MLSCPHML: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL

LABORATORY SCIENCE
MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024

FACTORS IN ASSESSING THE HEALTH

Week 1: Concept of Community OF THE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY 1. Physical Factors

1. Is a group of people sharing common - refer to the community’s
geographic boundaries and/or common environment geography,
norms, values, and interests. topography, and climate
2. No two communities are alike. 2. Historical Factors
3. The physical environment varies. - reflect the community’s
4. People’s way of behaving and coping is ancestral origin, including
different from one another. population and settlement
history.
CHARACTERIZED BY THE FOLLOWING 3. Social factors
ELEMENTS: - reflect the community’s
1. Membership character in terms of ethnicity
- A sense of identity and and language, family structure,
belonging social divisions, degree of
2. Common symbol systems education, and gender relations.
- Similar language, rituals, and
ceremonies.
3. Shared values and norms.
4. Mutual influence
- Community members have
influence and are influenced by
each other.
5. Shared needs and commitment to
meeting them.
6. Shared emotional connection
- Members share common history,
experiences, and mutual support.

DETERMINATION OF A HEALTHY
COMMUNITY
Leadership
- Assess the needs and resources.
Public Health support
- Public health and social infrastructure
and policies that support health.
Health service delivery
- equitable, affordable, and available
quality health care services.

1
 MLSCPHML: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024

The following are some health education teaching

Week 2: Community Health Education methods and strategies that can be integrated in
planning and implementing health programs and
COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION services:
- Health education and health promotion - Interviewing
have been used as interchangeable - Counseling
concepts, but these two involve distinct - Community assembly
activities - Lecture discussion
- Health education is a process whereby - Health talks
knowledge, attitude and practice of - Demonstration
people are changed to improve - Workshop
individual, family, and community health - Case study
- Health promotion, on the other hand, is - Role play
the process of enabling people to increase - Group buzz
control over, and to improve their health.
COMMUNITY HEALTH PROMOTION
HEALTH EDUCATION INTRODUCTION
- Involves giving information and teaching - As defined by the World Health
individuals and communities how to Organization (WHO), community health
achieve better health. promotion is the process of enabling
- Has been defined as those “activities people in the community to increase
which raise an individual’s awareness control over, and to improve, their health.
giving the individual the health It moves beyond a focus on individual
knowledge required to enable him or her behavior towards a wide range of social
to decide on a particular health action” and environmental interventions.
(Mackintosh, 1996) - As a core function of public health,
health promotion supports governments
HEALTH EDUCATION communities and individuals to cope
- The sequence of steps in health education with and address health challenges.
includes creating awareness, motivation,
and decision-making action to practice HEALTH PROMOTION
health services. The three strategies for health promotion are to:
ADVOCATE Political economic, social,
INFORMATION cultural, environmental,
- Provision of knowledge behavioral, and biological
factors can all favor or harm
COMMUNICATION
health. Health promotion aims to
- exchange of information make these conditions favorable,
EDUCATION through advocacy for health.
- Change in knowledge, attitude, and ENABLE Health promotion focuses on
skills. achieving equity in health.
Health promotion action aims to
reduce differences in health
status and to ensure the

2
 MLSCPHML: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024

availability of equal
opportunities and resources to
enable all people to achieve their
full health potential. This
includes a secure foundation in a
supportive environment, access
to information, life skills and
opportunities to make healthy
choices.
MEDIATE The prerequisites and prospects
for health cannot be ensured by
the health sector alone Health
promotion demands coordinated
action by all concerned,
including governments, health
and other social and economic
sectors, non-government and
voluntary organizations, local
authorities' industry and the
media.

3
 MLSCPHML: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024

Week 3: Population Density

POPULATION
- Refers to all the inhabitants of a given
country or area considered together.
- It is the number of people in a city of
town, region, country, or world.
- It is usually determined by a process
called census

CENSUS
- UN 1958: The total process of collecting,
compiling, and publishing demographic,
economic and social data pertaining to all
persons in a country at specified times.
- Principal objective: to obtain data about
the size, composition, and distribution of
the population.

POPULATION DENSITY
- Is the number of people per unit area,
usually expressed per square kilometer or
square mile.
- Commonly this may be calculated for a
town, city, province, region, an entire
country, or the world.
- Currently, increasing population density
is a growing concern among
epidemiologists’

Negative effect of high population density

1. Environmental stress
2. Scarcity on the resources
3. Poor individual health
4. Increasing public health concern.

Population 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒

Density 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞. 𝑘𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑞.

4
 MLSCPHML: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024

Week 4: Demography births/midyear

population
INTRODUCTION General Number of X 1,000
Fertility Rate live
(GFR) births/midyear
Demography
population of
- is the statistical study of human woman 15-44
populations. years of age
- Demography reflects populations
diversity and trends by evaluating Mortality Rates
population composition, growth and Rate of Formula Commonly
movement. Ratio used
- It takes up the study of the population multiplier
trends as measured over time by three Crude Death Number of X 1,000
sets of data. Rate (CDR) deaths from all
cause/midyear
population
1. One consists of vital indexes such as Cause- Number of X 100,000
birth rats and death rates Specific deaths from a
2. Consist of measures of population Death Rate specific
diversity such as ethnic composition, (CSDR) condition in a
density, rural-urban-suburban residential given
patterns, and migration year/midyear
Age- Number of X 1,000
3. Consist of socio-economic indicators
Specific deaths for a
such as income, occupation, and Rate (ASR) specified age
educational attainment. group in a
given
VITAL STATISTICS year/population
- refer to data about the events that mark a estimated at
mid-year for
life, such as birth, death, marriage, etc.
the specified
these are too helpful in estimating the age group
extent of health needs and problems in a Case Number of X 1,000
community or population. Fatality Rate deaths from a
(CFR) specified
Formulas for rats and ratios frequently computed disease/
for in assessing the health status of the number of
community. reported cases
of the same
disease
Fertility Rates Maternal Number of X 100,000
Rate of Ratio Formula Commonly Mortality deaths due to
used Rate (MMR) pregnancy,
multiplier delivery, and
Crude birth Number of X 1,000 puerperium in a
rate (CBR) live given/number
of live births

5
 MLSCPHML: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024

Infant Number of X 1,000 risk in a point

Mortality deaths under 1 of time
rate (IMR) year of age in a
given Vital and Demographic statistics Other Than
year/number of Mortality
live births
Rate of Ratio Formula Commonly
Neonatal Number of X 1,000
used
Mortality deaths under 28
multiplier
Rate (NMR) days of age in a
General Number of X 1,000
given
Marriage Marriages in
year/number of
Rate a given
live births
year/number
Fetal Number of fetal X 1,000
of persons 15
Mortality deaths at 20
years of age
Rate weeks
and over in
gestation (or
the
more) in a
population in
given
the same year
year/number of
General Number of X 1,000
live births +
Divorce Rate divorces
fetal deaths
during in a
Swaroop’s Number of X 1,000
given
Index deaths 50 years
year/number
of age and over
of persons 15
in a year/total
years of age
death
and over in
the
Morbidity population in
Rate of Formula Commonly the same year
Ratio used Dependency Persons X 1,000
multiplier Ratio under 20
Incidence Number of new X Factor years of age
Rate (IR) cases of a and persons
specified (factor 65 years and
disease could be over/total
occurring in a 100, 1,000, population
given period of 10,100, etc.) ages 20-64
time/population
at risk at the
same period of
time
Prevalence Number of old X Factor
Rate (PR) and new cases
of a specified (factor
disease existing could be
at a point in 100, 1,000,
time/total 10,100, etc.)
population at

6
 MLSCPHML: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024

Week 5: Epidemiology people who have the disease is compared

with another group who are free of the
EPIDEMIOLOGY disease. All the possible factors are
- Concerned with the distribution and assessed and compared to determine the
determinant of health and diseases, probable cause.
morbidity, injuries, disability, and b. Cohort method
mortality in populations. - two populations: one that had contact
- Studies when and where diseases occur with the etiologic agent and the other that
and how they are transmitted in a has not – both groups are called cohort
population. groups.
- Epidemiologic studies are applied to the
control of health problems in • Experimental Epidemiology
populations, rather than individuals. - Begins with a hypothesis about a
particular disease, experiments to test the
3 BASIC TYPES OF INVESTIGATIONS hypothesis are the conducted with a
- Used 3 basic types of investigations group of a people. Use controlled
when analyzing the occurrence of a experiments designed to test hypotheses.
disease.
[baka masama]
• Descriptive Epidemiology Notable Persons
- entails collecting all data that describe - Hippocrates
the occurrence of a disease. Relevant - Florence Nightingale
information includes: - Ignaz Semmelweis
a. Information about the affected - John Graunt
individuals (age, sex, - John Snow
race/ethnicity) - Robert Koch
b. Place and the period of the - Ronald Ross
disease occurrence. - Carlo Urbani

Retrospective
- looking backward after the episode has
ended. Backtracks the cause and source
of the disease.

• Analytical Epidemiology
- analyzes a particular disease to determine
its probable cause.

Two ways it can be done

a. Case control method
- epidemiologist looks for factors that
might have led to the disease. A group of

7
 MLSCPHML: COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FOR MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENCE
MIDTERMS - 2nd Term │A.Y. 2023 - 2024

Week 6: Communicable Disease ➢ Dengue is a serious public health

problem, imposing a significant burden
INTRODUCTION on hospitals and other health care
➢ Any disease that spreads from one person services.
(host) to another, either directly or
indirectly, is said to be a communicable The world health organization (WHO) and
disease. the DOH employ the following strategies for
the prevention and control of communicable
➢ Reporting of cases of communicable diseases:
disease is important in the planning and
evaluation of disease prevention and 1. Immunization
control programs, in the assurance of 2. Mass of drug distribution
appropriate medical therapy, and in the (chemoprophylaxis/chemotherapy)
detection of common-source 3. Food safety
outbreaks. 4. Safe water and sanitation.
5. Injection safety and sterilization.
6. Blood safety
➢ The successful application of 7. Vector control.
immunization, nutrition, sanitation and
epidemiological and principles has
caused acute, infectious and
communicable diseases to give way to
chronic disease as the leading cause of
death in more developed countries.

➢ Unfortunately, in developing countries,

communicable diseases are still a major
cause of suffering, disability, and death.

➢ In the Philippines, the four most

important communicable diseases,
constantly monitored by the DOH are
tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, dengue fever,
and pneumonia.

➢ The Philippines continues to witness

outbreaks of emerging infectious
diseases, including epidemic prone
communicable diseases such as measles,
cholera, typhoid, salmonellosis,
shigellosis, and leptospirosis.