Chapter 15

Line and Surface Integral

Contents
15.1 Line Integral 3

15.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integral and Independent path 13

15.3 Green’s Theorem 17

15.4 Surface Integral 22
15.4.1 Surface Integral of Scalar Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
15.4.2 Surface Integral of Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
15.5 Stoke’s Theorem and Divergence’s Theorem 31

15.6 Exercise 40

A line integral sometimes called a path integral. It is the integral of some function along a curve. One
can integrate a real-valued function along a curve. The mass of a wire from its density can be taken as an
example an example. One can also integrate a certain type of vector-valued functions along a curve. These
vector-valued functions are the ones where the input and output dimensions are the same, and we usually
represent them as vector fields. Furthermore, a surface integral is a generalization of multiple integrals
to integration over surfaces. It can be thought as the double integral analog of the line integral. Given a
surface, one may integrate over its scalar fields; that is, functions which return scalars as values and vector
fields which return vectors as values. Surface integrals have applications in physics, particularly with the
theories of classical electromagnetism.

15.1 Line Integral

Line integral is a generalization of the definite single integral. Instead of integrating a function over an inter-
val [a, b], we will integrate over a curve C in space. Such an integral is called a line integral.
Definition 15.1.1 The integral of f along C with respect to the arc length defined by
Z
f (x, y) ds
C

where C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t) j, a ≤ t ≤ b, ds = kr0 (t)k dt and f (x, y) be a continuous function defined

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2 Line and Surface Integral

in a domain containing C. Thus,

Z Z b
f (x, y) ds = f (r)kr0 (t)k dt, where a ≤ t ≤ b, kdtk = dt
a
C
Z b r
dx 2 dy
= f (x(t), y(t)) ( ) + ( )2 dt
a dt dt
Z
The value of the line integral f ds depends on f and C, but not on the particular way C is paramerized.
C
Z
 Example 15.1 Let C be the line segement from (0, 0, 0) to (1, −3, 2). Find (x + y2 − 2z) ds.
C
Solution: We first need parametric √ equation to represent C by r(t) = ti − 3t j + 2tk, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. So
r0 (t) = i − 3 j + 2k and kr0 (t)k = 14. Therefore,
Z Z √
(x + y2 − 2z) ds = (t + 9t 2 − 4t) 14 dt
C C
√ 3
= 14(− t 2 + 3t 3 )|10
2
3√
= 14
2

Z
 Example 15.2 Evaluate (2 + x2 y) ds, where C is the upper half of the unit circle traversed in the
C
counterclockwise sense.
Solution: We first need parametric equations to represent C by
x = cost and y = sint
and upper half of the circle is described by parameter interval 0 ≤ t ≤ π. Therefore,

Figure 15.1: Semi-circular curves

r
dx 2 dy
Z Z π
2 2
(2 + x y) ds = (2 + cos t sint) ( ) + ( )2 dt
0 dt dt
C
Z π p
= (2 + cos2 t sint) sin2 t + cos2 t dt
0
Z π
= (2 + cos2 t sint) dt
0
cos3 t π
= [2t − ]
3 0
2
= 2π +
3

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15.1 Line Integral 3

Definition 15.1.2 A piecewise smooth curve C is a union of a finite number of smooth curves
C1 ,C2 , · · · ,Cn , where the initial point of Ci+1 is the terminal point of Ci , i = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1. In that
case, we write C = C1 +C2 + · · · +Cn . Then the integral f along C is defined to be
Z Z Z Z
f (x, y) ds = f (x, y) ds + f (x, y) ds + · · · + f (x, y) ds
C C1 C2 Cn

Figure 15.2: C is the union of curves

Definition 15.1.3 Given a smooth curve C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t) j, a ≤ t ≤ b.

Z Z b
1. f (x, y) dx = f (x(t), y(t))x0 (t) dt is a line integral of f along C with respect to x.
a
C
Z Z b
2. f (x, y) dy = f (x(t), y(t))y0 (t) dt is a line integral of f along C with respect to y.
a
C
Z
 Example 15.3 Evaluate 2x ds, where C consists of the arc C1 of the parabola y = x2 from (0, 0) to
C
(1, 1) followed by the vertical line segment C2 from (1, 1) to (1, 2).
Solution: The curve C is shown in figure below, C1 is the graph of a function of x, so we can choose x as
the parametric and the equations for C1 become

x = x, y = x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

Therefore,
Z 1 r
dx 2 dy
Z
2x ds = 2x ( ) + ( )2 dx
0 dx dx
C1
Z 1 p
= 2x 1 + 4x2 dx
0
1 2 3
= ( (1 + 4x2 ) 2 )|10
4√3
5 5−1
=
6

on C2 we choose y as the parametric, so the equation of C2 are

x = 1, y = y, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2

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4 Line and Surface Integral

Figure 15.3: C is the union of C1 and C2

and

s
Z 2
dx 2 dy
Z
2x ds = 2(1) ( ) + ( )2 dy
1 dy dy
C2
Z 2
= 2 dy
1
= 2

Thus

√ √
5 5−1 5 5 + 11
Z Z Z
2x ds = 2x ds + 2x ds = +2 =
6 6
C C1 C2

Definition 15.1.4 The line integral of a function f (x, y, z) along a space curve C is given by
Z Z b
f (x, y, z) ds = f (r)kr0 (t)k dt
a
C
Z b r
dx 2 dy dz
= f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) ( ) + ( )2 + ( )2 dt
a dt dt dt
where a ≤ t ≤ b, kdtk = dt or
Z Z b
1. f (x, y, z) dx = f (x(t), y(t), z(t))x0 (t) dt is a line integral of f along C with respect to x.
a
C
Z Z b
2. f (x, y, z) dy = f (x(t), y(t), z(t))y0 (t) dt is a line integral of f along C with respect to y.
a
C
Z Z b
3. f (x, y, z) dz = f (x(t), y(t), z(t))z0 (t) dt is a line integral of f along C with respect to z.
a
C

Z
 Example 15.4 Evaluate y sin z ds, where C is the circular helix r(t) = (cost, sint,t), t ∈ [0, 2π].
C

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15.1 Line Integral 5

Solution:
Z 2π r
dx 2 dy dz
Z
y sin z ds = (sint) sint ( ) + ( )2 + ( )2 dt
0 dt dt dt
C
Z 2π p
= sin2 t sin2 t + cos2 t + 1 dt
0
√ Z 2π 1
= 2 (1 − cos 2t) dt
2
√ 0
2 1
= [t − sin 2t]2π
0
√2 2
= 2π

Definition 15.1.5 Let F be a continuous vector field defined on a domain containing a smooth curve
C given by a vector function r(t), t ∈ [a, b]. The line integral of F along the curve C is
Z Z b
F · dr = F(r(t)) · r0 (t) dt
a
C

Z Z
Remark 15.1.1 1. F · dr = − F · dr as r0 (t) changes sign in −C.
−C C
2. Suppose F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)i + g(x, y, z) j + h(x, y, z)k and C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t) j + z(t)k,t ∈
Z Z b
[a, b], then F · dr = f (x, y, z)dx + g(x, y, z)dy + h(x, y, z)dz
a
C
Z
 Example 15.5 Find z2 dx + y dy + 2y dz, where C consists of the arc C1 of the intersection of the
C
cylinder x2 + y2 = 16 and the plane z = 3 from (0, 4, 3) to (−4, 0, 3) and C2 is a line segment from
(−4, 0, 3) to (0, 1, 5).
Solution: Since C1 is the intersection of the cylinder x2 + y2 = 16 and the plane z = 3, the parammetric
equation of C1 will be
x = 4 cost, y = 4 sint, z = 3
π
Here the point (0, 4, 3) corresponding to t = 2 and the point (−4, 0, 3) corresponding to t = π. So the
parametric equation can be rewritten as
π
≤t ≤π
x = 4 cost, y = 4 sint, z = 3 for
2
π
dx = −4 sint dt, dy = 4 cost dt, dz = 0 for ≤ t ≤ π
2
Thus,
Z Z π
z2 dx + y dy + 2y dz = π
(3)2 (−4 sint dt) + (4 sint)(4 cost dt) + 2(4 sint)(0)
2
C1
Z π
= π
(−36 sint + 16 sint cost) dt
2
= −36 − 8
= −44

The parametric representation of a line which is passing through (−4, 0, 3) to (0, 1, 5) is

x = −4 + 4t, y = t, z = 3 + t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

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6 Line and Surface Integral

So, on this line segement dx = 4 dt, dy = dt and dz = 2 dt.

Thus,
Z Z 1
2
z dx + y dy + 2y dz = (3 + 2t)2 4 dt + t dt + 2t(2 dt)
0
C2
Z 1
= (16t 2 + 53t + 36) dt
0
407
=
6
Therefore,
Z Z Z
z2 dx + y dy + 2y dz = z2 dx + y dy + 2y dz + z2 dx + y dy + 2y dz
C C1 C2
407
= −40 +
6
167
=
6

Z
 Example 15.6 Evaluate F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = (xy, yz, zx) and C is the curve r(t) = (t,t 2 ,t 3 ), t ∈
C
[0, 1].
Solution: We have

r(t) = ti + t 2 j + t 3 k
r0 (t) = i + 2t j + 3t 2 k
F(r(t)) = t 3 i + t 5 j + t 4 k

Thus

Figure 15.4: F(x, y, z) = (xy, yz, zx)

Z Z 1
F · dr = F(r(t)) · r0 (t) dt
0
C
Z 1
= (t 3 + 5t 6 ) dt
0
t4 5t 7 1
= + |
4 7 0
27
=
28


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15.1 Line Integral 7
Z
 Example 15.7 Evaluate y dx + xy dy, where C is the circle x2 + y2 = 4, oriented counterclockwise.
C
Solution: The circle is paramerized by

r(t) = 2 costi + 2 sint j for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

Consequently,
Z Z 2π
y dx + xy dy = ((2 sint)(−2 sint) + (2 cost)(2 sint)(2 cost)) dt
0
C
Z 2π
= 4 (− sin2 t + 2 cos2 t sint) dt
0
Z 2π
1 1
= 4 (− + cos 2t + 2 cos2 t sint) dt
2 2
0
1 1 2
= 4[− t + sin 2t − cos3 t]|2π
0
2 4 3
= −4π


Z
2
 Example 15.8 Evaluate y dx + x dy, where
C
1. C = C1 is the segment from (−5, −3) to (0, 2)
2. C = C2 is the arc of the parabola x = 4 − y2 from (−5, −3) to (0, 2)

Figure 15.5: C is the union of C1 and C2

Solution:
1. A parametric representation for the line segment is

x = 5t − 5, y = 5t − 3, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

Then dx = 5dt, dy = 5dt and then

Z Z 1
y2 dx + x dy = (5t − 3)2 (5dt) + (5t − 5)(5 dt)
0
C1
Z 1
= 5 (25t 2 − 25t + 4) dt
0
25t 3 25t 2
= 5[ − + 4t]|10
3 2
5
= −
6

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8 Line and Surface Integral

2. Since the parabola is given as a function of y, let’s take y as the parametric and write C2 as

x = 4 − y2 , y = y, −3 ≤ y ≤ 2

Then dx = −2y dy. We have

Z Z 2
y2 dx + x dy = y2 (−2y)dy + (4 − y2 ) dy
−3
C2
Z 2
= (−2y3 − y2 + 4) dy
−3
y4 y3
= [− − + 4y]|2−3
2 3
5
= 40 6


Z
 Example 15.9 Evaluate y dx + z dy + x dz, C consists of the line segment C1 from (2, 0, 0) to (3, 4, 5),
C
followed by the vertical line segment C2 from (3, 4, 5) to (3, 4, 2).

Figure 15.6: C is the union of C1 and C2

Solution: The curve C is shown in figure. We write C1 in parametric form as

x = 2 + t, y = 4t, z = 5t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

Thus
Z Z 1
y dx + z dy + x dz = (4t)dt + (5t)4 dt + (2 + t)5 dt
0
C1
Z 1
= (10 + 29t) dt
0
t2
= 10t + 29 |10
2
= 24.5

Likewise, C2 can be written in the form in parametric form as

x = 3, y = 4, z = 5 − 5t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

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15.1 Line Integral 9

Then dx = 0 = dy, so
Z Z 1
y dx + z dy + x dz = (4t) dt + (5t) 4dt + (2 + t)5 dt
0
C2
Z 1
= 3(−5) dt
0
= −15
Adding the values of these integrals, we obtain
Z
y dx + z dy + x dz = 24.5 − 15 = 9.5
C

Z
2
 Example 15.10 Evaluate xy dx + 3xz dy − 5x yz dz, if C is the twisted cubic curve paramerized by
C

r(t) = ti + t 2 j + t 3 k for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
Solution: In r(t) = x(t)i + y(t) j + z(t)k we have x(t) = t, y(t) = t 2 and z(t) = t 3 . So, x0 (t) = 1, y0 (t) = 2t
and z0 (t) = 3t 2 . Therefore
Z Z 1
xy dx + 3xz dy − 5x2 yz dz = (t 3 + 6t 2 − 15t 9 ) dt
0
C
t2 3
= ( + t 6 − t 10 )|10
4 2
1 3
= +1−
4 2
1
= −
4


Definition 15.1.6 If F represent the force acting on a particle moving along an arc AB, then the work
done during the small displacement δ r is F · δ r. Therefore, the total work done by F during the
displacement from A at B is given by Z
WT = F · dr
AB

 Example 15.11 Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = x2 i − xy j in moving a particle along
the quarter-circle r(t) = costi + sint j, 0 ≤ t ≤ π2 .

Figure 15.7: F(x, y) = x2 i − xy j

Solution: Since x = cost and y = sint, we have

F(r(t)) = cos2 ti − cost sint j and
r0 (t) = − sinti + cost j

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10 Line and Surface Integral

Therefore, the work done is

Z Z π
2
F · dr = F(r(t)) · r0 (t) dt
0
C
Z π
2
= −2 cos2 t sint dt
0
cos3 t π2
= 2 |
3 0
2
= −
3


 Example 15.12 A particle moves upward along the circular helix C paramerized by

r(t) = costi + sint j + tk for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

under a force give F(x, y, z) = −zyi + zx j + xyk. Find the work done on the particle by the force.
Solution: In C : r(t) = costi + sint j + tk for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π here x(t) = cost, y(t) = sint, z(t) = t. So,
r0 (t) = − sinti + cost j + k. Therefore,
Z
WT = F · dr
C
Z 2π
= F(x(t), y(t), z(t)).r0 (t)
0
Z 2π
= (t sinti + t cost j + sint costk) · (− sinti + cost j + k) dt
0

Z 2π
= (t sin2 t + t cos2 t + sint cost) dt
0
Z 2π
= (t + sint cost) dt
0
Z 2π Z 2π
= tdt + sint cost dt
0 0
t 2 1
Z 2π
= |2π + sin(2t) dt
2 0 2 0
4π 2 1
= − cos(2t)|20 π
2 4
= 2π 2


 Example 15.13 Assume that the particles in the above example moves under the same force and with
the same initial and terminal points, but along the line segement C paramerized by r(t) = i + tk for
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Find the work W done by the force.
Solution: Here x(t) = 1, y(t) = 0 and z(t) = t. So, r0 (t) = k. Therefore,
Z
WT = F · dr
C
Z 2π
= F(x(t), y(t), z(t)).r0 (t)
0
Z 2π
= (−(t)(0)i + (t)(1) j + (1)(0)k)k dt
0
Z 2π
= 0 dt
0
= 0

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15.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integral and Independent path 11

Notice that from the above two examples we observe that a given force may perform different amount of
work if the paths along which it acts are different.

15.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integral and Independent

path
Z Z Z
Definition 15.2.1 The line integral F · dr is independent of path D if F · dr = F · dr for any
C C1 C2
two paths C1 and C2 in D that have the same initial and terminal points, where F be a continuous
vector field with domain D.
Z Z
Theorem 15.2.1 F · dr is independent of path D if F · dr = 0 for every closed path in D.
C C

Definition 15.2.2 A subset D in R2 or R3 is said to be open if for any point p in D, there is a disk(ball)
with center at p that lies entirely in D. This means D does not contain any boundary points.

Definition 15.2.3 A simple curve is a curve which does not intersect itself.

Figure 15.8: Simple and non simple curves

Definition 15.2.4 A subset D in R2 or R3 is said to be connected if any two points in D can be joined
by a path that lies in D.

Definition 15.2.5 A simple-connected region in the plane is a connected region such that every simple
closed curve in D encloses only points that are in D.

Theorem 15.2.2 A continuous vector field F is said to be conservative if there exist a function f such
that 5 f = F.

Theorem 15.2.3 Suppose F is a vector field that is continuous on an open connected region D. If
R
CF · dr is independent of path in D, then F is conservative; that is, there exist a function f such that

5f = F

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12 Line and Surface Integral

Figure 15.9: Simple and non simple connected region

Theorem 15.2.4 Let F(x, y) = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y) j be a vector field on D ⊂ R2 , where P and Q have
continuous partial derivatives in D. If F is conservative, then

∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x

Theorem 15.2.5 Let F(x, y) = P(x, y)i+Q(x, y) j be a vector field on a simple connected region D ⊂ R2 .
∂P ∂Q
Suppose that P and Q have continuous first-order derivatives and ∂y = ∂x throughout D, then F is
conservative.

 Example 15.14 Determine whether or not the vector field

F(x, y) = (x − y)i + (x − 2) j

is conservative.
Solution: Let P(x, y) = x − y and Q(x, y) = x − 2. Then

∂P ∂Q
= −1 and =1
∂y ∂x
∂P ∂Q
since ∂y 6= ∂x , F is not conservative. 

 Example 15.15 Determine whether the vector field F(x, y) = (3 + 2xy)i + (x2 − 3y2 ) j is conservative.
Solution: Let P(x, y) = 3 + 2xy and Q(x, y) = x2 − 3y2 . Then

∂P ∂Q
= 2x =
∂y ∂x
Also, the domain of F is the entire plane, which is open and simply-connected. Therefore, F is conservative.


Theorem 15.2.6 The line integral

Z Z
f · dr = P dx + Q dy + R dz
C C

with continuous P, Q and R in a domain D in space is path independent in D if and only if F = (P, Q, R)
is the gradiant of some function f in D; that is, F = grad f . Thus, P = ∂∂ xf , Q = ∂∂ yf and R = ∂∂ zf .

Theorem 15.2.7 The Fundamental Theorem for line integral

Let C be a smooth curve given by r(t), t ∈ [a, b]. Let f be a function of 2 or 3 variables whose gradient

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15.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integral and Independent path 13

5 f is continuous. Then Z
5 f · dr = f (r(b)) − f (r(a))
C
Z Z
 Example 15.16 Show that the integral F · dr = 2x dx + 2y dy + 4z dz is path independent in any
C C
domain in space and find its value in the integral from (0, 0, 0) to (2, 2, 2).
Solution: F = (2x, −2y, 4z) = grad f , where f = x2 + y2 + 2z2 , because curl F = 0. Hence the integral is
independent of path and
Z B
F · dr = f (B) − f (A) = 4 + 4 + 8 = 16
A


 Example 15.17 Let C be the curve from (1, −1, − 21 ) to (1, 1, 12 ) paramerized by

5 t
r(t) = − cos(πt 4 )i + t 3 j + √ k for − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1
1 + t2

and F(x, y, z) = (2xy + z2 )i + x2 j + (2xz + π cos(πz))k. Evaluate C F · dr.

R

Solution: Here curl F = 0. This implies that F is conservative; that is F = 5 f , there f (x, y, z) =
x2 y + xz2 + sin(πz). Therefore,
Z Z
F · dr = 5 f · dr
C C
= f (x(t), y(t), z(t))|t=1
t=−1
1 1
= f (1, 1, ) − f (1, −1, − )
2 2
1 1
= (1 + + 1) − (−1 + − 1)
4 4
= 4

 Example 15.18 Let C be the portion of the parabola y = x2 with initial point (0, 0) and terminal point
(2, 4) and let F(x, y) = y3 i + 3xy2 j. Find F · dr.
R
C
Solution: F = 5 f if f (x, y) = xy3 + c. Consequently
Z
F · dr = f (2, 4) − f (0, 0) = 128
C

Theorem 15.2.8 The following statement are equivalent

1. Z
F is conservative on D
2. F · dr is independent of path in D.
C
Z
3. F · dr = 0 for any closed path C in D.
C

Now when we need to evaluate a line integral we have a choice of methods. Those are
• Method 1: The line integral on the curve C : r(t) = x(t)i + y(t) j, for a ≤ t ≤ b is given by
Z Z b
F · dr = F(x(t), y(t), z(t)) · r0 (t) dt
a
C

This method does not require the potential function.

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14 Line and Surface Integral

• Method 2: If F is conservative and we can easily determine the potential function

Z Z
F · dr = 5 f · r0 (t) dt = f (x(b), y(b)) − f (x(a), y(a))
C C

This method require the potential function.

• Method 3: If F is conservative we can use method 1, but use a simple path since if F is conservative
it is path independent.
Z
 Example 15.19 Evaluate F · dr, where F(x, y) = (xy2 , x2 y).
C

Figure 15.10: Curve C

Solution: Here F(x, y) = (xy2 , x2 y), then the curve from the figure
• Method 1: The curve C is the combination of two curves C1 along y = 32 x and C2 along y = 3; that
is
(t, 32 t) 0 ≤ t ≤ 2

r(t) =
(t, 3) 2 ≤ t ≤ 3
Therefore,
Z Z Z
F · dr = F · dr + F · dr
C C1 C2
Z 1 Z 3
9 3 3
= ( t 3 , t 3 ) · (1, )dt + (9t, 3t 2 ) · (1, 0) dt
0 4 2 2 2
Z 9 Z 3
2
= t 3 dt + 9t dt
0 2
9 t4 2 t2
= ( )|0 + 9( )|32
2 4 2
81
= (18 − 0) + ( − 18)
2
81
=
2
• Method 2: The vector field F is conservative, since curl F = 0. So, we have f (x, y) = 12 x2 y2 + c is
the potential function for F. Therefore,
Z
F · dr = f (3, 3) − f (0, 0)
C
81
= −0
2
81
=
2

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15.3 Green’s Theorem 15

• Method 3: Since the vector field F is conservative we can use Method 1 by choising simple path
along the line y = x; that is, r(t) = ti + t j for 0 ≤ t ≤ 3. Therefore,

Z Z 3
F · dr = (t 3 ,t 3 ) · (1, 1) dt
0
C
Z 3
= 2t 3 dt
0
1 43
= t |
2 0
81
=
2

15.3 Green’s Theorem

Green’s theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C and a
double integral over the plane region D which is bounded by C and contains all points in side C and on C.

Figure 15.11: Region D formed by curve C

Theorem 15.3.1 Let C be a positive oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve in the plane and
let D be the region bounded by C. If P(x, y) and Q(x, y) have continuous partial derivatives on open
simple connected region that contains D, then

∂Q ∂P
Z ZZ
P dx + Q dy = ( − )dA
∂x ∂y
C D

Z I
Remark 15.3.2 P dx + Q dy = P dx + Q dy
C C

Z
 Example 15.20 Evaluate x4 dx + xy dy, where C is the triangular curve consisting of the line segment
C
from (0, 0) to (1, 0) and from (1, 0) to (0, 1) and then from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Solution: Notice that the region D enclosed by C is simple and C has positive orientation. If we let

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16 Line and Surface Integral

Figure 15.12: Region D formed by curve C

P(x, y) = x4 and Q(x, y) = xy, then we have

∂Q ∂P
Z ZZ
x4 dx + xy dy = ( − )dA
∂x ∂y
C D
Z 1 Z 1−x
= (y − 0) dy dx
0 0
1
= − (1 − x)3 |10
6
1
=
6

I p
 Example 15.21 Evaluate (3y − esin x ) dx + (7x + y4 + 1) dy, where C is the circle x2 + y2 = 9
C
oriented in the counterclockwise senses.
Solution: The region D bounded by C is the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 9, so let’s change to polar coordinates after
applying Green’s Theorem
I p
(3y − esin x ) dx + (7x + y4 + 1) dy
C
ZZ
∂ p ∂
= [ (7x + y4 + 1) − (3y − esin x )] dA
∂x ∂y
D
Z 2π Z 3
= (7 − 3)r dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π Z 3
= 4 dθ r dr
0 0
= 36π


I
 Example 15.22 Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate −x2 y dx + x3 dy, where C is the circle having
C
radius 2 and oriented counterclockwise.
∂P ∂Q
Solution: Here, P(x, y) = −x2 y and Q(x, y) = x3 . So, ∂y = −x2 and ∂x = 3x2 . Therefore,

∂Q ∂P
I ZZ
−x2 y dx + x3 dy = ( − )dA
∂x ∂y
C D
ZZ
= (3x2 + x2 ) dA
D
ZZ
= 4x2 dA, where D : x2 + y2 ≤ 4
D

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15.3 Green’s Theorem 17
Z 2π Z 2
= 4(r cost)2 r dr dt
0 0
Z 2π Z 2
= 4r3 cos2 t dr dt
0 0
Z 2π Z 2
= cos2 t dt 4r3 dr
0 0
Z 2π
= r4 |20 cos2 t dt
0
Z 2π
= 16 cos2 t dt
0
Z 2π
16
= (1 + cos(2t)) dt
2 0
1
= 8(t + sint)|2π
0
2
= 16π

I
 Example 15.23 Evaluate y2 dx + 3xy dy, where C is the boundary of the semi-annual region D in the
C
upper half-plane between the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4.

Figure 15.13: Semi-annual region D

Solution: Notice that although D is not simple, the y-axis divides it into two simple regions. In polar
coordinates we can write
D = {(r, θ )|1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}
Therefore Green’s Theorem gives
I ZZ
∂ ∂
y2 dx + 3xy dy = [ (3xy) − (y2 )] dA
∂x ∂y
C D
ZZ
= y dA
D
Z πZ 2
= (r sin θ )r dr dθ
0 1
Z π Z 2
= sin θ dθ r2 dr
0 1
1
= [− cos θ ]π0 [ r3 ]21
3
14
=
3


∂Q ∂P
ZZ Z
 Example 15.24 Prove that ( − ) dA = P dx + Q dy, where D is non simple connected
∂x ∂y
D C
regions and C = C1 +C2

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18 Line and Surface Integral

Figure 15.14: Non simple connected region D

Proof: We can extend Green’s Theorem to apply to regions with holes; that is, regions that are not
simply-connected. Observe that the boundary C of the region D in the above figure consists of two simple
connected curves C1 and C2 . We assume that these boundary curves are oriented so that the region D is
always on the left as the curve C is traversed. Thus the positive direction is counterclockwise for the inner
curve C2 . If we divide D into two regions D0 and D00 by means of the lines shown in the figure below

Figure 15.15: Region D0 and D00 from region D

and then apply Green’s Theorem to each of D0 and D00 , we get

∂Q ∂P ∂Q ∂P ∂Q ∂P
ZZ ZZ ZZ
( − ) dA = ( − ) dA + ( − ) dA
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
D D0 D00
Z Z
= Pdx + Qdy + P dx + Q dy
∂ D0 ∂ D00

Since the line integral along the common boundary lines are in opposite direction, they cancel and we get

∂Q ∂P
ZZ Z Z
( − ) dA = Pdx + Qdy + P dx + Q dy
∂x ∂y C2
D C1
Z
= P dx + Q dy
C

Which is Green’s Theorem for the region D. 

Z
 Example 15.25 Show that F · dr = 2π for every simple closed curve that encloses the origin, where
C
y x
F(x, y) = − x2 +y 2 i + x2 +y2 j.
Solution: Since C is an arbitrary closed path that encloses the origin, it is difficult to compute the given
integral directly. So let’s consider a counterclockwise oriented circle C0 with center the origin and radius
a, where a is chosen to be small enough that C0 lies in side C. Let D be the region bounded by C and C0 .

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15.3 Green’s Theorem 19

Figure 15.16: Non simple connected region

Then its positively oriented boundary is C ∪ (−C0 ) and so the general version of Green’s Theorem gives

∂Q ∂P
Z Z ZZ
P dx + Q dy + P dx + Q dy = ( − ) dA
∂x ∂y
C −C0 D

y2 − x2 y2 − x2
ZZ
= ( − ) dA
(x2 + y2 )2 (x2 + y2 )2
D
Z Z
⇒ Pdx + Qdy = P dx + Q dy; that is,
C C0
Z Z
F · dr = F · dr
C C0

We now easily compute this last integral using the parametrization given by r(t) = a costi + a sint j, where
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Thus
Z Z
F · dr = F · dr
C C0
Z 2π
= F(r(t)) · r0 (t) dt
0
Z 2π
(−a sint)(−a sint) + (a cost)(a cost)
= ( ) dt
0 a2 sin2 t + a2 sin2 t
Z 2π
= dt
0
= 2π

Application of Green’s Theorem To find Area

∂Q
The area of the region D in R2 is D 1 dA. Therefore, if we choose P(x, y) and Q(x, y) such that − ∂∂ Py =
RR
∂x
1, then by green’s Theorem we have
ZZ I
Area of D = 1 dA = P dx + Q dy
D ∂D

There are various choices of P and Q that satisfies this requirement. For example
1. P(x, y) = 0, Q(x, y) = x
2. P(x, y) = −y, Q(x, y) = 0
3. P(x, y) = −y y) = 2x
2 , Q(x, I
1
I I
Therefore, Area of D = x dy = − y dx = x dy − y dx, where ∂ D is the curve that bounds the
2
∂D ∂D ∂D
region D.

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20 Line and Surface Integral
2 y2
 Example 15.26 Find the area of the ellipse ax2 + b2 = 1.
Solution: The ellipse has parametric equation x = a cost and y = b sint, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. So, we have
1
Z
A = x dy − y dx
2
C
1 2π
Z
= (a cost)(b cost) dt − (b sint)(−a sint) dt
2 0
ab 2π
Z
= dt
2 0
= πab

15.4 Surface Integral

Definition 15.4.1 A surface is a connected 2 dimensional manifold for example cylinder, the mobius
band(strip) and the torus are example of a surface in addition to plane and sphere.

Definition 15.4.2 The cylinder may be obtained by gluing together two opposite sides of a rectangle.

Figure 15.17: Cylinder

Definition 15.4.3 The Mobius band may be obtained by gluing together two opposite sides of a
rectangle after making one half-twist.

Figure 15.18: Mobius strip

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15.4 Surface Integral 21

Definition 15.4.4 The torus may be obtained by gluing together two open ends of a cylinder.

Figure 15.19: Torus

Definition 15.4.5 There are two basic types of surface

1. Orientable, for example, plane, cylinder, sphere and torus.
2. Non-orientable, for example, the mobius band since it has one sided, no left and right, no
thickness.

Definition 15.4.6 A surface is closed if it is bounded but has no boundary

 Example 15.27 1. The mobius band has boundary which is continuous deformable to a circle and
hence, it is not a closed surface.
2. The plane is clearly not bounded, hence is not a closed surface either.
3. Sphere is the simplest closed surface is sphere.


15.4.1 Surface Integral of Scalar Field

Surface Integral of Scalar Field over Parametrized Surface

Definition 15.4.7 Suppose that a surface S has a vector equation

r(u, v) = x(u, v)i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v)k, where (u, v) ∈ D

If the components are continuous and ru and rv are nonzero and nonparallel in the interior of D, then
the surface integral over S defined as
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS = f (r(u, v))kru × rv k dA
S D

Remember that f (r(u, v)) is evaluated by writing x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v), and z = z(u, v) in the formula
for f (x, y, z).
RR 2
 Example 15.28 Compute the surface integral x dS, where S is the unit sphere.
S
Solution: The parametric representation is

x = sin φ cos θ , y = sin φ sin θ , z = cos φ , 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

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22 Line and Surface Integral

that is, r(φ , θ ) = sin φ cos θ i + sin φ sin θ j + cos φ k. From this, krφ × rθ k = sin φ . Therefore,
ZZ ZZ
x2 dS = (sin φ cos θ )2 krφ × rθ k dA
S D
Z 2π Z π
= sin2 φ cos2 θ sin φ dφ dθ
0 0
Z 2π Z π
= cos2 θ dθ sin3 φ dφ
0 0
Z 2π Z π
= (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ (sin φ − sin φ cos2 φ ) dφ
0 0
1 1 1
= [(θ + sin 2θ )]2π 3 π
0 [− cos φ + cos φ ]0
2 2 3
4π
=
3


Surface Integral of Scalar Field over a Graphs

Definition 15.4.8 Suppose that a surface S with equation z = g(x, y), then the surface integral over S
defined as s
∂g 2 ∂g
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y, g(x, y)) dS = f (x, y, g(x, y)) ( ) + ( )2 + 1 dA
∂x ∂y
S D
ZZ
 Example 15.29 Evaluate y dS, where S is the surface z = x + y2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.
S

Figure 15.20: Surface z = x + y2

∂z ∂z
Solution: Since ∂x = 1 and ∂y = 2y. Then
s
∂z 2 ∂z
ZZ ZZ
y dS = y ( ) + ( )2 + 1 dA
∂x ∂y
S D
Z 1Z 2 p
= y 1 + 1 + 4y2 dy dx
0 0
Z 1 √ Z2 p
= dx 2 y 1 + 2y2 dy
0 0
√ 1 2 3
= 2( ) (1 + 2y2 ) 2 |20
√ 4 3
13 2
=
3


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15.4 Surface Integral 23
ZZ p
 Example 15.30 Evaluate (1 + z) dS, if S is the hemisphere z = 1 − x2 − y2 .
S
y
p
x
Solution: S is the graph of z = 1 − x2 − y2 on D : x2 + y2 ≤ 1. Here gx = − √ , gy = −√
1−x2 −y2 1−x2 −y2
on x2 + y2 ≤ 1. So,
s
∂g 2 ∂g
ZZ ZZ p
(1 + z) dS = lim (1 + 1 − x2 − y2 ) ( ) + ( )2 + 1 dA
b→1− ∂x ∂y
S Db
1
ZZ p
= lim (1 + 1 − x2 − y2 )( p ) dA
b→1− 1 − x 2 − y2
Db
1
ZZ
= lim (p + 1) dA
b→1− 1 − x2 − y2
Db

where Db : x2 + y2 ≤ b, 0 < b < 1

Z 2π Z b
1
= lim (√ + 1)r dr dθ
b→1 − 0 0 1 − r2
Z 2π p 1
= lim (− 1 − r2 + r2 )|b0 dθ
0 b→1 − 2
3 2π
Z
= dθ
2 0
= 3π


ZZ
 Example 15.31 Evaluate yz dS, if S is the part of the plane x + y + z = 1 that lies in the first octant.
S
Solution: S is the graph of g(x, y) = z = 1 − x − y and D : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x. Here gx = −1, gy = −1.
So,
ZZ ZZ q
yz dS = y(1 − x − y) (gx )2 + (gy )2 + 1 dA
S D
ZZ √
= y(1 − x − y) 3 dA
D
Z 1 Z 1−x √
= y(1 − x − y) 3 dy dx
√0 0
3
=
24


Definition 15.4.9 If S is a piecewise-smooth surface; that is, a finite union of smooth surface
S1 , S2 , · · · , Sn that intersect only along their boundaries, then the surface integral of f over S is
defined by ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS = f (x, y, z) dS + · · · + f (x, y, z) dS
S S1 Sn
ZZ
 Example 15.32 Evaluate z dS, where S is the surface whose sides S1 are given by the cylinder
S
x2 + y2 = 1, whose bottom S2 is the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 1 in the plane z = 0, and whose top S3 is the part of
the plane z = 1 + x that lies above S2 .
Solution:
• For S1 we use θ and z parameters and write its parametric equation as

x = cos θ , y = sin θ , z = z where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 + x = 1 + cos θ

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24 Line and Surface Integral

Figure 15.21: Surface formed by S1 , S2 and S3

Therefore, rθ × rz = cos θ i + sin θ j and |rθ × rz | = 1. Thus the surface integral over S1 is

ZZ ZZ
z dS = |rθ × rz | dA
S1 D
Z 2π Z 1+cos θ
= z dz dθ
0 0
Z 2π
1
= (1 + cos θ )2 dθ
0 2
1 2π 1
Z
= (1 + 2 cos θ + (1 + cos 2θ )) dθ
2 0 2
1 3 1
= [ θ + 2 sin θ + sin 2θ ]2π
0
2 2 4
3π
=
2

• Since S2 lies in the plane z = 0, we have

ZZ ZZ
z dS = 0 dS = 0
S2 S2

• The top surface S3 lies above the unit disk D and is part of the plane z = 1 + x. So, taking
g(x, y) = 1 + x and converting in to polar coordinates, we have

s
∂z 2 ∂z
ZZ ZZ
z dS = (1 + x) ( ) + ( )2 + 1 dA
∂x ∂y
S3 D
Z 2π Z 1 √
= (1 + r cos θ ) 1 + 1 + 0r dr dθ
0 0
√ Z 2π Z 1
= 2 (r + r2 cos θ ) dr dθ
0 0
√ Z 1 1 2π
= 2 ( + cos θ ) dθ
0 2 3
√ θ sin θ 2π
= 2[ + ]
√ 2 3 0
= 2π

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15.4 Surface Integral 25

Therefore,
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
z dS = z dS + z dS + z dS
S S1 S2 S3
3π √
= + 0 + 2π
2
3 √
= ( + 2)π
2

ZZ
 Example 15.33 Evaluate f (x, y, z) dS using a parametric surface given by f (x, y, z) = xy and S is
S
x2 + y2 = 4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 8 in the first octant.
Solution: The parametric representation of the surface is
π
r(u, v) = (2 cos u, 2 sin u, v), 0 ≤ u ≤ ,0 ≤ v ≤ 8
2
So, ru = (−2 sin u, 2 cos u, 0) and rv = (0, 0, 1).
i j k
ru × rv = −2 sin u 2 cos u 0
0 0 1
= 2 cos ui + 2 sin u j
p
kru × rv k = 4 cos2 u + 4 sin2 u
= 2
Therefore,
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS = f (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v))kru × rv k dA
S D
Z π Z 8
2
= (2 cos u)(2 sin u)(2) dv du
0 0
Z π Z 8
2
= 8 cos u sin u dv du
0 0
Z π
2
= 8 (cos u sin u)v|80 du
0
Z π
2
= 64 cos u sin u du
0
1 π
= 64( ) sin2 u|02
2
= 32(1 − 0)
= 32


15.4.2 Surface Integral of Vector Fields

It is important to consider the concepts that list here below for the surface integrals of vector fields
1. If it is possible to choose a unit normal vector n at every such point (x, y, z) so that n varies
continuously over S, then S is called an oriented surface and the given choice of n provides S with
an orientation. There are two possible orientation surface.
2. If S is the graph of z = g(x, y), then
−gx −gy 1
n = (q ,q ,q )
g2x + g2y + 1 g2y + g2y + 1 g2x + g2y + 1

is the upward orientation of S because k-component is positive.

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26 Line and Surface Integral

Figure 15.22: Unit normal vector

3. If S is smooth oriented surface given in parametric form by a vector function r = r(u, v) =

(x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)), then it is automatically supplied with the orientation of the unit normal
vector
ru × rv
n=
kru × rv k
4. The opposite orientation is denoted by −n and the corresponding oriented surface is denoted by
−S.
 Example 15.34 Consider the unit sphere with a parametric representation given by

r(φ , θ ) = (ρ sin φ cos θ , ρ sin φ sin θ , ρ cos φ )

where 0 ≤ φ ≤ π and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. For ρ = 1, we have r(φ .θ ) = (sin φ cos θ , sin φ sin θ , cos φ ). Thus we
have

rφ × rθ = (sin2 φ cos θ , sin2 φ sin θ , sin φ cos φ ) and

krφ × rθ k = sin φ

Therefore,
rφ × rθ
n= = (sin φ cos θ , sin φ sin θ , cos φ ) = r(φ , θ )
krφ × rθ k
which is the outward pointing normal. 

Remark 15.4.1 It is convention that for a closed surface E, the positive orientation is the one for
which the normal vectors point outward from E and the inward pointing normal give the negative
orientation. For an orientable surface which is the boundary of a solid region in R3 , it is usually
understand that it is given the positive orientation.

Figure 15.23: Positive orientation

Definition 15.4.10 Let F be a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface S with unit

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15.4 Surface Integral 27

Figure 15.24: Negative orientation

normal vector n. The surface integral of F over S is

ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · ndS
S S

This integral is also called the flux of F over S.

Surface Integral of Vector Fields over Parametrized Surface

If S is a parametric surface defined by a vector function r = r(u, v) : D → R3 , then

ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · n dS
S S
ru × rv
ZZ
= F(r(u, v)) · (kru × rv k) dA
kru × rv k
D
ZZ
= F(r(u, v)) · (ru × rv ) dA
D

 Example 15.35 Find the flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = zi + y j + xk across the unit sphere x2 + y2 +
z2= 1.
Solution: Using the parametric representation

Figure 15.25: x2 + y2 + z2 = 1

x = sin φ cos θ , y = sin φ sin θ , z = cos φ , 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

that is, r(φ , θ ) = sin φ cos θ i+sin φ sin θ j +cos φ k. We have F(r(φ , θ )) = cos φ i+sin φ sin θ j +sin φ cos θ k.
From this, rφ × rθ = sin2 φ cos θ i + sin2 φ sin θ j + sin φ cos φ k. Therefore

F(r(φ , θ )) · (rφ × rθ ) = cos φ sin2 φ cos θ + sin3 φ sin2 θ + sin2 φ cos φ cos θ k

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28 Line and Surface Integral

and the flux is

ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F(r(φ , θ )) · (rφ × rθ ) dA
S D
Z 2π Z π
= (2 cos φ sin2 φ cos θ + sin3 φ sin2 θ ) dφ dθ
0 0
Z π Z 2π Z π Z 2π
= 2 sin2 φ cos φ dφ cos θ dθ + sin3 φ dφ sin2 θ dθ
0 0 0 0
Z π Z 2π
= 0+ sin3 φ dφ sin2 θ dθ
0 0
4π
=
3


Surface Integral of Vector Fields over a Graphs

If S is the graph of a function z = g(x, y) over a region D in the xy-plane, and F = Pi + Q j + Rk, then
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · n dS
S S
(−gx , −gy , 1) q 2
ZZ
= (P, Q, R) · q ( gx + g2y + 1) dA
D g2x + g2y + 1
ZZ
= (P, Q, R) · (−gx , −gy , 1) dA
D
ZZ
= (−Pgx − Qgy + R) dA
D
ZZ
 Example 15.36 Evaluate F · n dS if F = yi − x j + 8k and S is the portion of the paraboloid z =
S
9 − x2 − y2 above the xy-plane and n is directed upward.
Solution: Since g(x, y) = 9 − x2 − y2 , then gx = −2x, gy = −2y and F = yi − x j + 8k. Therefore
ZZ ZZ
F · n dS = D(y, −x, 8) · (−2x, −2y, 1) dA
S S
ZZ
= D8 dA
S
ZZ
= 8 D dA
S
= 8(Area of D:x2 + y2 ≤ 9)
= 72π


ZZ
 Example 15.37 Evaluate F · dS, where F(x, y, z) = (y, x, z), and S is the boundary of the solid region
S
E enclosed by the paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y2 and the plane z = 0. The surface S is given the positive
orientation with respect to the region E that it bounds.
Solution: S consists of a parabolic top surface S1 and a circular bottom surface S2 . Since S is a closed
surface, we use the
ZZ conventionZZof positive (outward)
ZZ orientation. This means that S1 is oriented upward
and we can use F · dS = F · n dS = (−P)gx − Qgy + R) dA with D being the projection of S1
S S D

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15.5 Stoke’s Theorem and Divergence’s Theorem 29

Figure 15.26: S formed by S1 and S2

on the xy-plane, namely, the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 1.

Since
P(x, y, z) = y, Q(x, y, z) = x, R(x, y, z) = z = 1 − x2 − y2
∂g ∂g
on S1 and ∂x = −2x and ∂y = −2y. We have

∂g ∂g
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = (−P − Q + R) dA
∂x ∂y
S1 D
ZZ
= [−y(−2x) − x(−2y) + 1 − x2 − y2 ] dA
D
ZZ
= (1 + 4xy − x2 − y2 ) dA
D
Z 2π Z 1
= (1 + 4r2 cos θ sin θ − r2 )r dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π Z 1
= (r − r3 + 4r3 cos θ sin θ ) dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π
1
= ( + cos θ sin θ ) dθ
0 4
1
= (2π) + 0
4
π
=
2
The disk S2 is oriented downward, so its unit normal vector is n = −k and we have
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · (−k) dS = (−z)dA = 0 dA = 0
D
S2 S2 D
RR
Since z = 0 on S2 . Finally, we compute, by definition, F · dS as the sum of the surface integral of F
S
over the pieces S1 and S2
ZZ ZZ ZZ
π π
F · dS = F · dS + F · dS = +0 =
2 2
S S1 S2

15.5 Stoke’s Theorem and Divergence’s Theorem

Stoke’s Theorem can be regarded as a higher-dimensional version of Green’s Theorem. Whereas Green’s
Theorem relates a double integral over a plane region D to a line integral around its plane boundary curve,
Stoke’s Theorem relates a surface integral over a surface S to a line integral around the boundary curve
of S. Figure below shows an oriented surface with unit normal vector n. The orientation of S induces

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30 Line and Surface Integral

the positive orientation of the boundary curve C shown in the figure. This means that if you walk in the
positive direction around C with your head pointing in the direction of n, then the surface will always be
on your left.

Figure 15.27: Oriented surface with unit normal vector n

Theorem 15.5.1 Stoke’s Theorem

Let S be an oriented piecewise smooth surface that is bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise smooth
boundary curve C with components have continuous partial derivatives on an open region in R3 that
contains S. Then Z ZZ
F · dr = (curlF) · dS
C S

Example 15.38 Show that Green’s Theorem in the plane is a special case of Stoke’s Theorem.
Solution: Let F(x, y) = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y) j in the xy-plane, then

∂Q ∂P
5 × F(x, y) = ( − )
∂x ∂y
Z Z
⇒ F · dr = P dx + Q dy
C
C
ZZ
= (5 × F(x, y)) · n dS
S
∂Q ∂P
ZZ
= ( − ) dA
∂x ∂y
R

Which is Green’s Theorem in the plane. 

Z
 Example 15.39 Evaluate F · dr, where F = −y2 i + x j + z2 k and C is the curve of intersection of the
C
plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1 and C is oriented in the counterclockwise sense when viewed
from the above.

Figure 15.28: Curve C formed by the intersection of y + z = 2 and x2 + y2 = 1

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15.5 Stoke’s Theorem and Divergence’s Theorem 31
Z
Solution: The curve C (an ellipse) is shown in figure. Although F · dr could be evaluated directly, it is
C
easir to use Stoke’s Theorem. We must first compute

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (1 + 2y)k
−y2 x z2

Although there are many surfaces with boundary C, the most convenient choice is the elliptical region
S in the plane y + z = 2 that is bounded by C. If we orient S upward, then C has the indicated positive
orientation. The projection D of S on the xy-plane is the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 1 and so with z = g(x, y) = 2 − y,
we have
Z ZZ
F · dr = curl F · dS
C S
ZZ
= (1 + 2y) dA
D
Z 2π Z 1
= (1 + 2r sin θ )r dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π r 2 r3
= [ +2 sin θ ]10 dθ
0 2 3
Z 2π
1 2
= ( + sin θ ) dθ
0 2 3
1
= 2π + 0
2
= π


ZZ
 Example 15.40 Use Stoke’s Theorem to compute (curlF) · dS, where F(x, y, z) = yzi + xz j + xyk
S
and S is the part of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 that lies above the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1 and above the
xy-plane.

Figure 15.29: Curve C formed by x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 1

2 2 2 2 2
√ curve C we solve the equations x +y +z = 4 and x +y = 1. Subtracting,
Solution: To find the boundary √
we get z3 = 3 and so z = 3 since z > 0. Thus C is the circle given by the equations x2 + y2 = 1, z = 3.
A vector equation of C is
√
r(t) = costi + sint j + 3k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
⇒ r0 (t) = − sinti + cost j

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32 Line and Surface Integral
√ √
Also, we have F(r(t)) = 3 costi + 3 sint j + cost sintk. Therefore,by Stoke’s Theorem,
ZZ Z
curl F · dS = F · dr
S C
Z 2π
= F(r(t)) · r0 (t) dr
0
Z 2π √ √
= (− 3 cost sint + 3 sint cost) dt
0
√ Z 2π
= 3 0 dt
0
= 0

Divergence Theorem is similarity to Green’s Theorem and Stoke’s Theorem in that it relates the integral
of a derivative of a function (div F in this case) over a region to the integral of the original function F over
the boundary of the region.

Theorem 15.5.2 Divergence Theorem of Gauss, Transformation between Triple and Surface Integrals
Let E be a closed bounded region in space whose boundary is a piecewise smooth orientable surface S.
Let F(x, y, z) be a vector function that is continuous and has continuous first partial derivatives in some
domain containing E. Then ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = divF dv
S E

In component of F = Pi + Q j + Rk and of the outer unit normal vector n = (cos α, cos β , cos γ) of S, the
formula becomes

∂P ∂Q ∂R
ZZZ ZZ
( + + ) dx dy dz = (P cos α + Q cos β + R cos γ) dA
∂x ∂y ∂z
E S
ZZ
= (P dy dz + Q dz dx + R dx dy)
S

where S is the unit sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 and F(x, y, z) = zi + y j +

RR
 Example 15.41 Evaluate S F · dS,
xk.
Solution: First we compute the divergence of F

∂ ∂ ∂
div F = (z) + (y) + (x) = 1
∂x ∂y ∂z

The unit sphere S is the boundary of the unit ball E given by x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 1. Thus the Divergence
Theorem gives the flux as
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div F dV
S E
ZZZ
= 1 dV
E
= V (B)
4
= π(1)3
3
4π
=
3


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15.5 Stoke’s Theorem and Divergence’s Theorem 33
ZZ
 Example 15.42 Let S be the surface of a solid region E. Show that F · dS = 3(Volume of E), where
S
F(x, y, z) = xi + y j + zk.
Solution: Here, div F = ∂x
∂x + ∂∂ yy + ∂∂ zz = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3. By divergency theorem

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div F dV
S E
ZZZ
= 3 dV
E
ZZZ
= 3 dV
E
= 3(Volume of E)


ZZ
 Example 15.43 Use the divergence theorem to evaluate F · dS, if F = (4x, −2y2 , z2 ) and S is the
S
surface bounded the region x2 + y2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.
Solution:
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div F dV
S E
ZZZ
= (4 − 4y + 2z) dV
E
Z 2π Z 2 Z 3
= (4 − 4r sin θ + 2z)r dr dz dθ since y = r sin θ
0 0 0
Z 2π Z 2
= (4z − 4zr sin θ + z2 )|30 r dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π Z 2
= (21r − 12r2 sin θ ) dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π
21
= ( r2 − 4r3 sin θ )|20 dθ
0 2
Z 2π
= (4z − 3z sin θ ) dθ
0
= (42θ + 32 cos θ )|2π
0
= 84π

 Example 15.44 Verify the divergency theorem for the function F = 4xzi − y2 j + yzk and S is the surface
of the cube x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0 and z = 1.
Solution: Let point O is a point at the origin, then by using surface integral, we have
1. Face OAGB, out ward normal vector is n = −k, z = 0. So
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = (4x(0)i − y2 j + y(0)k) · (−k) dA
S D
ZZ
= (0) dA
D
= 0

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34 Line and Surface Integral

Figure 15.30: Cube

2. Face CEFD, out ward normal vector is n = k, z = 1. So

ZZ ZZ
F · n dS = (4x(1)i − y2 j + y(1)k) · (k) dA
S D
ZZ
= y dA
D
Z x=1 Z y=1
= ( ydy) dx
x=0 y=0
1 x=1
Z
= dx
2 x=0
1 1
= x|
2 0
1
=
2

3. Face AGFE, out ward normal vector is n = j, y = 1. So

ZZ ZZ
F · n dS = (4xzi − j + zk) · ( j) dA
S D
ZZ
= (−1) dA
D
= −1

4. Face OBGE, out ward normal vector is n = − j, y = 0. So

ZZ ZZ
F · n dS = (4xzi − (0)2 j + (0)zk) · (− j) dA
S D
ZZ
= (0) dA
D
= 0

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15.5 Stoke’s Theorem and Divergence’s Theorem 35

5. Face DBGE, out ward normal vector is n = i, x = 1. So

ZZ ZZ
F · n dS = (4(1)zi − y2 j + yzk) · (i) dA
S D
ZZ
= 4z dA
D
ZZ
= 4 z dA
D
Z x=1 Z z=1
= 4 ( zdz) dx
x=0 z=0
Z x=1
= 2 dx
x=0
= 2
6. Face OAEC, out ward normal vector is n = −i, x = 0. So
ZZ ZZ
F · n dS = (4(0)zi − y2 j + yzk) · (−i) dA
S D
ZZ
= (0) dA
D
= 0
Thus,
1 3
ZZ
F · n dS = 0 + + (−1) + 0)2 + 0 =
S 2 2
Using the divergency theorem, we have that
ZZ ZZZ
F · n dS = div F dV
S E
ZZZ
= (4z − 2y + y) dV
E
ZZZ
= (4z − y) dV
E
Z x=1 Z y=1 Z z=1
= (4z − y) dV
x=0 y=0 z=0
3
=
2


 Example ZZ
15.45 Is S is the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 and F = 3xi + 4y j + 5zk. Use the divergency theorem
to evaluate F · ndS.
S
Solution: Here, div F = 5 · F = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12. Therefore,
ZZ ZZZ
F · n dS = div F dV
S E
ZZZ
= 12 dV
E
ZZZ
= 12 dV
E
Z θ =2π Z φ =π Z ρ=2
= 12 (ρ 2 sin φ ) dρ dφ dθ
θ =0 φ =0 ρ=0
= 128π using spherical coordinatre

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36 Line and Surface Integral


ZZ
 Example 15.46 Evaluate F · dS, where F = xyi + (y2 + e xz2 ) j + sin(xy)k and S is the surface of the
S
region E bounded by the parabolic cylinder z = 1 − x2 and the plane z = 0, y = 0 and y + z = 2.

Figure 15.31: Region E

Solution: It would be extremely difficult to evaluate the given surface integral directly; that is, we would
have to evaluate four surface integrals corresponding to the four pieces of S. Furthermore, the divergence
of F is much less complicated than F it self

∂ ∂ 2 ∂
div F = (xy) + (y2 + exz ) + (sin xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= y + 2y
= 3y

Therefore we use the Divergence Theorem to transform the given surface integral into a triple integral.
The easiest way to evaluate the triple integral is to express E as

E = {(x, y, z)| − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 − z}

Then we have
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div F dV
S E
ZZZ
= 3y dV
E
Z 1 Z 1−x2 Z 2−z
= 3 y dy dz dx
−1 0 0
Z 1 Z 1−x2
(2 − z)2
= 3 dz dx
−1 0 2
Z 1
3 2
= [−(2 − z)3 3]1−x
0 dx
2 −1
Z 1
1
= − [(x2 + 1)3 − 8] dx
2 −1
Z 1
= − (x + 3x4 + 3x2 − 7) dx
6
0
184
=
35


Example 15.47 By using Divergence Theorem, find the flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = (x, 2y, 3z)
over the cube with vertices (±1, ±1, ±1).

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15.5 Stoke’s Theorem and Divergence’s Theorem 37

Solution: First we have to find div F

∂ ∂ ∂
div F = x + y + 3z
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 1+2+3
= 6

Therefore,
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div F dV
S E
ZZZ
= 6 dV
E
Z 1Z 1Z 1
= 6 dx dy dz
−1 −1 −1
3
= 6(2)
= 48

 Example 15.48 By using Divergence Theorem, find the flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = (z, y, x) over
the the buundary of the region enclosed by the paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y2 and the plane z = 0.
Solution: First we have to find div F
∂ ∂ ∂
div F = z+ y+ x
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 0+1+0
= 1

Therefore,
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div F dV
S E
ZZZ
= 1 dV
E
Z 2π Z 1 Z 1−r2
= r dz dr dθ
0 0 0
Z 2π Z 1
= (1 − r2 )r dr dθ
0 0
π
=
2


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38 Line and Surface Integral

15.6 Exercise
Z
1. Evaluate the line integral xy4 ds, where C is the right half of the circle x2 + y2 = 16.
C

Ans. 1638.4
Z
√ √
2. Evaluate the line integral (x2 y3 − x) dy, where C is the arc of the curve y = x from (1, 1) to
C
(4, 2).
243
Ans. 8
Z
3. Evaluate the line integral xy dx + (x − y) dy, where C consists of the line segment from (0, 0) to
C
(2, 0) and from (2, 0) to (3, 2).
17
Ans. 3
Z
4. Evaluate the line integral xeyz ds, where C is the line segment from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 2, 3).
C
√
Ans. √1 14(e6 − 1)
12
Z
5. Evaluate the line integral F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = sin xi + cos y j + xzk and C is given by the
C
vector function r(t) = t 3 i − t 2 j + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
6
Ans. 5 − cos 1 − sin 1

6. A thin wire is bent into the shape of a semicircle x2 + y2 = 4, x ≥ 0. If the linear density is a
constant k, find the mass and center of mass of the wire.
Ans. 2πk, ( π4 , 0)
7. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = xi + (y + 2) j in moving an object along an arch of
the cycloid r(t) = (t − sint)i + (1 − cost) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Ans. 2π 2
R
8. Find a function f such that F = 4 f , where F(x, y, z) = yzi + xz j + (xy + 2z)k and evaluate C F · dr
along the curve, where C is the line segment from (1, 0, −2) to (4, 6, 3).
Ans. f (x, y, z) = xyz + z2 , 77
9. Determine whether or not F is conservative vector field. If it is, find a function f such that F = 4 f ,
where F(x, y, z) = (yex + sin y)i + (ex + x cos y) j
Ans. f (x, y, z) = yex + x sin y + c
10. Determine whether or not the set {(x, y)|x > 0, y > 0} is open, connected and simply-connected.
Ans. Yes, Yes, Yes
11. Determine whether or not the set {(x, y)|1 < x2 + y2 < 4} is open, connected and simply-connected.
Ans. Yes, Yes, No
−yi+x j
12. Let F(x, y) = x2 +y2
(a) Show that ∂∂Py = ∂∂Qx
R
(b) Show that CF · dr is not independent of path.

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15.6 Exercise 39
R R
Hint: Compute F · dr and F · dr, where C1 and C2 are the upper and lower halves of the circle
C1 C2
x2 + y2 = 1 from (1, 0) t0 (−1, 0).
I
13. Evaluate the line integral xy dx + x2 y3 dy, C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 2).
C

2
Ans. 3
Z √
14. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integral (y + e x ) dx + (2x + cos y2 ) dy, C is the bound-
C
ary of the region enclosed by the parabolas y = x2 and x = y2 .
1
Ans. 3
Z
15. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integral y3 dx − x3 dy, C is the circle x2 + y2 = 4.
C

Ans. −24π
16. Use Green’s Theorem to find the work done by the force F(x, y) = x(x + y)i + xy2 j in moving a
particles from the origin along the x-axis to (1, 0), then along the line segment to (0, 1), and back to
the origin along the y-axis.
1
Ans. − 12
17. (a) If C is the line segment connecting the point (x1 , y1 ) to the point (x2 , y2 ), show that
Z
x dy − y dx = x1 y2 − x2 y1
C

(b) If the vertices of a polygon, in counterclockwise order, are (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), · · · , (xn , yn ), show
that the area of the polygon is
1
A = [(x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) + (x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + · · · + (xn y1 − x1 yn )]
2
(c) Find the area of the pentagon with vertices (0, 0), (2, 1), (1, 3), (0, 2), and (−1, 1).
9
Ans. 2
ZZ
18. Evaluate the surface integral x2 yz dS, where S is the part of the plane z = 1 + 2x + 3y that lies
S
above the rectangle [0, 3] × [0, 2].
√
Ans. 17 14
9
Ans. 2
ZZ
19. Evaluate the surface integral x2 z2 dS, where S is the part of the cone z2 = x2 + y2 that lies
S
between the plane z = 1 and z = 3
√
364 2π
Ans. 3

20. Use Stokes’s Theorem to evaluate F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = (x + y2 )i + (y + z2 ) j + (z + x2 )k and

R
C
C is the triangle with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1) oriented counterclockwise.
81π
Ans. 2

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