Chapter 2 Mathematics - Class 12 - Formula - Sheet

Inverse Trigonometric Function
Understanding Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse trigonometric functions, often referred to as anti trigonometric functions,
arcus functions, or cyclometric functions, play a pivotal role in mathematics,
especially in areas such as geometry, engineering, and physics. These functions,
which include the inverses of sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and
cotangent, are instrumental in determining the angles of a triangle based on
trigonometric ratios. They are typically denoted with an "arc" prefix, for instance,
arcsin(x), arccos(x), arctan(x), arccsc(x), arcsec(x), and arccot(x), and are essential
for calculating the measures of angles when the lengths of the triangle's sides are
known.
Definition and Notation
The concept of inverse trigonometric functions revolves around reversing the
trigonometric operation. If we have a function y = f(x), its inverse x = g(y) is
represented as g = f^-1, indicating that if y = f(x), then x = f^-1(y). This relationship
ensures that f(g(y)) = y and g(f(x)) = x, maintaining the integrity of the original
values through the inversion process.
Practical Example
A common example of an inverse trigonometric function is x = sin^-1(y), which
calculates the angle whose sine is y.
Domain and Range
Each inverse trigonometric function has a specific domain and range that define its
inputs and outputs. These constraints are crucial for ensuring the functions
operate within their mathematically defined boundaries.
Function Domain Range

s
sin-1 x [-1, 1] [-π/2, π/2]
cos-1x [-1, 1] [0, π/2]
tan-1 x R (-π/2, π/2)
cosec-1 x R-(-1,1) [-π/2, π/2]
sec-1 x R-(-1,1) [0,π]-{ π/2}
cot-1 x R [-π/2, π/2]-{0}
Important Formulae
S.No Inverse Trigonometric Formulas

1 sin-1(-x) = -sin-1(x), x ∈ [-1, 1]
2 cos-1(-x) = π -cos-1(x), x ∈ [-1, 1]
3 tan-1(-x) = -tan-1(x), x ∈ R
4 cosec-1(-x) = -cosec-1(x), |x| ≥ 1
5 sec-1(-x) = π -sec-1(x), |x| ≥ 1
6 cot-1(-x) = π – cot-1(x), x ∈ R
7 sin-1x + cos-1x = π/2 , x ∈ [-1, 1]
8 tan-1x + cot-1x = π/2 , x ∈ R
9 sec-1x + cosec-1x = π/2 ,|x| ≥ 1
sin-1(1/x) = cosec-1(x), if x ≥ 1 or x ≤ -
10
1
11 cos-1(1/x) = sec-1(x), if x ≥ 1 or x ≤ -1
12 tan-1(1/x) = cot-1(x), x > 0
tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1((x+y)/(1-xy)),
13
if the value xy < 1
tan-1 x – tan-1 y = tan-1((x-y)/(1+xy)),
14
if the value xy > -1
15 2 tan-1 x = sin-1(2x/(1+x2)), |x| ≤ 1
16 2tan-1 x = cos-1((1-x2)/(1+x2)), x ≥ 0
17 2tan-1 x = tan-1(2x/(1-x2)), -1<x<1
18 3sin-1x = sin-1(3x-4x3)
19 3cos-1x = cos-1(4x3-3x)
20 3tan-1x = tan-1((3x-x3)/(1-3x2))
21 sin(sin-1(x)) = x, -1≤ x ≤1
22 cos(cos-1(x)) = x, -1≤ x ≤1
23 tan(tan-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x < ∞.
cosec(cosec-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x ≤ 1 or -1
24
≤x<∞
25 sec(sec-1(x)) = x,- ∞ < x ≤ 1 or 1 ≤ x < ∞

26 cot(cot-1(x)) = x, – ∞ < x < ∞.
27 sin-1(sin θ) = θ, -π/2 ≤ θ ≤π/2
28 cos-1(cos θ) = θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
29 tan-1(tan θ) = θ, -π/2 < θ < π/2
cosec-1(cosec θ) = θ, – π/2 ≤ θ < 0 or 0
30
< θ ≤ π/2
sec-1(sec θ) = θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2 or π/2< θ
31
≤π
32 cot-1(cot θ) = θ, 0 < θ < π
Other Important Formulae

 sin^(-1)(x) + sin^(-1)(y) = sin^(-1)(sqrt(1 - y^2) sqrt(1 - x^2)), if x, y ≥ 0 and
x^2 + y^2 ≤ 1
 sin^(-1)(x) + sin^(-1)(y) = π - sin^(-1)(sqrt(1 - y^2) + y sqrt(1 - x^2)), if x, y ≥ 0

and x^2 + y^2 > 1.
 sin^(-1)(x) - sin^(-1)(y) = sin^(-1)(sqrt(1 - y^2) - y sqrt(1 - x^2)), if x, y ≥ 0 and
x^2 + y^2 ≤ 1.
 sin^(-1)(x) - sin^(-1)(y) = π - sin^(-1)(sqrt(1 - y^2) - y sqrt(1 - x^2)), if x, y ≥ 0

and x^2 + y^2 > 1.
 cos^(-1)(x) + cos^(-1)(y) = cos^(-1)(xy - sqrt(1 - x^2) sqrt(1 - y^2)), if x, y > 0

and x^2 + y^2 ≤ 1.
 cos^(-1)(x) + cos^(-1)(y) = π - cos^(-1)(xy - sqrt(1 - x^2) sqrt(1 - y^2)), if x, y ≥

0 and x^2 + y^2 > 1.
 cos^(-1)(x) - cos^(-1)(y) = cos^(-1)(xy + sqrt(1 - x^2) sqrt(1 - y^2)), if x, y > 0

and x^2 + y^2 ≤ 1.
 cos^(-1)(x) - cos^(-1)(y) = π - cos^(-1)(xy + sqrt(1 - x^2) sqrt(1 - y^2)), if x, y >

0 and x^2 + y^2 > 1.

Chapter 2 Mathematics - Class 12 - Formula - Sheet

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Chapter 2 Mathematics - Class 12 - Formula - Sheet

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Inverse Trigonometric Function

Understanding Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Function Domain Range

S.No Inverse Trigonometric Formulas

15 2 tan-1 x = sin-1(2x/(1+x2)), |x| ≤ 1

25 sec(sec-1(x)) = x,- ∞ < x ≤ 1 or 1 ≤ x < ∞

Other Important Formulae

 sin^(-1)(x) + sin^(-1)(y) = π - sin^(-1)(sqrt(1 - y^2) + y sqrt(1 - x^2)), if x, y ≥ 0

 sin^(-1)(x) - sin^(-1)(y) = π - sin^(-1)(sqrt(1 - y^2) - y sqrt(1 - x^2)), if x, y ≥ 0

 cos^(-1)(x) + cos^(-1)(y) = cos^(-1)(xy - sqrt(1 - x^2) sqrt(1 - y^2)), if x, y > 0

 cos^(-1)(x) + cos^(-1)(y) = π - cos^(-1)(xy - sqrt(1 - x^2) sqrt(1 - y^2)), if x, y ≥

 cos^(-1)(x) - cos^(-1)(y) = cos^(-1)(xy + sqrt(1 - x^2) sqrt(1 - y^2)), if x, y > 0

 cos^(-1)(x) - cos^(-1)(y) = π - cos^(-1)(xy + sqrt(1 - x^2) sqrt(1 - y^2)), if x, y >

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