BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT

INTERFERENCE - Any phenomenon having a

periodic disturbance of some sort and
travels outward from a source is called a
wave. To understand how energy can travels
in waves, think of a wooden log floating
in the ocean. Light maybe visualized as
such as the high points are called crest
while the low points are called troughs.
The distance between two successive crest
and troughs is called a wavelength.
Compare light that reflects
off a smooth and rough surface
When light reflects off a surface, it obeys the
Law of Reflection (the angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of reflection), whether or
not the surface is smooth. The light is
reflecting off the flower to the water and then
back to your eye. In the wavy water, the some of
the light is scattered so you do not see a
perfect reflection. If the water was even more
disturbed - for example, stormy and very wavy -
you might not see the reflection at all because
the light is even more scattered so that it does
not reach your eyes.
Compare light that reflects
off a smooth and rough surface
 Lesson 2
Photography
Forensic Photography
• The process of
photographing
• crime scene or any
other objects
• for court
presentation.
 Types of
photography
Photomacrography
•Photographing
objects directly
enlarged on the
negative and
magnified from one
to nine times.
Photomicrography
•The art of
photographing
minutes objects
when magnified by
means of a
microscope and
enlarge from 10
times and up.
Infra-redphotography
•The art or
process of
photographing or
recording unseen
objects by means
of infra-red
light.
Ultra-violet photography
The art or process of
photographing or recording
unseen objects by means of
Ultra -violet lights or
filters. It involves two
methods: ultra - violet
lamp and Ultra -violet
filter.
Microphotography
• A very small
photograph as
• encountered in
microfilming or
• with the use of micro-
film.
X-ray photography
• The process of
photographing or
recording the internal
structure of the body.
Flash photography
• Applied to the technique
wherebyexposures are made
with illumination from
one or more photographs.
Mug shot
photography
• It is usually use for
personal
identification which
is the first use of
photography in police
work.
Thermo
photography
• A kind of photo where
we use laser beam
radiation using laser
beam film.
Aerial photography
•A kind of
photography applied
for photo mapping.
Underwater
photography
•Photographing
things underwater.
Night
photography
• Technique used to
capture images at
night.
Panoramic
photography
• It involves using
specialized equipment
or software, that
captures images with
elongated fields of
view. It is sometimes
known as wide format
photography.
 EVOLUTION
OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Aristotle (347-322 BC).
•A famous Greek philosopher who
invented the first
•pinhole camera that was known later
as Camera
•Obscura (Italian word for darkroom
chamber) which
•Is literally translated as Darkened
Fox.
CAMERA OBSCURA
CAMERA OBSCURA
Alhazen (965-1039)
• � He found out that light entering a small hole
on the wall or shuttered window of a darkened
room cast an upside down picture of the scene
outside onto the opposite wall.
• � He was considered to be the one invented the
camera.
Jean Baptiste Forta
•� He made used of the Camera Obscura
and
• replaced the hole with a lens
which made the
• image brighter and sharper.
•� He was the one who introduced the
lens.
LENS
Johann Henrich Schulze
• � A German scientist (Anatomist) who discovered
the Silver Nitrate when he exposed it to light
it turned purple.
• � He discovered that the evening action was not
due to heat but light.
• � He finally concluded that Silver Nitrate is
sensitive to light and capable of producing
images.
Thomas Wedgewood (1802)
• � He discovered that Silver Chloride is more
sensitive than Silver Nitrate and thus, more
capable of recording and producing images.
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
• By 1822, he claim some success, achieving what
he called Points De Vue – smart images made by
the Camera Obscura with more than eight hours
exposure.
• � He took the world’s very first photograph
called Heliography.
Louise Jacques Mande
Daguerre (1838-1839)
• � He invented the principle that Silver plate
photograph and using the Daguerro type that
produces one of a kind picture on metal which
was presented by French Scientific Academy.
• � He invented the Daguerro type in Paris.
DAGUERROTYPE
William Henry Fox Talbot
(1839)
•� He is the Father of Modern
Photography.
•� He invented the Calotype which
produces a negative picture on
paper, the light on the image was
recorded as dark and dark as light.
CALOTYPE
John F.W. Herschel

•� He coined the word Photography.

Frederick Scott Archer
• � He pioneered the wet collodian process which
took place of the Collotype known as colodian
type process.
Daniel Barbaro

•� He introduced the use of the lens in

the camera.
Sir Isaac Newton (1666)

•� An English Philosopher,
Mathematician and Physicist who
discovered and proved that the
strongest light is white light.
•� He defended his theory by allowing
a white light (sunlight) to pass
through a prism thus refracting and
diffracting the light onto its
component parts.
Maddaox (1884)
•� He successfully introduced the plate
with gelatin. The roll film came and new
brands of cameras with different lens and
mechanism were placed in the market.
Nadar
•� He took the first Aerial
photographs of Paris from a free
balloon in 1858.
Sir William Abney

•� He discovered the use of Hydroquinone

as a developing agent in 1880 in England.
George Eastman

•� Introduced the use of roll film

made of celluloid materials for use
by a portable camera.
Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)

•� He discovered X-ray photography which

later become the basis of Radiograph used
by the doctors in measuring the heartbeat
and to see the other structure of the
body.
Aloh Roemer (Denmark)
•� He measured the speed of light in 1676.
James Clark Maxwell.
•� A British
scientist who
discovered the
wavelength structure
of light after 20
years of research.
• � Colour photographs
could be formed
using red, green and
blue filters.
Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor
•� He introduced a process of negatives on
glass using albumen as a binding medium.
Louis Desirie Blanquart-Evard

•� He introduced a printing paper coated

with albumen to achieve a glossy surface.
Odelbercht
•� He first advocated the use of
photography for the identification of
criminals and the documentation of
evidence and crime scenes.
Alphonse Bertillon (1882)

•� He initiated anthropometric
measurements for personal identification
was also involved in various means of
documentation by photography which
developed into a fine science of
Criminalistics when he photographed crime
scenes and formulated a techniques of
contact photography to demonstrate
erasures on documents.
Dr. R.A. Reis (1902)

• � A German scientist who contributed heavily to

the use of photography in forensic science and
established the world’s earliest crime
laboratory that serviced the academic community
and the Swiss police.
Victor Baltazard (1910)
• � He developed a method of photographic
comparison of bullets and cartridge cases which
act as an early foundation of the field of
ballistics.
Edwin H. Land (1947)

• � He introduced Polaroid – one-step

photography.
Steven Sasson
• � An American
Electrical Engineer
who invented the
digital camera.
Photography Timeline
5th-4th Centuries B.C. Chinese and Greek
philosophers describe the basic principles
of optics and the camera.
1664-1666 Isaac Newton discovers that white
light is composed of different colors.
• 1727Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that
silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to
light.
• 1794 First Panorama opens, the forerunner
of the movie house invented by Robert
Barker.
• 1814 Joseph Niepce achieves first
photographic image using an early device
• 1840 First American patent issued in
photography to Alexander Wolcott for his
camera.
• 1841 William Henry Talbot patents the
Calotype process, the first negative-
positive process making possible the first
multiple copies.
• 1843 The first advertisement with a
photograph is published in Philadelphia.
• 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the
Collodion process so that images required
only two or three seconds of light
exposure.
• 1859 Panoramic camera, called the Sutton,
is patented.
• 1861 Oliver Wendell Holmes invents
stereoscope viewer.
• 1888 Eastman patents Kodak roll-film
camera.
• 1898 Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents
celluloid photographic film.
• 1900 First mass-marketed camera, called the
Brownie, goes on sale.
• 1913/1914 First 35mm still camera is
developed.
• 1927 General Electric invents the modern
flash bulb.
• 1932 First light meter with photoelectric
cell is introduced.
• 1935 Eastman Kodak markets Kodachrome film.
• 1942 Chester Carlson receives a patent for
electric photography (xerography).
• 1948 Edwin Land launches and markets the Polaroid
camera.
• 1954 Eastman Kodak introduces high-speed Tri-X
film.
• 1960 EG&G develops extreme depth underwater camera
for U.S. Navy.
• 1963 Polaroid introduces the instant color film.
• 1968 Photograph of the Earth is taken from the
moon. The photograph, Earthrise, is considered one
of the most influential environmental photographs
ever taken.
• 1973 Polaroid introduces one-step instant
photography with the SX-70 camera.
• 1977 Pioneers George Eastman and Edwin Land are
inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
• 1978 Konica introduces the first point-and-shoot
autofocus camera.
• 1980 Sony demonstrates first consumer camcorder
Sir John F. W. Herschel coined the word photography when he
first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot.

Note:
When the word forensic was used in conjunction with other science it
connotes a relationship to the administration of justice. It is
sometimes used interchangeably with the word legal.
PHOTOGRAPHY-

Ø Is the art and science of reproducing image by

means of light through some sensitized material
with the aid of a camera, lens and its accessories
and the chemical process required in order to
produce a photograph.
 = An image that can only be a product of photography.

It is a generic term refers to all kinds of formed image.

• Negative = A material showing a negative (latent) photographic

image on transparent material used for printing positive picture
(photograph) as a result of chemical processing.
Different Views in photographing
a. General View
= taking an over-all view of the scene of the crime. It shows direction
and location of the
crime scene.
b. Medium View
= Is the taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing
it into section. This view
will best view the nature of the crime.
c. Close-up View
= Is the taking of individual photograph of the evidence at the scene of
the crime. It is designed
to show the details of the crime.
d. Extreme Close-up View
= Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using some magnification
such as
 A question of relevancy is usually proved byproving the origin of the
evidence and its relation to the case and this is usually supplemented by
photograph ofthe evidence giving reference as to where it came from.

Evidence presented in court once accepted became known as Exhibit.

Either Exhibit 1,2,3 etc. for the defense or Exhibit A, B, C etc for the
prosecution.