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    Quantum Physics: Lecture 1-C

    Uploaded by

    Titu Rajput
    This document provides an overview of Quantum Physics Lecture 1 on matter waves. It discusses how single crystals can be analyzed using x-ray and electron diffraction techniques. It then explains how interference patterns from double slit experiments show that particles can behave as waves by building up an interference pattern over many trials. Finally, it discusses how wavepackets are formed from the superposition of plane waves to localize a "particle" and characterize dispersion in different media using group and phase velocity.

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    Quantum Physics: Lecture 1-C

    Uploaded by

    Titu Rajput
    18 views13 pages
    This document provides an overview of Quantum Physics Lecture 1 on matter waves. It discusses how single crystals can be analyzed using x-ray and electron diffraction techniques. It then explains how interference patterns from double slit experiments show that particles can behave as waves by building up an interference pattern over many trials. Finally, it discusses how wavepackets are formed from the superposition of plane waves to localize a "particle" and characterize dispersion in different media using group and phase velocity.

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    This document provides an overview of Quantum Physics Lecture 1 on matter waves. It discusses how single crystals can be analyzed using x-ray and electron diffraction techniques. It then explains how interference patterns from double slit experiments show that particles can behave as waves by building up an interference pattern over many trials. Finally, it discusses how wavepackets are formed from the superposition of plane waves to localize a "particle" and characterize dispersion in different media using group and phase velocity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views13 pages

    Quantum Physics: Lecture 1-C

    Uploaded by

    Titu Rajput
    This document provides an overview of Quantum Physics Lecture 1 on matter waves. It discusses how single crystals can be analyzed using x-ray and electron diffraction techniques. It then explains how interference patterns from double slit experiments show that particles can behave as waves by building up an interference pattern over many trials. Finally, it discusses how wavepackets are formed from the superposition of plane waves to localize a "particle" and characterize dispersion in different media using group and phase velocity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    PHY 114

    Quantum Physics
    Lecture 1- C
    Matter Waves

    Y N Mohapatra

    Deptt. of Physics
    Materials Science Programme
    National Centre for Flexible Electronics
    Samtel Centre for Display Technologies

    IIT Kanpur
    15 January 2024 YNM/IITK/PHY114 1
    Single Crystal : X-ray & Electron Diffraction

    • X-ray Laue pattern

    TEM micro diffraction pattern from a the


    subsequently deposited film, and b from a single
    crystal GaSe standard. Zurong Dai
    X-ray & Electron Diffraction ( Al thin film)
    • The image above is from Wikipedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Single-
    slit_diffraction#/media/File:Diffraction_of_a_single_slit.jpg made by Gisling CCBY3.0 June 2014
    Double Slit Interference Pattern
    Single electron events interference pattern in the double-slit experiment

    Fig. 2 Single electron events build up to


    from an interference pattern in the double-
    slit experiments.
    • The number of electron accumulated on the
    screen.
    (a) 8 electrons;
    (b) 270 electrons;
    (c) 2000 electrons;
    (d) 160,000.
    The total exposure time from the beginning to
    the stage (d) is 20 min.

    Hitachi Ltd. 1994, 2024


    How to make a ‘particle’ out of ‘waves’ ?
    For a particle, waves must be LOCALIZED in the region of space where probability of finding them is high.

    How ?
    Linear Superposition of Plane waves.

    Ψ 𝑥, 𝑡 = & 𝐴! 𝑒 "(!$%&')
    !

    Wavepacket
    Wave Packets : Superposition
    Beat as an elementary example
    Heterodyne:
    1 1 Radio + music
    Φ! 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 𝑘 + ∆𝑘 𝑥 − 𝜔 + ∆𝜔 𝑡
    2 2
    1 1
    Φ" 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 𝑘 − ∆𝑘 𝑥 − 𝜔 − ∆𝜔 𝑡
    2 2

    1
    Φ! +Φ" = 2𝐴 cos ∆𝑘𝑥 − ∆𝜔𝑡 cos 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡
    2

    What is the velocity of this peak ? hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

    The modulating envelope (dashed line),


    the position of the peak is given by ∆𝑘𝑥 − ∆𝜔𝑡 = 0

    Therefore , the increments in 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 ∆𝜔 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜔


    ∆𝑘 𝑑𝑥 − ∆𝜔 𝑑𝑡 = 0 𝑣# = = 𝑣# ≡ =
    𝑡 at the position of the peak is given by 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑘 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑘
    𝜔
    Phase velocity : 𝑣$ ≡ 𝑘 Group velocity :
    Demo Superposition : Equal Amplitude !(

    𝑦 = 7 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
    Five Term Equal Amplitude Sum %&!'
    8
    6
    4
    2
    0
    1 101 201 301
    -2
    -4
    -6
    -8

    !(
    𝑛+1
    Ten term equal amplitude sum 𝑦 = 7 sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥) + sin 𝑥
    2
    5 %&!'
    4
    3
    2
    1
    0
    -1 1 101 201 301

    -2
    -3
    -4
    -5
    Dispersion:
    frequency dependence of speed in the medium

    dkfindout.com

    Wave Packet : A group of harmonic waves of different k

    Φ 𝑥, 𝑡 = 7 𝐴@/ 𝑒 ) *! +,-.

    ) *+,-.
    𝜔 𝑘
    Φ 𝑥, 𝑡 = > 𝐴 𝑘 𝑒 𝑑𝑘

    Dispersion Relationship :
    Defines all about the
    ofsoptics.com medium.
    Example : Dispersion of water waves in deep water.

    Water waves in deep water have a frequency dependence given by

    𝜔= 𝑔𝑘 ,where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

    𝜔
    𝑣$ =
    𝑘

    𝑔𝜆
    𝑣$ = ,i.e. water waves of longer wavelength have
    2𝜋
    have a greater velocity.

    ,i.e. surface of water waves is a dispersive medium.

    𝑑𝜔 𝑑 1 𝑔 !
    𝑣# = 𝑣# = 𝑔𝑘 = Note here : 𝑣# = 𝑣$
    𝑑𝑘 𝑑𝑘 2 𝑘 "
    Characterizing Waves in a medium

    𝜔
    𝑣$ ≡
    𝑘
    𝑥
    2𝜋
    𝜔= 𝑑𝜔
    𝑇 𝑣# ≡
    ~𝐸 𝑑𝑘

    𝑡 𝐸nergy
    2𝜋
    𝑘= ~𝑝
    For a particle, we need to know 𝑥 𝑡 : What about a wave ? 𝜆
    𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
    DE D! E It is characterized by 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇.
    we can then find ∶ ,
    DF DF !

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