ENERGY EFFICIENCY

& MANAGEMENT
(DEG50032)
Student's Handbook

Prepared For :
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak
ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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INTRODUCTION
COURSE SYPNOSIS
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND MANAGEMENT covers
the energy efficiency in different types of
sector as well as the energy policies and
legislation. This course also introduces
energy management and practices in
auditing and reporting procedures to
recommend improvements for energy uses.
Green Building Technology will also be
discussed.

COURSE
CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Energy Policies and
Legislations in Malaysia

CHAPTER TWO
Deman Side Opportuities
COURSE
CHAPTER THREE
LEARNING
Sustainable Energy OUTCOME
Management
CLO 1:
CHAPTER FOUR Investigate energy efficiency,
Energy Audit management and auditing in different
sectors according to energy policies and
CHAPTER FIVE legislations. (C4, PLO4)

Green Building
CLO 2:
Demonstrate societal responsibility
through case study according to energy
policies and legislations. (A3, PLO6)
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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ENERGY POLICIES
& LEGISLATIONS IN
MALAYSIA
CHAPTER ONE

Course Learning Outcomes:

CLO1:
Students should be able to remember the energy policies and
legislations.

CLO2:
Students should be able to understand the
energy efficiency standards and labeling.

CLO3:
Students should be able to apply the understanding
of energy pricing and electricity bills.
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INTRODUCTION
Malaysia @ COP26
Malaysia proves their commitment to energy management as stated by by KASA
minister at the high level segment where countries present their national statements
during the UN Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen held at Glasgow, Scotland,
United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November 2021. Malaysia is committed to
reduce its economy-wide carbon intensity (against GDP) by 45% by 2030 and to
achieve net zero by 2050.

In order for Malaysia to achieve a reduction of 40 percent in carbon emission is

through
1. Launch carbon policies by phases
2. Reach 31% capacity for renewable energy by 2025 & 40% by 2035 in national grid
3. 100% procurement of non-internal combustion engines for government vehicles by
2030
4. Keep 50% of use country's forest
5. Develop National Adaptation Plan to deal with the impact of climate changes
6. Implement zero waste of landfills & increase recycling rate to 40% by 2025

ENERGY AGENCIES IN
MALAYSIA
GOVERNMENT SECTORS

Ministry of Water & Environment

(KASA)
Energy Commission
Malaysian Green Technology &
Climate Change Centre (MGTC)
Sustainable Energy
Development Authority (SEDA)

PRIVATE SECTORS
Green Building Index (GBI)
Tenaga National Berhad (TNB)
The Association of Consulting
Engineers Malaysia (ACEM)
Malaysian Institute of Architects
(PAM)
SIRIM
ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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Energy Efficiency Programs in

Malaysia over the years:

Energy efficient promotion in the Seventh

MalaysiaPlan (1996-2000)
UNDP-GEF Malaysian Industrial Efficient
Improvement Programme (MIEEP) (1999)
Development of Malaysian StandardMS 1525
(2001)
EE and RE in education curiclum and university
courses (2002)

ENERGY EFFICIENT,
RENEWABLE ENERGY AND
GREEN BUILDING IN
MALAYSIA

Pusat Tenaga Malaysia,Bangi

Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi

Hijau & Air, Putrajaya

Suruhanjaya Tenaga, Putrajaya

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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CHRONOLOGY OF
ENERGY POLICIES
IN MALAYSIA
What is Energy Policy?

Energy policy elements are the main ingredients

of energy policy to deal with the energy-sector
activities,issues, challenges and barriers through
the undertaking of various policy measures or
instrument.

CHRONOLOGY OF ENERGY POLICIES IN MALAYSIA

NATIONAL
Efficient utilization of petroleum resources
PETROLEUM
Ensuring the nation exercises majority control in the management
POLICY
and operation of the industry
(1975)

NATIONAL
• To regulate downstream oil & gas industry via the Petroleum ENERGY
Regulations 1974 POLICY
(1979)

To ensure adequacy, security and cost-effectiveness or energy NATIONAL

supply. DEPLETION
To promote efficient utilization of energy. POLICY
To minimize environmental impacts in the energy supply chain. (1980)

FOUR-FUEL
• To prolong lifespan of Malaysia's oil reserves for future security &
POLICY
stability of oil supply.
(1981)

FIVE-FUEL
• To pursue balanced utilization of oil, gas, hydrogen and coal. POLICY
(2001)
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NATIONAL ENERGY POLICIES

Three principles in National Energy Policy are:

The Supply Objective: To ensure adequate, secure and cost- effective energy
supply through developing and utilizing alternative sources of energy.

The Utilization Objective: To promote efficient utilization of energy and to

discourage wasteful and non- productive patterns of energy consumption.

The Environment OBJECTIVE: To minimize the negative environmental

impacts of the energy supply chain.

NATIONAL GREEN TECHNOLOGY POLICY

Green technology is the development and application of products, equipment and
systems used to conserve the natural environment and
resources, which minimizes and reduces the negative impact of human activities.

POLICY STATEMENT

"Green Technology shall be a driver to

accelerate the national economy and
promote sustainable development"

CRITERIA OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY:

It minimizes the degradation of the environment;
It has a zero or low green house gas (GHG) emission;
It is safe for use and promotes healthy and improved
environment for all forms of life;
It conserves the use of energy and natural resources; and
It promotes the use of renewable resources.

FOUR PILLARS IN
NATIONAL GREEN
TECHNOLOGY POLICY
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GUIDELINE & REGULATION OF

ENERGY EFFICIENT
MANAGEMENT
ENERGY COMMISSION ACT 2001
To promote efficiency, economy and safety
in the generation, production,
transmission, distribution supply and use
of electricity.

To promote the use of renewable energy

and the conservation of non-renewable
energy.

ELECTRICITY
Section 23C–Equipment to meet
requirements “No person shall

SUPPLY ACT manufacture, import, sell or offer for

sale or lease any equipment unless

1990 the equipment meets such

requirements as maybe prescribed in
respect of efficient use of electricity.”
Section 23A–Minister to determine
standards,etc.
ELECTRICITY “The Minister
SUPPLY ACTmay,
1990from
time to time, prescribe the standards Section 23B – Installation to meet
specifications, practices and measures requirements.
“No person shall use or operate any
to be adopted and any other matters
installation unless the installation meets
in respect of the efficient use of such requirements as may be
electricity.” prescribed in respect of efficient use of
electricity.”
EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
REGULATIONS (EMEER) 2008
(DEG50032)
ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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These regulations is applicable to:

In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 23A and 53 of the Electricity Supply Act 1990 [Act
447], the Minister makes the following regulations:

1. Requires all installation consumed or generated electrical energy 3,000,000 kWh for 6
consecutive months to appoint Registered Electrical Energy Manager.
2. Come out with energy management objective and plan for the installation and to report to
Energy Commission on the progress and achievement of the plan every 6 months.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT STANDARD

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ENERGY-EFFICIENCY
STANDARDS &
LABELLING
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
STANDARDS
•Procedures and regulations that prescribe the energy
performance of manufactured products, sometimes
prohibiting the sale of products that are less energy efficient
than the minimum standard, often called Minimum Energy
Performance Standards (MEPS).

MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS (MEPS)

MEPS specify the minimum level of energy performance that appliances, lighting
and electrical equipment (products) must meet or exceed before they can be
offered for sale or used for commercial purposes.

Gazzetted by the Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water Malaysia

on the 3rd May 2013 In the amendments of the Electricity Regulations 1994 .

Enforcement of standards, criteria and labelling for 5 Domestic Electrical

Products (Air Conditioner, Refrigerator, Television, Domestic Fan and
Lamps).
ENFORCEMENT OF 5 MS STANDARDS FOR MEPS
NUMBER TITLE

MS2595:2014 MEPS for Refrigerator

MS 2597:2014 MEPS for Air-Conditioners

MS 2576:2014 MEPS for Television

MS 2574:2014 MEPS for Domestic Fans

MS 2598:2014 MEPS for Lamps

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ENERGY-EFFICIENCY
STANDARDS &
LABELLING
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
LABELLING
•Informative labels affixed to manufactured products to
describe the product’s energy performance (usually in the
form of energy use, efficiency, or energy cost); these labels
give consumers the data necessary to make informed
purchases.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LABELLING

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LABELLING STICKER

This label contains the estimated total
annual energy consumption in
kilowatt-hours of electricity by each
device, based on recognized laboratory
test results.

The information provided will help the

user to choose the most energy-
efficient models when purchasing
appliances.

An Endorsement label will be issued by

the Energy Commission

Labels would be affixed on energy

efficient products by the
manufacturers.
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BENEFITS USE OF
5-STAR
APPLIANCES
Use of 5-Star appliances will reduce
electricity consumption and electricity bills
at home. This will in turn produce
disposable household income or household
disposable income is higher, especially in
the long run that will improve the quality of
life.

Better savings in the long run.

Reducing carbon footprint from electricity

generation.

Improved quality of life with more

efficient appliances.

IMPORTANCE OF
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
STANDARDS AND
LABELLING
Ensures consumers can make informed decisions and
purchase electrical appliances based on the Energy
Performance (e.g. cost, efficiency, energy use)

Helps change mind-set of consumers to consider long-

term energy costs

Creates demand for more efficient models and reduces

proliferation of low efficiency models
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ENERGY PRICING
AND ELECTRICITY
BILLS
ENERGY PRICING STRUCTURE

Change of fuel price directly impact cost of

electricity
Gas price is fixed to the specific formula,
review for every 6month.
Coal price is determined by market price.

Cost of electricity constitute cost for:

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THREE TYPES OF TARIFF RATES

DOMESTIC / RESIDENTIAL - “Domestic Consumer” means a consumer
occupying a private dwelling, which is not used as a hotel, boarding house or
used for the purpose of carrying out any form of business, trade,
professional activities or services

COMMERCIAL - Commercial consumer is other than home such as hotel,

restaurant, workshop, golf course, grocery shop, kopitiam or supermarket.

INDUSTRIAL - Industrial is customers who take on very large loads. Because

for those in manufacturing or mining, a stable supply is absolutely vital.
Industrial customers are those having80% of usage on machineries and 20%
on common usage.

THE TARIFF IS AFFECTED BY A FEW CRITERIA:

•Government policies related to energy
•fuel, gas & coal price
•Power purchase cost from independent generators by utilities
•Supply cost to users covering costs related with delivery infrastructure and
electricity distribution
•Tariff balancing or cost distribution between different categories of
consumer
•Reasonable return rate to the utilities
•Supports to certain sectors to catalyse economic growth
•Impact on the socio-economy of consumers

ELECTRICITY TARIFF (PRICING) IS BASED ON :

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USAGE COST OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AT HOME

The electricity consumption cost per household depends on family size,
living habits, number and age of electrical appliances and hours of usage.
Customers can calculate the estimated electricity cost for different
appliances using the following:

Power rating of the electrical appliance and its efficiency

Number of hours used
The domestic tariff rate per kilowatt-hour(kWh)
The electricity bill calculation is based on the current domestic tariff rate.

It is calculated using the equation:

Electricity Consumption (kWh)

= Power (watts) x Hours of Operation x 30 days / 1000

EXAMPLE USAGE COST OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AT HOME:

Fluorescent Lamps

Electricity x 24 hours x 30 days

= 40 Watt
Consumption (kWh)

1000

= 28.8 kWh
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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EXAMPLE USAGE COST OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AT HOME:

Determine total electrical consumption at a residential premise if the electrical

appliances are used as shown beside. Based on the tariff given, calculate total
electricity bill in a month at the residential premise which the prorate factor is 1.00.

6 fluorescent lamps 38W used for 5 hours

1 television 100W used for 4 hours
2 wind fans 60W used for 4 hours
1 refrigerator 700W used for 24 hours
1 iron 1000W used for 30 minutes(0.5hours)
1 electrical kettle 1000W used for 15 minutes(0.25 hours)

CURRENT RATE
TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT
(1 JAN 2014)

TARIFFA - DOMESTIC TARIFF

For the first 200 kWh (1 - 200 kWh) per month sen/kWh RM 21.80

For the next 100 kWh (201 - 300 kWh) per

sen/kWh RM 33.40
month

For the next 300 kWh (301 - 600 kWh) per

sen/kWh RM 51.60
month

For the next 300 kWh (601 - 900 kWh) per

sen/kWh RM 54.60
month

For the next kWh (901 kWh onwards) per

sen/kWh RM 57.10
month

The minimum monthly charge is RM3.00

ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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ANSWERS:
Given prorate factor is 1.00.

No of Units x power(W) x time operation(h) Electrical consumption(Wh)

6 lamps x 38 W x 5h 1140

1 TV x 100 W x 4h 400

2 fans x 60 W x 4h 480

1 refrigerator x 700 W x 24h 16800

1 iron x 1000 W x 0.5h 500

1 kettle x 1000 W x 0.25h 250

19570 Wh
Total electrical consumption/day
19.57kWh

Total electrical consumption/30 days 19.57kWhx30days=587.1 kWh

Unit charged per prorate

Tariff Block (month) Rate (RM) Total Amount (RM)
(kWh)

200 kWh (1 - 200 kWh) 200 x1.00=200 0.218 43.60

100 kWh (201 - 300 kWh) 100 x1.00=100 0.334 33.40

300 kWh (301 - 600 kWh) (587.1-200-100)=287.1 0.516 148.14

300 kWh (601 - 900 kWh) - 0.546 -

901 kWh onwards - 0.571 -

Total electricity bills 587.1 225.14

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EXAMPLE USAGE COST OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AT HOME:

The total electricity bill is based on the meter reading. If the reading is over a period
of 31 days, TNB will use a prorate calculation method based on the number of billing
days.

Billing period = 45 days

Number of kWh used = 452 kWh

CURRENT RATE
TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT
(1 JAN 2014)

TARIFFA - DOMESTIC TARIFF

For the first 200 kWh (1 - 200 kWh) per month sen/kWh RM 21.80

For the next 100 kWh (201 - 300 kWh) per

sen/kWh RM 33.40
month

For the next 300 kWh (301 - 600 kWh) per

sen/kWh RM 51.60
month

For the next 300 kWh (601 - 900 kWh) per

sen/kWh RM 54.60
month

For the next kWh (901 kWh onwards) per

sen/kWh RM 57.10
month

The minimum monthly charge is RM3.00

ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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ANSWERS:
Calculated prorate factor = 45/30 = 1.5

Unit charged per prorate

Tariff Block (month) Rate (RM) Total Amount (RM)
(kWh)

200 kWh (1 - 200 kWh) 200 x 1.5 = 300 0.218 65.40

100 kWh (201 - 300 kWh) 100 x 1.5 = 150 0.334 50.10

300 kWh (301 - 600 kWh) 452 – 300 – 300 = 2 0.516 1.03

300 kWh (601 - 900 kWh) - 0.546 -

901 kWh onwards - 0.571 -

Total electricity bills 452 116.53

Therefore, from the calculation above, customer will enjoy 300 units of kWh
at the lowest
rate of RM 0.218 compared to 200 units of kWh that has been approved for a
month period.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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FEED-IN
TARIFF(FiT)
Definition

FiT is a scheme that lets you generate your own

electricity to sell to the grid. As a FiT customer ,you are
paid via the REFund, or Dana Kumpulan Wang Tenaga
Boleh Baharu (KWTBB), which is collected from
electricity consumers who consume more that 300kWh
per month. The tariff rate is fixed for a specific amount
of time under the contract you sign with TNB. The
renewable energy sources in this scheme includes
solar, biomass, biogas and mini hydro.

NET ENERGY
METERING(NEM)
Definition
BENEFITS
This scheme is applicable to all
domestic, commercial and
OF NEM
industrial sectors as long as they Consumer will contribute to the
reduction of CO2 emission, hence
are the customers of TNB reducing the carbon foot print and
(Peninsular Malaysia)or SESB BRANDING
mitigating climate change.
(Sarawak).
More energy you generate from RE
system, the more you save on electricity
bills because you will need to import less
from the utility
Net metering is different from the
ADVERTISING
current Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) system If your installed system incorporates with
since it allows anyone which can the energy storage system, power is
generate electricity to sell it back available even when the grid fails

to the grid rather than having to

bid for a Feed- in-Tariff quota User will be able to hedge any future
increase in electricity tariff
inorder to be eligibleto sell back
electricity to the grid.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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PAST YEAR
QUESTIONS
DEG5122 Jun 2018
(a) Recognize FIVE (5) importance of energy rating label to consumer. (5 marks)
Kenalpasti LIMA (5) kepentingan label kecekapan tenaga kepada pengguna.

DEG50032 Jun 2019

(a) Define National Green Technology Policy. (4 marks)
Takrifkan Polisi Teknologi Hijau Kebangsaan.

DEG50032 Penilaian Alternatif Sesi Dis 2020

(a) Based on the tariff schedule as shown in Table 1,
calculate the total electricity bill at a residential
premise which has consumed total energy of 950 kWh. The
billing period is 45 days, thus prorate factor must be
considered. (10 marks)
Berdasarkan kepada jadual tariff yang ditunjukkan
dalam Jadual 1, kirakan jumlah bil elektrik
dalam premis kediaman yang telah menggunakan jumlah
tenaga sebanyak 950kWj. Tempoh pembilan ada selama
45 hari, jadi faktor prorata perlu diambil kira.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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PAST YEAR
QUESTIONS
DEG50032 Sesi 2: 2021/2022
(a) Based on tariff schedule in Table A1(a-ii), calculate the total electricity bill in a
residential premise where the meter reading is shown in Table A1(a-i). The prorate
factor is 1.02. (10 marks)

Meter Reading Meter Reading

Meter Number
(Previous) (Current)

209453641 17267 17942

Table A1(a-i).

DEG50032 Sesi 1:2022/ 2023

(a) The minimum energy performance standards amd the
efficiency ratings is set out to ensure that such equipment
meets the energy performance testing standards. Choose
FIVE (5) domestic electrical products that must follow the
enforcements above. (5 marks)
Piawaian prestasi tenaga minimum dan penarafan
kecekapan ditetapkan untuk memastikan peralatan
tersebut memenuhi piawaian ujian prestasi tenaga. Pilih
LIMA (5) produk elektrik domestik yang mesti mengikut
penguatkuasaan di atas.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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ANSWERS
DEG5122 Jun 2018
(a) Recognize THREE (3) importance of
energy rating label to consumer. (5 marks)
Kenalpasti TIGA (3) kepentingan label
kecekapan tenaga kepada pengguna.

•Ensures consumers can make informed

decisions and purchase electrical appliances
based on the Energy Performance (e.g. cost,
efficiency, energy use)
•Helps change mind-set of consumers to
consider long-term energy costs
•Creates demand for more efficient models
and reduces proliferation of low efficiency
models.

DEG50032 Jun 2019

(a) Define National Green Technology Policy.
(4 marks)
Takrifkan Polisi Teknologi Hijau Kebangsaan.

Green Technology is defined as the

development is the development and
application of products, equipment and
systems used to conserve the natural
environment and resources, which minimizes
and reduces the negative impact of human
activities. There are five criteria of green
technology.

The National Green Technology Policy states

that green technology shall be a driver to
accelerate the national economy and
promote sustainable development.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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ANSWERS
DEG50032 Penilaian Alternatif Sesi Dis 2020
(a) Based on the tariff schedule as shown in
Table 1, calculate the total electricity bill at a
residential
premise which has consumed total energy of
950 kWh. The billing period is 45 days, thus
prorate factor must be considered.
(10 marks)

Berdasarkan kepada jadual tariff yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1,

kirakan jumlah bil elektrik
dalam premis kediaman yang telah menggunakan jumlah tenaga
sebanyak 950kWj. Tempoh pembilan ada selama 45 hari, jadi faktor
prorata perlu diambil kira.

Prorate factor = Billing period (days)/30 days = 45/30 = 1.5

Unit charged per Total Amount

Tariff Block (month) Rate (RM)
prorate (kWh) (RM)

200 kWh (1 - 200 kWh) 200 x 1.5=300 0.218 65.40

100 kWh (201 - 300 kWh) 100 x 1.5=150 0.334 50.10

300 kWh (301 - 600 kWh) 300 x 1.5 = 450 0.516 232.20

950 - 300 - 150 - 450 =

300 kWh (601 - 900 kWh) 0.546 27.30
50

901 kWh onwards - 0.571 -

Total electricity bills 950 375.00

ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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ANSWERS
DEG50032 Sesi 2: 2021/2022
(a) Based on tariff schedule in Table A1(a-ii),
calculate the total electricity bill in a
residential premise where the meter reading is
shown in Table A1(a-i). The prorate factor is
1.02. (10 marks)

Meter Reading Meter Reading

Meter Number
(Previous) (Current)
Table A1(a-i).

209453641 17267 17942

Total consumption = 17942 kWh - 17267 kWh = 675 kWh

Unit charged per Total Amount

Tariff Block (month) Rate (RM)
prorate (kWh) (RM)

200 kWh (1 - 200 kWh) 200 x 1.02 = 204 0.218 44.47

100 kWh (201 - 300 kWh) 100 x 1.02 = 102 0.334 34.07

300 kWh (301 - 600 kWh) 300 x 1.02 = 306 0.516 157.90

675 - 204 - 102 - 306 =

300 kWh (601 - 900 kWh) 0.546 34.40
63

901 kWh onwards - 0.571 -

Total electricity bills 675 270.84

ENERGY EFFICIENCY & MANAGEMENT
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ANSWERS
DEG50032 Sesi 1:2022/ 2023
(a) The minimum energy performance
standards amd the efficiency ratings is set
out to ensure that such equipment meets the
energy performance testing standards.
Choose FIVE (5) domestic electrical products
that must follow the enforcements above. (5
marks)
Piawaian prestasi tenaga minimum dan
penarafan kecekapan ditetapkan untuk
memastikan peralatan tersebut memenuhi
piawaian ujian prestasi tenaga. Pilih LIMA (5)
produk elektrik domestik yang mesti
mengikut penguatkuasaan di atas.

Refrigerators
Air-conditioning
Television
Domestic Fans
Lamps