
perform any intellectual task with efficiency like
a human.
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a
system which could be smarter and think like a
human by its own.
• Currently, there is no such system exist which
could come under general AI and can perform
any task as perfect as a human.
• The worldwide researchers are now focused on
developing machines with General AI.
• As systems with general AI are still under
research, and it will take lots of efforts and time
to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
• Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at
which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better
than human with cognitive properties. It is an
outcome of general AI.
• Some key characteristics of strong AI include
capability include the ability to think, to
reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate by its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of
Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.
 Artificial Intelligence type-2:
Based on functionality
1. Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic
types of Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past
experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current
scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
• IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of
reactive machines.
• Google's AlphaGo is also an example of
reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory

• Limited memory machines can store past

experiences or some data for a short period of time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited
time period only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of
Limited Memory systems. These cars can store
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate
the road.
3. Theory of Mind

• Theory of Mind AI should understand the human

emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact
socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not developed,
but researchers are making lots of efforts and
improvement for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness

• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial

Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than human
mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still
and it is a hypothetical concept.
Application of AI
1. AI in Astronomy:
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works,
origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare:
• In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the
healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
• Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis
than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when
patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before
hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming:
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of
possible places.
4. AI in Finance:
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance
industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm
trading, and machine learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security:
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing
very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe
and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to
determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media:
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of
user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI
can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to
identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel &Transport:
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing
various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries
are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with
customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry:
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user
for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent
virtual assistant.
Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which
can make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots
are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the
help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their
own experiences without pre-programmed.
Humanoid Robots -are best examples for AI in robotics, Sophia
10. AI in Entertainment:
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture:
Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this
field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce:
AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size,
color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot
can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.
 Machine Learning
• Machine learning is an application of artificial
intelligence (AI)
• It provides systems the ability to automatically
learn and improve from experience.
• Machine learning focuses on the development of
computer programs that can access data and use
it learn for themselves.
• The process of learning begins with observations
or data.
• Example:-
– Amazon-for selection of product.
– Netflix-to provide suggestion for movies/series.
 Deep Learning

• Deep learning is an AI function.

• It imitates the workings of the human brain in processing data and

creating patterns for use in decision making.

• Deep learning is a subset of machine learning in artificial

intelligence (AI) that has networks capable of learning
unsupervised from data that is unstructured or unlabeled.
• Example:-
– Automatic car driving system
Applications of machine learning and deep learning:

• Computer vision which is used for facial recognition and attendance

mark through fingerprints or vehicle identification through number
plate.

• Information retrival from search engines like text search for image
search.

• Automated mail marketing with specified target identification.

• Medical diagnosis with cancer tumors or anomaly identification of

any chronic disease.

• Natural language processingfor application like photo tagging

• Eg,instagram,facebook
 Machine Learning Deep Learning

Data Excellent performances Excellent performance on a big

Dependencies on a small/medium dataset
dataset
Hardware Work on a low-end Requires powerful machine,
dependencies machine. preferably with GPU: DL
performs a significant amount
of matrix multiplication

Feature Need to understand the No need to understand the

engineering features that represent best feature that represents
the data the data
Execution From few minutes to Up to weeks. Neural Network
time hours needs to compute a significant
number of weights
Interpretabilit Some algorithms are Difficult to impossible
y easy to interpret
(logistic, decision tree),
some are almost
impossible (SVM,
XGBoost)