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    Shunt Voltage Regulator

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    Samuel mutinda
    The document describes the operation of a shunt voltage regulator circuit, which regulates the output voltage Vo by varying the base current of a transistor such that Vo is dependent on the reference voltage vz and resistor values R1 and R2. The shunt voltage regulator has advantages of being short circuit proof, having a fast response and low output ripple, but disadvantages of poor efficiency at high loads and high output impedance. Applications include use in low voltage switching power supplies, current sources, and precision voltage references.

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    Shunt Voltage Regulator

    Uploaded by

    Samuel mutinda
    23 views4 pages
    The document describes the operation of a shunt voltage regulator circuit, which regulates the output voltage Vo by varying the base current of a transistor such that Vo is dependent on the reference voltage vz and resistor values R1 and R2. The shunt voltage regulator has advantages of being short circuit proof, having a fast response and low output ripple, but disadvantages of poor efficiency at high loads and high output impedance. Applications include use in low voltage switching power supplies, current sources, and precision voltage references.

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    The document describes the operation of a shunt voltage regulator circuit, which regulates the output voltage Vo by varying the base current of a transistor such that Vo is dependent on the reference voltage vz and resistor values R1 and R2. The shunt voltage regulator has advantages of being short circuit proof, having a fast response and low output ripple, but disadvantages of poor efficiency at high loads and high output impedance. Applications include use in low voltage switching power supplies, current sources, and precision voltage references.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views4 pages

    Shunt Voltage Regulator

    Uploaded by

    Samuel mutinda
    The document describes the operation of a shunt voltage regulator circuit, which regulates the output voltage Vo by varying the base current of a transistor such that Vo is dependent on the reference voltage vz and resistor values R1 and R2. The shunt voltage regulator has advantages of being short circuit proof, having a fast response and low output ripple, but disadvantages of poor efficiency at high loads and high output impedance. Applications include use in low voltage switching power supplies, current sources, and precision voltage references.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR

    R
    V1
    I1 I2
    R3 R1 Ish IL

    Vo
    vz Vo RL
    Ib

    R2

    Figure 1: The Shunt Voltage Regulator

    Consider output voltage 𝑉𝑜 ′

    𝑽′𝒐 = (𝜷𝑽𝒐 − 𝒗𝒛 )𝑨𝒅 (𝟏)

    where
    𝑹𝟐
    𝜷=
    𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

    𝑽𝒐 ′
    𝑰𝒃 = (𝟐)
    𝒉𝒊𝒆

    𝑨𝒅
    ∴ 𝑰𝒃 = (𝜷𝑽𝒐 − 𝒗𝒛 ) (𝟑)
    𝒉𝒊𝒆

    𝑰𝒔𝒉 = 𝑰𝒃 𝒉𝒇𝒆 (𝟒)

    𝑨𝒅
    𝑰𝒔𝒉 = (𝜷𝑽𝒐 − 𝒗𝒛 ) 𝒉 (𝟓)
    𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝒇𝒆

    Now

    𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑹(𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝑳 ) (𝟔)

    𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝒅 𝑽𝒐
    𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑹 ( + [𝜷𝑽𝒐 − 𝒗𝒛 ] 𝒉𝒇𝒆 + ) (𝟕)
    𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐 𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝑹𝑳
    𝑹𝑽𝒐 𝑹𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆 𝑹𝑽𝒐
    𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝟏 − − [𝜷𝑽𝒐 − 𝒗𝒛 ] − (𝟖)
    𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝑹𝑳

    𝑹𝑽𝒐 𝑹𝑽𝒐 𝑹𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆 𝑹𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆


    𝑽𝒐 + + + 𝜷𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒗𝒛 (𝟗)
    𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝑳 𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒆

    𝑹 𝑹 𝑹𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆


    𝑽𝒐 [𝟏 + + + ⋅ ] = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝒗𝒛 (𝟏𝟎)
    𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝑳 𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝒉𝒊𝒆

    𝑹𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆
    𝑽𝟏 + 𝒗𝒛
    𝒉𝒊𝒆
    𝑽𝒐 = (𝟏𝟏)
    𝑹 𝑹 𝑹𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆 𝑹𝟐
    𝟏+ + + ⋅
    𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹 𝑳 𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

    dividing the numerator and denominator by R

    𝑽𝟏 𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆
    + 𝒗
    𝑹 𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝒛
    𝑽𝒐 = (𝟏𝟐)
    𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒇𝒆 𝑹𝟐
    𝑹 + 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝑳 + 𝒉𝒊𝒆 ⋅ 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

    dividing the numerator and denominator by 𝐴𝑑

    𝑽𝟏 𝒉𝒇𝒆
    𝑹𝑨𝒅 𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝒗𝒛
    +
    𝑽𝒐 = (𝟏𝟑)
    𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒉𝒇𝒆 𝑹𝟐
    𝑹𝑨𝒅 + (𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 )𝑨𝒅 + 𝑹𝑳 𝑨𝒅 + 𝒉𝒊𝒆 ⋅ 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

    since 𝐴𝑑 ≥ 100,000

    𝒉𝒇𝒆
    𝒗
    𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝒛
    𝑽𝒐 = (𝟏𝟒)
    𝒉𝒇𝒆 𝑹𝟐
    ⋅
    𝒉𝒊𝒆 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

    dividing the numerator and denominator by ℎ𝑓𝑒 /ℎ𝑖𝑒

    𝒗𝒛 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
    𝑽𝒐 = = 𝒗𝒛 ( ) (𝟏𝟓)
    𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐
    𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

    𝑹𝟏
    = 𝒗𝒛 (𝟏 + ) (𝟏𝟔)
    𝑹𝟐

    Thus from (16) the following inferences can be made

    1. 𝑉𝑜 is only dependent on the values of 𝑣𝑧 , 𝑅1 , and 𝑅2


    2. 𝑉𝑜 is independent of 𝑅𝐿 and 𝑉1 the unregulated input voltage
    3. 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 − 𝑅(𝐼2 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ + 𝐼𝐿 )

    From (3.) when 𝐼𝐿 = 0

    𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑹(𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝟎) (𝒂)

    when 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿𝑀𝐴𝑋

    𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑹(𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝑳𝑴𝑨𝑿 ) (𝒃)

    for (a) and (b) to be the same, 𝐼𝑠ℎ = 0 and 𝐼𝐿𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ

    i.e. 𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑹(𝑰𝟐 + 𝟎 + 𝑰𝒔𝒉 )

    4. No load efficiency

    𝑷𝒍
    × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
    𝑷𝒊𝒏

    𝑰 𝑳 𝑽𝒐
    = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
    (𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝑳 )𝑽𝟏

    (𝑰𝑳 = 𝟎)
    ≈ × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟎%
    (𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + (𝑰𝑳 = 𝟎))

    efficiency when 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ

    𝑹
    𝑰𝒔𝒉 𝑽𝒐 𝒗𝒛 (𝟏 + 𝑹𝟏 )
    𝟐
    ≈ ⋅ × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
    𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝒔𝒉 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏

    where 𝐼2 ≪ 𝐼𝑠ℎ
    Advantages
    i. Short circuit proof
    ii. Very fast response to input transient
    iii. Has good regulation i.e. very low output ripple
    iv. No RFI/EMI emissions as devices are not operated as switches
    v. Low cost due to simple circuit implementation and lends itself to IC fabrication
    (low parts count).

    Disadvantages
    i. It has poor efficiency for large load currents
    1
    ii. It has high output impedance (note // 𝑅𝑠 )
    ℎ𝑜𝑒
    iii. The output DC voltage is not absolutely constant because 𝑣𝑧 varies slightly with
    temperature
    iv. 𝑉𝑜 must be less than 𝑉𝑖
    v. Isolation between input and output is not possible
    Applications
    i. Low output voltage switching power supplies
    ii. Current source and sink circuits
    iii. Error amplifiers
    iv. Adjustable voltage or current linear and switching power supplies
    v. Voltage monitoring
    vi. Analog and digital circuits that require precision references
    vii. Precision current limiters

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