Nelson 10 Extra Practice Worksheets

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qxd 5/13/09 11:38 AM Page i
Extra Practice Worksheets
Series Author and Senior Consultant

Marian Small
Lead Author
Chris Kirkpatrick
Authors
Mary Bourassa • Crystal Chilvers • Santo D’Agostino
Ian Macpherson • John Rodger • Susanne Trew
Principles of Mathematics 10
Series Author and Senior Authors Technology Consultant

Consultant Mary Bourassa, Crystal Chilvers, Ian McTavish
Marian Small Santo D’Agostino, Ian Macpherson,
John Rodger, Susanne Trew
Lead Author
Chris Kirkpatrick Contributing Authors
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Reviewers and Advisory Panel

Paul Alves Patricia Kehoe Kathy Pilon
Department Head of Mathematics Itinerant Teacher, Student Success Program Leader
Stephen Lewis Secondary School Department St. John Catholic High School
Peel District School Board Ottawa Catholic School Board Catholic District School Board of Eastern
Mississauga, ON Ottawa, ON Ontario
Perth, ON
Anthony Arrizza Michelle Lang
Department Head of Mathematics Consultant, Learning Services 7–12 Jennifer Portelli
Woodbridge College Waterloo Region District School Board Teacher
York Region District School Board Kitchener, ON Holy Cross Catholic Elementary School
Woodbridge, ON Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Angelo Lillo
Mississauga, ON
Terri Blackwell Head of Mathematics
Secondary Mathematics Teacher Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School Tamara Porter
Burlington Central High School District School Board of Niagara Department Head of Mathematics
Halton District School Board St. Catharines, ON Prince Edward Collegiate Institute
Burlington, ON Hastings and Prince Edward District School
Susan MacRury
Board
Mark Cassar Senior Mathematics Teacher
Picton, ON
Principal Lasalle Secondary School
Holy Cross Catholic Elementary School Rainbow District School Board Margaret Russo
Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board Sudbury, ON Mathematics Teacher
Mississauga, ON Madonna Catholic Secondary School
Frank Maggio
Toronto Catholic District School Board
Angela Conetta Department Head of Mathematics
Toronto, ON
Mathematics Teacher Holy Trinity Catholic Secondary School
Chaminade College School Halton Catholic District School Board Scott Taylor
Toronto Catholic District School Board Oakville, ON Department Head of Mathematics, Computer
Toronto, ON Science and Business
Peter Matijosaitis
Bell High School
Tamara Coyle Retired
Ottawa-Carleton District School Board
Teacher Toronto Catholic District School Board
Nepean, ON
Mother Teresa Catholic High School
Bob McRoberts
Ottawa Catholic School Board Joyce Tonner
Head of Mathematics
Nepean, ON Educator
Dr. G W Williams Secondary School
Thames Valley District School Board
Justin de Weerdt York Region District School Board
London, ON
Mathematics Department Head Aurora, ON
Huntsville High School Salvatore Trabona
Cheryl McQueen
Trillium Lakelands District School Board Mathematics Department Head
Mathematics Learning Coordinator
Huntsville, ON Madonna Catholic Secondary School
Thames Valley District School Board
Sandra Emms Jones London, ON
Toronto, ON
Math Teacher
Kay Minter
Forest Heights C.I. James Williamson
Teacher
Waterloo Region District School Board Teacher
Cedarbrae C.I.
Kitchener, ON St. Joseph-Scollard Hall C.S.S
Toronto District School Board
Nipissing-Parry Sound Catholic District School
Beverly Farahani Toronto, ON
Board
Head of Mathematics
Reshida Nezirevic North Bay, ON
Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute
Head of Mathematics
Limestone District School Board Charles Wyszkowski
Blessed Mother Teresa C.S.S
Kingston, ON Instructor
School of Education, Trent University
Richard Gallant Scarborough, ON
Peterborough, ON
Secondary Curriculum Consultant
Elizabeth Pattison
Simcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Krista Zupan
Mathematics Department Head
Board Math Consultant (Numeracy K–12)
Grimsby Secondary School
Barrie, ON Durham Catholic District School Board
District School Board of Niagara
Oshawa, ON
Jacqueline Hill Grimsby, ON
K–12 Mathematics Facilitator
Durham District School Board
Whitby, ON
NEL iii
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Use this page as a guide to the content in the worksheets.

Table of Contents
Worksheets are in chapter order by section.
Chapter 1: Systems of Linear Equations 2 Chapter 3: Graphs of Quadratic
Relations 128
Getting Started 4
1.1 Representing Linear Relations 8 Getting Started 130
1.2 Solving Linear Equations 15 3.1 Exploring Quadratic Relations 134
1.3 Graphically Solving Linear Systems 21 3.2 Properties of Graphs of Quadratic Relations 138
Curious Math 29 Curious Math 149
3.3 Factored Form of a Quadratic Relation 150
Mid-Chapter Review 30
1.4 Solving Linear Systems: Substitution 33
1.5 Equivalent Linear Systems 41 3.4 Expanding Quadratic Expressions 161
1.6 Solving Linear Systems: Elimination 49 3.5 Quadratic Models Using Factored Form 169
1.7 Exploring Linear Systems 57 3.6 Exploring Quadratic and
Exponential Graphs 179
Chapter Review 60
Chapter Review 183
Chapter Self-Test 64
Chapter Task 65
Chapter Task 188
Chapter 2: Analytic Geometry: Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Review 189

Line Segments and Circles 66
Getting Started 68 Chapter 4: Factoring Algebraic
Expressions 192
2.1 Midpoint of a Line Segment 72
2.2 Length of a Line Segment 81 Getting Started 194
2.3 Equation of a Circle 88 4.1 Common Factors in Polynomials 198
Mid-Chapter Review 94 4.2 Exploring the Factorization of Trinomials 205
2.4 Classifying Figures on a Coordinate Grid 96 4.3 Factoring Quadratics: x 2 + bx + c 207
2.5 Verifying Properties of Geometric Figures 104 Mid-Chapter Review 214
2.6 Exploring Properties of Geometric Figures 111 4.4 Factoring Quadratics: ax 2 + bx + c 217
Curious Math 114 4.5 Factoring Quadratics: Special Cases 225
2.7 Using Coordinates to Solve Problems 115 Curious Math 232
Chapter Review 122 4.6 Reasoning about Factoring Polynomials 233
Chapter Self-Test 126 Chapter Review 238
Chapter Task 127 Chapter Self-Test 242

Chapter Task 243
iv Table of Contents NEL

6706_Nelson-Math10_FM_ppi-v.qxd 5/13/09 11:38 AM Page v
Chapter 5: Applying Quadratic 7.2 Solving Similar Triangle Problems 382

Models 244 Mid-Chapter Review 389
Getting Started 246 7.3 Exploring Similar Right Triangles 391
5.1 Stretching/Reflecting Quadratic Relations 250 7.4 The Primary Trigonometric Ratios 394
5.2 Exploring Translations of Quadratic Relations 259 7.5 Solving Right Triangles 400
5.3 Graphing Quadratics in Vertex Form 263 Curious Math 407
7.6 Solving Right Triangle Problems 408
Chapter Review 415
5.4 Quadratic Models Using Vertex Form 275
5.5 Solving Problems Using Quadratic Relations 285 Chapter Self-Test 418
Curious Math 296 Chapter Task 419
5.6 Connecting Standard and Vertex Forms 297
Chapter Review 303 Chapter 8: Acute Triangle
Trigonometry 420
Getting Started 422
Chapter Task 307
8.1 Exploring the Sine Law 426
Chapter 6: Quadratic Equations 308 8.2 Applying the Sine Law 428
Getting Started 310 Mid-Chapter Review 435
6.1 Solving Quadratic Equations 314 8.3 Exploring the Cosine Law 437
6.2 Exploring the Creation of Perfect Squares 322 Curious Math 439
Curious Math 324 8.4 Applying the Cosine Law 440
6.3 Completing the Square 325 8.5 Solving Acute Triangle Problems 446
Chapter Review 452
6.4 The Quadratic Formula 336
6.5 Interpreting Quadratic Equation Roots 345
Chapter Task 455
6.6 Solving Problems Using Quadratic Models 352
Chapter Review 360 Chapters 7–8 Cumulative Review 456
Chapter Self-Test 363 Appendix A:
Chapter Task 364 REVIEW OF ESSENTIAL SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE 459
Appendix B:
Chapters 4–6 Cumulative Review 365
REVIEW OF TECHNICAL SKILLS 486
Chapter 7: Similar Triangles Glossary 528
and Trigonometry 368 Answers 536
Getting Started 370 Index 600
7.1 Congruence and Similarity in Triangles 374 Credits 604
NEL Table of Contents v

1. Systems of Linear Equations
Chapter 1 Diagnostic Test
STUDENT BOOK PAGES 4–7
1. Complete the table of values for the linear relation

x –2 4 0 10
3x + 2y = 18.
y 12 6 –3 0
2. Graph the relation 5y – 4x = 60 by determining its
x- and y-intercepts.
3. a) Using a graphing calculator, enter the relation y = –3x + 7 into the equation editor as Y1.
Press GRAPH to view the graph of the relation.
b) Determine the slope and y-intercept of the relation 12x + 4y = 16. Predict how the graph
of this relation would compare with the graph of the relation in part a).
c) Write the relation in part b) in the form y = mx + b, enter it as Y2, and press GRAPH.
Explain what you see.
4. a) To graph the equation 3x – 6y = 9, would you determine the x- and y-intercepts or would you
determine the slope and y-intercept? Explain your choice.
x y
b) You suspect that the equations 4y – 3x + 12 = 0 and − = 1 have identical graphs.
4 3
Describe a strategy you could use to decide whether your suspicion is correct.
5. Expand and simplify as necessary.
a) 12x – 10 – 7x – 5 b) 4(–2x + 7) c) (2x – 3) – (5x – 4) d) 3(x + 7) – 5(6 – 2x)
6. Solve.
a) x – 5 = –3 b) 26 = –2x – 8 c) 3x – 10 = –2x d) 3x + 5 = 5x + 17
7. Consider the equations y = m1x + 4 and y = m2x – 2. For what values of m1 and m2 will the
graphs of these two equations be identical? For what values will the graphs be parallel?
Explain your answers.
Copyright © 2011 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Chapter 1 Diagnostic Test | 1

Chapter 1 Diagnostic Test Answers
1. x –2 4 2 0 8 6 10 4. a) Answers may vary, e.g., I prefer x- and
y-intercepts because the equation will not
y 12 3 6 9 –3 0 –6 need to be rearranged.
b) Answers may vary, e.g., I could determine
2. the x- and y-intercepts of both lines, and then
compare them to see if they are equal.
5. a) 5x – 15 c) –3x + 1
b) –8x + 28 d) 13x – 9
6. a) x = 2 c) x = 2
x-intercept: –15; y-intercept: 12 b) x = –17 d) x = –6
3. a) 7. The graphs will never be identical because they
have different y-intercepts. They will be parallel
only when m1 = m2 because the slopes are the
same for parallel lines.
b) slope: –3; y-intercept: 4; same slope,

different y-intercept (i.e., parallel)
c) y = –3x + 4

The two lines are parallel because they have
the same slope but different y-intercepts.
If students have difficulty with the questions on the Diagnostic Test, it may be necessary
to review the following topics:
• expanding and simplifying algebraic expressions
• graphing a linear relation, given the x- and y-intercepts
• graphing a linear equation, given the y-intercept and the slope
• solving linear equations
2 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Chapter 1 Diagnostic Test Answers

Lesson 1.1 Extra Practice
1. The ordered pair (c, c) satisfies the relation 5. One year ago, Renata invested some of her
3x – y = 8. What is the value of c? income in two investment accounts: a
guaranteed-income fund that pays a return of
2. Define variables for each situation, and write an 4% per year and a high-growth account that, for
equation to represent the situation. the year just past, paid out 6%. Renata’s return
a) Alexia earns $7.00/h gardening for her aunt on her investment is $360. Use two different
and $8.50/h babysitting. Last month, she strategies to represent Renata’s possible
earned $98.50. investments in each account.
b) Dieter has a long-distance plan that costs
$4.95/month, plus 4¢/min for long-distance 6. Marta works for a company that makes floral
calls within Canada and the U.S., and 5¢/min arrangements for special events. She is
for calls to Europe. Last month, Dieter’s total negotiating a new plan for her travelling
spending on long-distance calls was $11.95. expenses and suggests 15¢/km as a fair rate.
The company suggests an alternative plan of
3. Graph each equation for question 2. 12¢/km, with an additional flat payout of
4. Justin buys almonds at 2.25¢ per gram and dried $12.50/month. In a typical month, Marta drives
apricots at 1.5¢ per gram to make a snack mix. 700 km on company business. Which plan is
He spends $6.00 in total. better for Marta?
a) Write an equation to represent this situation,
using x for the amount of almonds, in grams,
and y for the amount of dried apricots, in
grams.
b) Use a graphing calculator to graph your
equation. Remember to use appropriate
window settings.
c) Set up and display a table of values for your
equation to help you determine the amount of
dried apricots Justin bought if he bought

250 g of almonds.
Lesson 1.1 Extra Practice | 3

Lesson 1.1 Extra Practice Answers
1. c = 4 5. Answers may vary, e.g.,
Table of values:
2. a) Let x represent the number of hours spent
gardening, and let y represent the number x 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000
of hours spent babysitting. y 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
7.00x + 8.50y = 98.50
b) Let x represent the number of minutes Graph:
spent on calls within Canada or the U.S.,
and let y represent the number of minutes
spent on calls to Europe.
0.04x + 0.05y + 4.95 = 11.95
3. a)
Equation: 0.04x + 0.06y = 360

Graphing calculator:
b)

4. a) 2.25x + 1.50y = 600 6. The plan that Marta suggested is better.
b)
c)
4 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Lesson 1.1 Extra Practice Answers

1. DriveEasy, a car share-rental 4. Benoit drove at 85 km/h from Barrie to

company, rents vehicles Sudbury. At this speed, his truck uses gas at a
online on a sliding scale, as rate of 7.5 L/100 km. Benoit left Barrie with
shown in the graph. 40 L of gas in the tank, and his low fuel warning
a) How much does it cost to light came on when 4 L was left. Estimate how
rent a car for 1 h 45 min? long after leaving Barrie the warning light
b) For how long can you rent came on.
a car if you have $18.00?
5. Nita is comparing two job offers. Roxie’s
2. a) Write an equation for the Boutique is offering $3000/month plus 25%
linear relation in commission on sales, and Cherie Womenswear
question 1. is offering $2400/month plus 40% commission
b) Use your equation to on sales. Compare the two offers. Which job
calculate the answers for should Nita take? Explain your decision.
question 1.
c) Compare your original 6. A train leaves Montréal for Toronto at
answers for question 1 with your answers for 9:30 a.m., travelling at 120 km/h. At the same
part b). Identify one advantage of each time, a train bound for Montréal leaves Toronto,
strategy. travelling at 105 km/h. The distance from
Montréal to Toronto by train is 520 km.
3. This graph shows the relationship between the a) Describe two strategies you could use to
cost of a safari tour and the number of tourists. estimate when the trains will pass each other.
b) Use one of your strategies to estimate when
the trains will pass each other.
a) Write an equation for the relation.

b) Use your equation to determine the cost
of a safari for six people.
c) How many tourists can go on a safari for
$1250? How many can go for 1850?
d) Is it possible for a safari to cost $1600?
Explain.

1. a) about $8.60 6. a) Answers may vary, e.g., drawing a graph of
b) about 4 h 20 min the distances of the two trains from either
Montréal or Toronto; creating a table of
2. a) y = 3.5x + 2.5 values of these distances and determining
b) $8.63, 4 h 26 min when these values are equal; writing
c) Answers may vary, e.g., using the graph to expressions to represent the distances
estimate is quicker, but using the equation is travelled by the trains, setting the sum of the
more accurate. two expressions for distance equal to 520,
3. a) y = 800 + 150x and solving for time.
b) $1700 b) Answers may vary, e.g., about 11:50 a.m.
c) 3 tourists, 7 tourists
d) no, because the corresponding x-value is not
a whole number
4. Answers may vary, e.g., about 5 h 40 min
5. Roxie’s pays more than Cherie Womenswear
for up to $4000/month in sales. If Nita thinks
that she can sell more than $4000, she should
choose Cherie Womenswear’s offer; otherwise
she should choose Roxie’s offer.

1. Which ordered pair is a solution to the system of 5. A passenger airplane takes 4 h 15 min for a
equations x + 2y = 6 and y = 8 – 3x? journey of 3600 km. The airplane travels at a
a) (–2, 2) b) (0, 8) c) (0.5, 6.5) d) (2, 2) cruising speed of 900 km/h. The mean speed is
600 km/h during takeoff and landing. Use a
2. Which system of equations matches the graph graphing strategy to estimate the amount of time
shown? that the airplane travels at cruising speed.
6. Anya works as a senior sales rep for a computer
store. She earns $4500/month plus 5%
commission on her monthly sales, but she is
considering an offer of $3750/month plus 10%
commission from another store.
a) Which option is better if Anya’s monthly
sales average $12 000? Which option is
better for sales of $20 000?
a) 3x + y = 2 and 2x – 3y = 6 b) Write equations for Anya’s two options, and
b) 3x – y = 2 and 2x + 3y = 12 graph your equations.
c) 2x – 3y = 12 and y = 3x – 2 c) How much in monthly sales would Anya
d) y = 3x – 2 and 2x + 3y = 6 have to make for both options to have the
same value?
3. a) Graph the system 3x – y = 5 and x + 2y = 4
by hand. 7. Five years ago, a high-school cafeteria charged
b) Solve the system using your graph. $5.85 for three pieces of fruit and a chicken
c) Verify your solution by substituting into the salad. Today, each piece of fruit costs 12%
given equations. more, while a chicken salad costs 15% more.
The new cost of three pieces of fruit and a
4. Use graphing technology to graph and solve the
chicken salad is $6.66. Determine the new
system 2x – 5y = 3 and x + y = 12.
prices of a piece of fruit and a chicken salad.

1. d) 5. 3 h 30 min
2. b) 6. a) Anya’s current job; the other offer
b) y = 4500 + 0.05x, y = 3750 + 0.10x
3. a)
b) (2, 1)
c) 3(2) – 1 = 5, 2 + 2(1) = 4
4.
c) $15 000
7. 84¢, $4.14

Chapter 1 Mid-Chapter Review Extra Practice
1. Define variables x and y for each situation, and a) What is the minimum fare for a Speedy
write an equation to represent the situation. Taxi trip?
a) Indra earns $20/h at her day job and $12/h at b) What is the fare for a 12 km trip?
her evening job. Last month, she earned c) How much extra does each kilometre cost?
$3600. d) Write an equation to represent Speedy Taxi
b) Laurent keeps a change jar for snack fares. Use your equation to determine the
machines. The jar contains $15.75 in loonies fare for a 29 km trip.
and quarters.
c) Rebecca goes on a road trip, travelling at 5. A 1300 L water tank empties at the rate of
100 km/h on six-lane highways and 80 km on 4 L/min. At 3:15 p.m., 170 L of the water is left
other highways. She travels a total distance in the tank. Estimate when the tank was last
of 480 km. filled.
2. Graph each equation for question 1. 6. a) Graph the linear system 3x + 4y = 12 and
y = 2x – 3 by hand.
3. Waterworld Rentals rents windsurfing boards b) Estimate the solution to this system.
for $32/day and regular surfboards for $20/day. c) Check your answer for part b) using a
Last Tuesday, Waterworld charged $960 for graphing calculator.
rentals. Choose two strategies to represent the
possible combinations of windsurfing boards 7. Elena runs an ice cream store. She sells a 1 L
and regular surfboards. tub of vanilla ice cream for $2.50 and a 1 L tub
of mocha ice cream for $3.30. She wants to
4. This graph shows the scale of fares charged by create a mix called Creamy Coffee Swirl to sell
Speedy Taxi Company. for $3.00 per 1 L tub. How much of each
flavour must Elena use for one tub?
8. The equations y = 4, 2x + 3y = 8, and 2x – y = 8
form the sides of a triangle.
a) Graph the triangle, and determine the

coordinates of the vertices.
b) Calculate the area of the triangle.
Chapter 1 Mid-Chapter Review Extra Practice | 9

Chapter 1 Mid-Chapter Review Extra Practice Answers
1. a) Let x represent hours worked at the day 3. Answers may vary, e.g.,
job, let y represent hours worked at the Let x represent Graph:
evening job; 20x + 12y = 3600 the number of
b) Let x represent number of loonies, let y windsurfing boards.
represent number of quarters; Let y represent
x + 0.25y = 15.75 the number of
c) Let x represent time driven on six-lane regular surfboards.
highways, let y represent time driven on Equation:
other highways; 100x + 80y = 480 32x + 20y = 960
2. a)
Table of values:
x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
y 48 40 32 24 16 8 0
Graphing calculator:
4. a) $4.50 b) $7.50 c) 25¢

d) y = 0.25x + 4.50, $11.75
b) 5. about 10:30 a.m.
6. a)

b) about (2.2, 1.4)
c)
c)
7. 0.375 L of vanilla and 0.625 L of mocha

8. a) b) 16 square units
(–2, 4), (4, 0), (6, 4)
10 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Chapter 1 Mid-Chapter Review Extra Practice Answers

1. Isolate the indicated variable in each equation. 5. The difference between two adjacent angles in a
a) 3x + y = 7, y c) 4x + 3y = 12, x parallelogram is 42°. Determine the measures of
b) y – 3x + 2 = 0, x d) 20x – 4y = 10, y all four angles in the parallelogram.
2. Solve the linear system x + y = 5 and 6. Without graphing, determine the intersection
3x – 2y = 25. point of the line 2x + y = 8 and the line passing
through (0, 6) and (9, 0).
3. A hat maker at a fair sells two kinds of novelty
hats. The banana-split hat sells for $3.50, and 7. A change jar contains $7.55 in nickels, dimes,
the chocolate-sundae hat sells for $4.25. At the and quarters. There are eight more nickels and
end of the day, the hat maker has sold 76 hats dimes than quarters, and 50 coins altogether.
and taken in $290 in revenue. How many How many of each coin are in the jar?
chocolate-sundae hats were sold?
4. The hat maker in question 3 has to pay $130/day
to rent the stall at the fair, and the materials to
make each hat cost $2.25. Determine how many
hats per day the hat maker must sell to break
even if
a) only banana-split hats are sold
b) only chocolate-sundae hats are sold

1. a) y = 7 – 3x
1 2
b) x = y +
3 3
3
c) x = 3 – y
4
d) y = 5x – 2.5
2. (7, –2)
3. 32
4. a) 104
b) 65
5. 111°, 69°, 111°, 69°
6. (1.5, 5)
7. 12 nickels, 17 dimes, 21 quarters

1. a) Add and subtract the equations in the linear 5. A student committee sells 104 tickets for a
system 5x – 3y = 6 and x + 2y = –4. concert. Student tickets cost $9, and non-student
b) By graphing, verify that the two new tickets cost $12.50. The total revenue from
equations have the same solution as the ticket sales is $1135.50.
original linear system. a) Write two equations for this situation: one
equation describing the number of tickets
2. a) Multiply 3x – y = 5 by –2, and multiply sold, and the other equation describing the
1 revenue.
2x + 4y = 7 by .
2 b) Multiply your equation for the number of
b) Make a prediction about the graphs of the tickets by 9. Then subtract this new equation
two new equations, compared with the from your revenue equation. How are your
graphs of the original two equations. two new equations related to your equations
c) Suggest and apply a strategy to check your for part a)?
prediction without graphing. c) Determine the number of student tickets that
were sold. Explain your strategy.
3. a) Multiply x + 3y = 5 by 2, and multiply
3x + 2y = 15 by 3. 6. a) Use a substitution strategy to solve the
b) Create another linear system by adding and system y + 5x + 32 = 0 and 3y – 4x = 37.
subtracting your equations for part a). b) Show that multiplying the first equation by 3
c) By graphing, verify that your linear system and then adding and subtracting the
for part b) is equivalent to the original linear equations forms an equivalent system.
system for part a).
4. The linear system 2x – 3y = 2 and 3y – x = 8 is
equivalent to the linear system ax + 13y = –22
and 3x + by = –6. Determine the values of a
and b.

1. a) adding: 6x – y = 2; 4. a = –10, b = –6
subtracting: 4x – 5y = 10
5. a) x + y = 104, 9.00x + 12.50y = 1135.50
b)
b) 9x + 9y = 936, 3.50y = 199.50; equivalent
to equations for part a)
c) 47; answers may vary, e.g., I solved the
equation 3.50y = 199.50 to determine that
y = 57, substituted this value into the
equation x + y = 104, and solved for x.
6. a) (–7, 3)
b) 6y + 11x = –59, 19x = –133; the solution is
2. a) –6x + 2y = –10, x + 2y = 3.5 again (–7, 3), so the systems are
b) The graph of –6x + 2y = –10 will be the equivalent.
same as the graph of 3x – y = 5; the graph
of x + 2y = 3.5 will be the same as the
graph of 2x + 4y = 7.
c) Answers may vary, e.g., check intercepts:
–6x + 2y = –10 and 3x – y = 5 both have
⎛5 ⎞
intercepts ⎜ , 0 ⎟ and (0, –5); x + 2y = 3.5
⎝3 ⎠
and 2x + 4y = 7 both have intercepts
(3.5, 0) and (0, 1.75).
3. a) 2x + 6y = 10, 9x + 6y = 45
b) adding: 11x + 12y = 55;
subtracting: –7x = –35
c)

1. For an Open House at a high school, a 4. A linear system consists of the equations
student-run stall is selling two types of juice 3x – 2y + 10 = 0 and 5x + 4y = –13.
drinks: Power Juice and Juice Cooler. The table a) Solve the system by eliminating x.
shows the amounts of pure juice and water in b) Solve the system by eliminating y.
each type.
5. You need to solve the linear system 3x – 5y = 41
Amount of Amount of and 2y – 3x = –29.
Type of Drink Juice (mL) Water (mL) a) Explain which variable you would choose to
Power Juice 350 150 eliminate.
b) Solve the system by eliminating the variable
Juice Cooler 250 750
you chose.
If the students have 5.5 L of juice and 7.5 L of
6. A local charity decides to invest $20 000 in two
water, how much of each type of drink can they
funds. After one year, the returns on the funds
make?
are 4% and 6%. If the total return on the
2. During her morning commute, Rebecca charity’s investment is $1040, how much did
averaged 30 km/h in heavy city traffic and the charity invest in the fund returning 4%?
90 km/h once she got onto the highway. She
7. Kara thinks of two numbers. She performs the
travelled 35 km in 30 min. How far did Rebecca
following steps:
drive while on the highway?
Step 1: She doubles the first number and
3. To eliminate x from each linear system, by what subtracts three times the second number. The
numbers would you multiply equations ① and result is 19.
②? Step 2: She switches the numbers and repeats
step 1. The result is –41.
a) 2x – 3y = –1 ① c) 5x + y = 12 ①
Use an elimination strategy to discover Kara’s
4x + y = 9 ② –2x – 3y = 0 ② two numbers.
b) 7x – 5y = 8 ① d) 2x + 2y = 5 ①
y + 3x = 9 ② 3x – 2y = –3 ②

1. 5 L of Power Juice, 8 L of Juice Cooler
2. 30 km
3. a) 2 and 1 c) 2 and 5
b) 3 and 7 d) 3 and 2
4. a), b) (–3, 0.5)
5. a) I would eliminate x because I don’t need to
multiply either equation by a number. I can
just add the equations.
b) (7, –4)
6. $8000
7. 17, 5

Chapter 1 Review Extra Practice
1. Steve has a budget of $25 each month to spend a) 3x + y = 1 and 2x – 5y = 6

on cell-phone calls and text messages. He pays b) x + 3y = 1 and x – 2y = 3
15¢/min for airtime and 25¢ per text message. c) 3x + y = 1 and 5y – 2x = 6
a) Use a table to show Steve’s possible d) x + 3y = 1 and 2x – 5y = 6
combinations of calls and text messages in
one month. 4. a) Isolate y in both equations in the system
b) Draw a graph to represent Steve’s possible 4y + 7x = 19 and 5x – 2y = 13.
combinations. b) Use graphing technology to solve the system,
expressing your answers to the nearest
2. Carly buys a bulk lot of stuffed animals and hundredth.
resells them at the school fair. The graph shows
Carly’s net profit or loss. 5. A transversal crosses
two parallel lines,
creating angles that
measure a and b as
shown. Determine a
and b if tripling the
angle measure a creates the same measure as
doubling the angle measure b.
6. Which linear system is not equivalent to the
system y – 2x = 13 and x + 5y = 10?
a) x – y = –8 and 3x + 2y = –9
b) 4x – 7y = 41 and y = 3
c) x = –5 and 3x + 5y = 0
d) x – y = –8 and x + y = –2
7. Jamal wants to make a 300 g serving of kiwi
and blueberries that contains 75 mg of

vitamin C. He knows that 1 g of kiwi contains
0.7 mg of vitamin C, and each gram of
blueberries contains 0.1 mg of vitamin C. Use
any appropriate strategy to determine how much
a) Estimate Carly’s profit or loss if she sells of each type of fruit Jamal should include.
37 stuffed animals.
b) Use the graph to write an equation that 8. a) Solve the system 3x + 2y = –4 and
represents Carly’s profit or loss. 5x – 2y = 12 using a substitution strategy.
c) Determine Carly’s exact profit or loss if she b) Use an elimination strategy to solve the same
sells 37 stuffed animals. linear system.
3. Which system of equations matches the graph c) Which strategy is more efficient for solving
shown? this system? Explain in terms of both
strategies.
9. a) Given the equation 5y – 3x = 15, write
another equation to create a linear system
with each number of solutions.
i) none ii) one iii) infinitely many
b) Verify your answers for part a) graphically.
Chapter 1 Review Extra Practice | 17

Chapter 1 Review Extra Practice Answers
1. a) b)
Calls Text Messages
Number of Number of Total

Minutes Cost ($) Messages Cost ($) Cost ($)
0 0 100 25 25
20 3 88 22 25
40 6 76 19 25
60 9 64 16 25
80 12 52 13 25
100 15 40 10 25
120 18 28 7 25
140 21 16 4 25
160 24 4 1 25
2. a) loss of about $64 or $65 9. Answers may vary, e.g.,

b) y = 4.75x – 240 a) i) 5y – 3x = 10 iii) 10y – 6x = 30
c) loss of $64.25 ii) y – 3x = 9
b)
3. a)
19 7 5 13
4. a) y = − x, y = x−
4 4 2 2
b)

(2.65, 0.12)
5. a = 72°, b = 108°
6. b)
7. 75 g kiwi, 225 g blueberries
8. a), b) (1, –3.5)
c) Elimination is more efficient because the two
equations can simply be added together. For
substitution, isolating either variable involves
dividing both sides of one of the equations by
a number.
18 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Chapter 1 Review Extra Practice Answers

2. Analytic Geometry: Line Segments and Circles
1. Calculate each unknown side length. Round to two decimal places, if necessary.
a) b)
2. Solve each equation. Round to one decimal place, if necessary.

2 − x x +1
a) x2 + 25 = 169 c) + =5
3 5
3
b) (2x + 1) – 3(5 – x) = 16 d) 85 = 16 + x2
4
3. Determine the equation of the line that
a) passes through (5, –3) and (8, 6)
1
b) has a slope of − and passes through (4, 7)
2
c) is perpendicular to y = 2 – 3x and passes through (3, 1)
d) is parallel to 4x + 2y = 7 and passes through (–1, –4)
4. Determine the point of intersection for each pair of lines.
a) y = 3x + 5 b) 3y – x = 12
1
y = x – 15 2x + 4y = 7
2
5. Calculate the radius of the semicircle.
6. Which of these statements is not true?
a) A rectangle is a special type of parallelogram.
b) A square is a special type of rhombus.
c) A rhombus is a special type of square.
d) A rhombus is a special type of kite.

1. a) 1.5 cm
b) 6.23 m
2. a) 12 or –12
b) 6.7
c) –31
d) 8.3 or –8.3
3. a) y = 3x – 18
1
b) y = – x + 9
2
1
c) y = x
3
d) y = –2x – 6
4. a) (–8, –19)
b) (–2.7, 3.1)
5. about 17 cm
6. c)
If students have difficulty with the questions in the Diagnostic Test, you may need
• applying the Pythagorean theorem to determine side lengths of a right triangle
• determining the equation of a line given two points on the line
• determining the equation of a line given the y-intercept and the slope
• determining the point of intersection for a linear system

1. Determine the coordinates of the midpoint of 4. Three of the vertices of rhombus ABCD are
each line segment. A(5, 6), B(–2, 5), and C(3, 0).
a) What property of rhombuses can you use
to determine the coordinates of the fourth
vertex, D?
b) Determine the coordinates of D.
5. Determine the equation of the perpendicular
bisector of the line segment with each pair of
endpoints.
a) (3, 1) and (5, 5)
b) (–3, 2) and (5, –2)
2. A midpoint of a line segment is (3.5, –2), and
c) (3, 3) and (7, 3)
one endpoint is (1, 7).
a) Describe a strategy you could use to 6. The municipal councils of two cities agree that a
determine the coordinates of the other new airport will not be closer to one city than to
endpoint. the other. The coordinates of the cities on a map
b) Apply your strategy to determine these are A(23, 17) and B(47, 25). Describe all the
coordinates. possible locations for the airport.
3. a) The points (11, 4) and (–3, 2) are the 7. Quadrilateral PQRS has vertices at P(1, 7),
endpoints of a diameter of a circle. Q(6, 8), R(7, 1), and S(3, –1).
Determine the coordinates of the centre of a) Determine the point of intersection for the
the circle. diagonals of this quadrilateral.
b) Another diameter of the same circle has b) Determine the midpoint of each diagonal.
endpoint (–1, 8). Determine the coordinates c) Is PQRS a parallelogram? Explain how you
of the other endpoint. know.

1. midpoint of AB: (3, 4) 1
midpoint of CD: (3.5, 1.5) 5. a) y = − x +5
2
midpoint of EF: (–1, –0.5) b) y = 2x – 2
2. a) Use the midpoint formula to write an c) x = 5
equation for each coordinate: 6. The airport can be located at any point on the
x1 + x 2 y + y2 line with equation y = –3x + 126.
= 3.5 and 1 = −2 .
2 2
Substitute x1 = 1 and y2 = 7 into these 7. a) (4.5, 3.5)
equations, and solve for x2 and y2. b) midpoint of PR: (4, 4)
b) (6, –11) midpoint of QS: (4.5, 3.5)
c) No. The diagonals do not meet at a
3. a) (4, 3) common midpoint.
b) (9, –2)
4. a) Opposites sides of a rhombus are parallel.
b) (10, 1)

1. Determine the length of each line segment. 4. Suppose that you are given the coordinates of
the endpoints of a line segment. Describe the
most efficient strategy you could use to
calculate both the slope and the length of the
line segment.
5. The walls of a room in an art gallery need to be
repainted. The coordinates of the corners of the
room, in metres, are (3, 8), (7, 7), (7, 1), (2, 2),
and (–1, 5). The room is 5 m high, and 1 L of
paint covers 35 m2. How much paint will be
2. Calculate the distance between every possible
needed, to the nearest tenth of a litre?
pair of points in the diagram.
6. An optical fibre trunk runs in a straight line
through points (5, 20) and (45, 10) on a grid.
What is the minimum length of optical fibre that
is needed to connect the trunk to buildings at
(30, 35) and (10, 10), if 1 unit on the grid
represents 1 m? Round your answer to the
nearest tenth.
3. The coordinates of four possible sites for a
landfill are given below. Which site is farthest
from a town located at (4, 8)?
a) (0, 5) b) (7, 12) c) (6, 3) d) (8, 4)

1. PQ: 5.8 units; RS: about 4.1 units 3. d)
TU: about 4.2 units
4. Answers may vary, e.g., determine x1 – x2 and
2. AB: about 4.5 units y1 – y2. For the slope, divide the second value
AC: about 8.5 units by the first value. For the length, square the
AD: about 3.6 units values, add them, and take the square root.
BC: about 6.1 units
BD: about 6.1 units 5. 3.5 L
CD: about 7.1 units 6. 29.1 m

1. This table of values gives points that lie 6. A satellite transfers from a near-Earth orbit,
on the same circle. with equation x2 + y2 = 51 122 500, in
kilometres, to another orbit that is 35 km higher.
x –7 1 5
How many kilometres longer, to two decimal
y ±1 ±5 ±7 ±1 places, is the second orbit than the first?
a) Copy and complete the table. 7. A circle is centred at (0, 0) and passes through
b) Sketch the circle. point (16, –7). Determine the other endpoint of
c) Write the equation of the circle. the diameter through (16, –7). Explain your
2. For each equation of a circle: strategy.
i) Determine the diameter. 8. Points (a, –7) and (4, b) are on the circle with
ii) Determine the x- and y-intercepts. equation x2 + y2 = 50. Determine the possible
a) x2 + y2 = 625 values of a and b. Round to one decimal place,
b) x2 + y2 = 0.16 if necessary.
3. A circle is centred at (0, 0) and passes through
point (–3, 7). Write the equation of the circle.
4. Which of these points is not on the circle with
equation x2 + y2 = 225?
a) (14, 1) b) (12, –9) c) (0, 15) d) (9, 12)
5. a) Determine the radius of a circle that passes
through
i) (0, –6) ii) (5, 12)
b) Write the equation of each circle in part a).
c) State the coordinates of two other points on
each circle.

1. a) x –7 –5 –1 1 5 7 3. x2 + y2 = 58
y ±1 ±5 ±7 ±7 ±5 ±1 4. a)
b) 5. a) i) 6 units
ii) 13 units
b) i) x2 + y2 = 36
ii) x2 + y2 = 169
c) Answers may vary, e.g.,
i) (0, 6), (–6, 0)
ii) (13, 0), (–13, 0)
6. 219.91 km
7. (–16, 7); the diameter has midpoint (0, 0), so the
c) x2 + y2 = 50 coordinates of the other endpoint are the
opposites of the coordinates of the given
2. a) i) 50 units endpoint.
ii) x-intercepts: (25, 0), (–25, 0)
y-intercepts: (0, 25), (0, –25) 8. a = ±1, b = ±5.8
b) i) 0.8 units
ii) x-intercepts: (0.4, 0), (–0.4, 0)
y-intercepts: (0, 0.4), (0, –0.4)

1. The midpoint of line segment AB is at 6. Write the equation of a circle, centred at (0, 0),
M(–5, 2.5). If endpoint A is at (–1, –3), that models each situation.
determine the coordinates of endpoint B. a) a G-training device for astronauts, with a
radius of 13 m
2. Rectangle EFGH has vertices at E(1, 5), F(9, 7), b) a wheel rim with a diameter of 16 in
and G(8, 11). Determine the coordinates of the
fourth vertex, H. 7. A design for a kitchen tile uses circles and
squares, as shown. If the large square has side
3. A guide rope is laid out in three stages along the lengths of 125 mm, what is the equation of the
ascent of a vertical rock face. The rope is small circle, assuming that its centre is at (0, 0)?
attached to the rock face at points (0, 0), (5, 3), Round to the nearest millimetre.
(–1, 12), and (3, 17), in that order. Determine
the total length of the rope, to the nearest tenth
of a metre.
4. The Big Pumpkin, a restaurant and pie shop, is a
short distance from a major highway. The
highway passes, in a straight line, through
(–4, –2) and (8, 4) on a map. The Big Pumpkin
is located at (–1, 3). What is the shortest
distance from The Big Pumpkin to the highway,
to the nearest tenth of a kilometre, if 1 unit on
the map represents 1 km?
5. Two points, A(0.5, 2.5) and B(3.5, 3.5), lie on a
line. Point C(–0.5, 5.5) lies off to one side of the
line.
a) Use only the distance formula to show that
BC is not perpendicular to the line through A
and B.
b) Determine the distance from C to the line
through A and B. Do not calculate a point of
intersection.

1. (–9, 8) 6. a) x2 + y2 = 169
b) x2 + y2 = 64
2. (0, 9)
7. x2 + y2 = 1953, or x2 + y2 = 1954
3. 23.1 m
4. 3.1 km
5. a) Answers may vary, e.g., AC = 10 = 3.16

or about 3.2 units and BC = 2 5 = 4.47 or
about 4.5 units so BC is not the minimum
distance from C to AB. Therefore, BC is not
perpendicular to AB.
1
b) Answers may vary, e.g., the slope of AB =
3
and the slope of AC = –3, which means that
AC is perpendicular to AB. The distance from
C to AB is the length of AC, which is about
3.2 units.

1. Quadrilateral ABCD has two sides that measure 5. Two vertices of +ABC, an isosceles right
5 units and two sides that measure 2.5 units. triangle, are located at A(2, 1) and B(5, –2).
What types of quadrilateral could ABCD be? Determine all the possible locations of C if
For each type, make a possible sketch of ABCD a) AB is a side of+ABC that is not the
on a grid. hypotenuse
b) AB is the hypotenuse
2. P(–3, 2), Q(2, 3), and R(–2, 7) are the vertices
of a triangle. 6. A rhombus is a special type of kite and also a
a) Show that +PQR is an isosceles triangle. special type of parallelogram. How would you
b) Is +PQR also a right triangle? Justify your apply this description of a rhombus if you were
answer. using the coordinates of the vertices of a
quadrilateral to determine the type of
3. a) Describe a strategy you could use to decide quadrilateral? Include examples in your
whether a quadrilateral is a rhombus, if you explanation.
are given the coordinates of its vertices.
b) Use your strategy to show that polygon 7. The corners of a new park have the coordinates
JKLM, with vertices at J(–5, 3), K(3, 1), S(–5, 1), T(5, –4), U(1, –5), and V(–5, –2) on a
L(5, –7), and M(–3, –5), is a rhombus. map. What shape is the park? Include your
calculations in your answer.
4. In quadrilateral EFGH, EF = 7.5 cm and
FG = 5.5 cm. The slopes of EF, FG, and GH are
1
4, , and 4, respectively.
4
a) What must be true about the slope and length
of EH if EFGH is a parallelogram?
b) Could the length of GH equal 7.5 cm if
EFGH is an isosceles trapezoid? Explain.

1. Answers may vary, e.g., 5. a) (5, 4), (–1, –2), (8, 1), or (2, –5)
parallelogram b) (2, –2) or (5, 1)
6. Answers may vary, e.g., I would use the
distance formula to determine the lengths
of all the sides. If two pairs of adjacent
sides are congruent, then the quadrilateral
rectangle is a kite; e.g., A(–3, 3), B(1, 5), C(7, 3),
D(1, 1). I would use the slope formula to
determine the slopes of all the sides. If the
slopes of opposite sides are equal, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram; e.g.,
E(1, 2), F(4, 5), G(8, 5), H(5, 2). If the
kite
quadrilateral is both a kite and a
parallelogram, then it is a rhombus; e.g.,
J(1, 1), K(4, 6), L(7, 1), M(4, –4).
7. ST = 5 5 = 11.18 units,
TU = 17 = 4.12 units,
2. a) PQ = PQ = 26 = 5.10 units, UV = 3 5 = 6.71 units, SV = 3 units;
PR = PR = 26 = 5.10 units since the side lengths are all different, the
park is not a parallelogram, kite, or
1
b) No. Answers may vary, e.g., mPQ = , isosceles trapezoid.
5 1 1 1
mPR = 5, and mQR = –1; none of the mST = − , mTU = , mUV = − , mSV is
2 4 2
slopes are negative reciprocals.
undefined; since the park has one parallel
3. a) Determine all four side lengths, and check pair of sides, it is a (non-isosceles)
whether they are equal. trapezoid.

b) JK = KL = LM = JM = 2 17 = 8.25 units
1
4. a) mEH = , EH = 5.5 cm
4
b) No. Since EF and GH are the parallel
sides in the isosceles trapezoid, they
cannot be the same length.

1. a) Rectangle ABCD has vertices at A(–3, 1), 5. a) Show that points A(5, –5), B(–5, 5), C(1, 7),
B(0, –2), C(5, 3), and D(2, 6). Show that the and D(–7, –1) lie on the circle with equation
diagonals are the same length. x2 + y2 = 50.
b) Give an example of a quadrilateral that is not b) Show that AB is a diameter of the circle.
a rectangle but has diagonals that are the c) Show that AB is the perpendicular bisector of
same length. chord CD.
2. a) Show that the diagonals of quadrilateral 6. A trapezoid has vertices at J(–4, 4), K(0, 7),
EFGH bisect each other at right angles. L(8, 3), and M(8, –2).
a) Show that the line segment joining the
midpoints of JK and LM bisects the line
segment joining the midpoints of JM and KL.
b) Show that the two line segments described in
part a) are perpendicular.
b) Make a conjecture about the type of c) Based on your answer for part b), make a
quadrilateral in part a). Use analytic conjecture about trapezoid JKLM. Use
geometry to explain why your conjecture is analytic geometry to determine whether your
either true or false. conjecture is true.
3. Kite PQRS has vertices at P(–3, 3), Q(2, 3), 7. +XYZ has vertices at X(3, 5), Y(3, –2), and
R(1, –5), and S(–6, –1). Show that the Z(–3, –4). Verify that the area of the
midsegments of this kite form a rectangle. parallelogram formed by joining the midpoints
of the sides of +XYZ and the vertex X is half the
4. Show that the diagonals of the kite in question 3
area of +XYZ.
are perpendicular, and that diagonal PR bisects
diagonal QS.

1. a) AC = 2 17 = 8.25 units, 6. a) Answers may vary, e.g., MJK = (–2, 5.5)
and MLM = (8, 0.5), so the equation of the
BD = 2 17 = 8.25 units line through MJK and MLM is
b) Answers may vary, e.g., a quadrilateral 1 9
with vertices at (0, 2), (4, 0), (0, –6), and y = − x + . MKL = (4, 5) and
(–4, 0): both diagonals have a length of 2 2
MJM = (2, 1), so the midpoint of MKL and
8 units, but the quadrilateral is not a
1 9
rectangle. MJM is (3, 3), which lies on y = − x +
2 2
1 (check by substitution). Therefore,
2. a) mEG = − and mFH = 3, so EG and FH are
3 MJKMLM intersects MKLMJM at its midpoint,
perpendicular; MEG = (1.5, 2.5) = MFH, so i.e., MJKMLM bisects MKLMJM.
EG and FH bisect each other. 1
b) The slope of MJK M LM = − and the slope
b) Answers may vary, e.g., conjecture: EFGH 2
is a rhombus. of MKLMJM = 2, so MJKMLM and MKLMJM
EF = FG = GH = EH = 5 units, so my are perpendicular.
conjecture is correct. c) Answers may vary, e.g., conjecture:
trapezoid JKLM is isosceles. Since
3. Answers may vary, e.g., MPQ = (–0.5, 3),
1
MQR = (1.5, –1), MRS = (–2.5, –3), mKL = − = mJM and JK = 5 = LM, my
MPS = (–4.5, 1); the slopes of the four 2
1 1 conjecture is correct.
midsegments are –2, , –2, and , so
2 2 7. Answers may vary, e.g., the parallelogram
adjacent midsegments are perpendicular. has vertices at X(3, 5), MXY = (3, 1.5),
Therefore, the midsegments form a rectangle. MYZ = (0, –3), and MXZ = (0, 0.5). Let XMXY
be the base of the parallelogram, so the base
4. Answers may vary, e.g., mPR = –2 and length is 3.5 units, the height is 3 units, and
1 the area of the parallelogram is 10.5 square
mQS = , so the diagonals are perpendicular.
2 units. Let XY be the base of +XYZ, so the

The equation of the line through PR is base length is 7 units, the height is 6 units,
y = –2x – 3, and MQS = (–2, 1) lies on this line and the area is 21 square units. Therefore,
(check by substitution). Therefore, PR the area of the parallelogram is half the area
intersects QS at its midpoint. of +XYZ.
5. a) For A(5, –5), 52 + (–5)2 = 50; for B(–5, 5),
(–5)2 + 52 = 50; for C(1, 7), 12 + 72 = 50;
for D(–7, –1), (–7)2 + (–1)2 = 50; the points
lie on the circle.
b) MAB = (0, 0), which is the centre of the
circle, so AB is a diameter.
c) Answers may vary, e.g., mAB = –1 and
mCD = 1, so AB and CD are perpendicular.
The equation of the line through AB is
y = –x. MCD = (–3, 3), so MCD lies on this
diagonal (check by substitution) and
therefore AB intersects CD at its midpoint,
i.e., AB is the perpendicular bisector
of CD.

1. In +ABC, the altitude from vertex B meets AC 4. A circle with radius r is centred at (0, 0). The
at point D. circle has a horizontal chord, AB, with endpoints
A(–h, k) and B(h, k) and a vertical diameter, CD,
with endpoints C(0, –r) and D(0, r).
a) Draw a diagram of the circle, showing AB,
CD, and their point of intersection, E.
Include expressions for the lengths of the line
segments in your diagram.
b) Use properties of the intersecting chords of a
a) Determine the equation of the line that circle to verify that the coordinates of A and
contains AC. B satisfy the equation of the circle.
b) Determine the equation of the line that 5. Classify the triangle that is formed by the lines
contains BD. y = 2x + 3, x + 2y = 16, and 3y – x – 4 = 0
c) Determine the coordinates of point D. a) by its angles
d) Determine the area of +ABC, to the nearest b) by its sides
whole unit.
6. The arch of a bridge, which forms an arc of a
2. A fountain is going to be constructed in a park, circle, is modelled on a grid. The supports are
an equal distance from each of the three located at (–15, 0) and (15, 0), and the highest
entrances to the park. The entrances are located part of the arch is located at (0, 9). What is the
at P(2, 9), Q(11, 6), and R(3, 2). Where should radius of the arch, if each unit on the grid
the fountain be constructed? represents 1 m?
3. +XYZ has vertices at X(6, 5), Y(4, 1), and
Z(–2, 1).
a) Determine the equation of the perpendicular
bisector of XY.
b) Points P, Q, and R are on the perpendicular

bisector from part a). Determine the
coordinates of these points that make the
distances PX, QY, and RZ as short as
possible.
c) Point S is also on the perpendicular bisector
from part a). Determine the coordinates of S
that make the distances SX, SY, and SZ equal.

1. a) y = −3x + 2
5. a) right triangle
1 1
b) y = x + b) isosceles
3 3
c) (0.5, 0.5) 6. 17 m
d) 15 square units
2. (6, 6)
3. a) y = –0.5x + 5.5
b) P(5, 3), Q(5, 3), R(0.2, 5. 4)
c) S(1, 5)
4. a)
b) ( AE )( BE ) = (CE )( DE )
(h)(h) = ( r − k )(r + k )
h2 = r 2 − k 2
h2 + k 2 = r 2

1. Show that the line defined by x + 2y = 0 is the 6. a) Show that +PQR, with vertices at P(1, 4),
perpendicular bisector of line segment AB, with Q(1, 9), and R(5, 1), is isosceles.
endpoints A(6, 2) and B(2, –6). b) Suppose that M and N are the midpoints of
PQ and PR. Explain, without calculations,
2. Rhombus CDEF has vertices at C(–2, 2),
why +MNP is also isosceles.
D(1, 6), and E(5, 9).
a) Determine the coordinates of vertex F. 7. +XYZ has vertices as shown. Determine the
b) Determine the perimeter of the rhombus. orthocentre of this triangle.
3. A sonar ping travels outward from a submarine
in a circular wave at 1550 m/s. Assuming that
the submarine is located at (0, 0), write an
equation for the sonar wave after 5 s.
4. +ABC has vertices as shown. Determine

whether this triangle is isosceles, equilateral, or 8. +DEF has vertices at D(10, 0), E(–5, k), and
scalene. F(–5, –k), where k is a positive number. The
circumcentre of +DEF is at (0, 0).
a) Determine the equation of the circle that
passes through D, E, and F.
b) Determine the value of k.
c) Determine whether +DEF is isosceles,
equilateral, or scalene. Explain your answer.
5. a) A quadrilateral is formed by the lines
y = x + 4, y – 2x + 3 = 0, 2y – x = 5, and a
fourth line. Explain why this quadrilateral
cannot be a parallelogram.
b) If the quadrilateral in part a) is a trapezoid,

what must be true about the fourth line?

1. Answers may vary, e.g., the slope of the line 6. a) PQ = PR = 5 units, so +PQR is isosceles.
1 b) Answers may vary, e.g.,
defined by x + 2y = 0 is − , and mAB = 2, so
2 1 1
MP = , PQ = , PR = NP, so +MNP is
AB is perpendicular to the line. Since 2 2
MAB = (4, –2) lies on the line (check by isosceles.
substitution), the line is the perpendicular
bisector of AB. 7. (5, 3)
2. a) F(2, 5) b) 20 units 8. a) x2 + y2 = 100

b) 5 3 or about 8.66
3. x2 + y2 = 60 062 500 c) equilateral;
4. scalene DE = 10 3 = 17.32 or about 17.3 units,
5. Answers may vary, e.g., EF = 10 3 = 17.32 or about 17.3 units,
a) No two of the three given lines are parallel, DF = 10 3 = 17.32 = or about 17.3 units
so it is impossible for both pairs of opposite
sides of the quadrilateral to be parallel.
b) The slope of the fourth line must be 1, 2,
1
or .
2

3. Graphs of Quadratic Relations
1. Consider the following data.

x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y 14 7 2 –1 –2 –1 2 7 14
a) Create a scatter plot, and draw a curve.
b) Use your graph to determine the value of x when y = 2.5.
2. Expand and simplify each expression.
a) 4(5x – 3)
b) –2(4 – 3x) + 4(2x – 5)
c) a2(2a + 6b – 7) + a(2a2 – 6ab + a)
3. Determine the value of y for each given value of x.
a) y = 18 – 2x, when x = 4.5
b) y = x2 – x – 6, when x = –2
4. Camille works as a computer administrator. She earns a base salary of $500/week plus $25
for every computer she fixes. Make a table of values, construct a graph, and write an equation
to represent Camille’s weekly earnings.
5. Determine the x- and y-intercepts for each relation. Then sketch the graph.
a) 2x – 5y = 10
b) x – y – 9 = 0
c) x = 5

1. a) b) x = 2.1
2. a) 20x – 12 b) 14x – 28 c) 4a3 – 6a2

3. a) 9 b) 0
y = 25x +500
4. x y
0 500
1 525
2 550
3 575
5. a) x = 5, y = –2 b) x = 9, y = –9 c) x = 5, no y-intercept
If students have difficulty with the questions in the Diagnostic Test, it may be necessary
• graphing a linear relation
• solving a linear equation
• multiplying a polynomial by a monomial

1. For each parabola, determine 2. Sketch the graph of each quadratic relation below.
i) the equation of the axis of symmetry Then determine
ii) the coordinates of the vertex i) the equation of the axis of symmetry
iii) the y-intercept ii) the coordinates of the vertex
iv) the zeros iii) the y-intercept
v) the maximum or minimum value iv) the zeros
a) d) v) the maximum or minimum value
a) y = x2 – 9 c) y = –x2 – 2
2
b) y = x – 4x + 4 d) y = –x2 – 4x
3. Two points, on opposite sides of the same
parabola, are given. Determine the equation
of the axis of symmetry of the parabola.
a) (–1, –5), (–5, –5)
b) (6.5, –4), (9.0, –4)
c) (–6, 3), (5, 3)
1 1
d) (– 6 , –7), (– 1 , –7)
2 2
b) e) 4. Kim knows that (–2, 31) and (8, 31) lie

on a parabola defined by the equation
y = 3x2 – 18x – 17. What are the coordinates
of the vertex?
5. A golf ball is hit from the ground. Its height above
the ground, in metres, can be approximated by
the relation h = 24t – 4t2, where t is the time
in seconds.
a) What are the zeros of this relation?
b) When does the ball hit the ground?
c) What are the coordinates of the vertex?

c) f) d) Use the information from parts a) and c)
to draw the graph.
e) What is the maximum height of the golf ball?
After how many seconds does the maximum
height occur?

1. a) i) x=3 iv) 1, 5 c)
ii) (3, 4) v) 4 (maximum)
iii) –5
b) i) x=0 iv) –2, 2
ii) (0, –4) v) –4 (minimum)
iii) –4
c) i) x = –3 iv) 0, –6
ii) (–3, 5) v) 5 (maximum)
iii) 0 i) x = 0 iv) none
d) i) x = –4 iv) –2, –6 ii) (0, –2) v) –2 (maximum)
ii) (–4, –4) v) –4 (minimum) iii) –2
iii) 12 d)
e) i) x=2 iv) none
ii) (2, 6) v) 6 (minimum)
iii) 10
f) i) x = –2 iv) –2
ii) (–2, 0) v) 0 (maximum)
iii) –5
2. a)
i) x = –2 iv) –4, 0
ii) (–2, 4) v) 4 (maximum)
iii) 0
3. a) x = –3 c) x = –0.5
b) x = 7.75 d) x = –4
i) x = 0 iv) –3, 3 4. (3, –44)
ii) (0, –9) v) –9 (minimum)
iii) –9 5. a) 0, 6
b) b) 6 s

c) (3, 36)
d)
i) x = 2 iv) 2
ii) (2, 0) v) 0 (minimum)
iii) 4
e) 36 m; 3 s

1. For each quadratic relation below, determine c)

i) the zeros
ii) the y-intercept
iii) the equation of the axis of symmetry
iv) the coordinates of the vertex
a) y = –3x(x + 4) c) y = (x – 7)(x + 5)
b) y = –(6 + x)(x – 2) d) y = –2(x – 4)(x + 6)
2. Sketch each quadratic relation in question 1.
3. A parabola has an equation of the form
y = a(x – r)(x – s). Determine the value of a when
a) the parabola has zeros at (–3, 0) and (7, 0) and d)
a y-intercept at (0, 7)
b) the parabola has zeros at (4, 0) and (2, 0) and
a maximum value of 6
c) the parabola has an x-intercept at (–9, 0) and
its vertex at (–4, 75)
4. Determine the y-intercept, zeros, equation of the
axis of symmetry, and vertex of each parabola.
Determine an equation for the parabola.
a)
5. The x-intercepts of a parabola are 1 and 7, and
the parabola passes through the point (3, 4).
a) Determine an equation for the parabola.
b) Determine the coordinates of the vertex.
6. Andrew threw a football. This graph shows
the height of the football at different times during
its flight.
b)
a) After how many seconds did the football reach

its maximum height?
b) After how many seconds did the football hit
the ground?
c) Determine an equation for the graph.

1. a) i) 0, –4 ii) 0 iii) x = –2 iv) (–2, 12) 1
3. a) −
b) i) –6, 2 ii) 12 iii) x = –2 iv) (–2, 16) 3
c) i) –5, 7 ii) –35 iii) x=1 iv) (1, –36) b) –6
d) i) –6, 4 ii) 48 iii) x = –1 iv) (–1, 50) c) –3
2. a) 4. a) y-intercept: 50; zeros: –10, 10; equation of the

axis of symmetry: x = 0; vertex: (0, 50);
1
equation: y = − (x – 10)(x + 10)
2
b) y-intercept: 60; zeros: 20, 60; equation of the
axis of symmetry: x = 40; vertex: (40, –20);
1
b) equation: y = (x – 20)(x – 60)
20
c) y-intercept: 3; zeros: –1, 3; equation of the axis
of symmetry: x = 1; vertex: (1, 4);
equation: y = –(x – 3)(x + 1)
d) y-intercept: 32; zeros: 4, 8; equation of the axis
of symmetry: x = 6; vertex: (6, –4);
equation: y = (x – 4)(x – 8)
1
5. a) – (x – 1)(x – 7)
c) 2
b) (4, 4.5)
6. a) after 3 s
b) after 6 s
c) y = –2x(x – 6)
d)

1. Determine whether each relation is quadratic. 4. Two points, on opposite sides of the same
Justify your answer. parabola, are given. Determine the equation
a) x –2 –1 0 1 2 of the axis of symmetry of the parabola.
y 11 3 3 11 27 a) (–1, 4), (15, 4)
2 3 b) (2.5, –3.5), (8.5, –3.5)
b) y = 5x – x
c) (–12, 12), (–3, 12)
c) y = 4x – 3x2 + 1
d) 5. A ball is thrown from the top of a building. Its
height above the ground can be approximated by
the relation h = 8 + 6t – 2t2, where h is the height
in metres and t is the time in seconds.
a) From what height is the ball thrown?
b) How long is the ball in the air?
c) What is the maximum height of the ball?
d) When does the ball reach a height of 10 m?
6. Determine the y-intercept, zeros, equation of the
axis of symmetry, and vertex of each quadratic
2. Examine each parabola. relation. Then sketch a graph of the relation.
i) Determine the coordinates of the vertex. a) y = (x + 3)(x – 5) c) y = –(x + 4)(x – 2)
ii) Determine the zeros. b) y = –2(x + 3)2 d) y = 3(x – 1)(x + 3)
iii) Determine the equation of the axis
of symmetry. 7. The x-intercepts of a parabola are 2 and –12.
iv) If you calculated the second differences, The parabola crosses the y-axis at –108.
would they be positive or negative? Explain. a) Determine an equation for the parabola.
a) b) b) Determine the coordinates of the vertex.
8. Determine an equation for this quadratic
relation.
3. For each quadratic relation below, determine

i) the equation of the axis of symmetry
ii) the coordinates of the vertex
iii) the y-intercept
iv) the zeros
v) the maximum or minimum value
Then sketch a graph of the relation.
a) y = –x(x + 6) b) y = x2 – 2x – 3

1. a) yes; all the second differences are 8, so they are 6. a) y-intercept: –15; zeros: –3, 5; equation of the
constant and non-zero axis of symmetry: x = 1; vertex: (1, –16)
b) no; degree 3
c) yes; degree 2
d) yes; parabola
2. a) i) (3, 4) ii) 1, 5 iii) x = 3
iv) negative, because the parabola opens
downward
b) i) (2, –4) ii) 0, 4 iii) x = 2
iv) positive, because the parabola opens
b) y-intercept: –18; zero: –3; equation of the axis
upward
of symmetry: x = –3; vertex: (–3, 0)
3. a) i) x = –3
ii) (–3, 9)
iii) 0
iv) –6, 0
v) 9 (maximum)
c) y-intercept: 8; zeros: –4, 2: equation of the axis

of symmetry: x = –1; vertex: (–1, 9)
b) i) x=1
ii) (1, –4)
iii) –3
iv) –1, 3
v) –4 (minimum)

4. a) x = 7 d) y-intercept: –9; zeros: –3, 1; equation of the
b) x = 5.5 axis of symmetry: x = –1; vertex: (–1, –12)
c) x = –7.5
5. a) about 8 m
b) about 4 s
c) about 12.5 m
d) about 0.4 s, about 2.6 s
7. a) y = 4.5(x – 2)(x + 12) b) (–5, –220.5)

8. y = –(x – 1)(x – 7)
1. Expand and simplify each expression. 6. Determine an equation for each parabola.
a) (x + 3)(x + 4) d) (x + 4)(x – 2) Express the equation in standard form.
b) (x – 5)(x – 3) e) (x – 2)(x – 2) a)
c) (x + 5)(x + 5) f) (x – 6)(x + 3)
2. Expand and simplify.
a) (2x + 3)(x + 1) d) (x – 2)(3x + 1)
b) (3x – 1)(2x – 1) e) (2x – 5)(x + 1)
c) (8x – 3)(6x – 7) f) (4x – 3)(7x + 6)
a) (x + 5)(x – 5) d) (x – 4)(x + 4)
b) (5x – 2)(5x + 2) e) (x + 3)2
c) (2x – 1)2 f) (–4x + 3)2 b)
4. Write a simplified expression for the area

of each figure.
a)
b)
5. Expand and simplify each expression. c)

a) 3(x – 4)(x + 7)
b) –(x + 5)(2x – 1)
c) –3(1 – 2x)(1 + 2x)
d) 2(3x + 7)2
e) (x – 2)(4x + 3) – (x + 3)2
f) 3(2x + 1)2 – 2(x – 5)2
7. The dimensions of a rectangle are (2x + 3) and

(3x – 4). Kendra determined the expression
6x2 – 17x – 12 to represent the area. Is Kendra’s
expression correct? Justify your answer.

1. a) x2 + 7x + 12 5. a) 3x2 + 9x – 84
b) x2 – 8x + 15 b) –2x2 – 9x + 5
c) x2 + 10x + 25 c) –3 + 12x2
d) x2 + 2x – 8 d) 18x2 + 84x + 98
e) x2 – 4x + 4 e) 3x2 – 11x – 15
f) x2 – 3x – 18 f) 10x2 + 32x – 47
2. a) 2x2 + 5x + 3 6. a) y = –x2 + 4x
b) 6x2 – 5x + 1 b) y = x2 + 6x + 5
c) 48x2 – 74x + 21 c) y = –2x2 + 16x – 24
d) 3x2 – 5x – 2
e) 2x2 – 3x – 5 7. No, Kendra’s expression is not correct. The
f) 28x2 + 3x – 18 mistake is in the middle term. It should be x.
When the expression for the area is expanded, the
3. a) x2 – 25 coefficients of the x terms are –8 and 9, and their
b) 25x2 – 4 sum is 1, not –17 as in Kendra’s expression. The
c) 4x2 – 4x + 1 correct expression is 6x2 + x – 12.
d) x2 – 16
e) x2 + 6x + 9
f) 16x2 – 24x + 9
4. a) 6m2 + m – 1
b) 10x2 + 13x – 3

1. A parabola passes through the points (–2, 14), a) Use the data in the table to create a scatter plot.
(–1, 0), (0, –10), (1, –16), (2, –18), (3, –16), Then draw a curve of good fit.
(4, –10), and (5, 0). Determine an equation b) Determine an equation for the curve of good fit
for the parabola in factored form. you drew.
c) Verify your equation using quadratic
2. Kathy kicked a soccer ball straight up into the regression.
air. The height of the ball was recorded every
0.25 s, as given in the table below. 4. A parachutist jumps from an altitude of 2000 m.
Time (s) Height (m) This table shows the distance of the parachutist
0.00 0.0 from the ground after each 3 s period.
0.25 3.0 Time (s) 0 3 6 9 12
0.50 4.8 Height (m) 2000 1911 1650 1215 608
0.75 5.8 a) Create a scatter plot for the data, and draw
1.00 6.2 a curve of good fit.
1.25 5.7 b) Determine an equation for your curve
1.50 4.6 of good fit.
1.75 2.7 c) Use your equation to estimate the parachutist’s
2.00 0.0 distance from the ground after 10 s.
a) Use the data in the table to create a scatter plot.
5. A school custodian found a tennis ball on the roof
Then draw a curve of good fit.
of the school and threw it to the ground below.
b) Determine an equation for the curve of good fit
The table shows the height of the ball above the
you drew.
ground as it moved through the air.
3. Jamie and Grace are conducting an experiment on Time (s) Height (m)
motion. They set up a motion detector to collect 0.0 5.00
data for Jamie on his skateboard as he moved 0.5 11.25
toward the motion detector. The time and distance 1.0 15.00
recorded by the motion detector are given in the 1.5 16.25
table below. 2.0 15.00
Time (s) Distance (m) 2.5 11.25
0.0 15.1 3.0 5.00

0.5 15.0 a) Create a scatter plot, and draw a curve
1.5 14.0 b) Determine an equation for your curve
2.5 12.0 c) Use your equation to predict the height
3.0 10.6 of the ball at 1.25 s and at 2.75 s.
3.5 9.0
4.0 7.1
4.5 5.0
5.0 2.0

1. y = 2(x + 1)(x – 5) 4. a)
2. a)
b) y = –6.2x(x – 2)
3. a)
b) Answers may vary, e.g.,

y = –9.6(x – 14.4)(x + 14.4)
c) Answers may vary, e.g., about 1031 m
5. a)
2
b) Answers may vary, e.g., y = –0.54x + 15.1
c)
b) y = –5(x + 0.3)(x – 3.3)

c) At 1.25 s, the height is about 15.9 m.

At 2.75 s, the height is about 8.4 m.

1. State whether each relation is quadratic. Justify 10. Determine an equation for the parabola. Express
your decision. the equation in standard form.
a) y = x2(x + 1)
b) x –7 –6 –5 –4 –3
y –46 –33 –22 –13 –6
c) y = 3x(x – 5)
2. Discuss how you know the direction that a
parabola opens if you are given an equation
for the parabola.
3. Graph each quadratic relation, and determine
i) the equation of the axis of symmetry
ii) the coordinates of the vertex 11. A ball is tossed straight up into the air. Its height
iii) the y-intercept is recorded every 0.25 s, as given in the table
iv) the zeros below.
a) y = –x2 – 2x + 8 b) y = x2 + 5x Time (s) Height (m)
0.00 1.5
4. Can two parabolas have the same zeros but 0.25 3.5
different minimum values? Explain your 0.50 4.9
reasoning. 0.75 5.7
1.00 5.7
5. Alicia knows that (–6, 36) and (1, 36) lie on the
parabola defined by y = –2x2 – 10x + 48. What 1.25 5.2
are the coordinates of the vertex? 1.50 4.1
1.75 2.4
6. The zeros of a parabola are –9 and 3, and 2.00 0.0
the y-intercept is –54. a) Create a scatter plot, and then draw a curve
a) Determine an equation for the parabola. of good fit.
b) Determine the coordinates of the vertex. b) Is your curve of good fit a parabola? Explain.
c) Determine an equation for your curve of good
7. Determine an equation for each parabola.

fit. Express your equation in standard form.
a) The x-intercepts are –7 and 5, and the
d) Estimate the time when the ball reaches its
y-coordinate of the vertex is 36.
maximum height. Then use your equation
b) The x-intercepts are –2 and 6, and the
to calculate its maximum height.
y-coordinate of the vertex is –16.
c) The zeros are at –5 and 3, and the y-intercept 12. Evaluate each expression. Express your answer
is –7.5. in rational form.
d) The vertex is at (–3, 0), and the y-intercept a) 2–4 c) –5–2 e) –(–4)0
is –6. −2 −3 −3
⎛1⎞ ⎛4⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
b) ⎜ ⎟ d) − ⎜ ⎟ f) − ⎜ − ⎟
8. Expand and simplify each expression. ⎝3⎠ ⎝5⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
a) (x – 2)(x + 2) d) (x – 5)(x – 2)
b) (5x – 1)(x + 3) e) (5x + 3)(4x – 2) 13. Which do you think is greater: 2–3 or 3–2? Justify
c) (3x – 4y)(2x + 7y) f) (7x + 3y)(3x – 4y) your decision.
a) –3(x – 2)2 c) 2(x – 1)(3x + 2)
b) – (3x – y)(x – 4y) d) 3(5x – y)2

1. a) no; degree 3 8. a) x2 – 4 d) x2 – 7x + 10
b) yes; all the second differences are –2; b) 5x2 + 14x – 3 e) 20x2 + 2x – 6
first differences: –13, –11, –9, –7 c) 6x2 + 13xy – 28y2 f) 21x2 – 19xy – 12y2
c) yes; degree 2
9. a) −3x2 + 12x − 12
2
2. If the value of a (the coefficient of x ) is positive, b) −3x2 + 13xy − 4y2
then the parabola opens upward. If the value of a c) 6x2 − 2x − 4
is negative, then the parabola opens downward. d) 75x2 − 30xy + 3y2
3. a) i) x = –1 10. y = 2x2 + 12x + 10
ii) (–1, 9)
iii) 8 11. a)
iv) –4, 2
b) i) x = –2.5 b) Answers may vary, e.g., yes, the curve is

ii) (–2.5, –6.25) a U shape.
iii) 0 c) Answers may vary, e.g., y = −5x2 + 9.25x + 1.5
iv) 0, –5 d) Answers may vary, e.g., about 0.9 s; about
5.8 m
1 1
12. a) c) – e) –1
16 25
125
b) 9 d) – f) 8
64
4. Two parabolas can have the same zeros but 1 1
different minimum values if the value of a, the 13. 2–3 is greater because 2–3 = and 3–2 = . Both
8 9
coefficient of x2, is different.

have 1 as a numerator, but 2–3 has a lesser
5. (–2.5, 60.5) denominator so it is greater.
6. a) y = 2(x – 3)(x + 9)
b) (–3, –72)
7. a) y = –(x – 5)(x + 7)
b) y = (x + 2)(x – 6)
1
c) y = (x – 3)(x + 5)
2
2
d) y = − (x + 3)2
3

Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Review Extra Practice
1. Which ordered pair is the solution to the linear 7. What are the coordinates of the vertex of the
system 2x + y = 15 and 5x – 6y = –22? parabola for the relation y = 3(x – 5)(x + 7)?
A. (3, 11) A. (1, –96)
B. (4, 7) B. (–1, –108)
C. (2, 11) C. (6, 39)
D. (5, 5) D. (–1, –105)
2. Jennifer has $3.25 in her piggy bank. She has 8. What is the equation of the axis of symmetry of
eight more nickels than dimes. If n represents the the parabola for the relation y = –2(x – 4)(x – 6)?
number of nickels and d represents the number of A. x = –5
dimes, which linear system models this situation? B. x = 10
A. 10n + 5d = 325 C. 5n + 10d = 325 C. x = –10
n–d=8 n–d=8 D. x = 5
B. 10n + 5d = 8 D. 5n + 10d = 325
n + d = 325 n+8=d 9. A quadratic relation has zeros at x = –10 and
x = 25, and passes through (10, 150). Which
3. Amy bought 9 tickets to a movie and spent $83. equation describes this relation?
She bought a combination of child tickets and A. y = –0.5(x + 25)(x – 10)
adult tickets. The child tickets cost $7 each, and B. y = (x – 25)(x + 10)
the adult tickets cost $11 each. How many adult C. y = –2(x – 25)(x + 10)
tickets did Amy buy? D. y = –0.5(x – 25)(x + 10)
A. 5
B. 4 10. Which expression is the product of (5x + 2) and
C. 6 (7x – 4)?
D. 3 A. 35x2 – 6x – 8
B. 35x2 + 6x + 8
4. The endpoints of the diameter of a circle are C. 12x2 + 34x – 8
M(15, –21) and N(–8, 9). Which point is the centre D. 35x2 + 34x – 6
of the circle?
A. (11.5, –15) 11. What is the value of (–5)–3?
B. (3.5, –6) 1
A.
C. (–7.5, 5) 125
D. (–3.5, 7.5) B. –125
1
5. Line segment AB has endpoints A(7, –20) and C. −
B(–2, –9). Which pair of points forms a line 125
segment that is the same length? 1
D. −
A. (–20, 7) and (2, 9) 15
B. (12, 6) and (–3, 5)
C. (–7, 20) and (9, 2)
D. (–12, –6) and (–3, 5)
6. What is the equation of a circle that has a diameter
with endpoints (12, –7) and (–12, 7)?
A. x2 + y2 = 95
B. x2 + y2 = 84
C. x2 + y2 = 193
D. x2 + y2 = 25
Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Review Extra Practice | 377

Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Review Extra Practice Answers
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. A
11. C
378 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Review Extra Practice Answers
4. Factoring Algebraic Expressions
1. State the number of factors. Then write the product.

a) 3m × 2n b) (4a)2 c) –5x(–10)(x) d) 3(x + 1)
2. Simplify each expression.
a) –2y(y – 3) b) 12w2 ÷ 4 c) 4x2 – 2x – 3x2 + 2x d) ab + 3a2 – (5ab + b2)
a) 2m(–m + 5) b) –x(3x2 + 8x) c) 3p2(2p2 – 3p + 4) d) (x + 5)(x – 3)
4. A parabola is defined by the equation y = (x + 4)(x – 2). Write the standard form of the equation
by determining the value of each symbol: y = x2 + x + z.
5. State the greatest common factor for each pair.
a) 16 and 40 b) 56 and 35 c) 9x and 12 d) 24 and 18y
6. Determine the multiplication expression and product shown in each area diagram.
a) b)
7. Each of three students drew a different rectangle that has an area of 36n2. Determine
the missing dimension of each rectangle.
a) height = 4n, length = b) length = 18n2, height = z c) height = 12; length =
8. The perimeter of a square photograph frame is 8x – 4. Determine the length of the sides
and the area of the square.

1. a) two factors; 6mn
b) two factors; 16a2
c) three factors; 50x2
d) two factors; 3x + 3
2. a) –2y2 + 6y
b) 3w2
c) x2
d) 3a2 – 4ab – b2
3. a) –2m2 + 10m
b) –3x3 – 8x2
c) 6p4 – 9p3 + 12p2
d) x2 + 2x – 15
4. y = x2 + 2x – 8
5. a) 8
b) 7
c) 3
d) 6
6. a) 5x(5x – 3) = 25x2 – 15x
b) –n(–4n + 1) = 4n2 – n
7. a) length = 9n
b) height = 2
c) length = 3n2
8. length = 2x – 1; area = 4x2 – 4x + 1

• simplifying algebraic expressions by combining like terms
• expanding algebraic expressions by using the distributive property
• using exponent laws for multiplication and division
• determining common factors
• using a rectangular area model

1. State the greatest common factor for each pair 6. Trisha started to simplify 5(n + 2) + n(n + 2)
of terms. and wrote 5n + 10 + n2 + 2n. Jon divided out the
a) 40x and 100 GCF (n + 2) and wrote (n + 2)(5 + n). Do both
b) x3 and x4 strategies result in the same polynomial?
c) 6b2 and 4 Explain.
d) 8x2 and –6x
e) 2x2y and 3xy2 7. Factor each expression.
f) 5(x + 2) and –3x(x + 2) a) t(t + 5) + 4(t + 5)
b) 3a(b – 3) – 2b(b – 3)
2. Determine the GCF of the terms in each c) –(2y + 7) + 3x(2y + 7)
expression. d) y(2x + 1) + (y – 1)(2x + 1)
a) 12t2 – 14t + 10 e) (5x – 3)2 – 3(5x – 3)
b) 8x2 + 24x + 16 f) 7a(xy – x + 1) + 9(xy – x + 1)
c) 9m2 – 6m + 18
d) y4 – y3 + y5 8. Factor each polynomial. The polynomial in
e) 9m3 – 6m2 + 12m part a) has been started for you.
f) xy3 + xy5 + x2y2 a) 4xy + 4xz + y2 + yz = 4x(y + z) + y(y + z)
b) 3ab + 3ac + 2b + 2c
3. Determine the missing factor. c) 6mn + 2mx – 3n – x
a) 9xy = ()(3x) d) y3 – yz + zy2 – z2
b) –10x2 = 2x2() e) 3n2 + 3p + 2n2 + 2p
c) 14a3b = 2a2() f) 7x2y – 7xy + x3 – x2
d) 6x + 6y = ()(x + y)
e) 4a – 8b = ()(a – 2b) 9. A parabola is defined by y = 4x2 – 6x.
f) 36x4 + 24x = (12x)( ) a) Express the equation in factored form.
b) Determine the zeros and the equation of the
4. Factor each expression. axis of symmetry.
a) 16a2 – 4a c) Determine the coordinates of the vertex.
b) 9x5 – 27x3
d) Sketch a graph of the parabola.

c) 15x2 – 5x + 10
d) 12y4 – 6y3 + 18y 10. a) Write three polynomials whose terms have
e) –42x5y + 21x4y a greatest common factor of 3y2.
f) 72mn2 + 40m2n3 + 64m3n b) Factor each polynomial from part a).
5. Determine the factors and the product shown

in this area diagram. What is the GCF of the
product?

1. a) 20 7. a) (t + 5)(t + 4)
b) x3 b) (b – 3)(3a – 2b)
c) 2 c) (2y + 7)(–1 + 3x)
d) 2x d) (2x + 1)(2y – 1)
e) xy e) (5x – 3)(5x – 6)
f) (x + 2) f) (xy – x + 1)(7a + 9)
2. a) 2 8. a) (y + z)(4x + y)
b) 8 b) (b + c)(3a + 2)
c) 3 c) (3n + x)(2m – 1)
d) y3 d) (y2 – z)(y + z)
e) 3m e) 5(n2 + p)
f) xy2 f) x(x – 1)(7y + x)
3. a) 3y 9. a) y = 2x(2x – 3)
b) –5 b) zeros: x = 0 and x = 1.5; equation of the axis
c) 7ab of symmetry: x = 0.75
d) 6 c) (0.75, –2.25)
e) 4 d)
f) 3x3 + 2
4. a) 4a(4a – 1)
b) 9x3(x2 – 3)
c) 5(3x2 – x + 2)
d) 6y(2y3 – y2 + 3)
e) 21x4y(–2x + 1)
10. Answers may vary, e.g.,
f) 8mn(9n + 5mn2 + 8m2)
a) 6xy2 + 3y2, 6xy3 – 3y2z, 3ay2 + 3by2 + 3cy2
5. 2x(3x + 5) = 6x2 + 10x; GCF: 2x b) 3y2(2x + 1), 3y2(2xy – z), 3y2(a + b + c)
6. Yes. Answers may vary, e.g., the resulting

polynomial is the same. Trisha expanded and
can simplify by collecting like terms to get
n2 + 7n + 10. Jon divided out the GCF (n + 2)
and can multiply the two binomials to get
5n + n2 + 10 + 2n, which simplifies to
n2 + 7n + 10.

If a quadratic expression x2 + bx + c can be

5. The area of a rectangular carpet can be
factored, then it can be factored as (x + r)(x + s), represented by the trinomial x2 – x – 42.
where r + s = b and r × s = c. Determine the binomials that represent the
It is easier to factor an algebraic expression if length and width of the carpet.
you first divide out the greatest common factor.
6. Write three different quadratic trinomials of the
form x2 + bx + c that have (x + 6) as a factor.
1. Each tile model represents an algebraic
expression. Identify the expression and its 7. A parabola is defined by y = x2 – 2x – 63.
factors. a) Express the equation in factored form.
a) b) Determine the zeros.
c) Determine the coordinates of the vertex.
d) Does the parabola open upward or
downward? Explain how you know.
b) 8. Factor each expression.
a) x2 – 5xy – 66y2
b) m2 + 12mn + 32n2
c) a2b2 – 10ab – 24
d) x2y2 + 15xy + 54
2. One factor is given, and one factor is missing. e) a4 + 7a2 + 12
What is the missing factor? f) 3x2y + 27xy + 60y
a) x2 + 12x + 35 = (x + 7)() 9. Marika says that you can factor 6 – 7x + x2 if
b) x2 – 11x + 30 = (x – 5)() you rearrange the terms. Do you agree? Explain.
c) m2 + 24m – 52 = ()(m + 26)
d) t2 – 18t + 45 = ()(t – 3) 10. a) Justin says that if you write and expand two
e) y2 + 5y – 36 = (y + 9)() binomials of the form (x + r)(x + s), where r
f) c2 – 7cd + 12d2 = (c – 3d)() and s are integers, you can always factor the
resulting trinomial x2 + xs + rx + rs. Do you

3. Factor each expression. agree? Give two examples to support your
a) x2 – 5x + 6 answer.
b) x2 + 2x – 3 b) Another student says that you can factor any
c) a2 + 6a + 5 trinomial of the form x2 + bx + c, where b
d) x2 – 9x – 10 and c are integers. Use two examples to show
e) b2 – 7b + 10 that this statement is false.
f) x2 + x – 20
4. Factor.
a) 2x2 + 10x + 12
b) 3x2 + 9x – 12
c) 5x2 – 35x + 50
d) 4y2 – 16y – 48
e) 2b2 – 16b – 66
f) x3 – 13x2 + 42x

1. a) x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 1)(x + 5) 7. a) y = (x – 9)(x + 7)
b) x2 + 2x – 8 = (x – 2)(x + 4) b) zeros: 9, –7
c) vertex: (1, –64)
2. a) x + 5 d) The parabola opens upward. Answers may
b) x – 6 vary, e.g., the vertex is below the zeros, so it
c) m – 2 is the lowest point on the graph. The value of
d) t – 15 a is positive.
e) y – 4
f) c – 4d 8. a) (x – 11y)(x + 6y)
b) (m + 4n)(m + 8n)
3. a) (x – 3)(x – 2) c) (ab – 12)(ab + 2)
b) (x + 3)(x – 1) d) (xy + 9)(xy + 6)
c) (a + 5)(a + 1) e) (a2 + 4)(a2 + 3)
d) (x – 10)(x + 1) f) 3y(x + 5)(x + 4)
e) (b – 5)(b – 2)
f) (x + 5)(x – 4) 9. Yes. When you rearrange the terms, you get
x2 – 7x + 6 = (x – 1)(x – 6).
4. a) 2(x + 2)(x + 3)
b) 3(x + 4)(x – 1) 10. a) Yes, because x2 + xs + rx + rs
c) 5(x – 5)(x – 2) = (x + s)(x + r); answers may vary, e.g., when
d) 4(y – 6)(y + 2) r = –2 and s = –3, x2 + x(–3) + (–2)x + 6
e) 2(b – 11)(b + 3) = (x – 3)(x – 2), and when r = 7 and s = 5,
f) x(x – 6)(x – 7) x2 + 5x + 7x + 35 = (x + 5)(x + 7).
b) Answers may vary, e.g., x2 + 3x + 7 or
5. x + 6, x – 7 x2 – 6x + 12
x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 6)(x + 1)
x2 + 11x + 30 = (x + 6)(x + 5)
x2 + 4x – 12 = (x + 6)(x – 2)

1. Determine the GCF for each set of terms. 6. Each model represents an algebraic expression.
a) 15x, 25x Identify the expression and its factors.
b) 3a3, 12a2 a) b)
c) 18xyz, 24x2y
d) 12m, 16n, 8mn
e) 15x2, 20x3, 5x
f) 6pt2, –8s2t2, –6s2t2
2. Determine the GCF of the terms in each
expression.
a) 3a(a – 7) + 4(a – 7)
b) –8(1 + x) + 7x(1 + x) 7. One factor is given, and one factor is missing.
c) 2m(n + m) – (m + n) What is the missing factor?
d) 2x(2x – 3y) + 4(2x – 3y) a) x2 + 12x + 27 = (x + 3) ()
e) rs(t2 – 1) + a(–1 + t2) b) c2 – c – 56 = (c – 8) ()
f) 13x2y(x + y + z) + 11xy2(x + y + z) c) x2 – 23x + 112 = ()(x – 16)
d) x2 + 6xy – 40y2 = ()(x – 4y)
3. Factor each expression. e) 7mn2 – 84mn – 315m = ()(n – 15)(n + 3)
a) 4x + 10 f) 45a2 + 90a + 225 = ()(a2 + 2a + 5)
b) 6h2 + 9h
c) 25x6 – 5x2 8. Factor, if possible.
d) 3p3qr – 4p2q2r2 a) x2 + 12x + 35
e) 6y2 – 9xy + 12x2y2 b) x2 + 2x – 8
f) 8x4y4 – 4x3y3 + 4x2y2 c) d2 + d – 30
d) x2 – 7x – 44
4. a) Vic wrote the polynomial xa + xb + 2a – 2b e) x2 + 3x – 24
and factored it as x(a + b) + 2(a – b). Can this f) b2 – 23b + 130
expression be factored further? Explain.
b) Lyn wrote the polynomial xa + xb – 2a – 2b. 9. A rectangular prism has a volume that is
Factor Lyn’s polynomial. represented by the expression 4n2 – 20n – 24.

The height of the prism is 4.
5. The area and length of each parallelogram is
given. Determine the height.
a)
a) Determine the area of the rectangular base.
b) Determine the length and width of the
rectangular base.
b) 10. Dima says that you can factor –x2 – 5x + 24 by

dividing out the GCF –1. Do you agree?
Explain.

1. a) 5x 5. a) 3a
b) 3a2 b) 12
c) 6xy
d) 4 6. a) x2 – 7x + 10 = (x – 2)(x – 5)
e) 5x b) x2 + x – 12 = (x – 3)(x + 4)
f) 2t2 7. a) x + 9
2. a) a – 7 b) c + 7
b) 1 + x c) x – 7
c) m + n d) x + 10y
d) 2(2x – 3y) e) 7m
e) t2 – 1 f) 45
f) xy(x + y + z) 8. a) (x + 7)(x + 5)
3. a) 2(2x + 5) b) (x + 4)(x – 2)
b) 3h(2h + 3) c) (d + 6)(d – 5)
c) 5x2(5x4 – 1) d) (x – 11)(x + 4)
d) p2qr(3p – 4qr) e) not possible
e) 3y(2y – 3x + 4x2y) f) (b – 10)(b – 13)
f) 4x2y2(2x2y2 – xy + 1) 9. a) n2 – 5n – 6
4. a) No. The GCF of the terms is 1 because the b) The length and width are (n + 1) and (n – 6).
binomials are not identical. Either could be the length.
b) x(a + b) – 2(a + b) = (a + b)(x – 2) 10. yes, because –(x2 + 5x – 24) = –(x + 8)(x – 3)

If a quadratic expression of the form ax2 + bx + c,

5. Write three different quadratic trinomials of the
where a ≠ 1, can be factored, then it can be form ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 1, that have
factored as (px + r)(qx + s), where pq = a, rs = c, (5x – 6) as a factor.
and ps + rq = b.
It is easier to factor an algebraic expression if 6. A parabola is defined by the equation
you first divide out the greatest common factor. y = 5x2 + 6x – 8.
a) Express the equation in factored form.
b) Determine the zeros.
1. Each area diagram represents a trinomial. c) Determine the coordinates of the vertex.
Identify the trinomial and its factors. d) Sketch a graph of the parabola.
a)
7. Factor each trinomial.
a) 3y2 + 2yz – z2
b) 2x2 + 5xy + 2y2
c) 4b2 – 7bc – 2c2
d) 15x2 – 13xy + 2y2
b)
e) 6q2 + 7qr + r2
f) 6x2 – 2xy – 8y2
8. Factor.
a) 8x2 + 6x – 20
b) 18b2 + 15b – 18
2. Determine the missing factor. c) 30x2 – 58x – 28
a) 3x2 – 17x + 10 = (x – 5)() d) 18a2 + 24a – 6
b) 6x2 + 5x – 6 = (3x – 2)() e) 18x2 – 21xy + 6y2
c) 2y2 – 5y – 25 = ()(2y + 5) f) 12x2 + 28xy – 24y2
d) 5x2 – 12xy – 9y2 = (5x + 3y)() 9. The area of a rectangular field is represented by
3. Factor each trinomial. the expression 12n2 + 8n – 15.
a) 2x2 + 7x + 3 a) Determine the dimensions of the field.

b) 2x2 – 11x + 15 b) If the value of n is 20 m, what are the
c) 3t2 + t – 4 dimensions of the field in metres?
d) 2x2 – 13x + 21 10. Lindsay says that you can factor –4x2 + x + 18
e) 6a2 + 17a + 12 by dividing out the GCF –1. Do you agree?
f) 8b2 – 10b – 7 Explain.
4. Factor, if possible.
a) 4x2 + 3x – 1
b) 3x2 + 5x + 1
c) 4x2 – 8x + 3
d) 4y2 + 7y – 5
e) 20x2 – 7x – 6
f) 5x2 – 12x – 6

1. a) 3x2 + 7x + 2 = (3x + 1)(x + 2) 7. a) (3y – z)(y + z)
b) 8n2 + 2n – 15 = (2n + 3)(4n – 5) b) (x + 2y)(2x + y)
c) (4b + c)(b – 2c)
2. a) 3x – 2 d) (5x – y)(3x – 2y)
b) 2x + 3 e) (6q + r)(q + r)
c) y – 5 f) 2(x + y)(3x – 4y)
d) x – 3y
8. a) 2(x + 2)(4x – 5)
3. a) (2x + 1)(x + 3) b) 3(2b + 3)(3b – 2)
b) (x – 3)(2x – 5) c) 2(5x + 2)(3x – 7)
c) (3t + 4)(t – 1) d) 6(3a2 + 4a – 1)
d) (2x – 7)(x – 3) e) 3(2x – y)(3x – 2y)
e) (2a + 3)(3a + 4) f) 4(3x – 2y)(x + 3y)
f) (2b + 1)(4b – 7)
9. a) 2n + 3, 6n – 5
4. a) (4x – 1)(x + 1) b) 115 m by 43 m
b) not possible
c) (2x – 1)(2x – 3) 10. yes, –(4x2 – x – 18) = –(4x – 9)(x + 2)
d) not possible
e) (4x – 3)(5x + 2)
f) not possible
5x2 – x – 6 = (5x – 6)(x + 1)
5x2 – 11x + 6 = (5x – 6)(x – 1)
10x2 – 17x + 6 = (5x – 6)(2x – 1)
6. a) y = (5x – 4)(x + 2)
b) zeros: x = –2 and x = 0.8
c) vertex: (–0.6, –9.8)

d)

There are special forms of polynomials. If a

4. Derek says that you can factor –64m2 + 49 by
quadratic expression has the form a2 + 2ab + b2 rearranging the terms. Do you agree? Explain.
or a2 – 2ab + b2, then it is a perfect-square
trinomial and can be factored as
5. a) Leah’s parabola is defined by y = x2 – 121.
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2, Describe what the graph of her parabola will
or a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 look like.
If a quadratic expression has the form a2 – b2, b) Determine the coordinates of the vertex of
then it is a difference of squares and can be the parabola defined by y = 4x2 + 44x + 121.
factored as
a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b) 6. Factor each polynomial.
a) 169x2 – y2
b) 81a2 – 121b2
1. Each area diagram represents a perfect-square c) 64p2 – 169c2
trinomial. Identify the trinomial and its factors. d) 25x6 – 144y4
a) e) –36m2 + 196n2
f) 49 – (x – y)2
7. Use the pattern for difference of squares to
calculate. Show your work.
a) 382 – 322
b) 552 – 452
b) a) x2 – 196
b) p2 – 4pq + 4q2
c) 16b2 + 40b + 25
d) c2 + 100
e) 36x2 + 6x + 1
f) 16x2 + 24xy + 9y2
9. Determine possible integers for k that will make

each expression a perfect-square trinomial.
a) x2 + kx + 49
2. Determine whether each expression is a
b) 9x2 + kx + 25
perfect-square trinomial. If it is, then factor it.
c) 4x2 – 12x + k
a) x2 + 8x + 16
b) x2 – 14x + 49 10. Zach says that you can factor –4x2 + 36 by
c) x2 – 9x + 9 dividing out the GCF –1. Do you agree?
d) 4x2 – 20x + 25 Explain.
e) 4x2 – 12x – 9
f) 9a2 – 24a + 16
a) x2 – 25
b) x2 – 49
c) x2 + 64
d) 4y2 – 9
e) 4x2 + 25
f) x4 – 1

1. a) 9x2 + 6x + 1 = (3x + 1)2 6. a) (13x + y)(13x – y)
b) n2 – 22n + 121 = (n – 11)2 b) (9a – 11b)(9a + 11b)
c) (8p + 13c)(8p – 13c)
2. a) yes, (x + 4)2 d) (5x3 + 12y2)(5x3 – 12y2)
b) yes, (x – 7)2 e) (14n + 6m)(14n – 6m)
c) no f) (7 + x – y)(7 – x + y)
d) yes, (2x – 5)2
e) no 7. a) (38 + 32)(38 – 32) = (70)(6) = 420
f) yes, (3a – 4)2 b) (55 + 45)(55 – 45) = (100)(10) = 1000
3. a) (x + 5)(x – 5) 8. a) (x + 14)(x – 14)
b) (x + 7)(x – 7) b) (p – 2q)2
c) not possible c) (4b + 5)2
d) (2y + 3)(2y – 3) d) not possible
e) not possible e) not possible
f) (x2 + 1)(x2 – 1) = (x2 + 1)(x – 1)(x + 1) f) (4x + 3y)2
4. Yes; 49 – 64m2 is a difference of squares and 9. a) k = 14 or k = –14
can be factored as (7 + 8m)(7 – 8m). b) k = 30 or k = –30
c) k = 9
5. a) The zeros are x = 11 and x = –11, so two
points on the graph are (11, 0) and 10. No. The GCF is –4, so –4(x2 – 9) can be
(–11, 0). The vertex is at (0, –121), and the factored as –4(x + 3)(x – 3).
parabola opens upward.
b) Since the factored equation is
y = (2x + 11)2, there is only one
x-intercept, x = –5.5, which corresponds
to the vertex. The vertex is at (–5.5, 0).

Strategies for factoring:

5. Explain why each expression is not factored
• Divide out the common monomial factors. fully.
• Check for a difference of squares: a) 12m2n – 6mn2 = 6m(2mn – n2)
a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b) b) p4 – 9p2 + 20 = (p2 – 4)(p2 – 5)
• Check for a perfect-square trinomial: c) 64x2 – 16 = 8(8x2 – 2)
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 d) 18y2z4 – 9y2z2 = 9y2(2z4 – z2)
a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 e) t3 – 25t = t(t2 – 25)
• Check for this form: f) 6x2 – 21xy + 8xz – 28yz
x2 + bx + c = (x + r)(x + s),
= 3x(2x – 7y) + 4(2xz – 7yz)
where c = r × s and b = r + s
• Check for this form when a ≠ 1: 6. Factor each polynomial.
ax2 + bx + c = (px + r)(qx + s),
a) 12x – 8x3 + 36x2
where c = rs, a = pq, and b = ps + qr
b) 5m(n – p) – 45(n – p)
• Try a grouping strategy for four or more terms.
c) 4wxz + 28wyz
d) a4 – 81
1. Factor using a grouping strategy. Show your e) 12k3 – 27k
work. f) 3xz + 4yz – 2z – 12x – 16y + 8
a) y2 + y – x – xy
b) cd + 3c + 9 + 3d 7. Factor, if possible.
c) b2 – 4b – br + 4r a) 4x2 + 121
d) 4s2 + 8s + 6st + 12t b) x4 – 13x2 + 36
e) 3x3y – 6x3 – 2y + y2 c) 64a2 – 30ab + 49b2
f) 4mn2 – 12m2n – 3np + 9mp d) 4x2 – xy – 18y2
e) 25x2 + 30xy + 9y2
2. Factor each binomial. f) 8s2 + 12st – 3t2 – 2st
a) 4x2 – 81
b) 49x2 – 121 8. The surface area of a closed cylinder can be
c) 16x2 + 64y2 determined by adding the areas of the circular
ends (πr2) to the area of the curved surface
d) 36x2 – 81y2
e) 16m2n – 80n (2πrh).
f) 3a2 – 243 a) Write the algebraic expression for the surface
area. Then factor your expression.
3. Determine each missing factor. b) Estimate the surface area of a cylinder if the
a) 3cde + 4c2de – 9cde2 = cde() radius is 2 cm and the height is 10 cm.
b) 5x3 – 30x2 + 45x = ()(x – 3)2
c) 6x2 – 13xy – 5y2 = (2x – 5y)( )
d) 9x2 + 3xy – 20y2 = ()(3x – 4y)
e) 2x2y2 – 6xy2 – 56y2 = (2y2)(x + 4)()
f) a4 – 7a2b2 + 12b4 = (a + 2b)(a – 2b)()
2
9. A parabola is defined by y = 25x2 – 120x + 144.
4. The trinomial 3x + 39x – 90 represents the Determine the coordinates of the vertex.
volume of a rectangular prism. Determine the
dimensions of the rectangular prism.

1. a) y(y + 1) – x(y + 1) = (y + 1)(y – x) 6. a) 4x(3 – 2x2 + 9x)
b) c(d + 3) + 3(3 + d) = (d + 3)(c + 3) b) 5(m – 9)(n – p)
c) b(b – 4) – r(b – 4) = (b – 4)(b – r) c) 4wz(x + 7y)
d) 4s(s + 2) + 6t(s + 2) = (s + 2)(4s + 6t) d) (a2 + 9)(a + 3)(a – 3)
= 2(s + 2)(2s + 3t) e) 3k(2k – 3)(2k + 3)
e) 3x3(y – 2) + y(–2 + y) = (y – 2)(3x3 + y) f) (3x + 4y – 2)(z – 4)
f) 4mn(n – 3m) – 3p(n – 3m)
= (n – 3m)(4mn – 3p) 7. a) not possible
b) (x + 3)(x – 3)(x + 2)(x – 2)
2. a) (2x + 9)(2x – 9) c) not possible
b) (7x + 11)(7x – 11) d) (4x – 9y)(x + 2y)
c) 16(x2 + 4y2) e) (5x + 3y)2
d) 9(2x + 3y)(2x – 3y) f) (2s + 3t)(4s – t)
e) 16n(m2 – 5)
f) 3(a + 9)(a – 9) 8. a) 2πr2 + 2πrh = 2πr(r + h)
b) 2π(2)(2 + 10) = 48π, which is about
3. a) 3 + 4c – 9e 50 × 3 = 150 cm2
b) 5x
c) 3x + y 9. The factored form is y = (5x – 12)2. There is one
d) 3x + 5y zero, when x = 2.4, so the vertex is at (2.4, 0).
e) x – 7
f) a2 – 3b2
4. The factored form is 3(x + 15)(x – 2), so the
dimensions are 3, x + 15, and x – 2.
5. a) The GCF of the terms is 6mn, so the factored
form should be 6mn(2m – n).
b) The first binomial, which is a difference of
squares, also needs to be factored:

(p + 2)(p – 2)(p2 – 5)
c) The GCF of the terms is 16, so the factored
form should be
16(4x2 – 1) = 16(2x – 1)(2x + 1).
d) The GCF of the terms is 9y2z2, so the factored
form should be 9y2z2(2z2 – 1).
e) The binomial, which is a difference of
squares, also needs to be factored:
t(t – 5)(t + 5)
f) The second binomial can be factored to get
3x(2x – 7y) + 4z(2x – 7y). Then divide out the
binomial GCF to get (2x – 7y)(3x + 4z).

1. Determine the GCF for each set of terms. 6. Factor, if possible.

a) 10c3 and 25x2 a) x2 + 16
b) 49t and –28 b) x2 – 100y2
c) 30mn and 18m2n c) 5d2 – 45
d) 8x, 12xy, and 28xz d) 4y(z + 3) + x(z – 3)
e) 4p2q2 and –6p3q3 e) 5a2 + 10ab – 15b2
f) 12c2d, 30cd2, and 15c2d f) 25b2 – 15b + 2
2. Determine the missing factor. 7. The area of the shaded region is represented by
a) 6(2y + 1) + x(2y + 1) = ()(6 + x) the expression ()(x2 + 4x + 3). What is the
b) –3c(d + e) – a(e + d) = (d + e)() missing factor? Show your work.
c) 16w3x2 + 24wx4 – 8wx2 = 8wx2()
d) 36xy – 12x2y = ()(3 – x)
e) 2a(3b – 5) – 3(5 – 3b) = (3b – 5)()
f) w(x + y + z) – 11w2(x + y + z)
= (x + y + z) (w)()
3. Each model represents an algebraic expression.
Identify the expression and its factors. 8. a) Determine possible integers for k that will
a) b) allow the trinomial x2 + kx – 72 to be
factored.
b) Determine possible integers for k that will
make the expression kx2 – 40x + 16 a
perfect-square trinomial.
9. Decide whether each polynomial has (3y – 5) as
one of its factors. Justify your decision.
a) 6xy + 9y – 10x – 15
4. Factor each expression. b) 9y2 – 30y + 25
a) x2 + x – 6 c) 12y2 – 10 – 14y
b) d2 + 9d + 14 d) 9y2 – 25
c) a2 – 13a + 36
d) 10m2 + 7m – 12 10. The profit on T-shirts sold by a school is
e) 2w2 – w – 6 determined by the quadratic relation
f) 6x2 + xy – y2 P = –x2 + 30x + 400, where x is the number of
T-shirts sold at $10 each and P is the profit in
5. A parabola is defined by y = 2x2 + 10x – 48. dollars.
a) Express the equation in factored form. a) Determine the number of T-shirts that must
b) Determine the zeros, the equation of the axis be sold to break even.
of symmetry, and the coordinates of the b) What is the maximum profit that the school
vertex. can earn by selling T-shirts? Explain.

1. a) 5 7. Answers may vary, e.g., the shaded region is
b) 7 represented by (2x + 3)2 – x2, a difference of
c) 6mn squares. This expression can be factored to get
d) 4x (2x + 3 + x)(2x + 3 – x) = (3x + 3)(x + 3)
e) 2p2q2 = 3(x + 1)(x + 3), which simplifies to
f) 3cd 3(x2 + 4x + 3). The missing factor is 3.
2. a) 2y + 1 8. a) k = –71, 71, –34, 34, –21, 21, –14, 14, –6, 6,
b) –3c – a –1, or 1
c) 2w2 + 3x2 – 1 b) k = 25
d) 12xy
e) 2a + 3 9. a) Yes. The expression can be factored by
f) 1 – 11w grouping:
3y(2x + 3) – 5(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)(3y – 5)
3. a) 2x2 – 6x + 4 = (2x – 2)(x – 2) b) Yes. The factored form is (3y – 5)2.
b) x2 – x – 12 = (x – 4)(x + 3) c) Yes. The factored form is 2(3y – 5)(2y + 1).
d) Yes. The factored form is (3y + 5)(3y – 5).
4. a) (x + 3)(x – 2)
b) (d + 7)(d + 2) 10. a) The factored form is P = (–x + 40)(x + 10).
c) (a – 4)(a – 9) The zeros occur when x = 40 and x = –10
d) (2m + 3)(5m – 4) (not possible), so the number of T-shirts that
e) (w – 2)(2w + 3) must be sold to break even is 40.
f) (2x + y)(3x – y) b) The vertex is the maximum point for (x, P)
and has the coordinates (15, 625). The
5. a) y = 2(x – 3)(x + 8) maximum profit is $625.
b) zeros: x = 3 and x = –8; equation of the axis
of symmetry: x = –2.5; vertex: (–2.5, –60.5)
6. a) not possible
b) (x + 10y)(x – 10y)

c) 5(d + 3)(d – 3)
d) not possible
e) 5(a + 3b)(a – b)
f) (5b – 2)(5b – 1)

5. Factoring Algebraic Expressions
1. a) Complete this table of values for the relation y = 2x2 – 5. x –3 –2 –1 0 1 3

b) Plot the points, and sketch the graph.
y 13 3
2. a) Sketch the graph of the relation y = 2x – 3.
b) Sketch the reflection of y = 2x – 3 in the x-axis.
c) Determine the equation of the line you sketched for part b).
3. a) Determine the zeros of the relation y = 3(x – 1)(x – 5).
b) Is the relation quadratic? Explain how you know.
c) Sketch the relation.
d) Determine the coordinates of the vertex of the relation, if there is a vertex, or explain
why this is impossible to do.
4. For each translation, determine
a) the vertices of +ABC after a translation 3 units left and 2 units up
b) the equation of the relation y = –x + 6 after a translation 2 units up
c) the coordinates of the points (–2, 4), (–1, 1), (0, 0), and (1, 1) after a translation
that moves (2, 4) to (4, 7)
5. Ricardo performed the following calculation:
3(4 – 2)2 +7
= 3(2)2 + 7
= 62 + 7
= 36 + 7
= 43
What error did Ricardo make?
6. Braking distances for a pickup truck that is travelling at different speeds are shown in this table.
Speed (km/h) 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

Braking Distance (m) 22 45 74 105 145 211 252
a) Use the data to create a scatter plot.

b) Sketch a line of good fit for the data. How well does the line appear to fit the data?
c) Sketch a curve of good fit for the data. How well does the curve appear to fit the data?
What kind of relation might the curve be?
a) x2 + 2x – 3 b) 4x2 – 9 c) 2x2 + 7x + 15 d) x2 – 6x + 8

1. a) x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 c) d) (3, –12)
y 13 3 –3 –5 –3 3 13
b)
4. a) A → (–2, 8), B → (–1, 4), C → (2, 6)

b) y = –x + 8
c) (0, 7), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 4)
5. Ricardo should have evaluated the exponent (2)2
2. a), b) and then multiplied his result by 3, rather than
multiplying 2 by 3.
6. a)–c)
c) y = –2x + 3
3. a) x = 1, x = 5

b) yes, because expanding gives
y = 3x2 – 18x + 15
b) The line fits the data reasonably well.
c) The curve fits the data reasonably well. The
curve might be a quadratic relation.
7. a) (x – 1)(x + 3) c) cannot be factored
b) (2x – 3)(2x + 3) d) (x – 2)(x – 4)
If students have difficulty with the questions in the Diagnostic Test, you may need
• creating tables of values and using them to draw graphs
• performing translations on the Cartesian coordinate plane
• applying the order of operations
• creating a scatter plot and drawing a line of good fit
• factoring a quadratic relation
2 | Chapter 5 Diagnostic Test Answers

1. Match each graph with the correct equation. 3. Determine the equation of a quadratic model to
a) y = 0.5x2 c) y = –2x2 represent the lower arch of this bridge.
1
b) y = –x2 d) y = x2
3
i) iii)
4. Which of the following relations do not

represent parabolas that are vertical
compressions of the graph of y = x2?
a) y = 0.1x2 c) y = –2x2
1
b) y = x2 d) y = − x2
5
ii) iv)
5. Sketch the parabolas for question 4 that are
vertical compressions of the graph of y = x2.
6. What transformation(s) must be applied to the
graph of y = x2 to create each parabola shown?
a) b)
2. Write the equation of each graph.

a) b)
7. The graph of y = x2 is vertically compressed by

2
a factor of and reflected in the x-axis. What
3
is the equation of the resulting graph?

1. a) ii) c) i) 6. a) reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch by a
b) iv) d) iii) factor of 5
b) vertical compression by a factor of 0.75
1 2
2. a) y = 3x2 b) y = − x
4 2 2
2
7. y = − x
3. y = –0.125x 3
4. b) and c)
5. a)
d)

1. List, in order, the transformations you would b)

apply to the graph of y = x2 to create the graph
of each relation.
1
a) y = 2x2 + 1 c) y = x 2 – 4
2
b) y = (x – 3)2 d) y = 3(x + 3)2 – 6
2. Sketch the graph of each relation in question 1.
3. Identify the vertex of each parabola.
a) y = (x – 3)2 + 2 c) y = 2x2 – 5
2 c)
2 1⎛ 1⎞ 3
b) y = (x + 7) d) y = ⎜ x − ⎟ −
3⎝ 4⎠ 4
4. Write the equation of the parabola created by

applying each set of transformations to the
graph of y = x2.
a) reflection in the x-axis, vertical compression
by a factor of 0.25, translation 3 units up
b) vertical stretch by a factor of 2, translation
2 units right and 4 units down
c) reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch by
a factor of 3.5, translation 3 units left and d)
2 units up
5. Which graph is the graph of the quadratic
1
relation y = − (x + 3)2 + 5? Explain your
2
reasoning.
a)
6. The height, h, in kilometres, of a space tourism

rocket during its unpowered flight phase is
given by h = –0.005(t – 150)2 + 200, where t is
the time in seconds after its rocket motor is shut
down.
a) What is the maximum height of the rocket?
b) How long after shutdown does the rocket
reach its maximum height?

1. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 2, translation 3. a) (3, 2) c) (0, –5)
1 unit up ⎛1 3⎞
b) translation 3 units right b) (–7, 0) d) ⎜ ,− ⎟
⎝4 4⎠
1 4. a) y = –0.25x2 + 3
c) vertical compression by a factor of ,
2 b) y = 2(x – 2)2 – 4
translation 4 units down c) y = –3.5(x + 3)2 + 2
d) vertical stretch by a factor of 3, translation
3 units left and 6 units down 1
5. The graph of y = − (x + 3)2 + 5 is created from
2
2. a)
the graph of y = x2 by a reflection in the x-axis, a
1
vertical compression by a factor of , and a
2
translation 3 units left and 5 units up. These
transformations produce graph d).
6. a) 200 km
b) 150 s or 2 min 30 s
b)
c)

d)

1. Write the equation of each graph. 6. For each pair of values of h and k in question 5,
a) sketch the graph of y = (x – h)2 + k.
7. Describe the transformations you would apply
to the graph of y = x2, in the order you would
apply them, to create the graph of each relation.
a) y = 3x2 + 2 c) y = –(x + 3)2 + 4
1
b) y = (x + 2)2 – 7 d) y = –2(x – 1)2 – 4
2
b) 8. Which equation represents the graph shown?

Explain your reasoning.
2. Which of the following relations have parabolas

that are stretches of the graph of y = x2?
a) y = 1.25x2 c) y = –x2
2 a) y = (x + 3)2 – 4 c) y = 2(x + 3)2 – 4
b) y = 0.25x d) y = –3x2
b) y = 2(x – 3)2 – 4 d) y = –2(x – 3)2 – 4
3. Write the equation of the parabola created by
9. Write the equation of the parabola that matches
applying each set of transformations to the
each description.
graph of y = x2.
a) The graph of y = x2 is stretched vertically by
a) reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch by a
a factor of 3 and then translated 3 units
factor of 1.5
down.
b) The graph of y = x2 is compressed vertically
3 units down and 4 units left
c) reflection in the x-axis, vertical compression 1
by a factor of and then translated 3 units
1 5
by a factor of , and translation 5 units up right and 1 unit down.
3
c) The graph of y = x2 is reflected in the x-axis
4. Sketch the graph of each quadratic relation in and then translated 2 units left.
question 3.
5. For each pair of values of h and k, describe the
transformation(s) of y = x2 that would create the
graph of y = (x – h)2 + k.
a) h = –3, k = 0 c) h = –1, k = 3
b) h = 2, k = 5 d) h = 0, k = –2

1. a) y = –3x2 b) y = 4x2 b)
2. a) and d)
3. a) y = –1.5x2
b) y = 3(x + 4)2 – 3
1
c) y = − x2 + 5
3
4. a)
c)
b)
d)
c)
7. a) vertical stretch by a factor of 3, translation

2 units up
b) vertical compression by a factor of 0.5,
translation 2 units left and 7 units down
c) reflection in the x-axis, translation 3 units left
5. a) translation 3 units left and 4 units up
b) translation 2 units right and 5 units up d) reflection in the x-axis, vertical stretch by a
c) translation 1 unit left and 3 units up factor of 2, translation 1 unit right and 4 units
d) translation 2 units down down
6. a) 8. The graph is created from the graph of y = x2
with a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 and a
translation 3 units left and 4 units down. These
transformations produce the graph in part c).
9. a) y = 3x2 – 3 c) y = –(x + 2)2
1
b) y = (x – 3)2 – 1
5

1. a) Write an equation to describe all possible 4. Write an equation of a parabola with each set of
parabolas with vertex (–2, 9). properties.
b) A parabola with vertex (–2, 9) passes through a) vertex at (–3, 2), opens upward, narrower
point (4, –3). Determine the value of a for than y = x2
this parabola. b) vertex at (2, 0), opens downward, wider than
c) Write the equation of the parabola described y = x2
for part b). c) equation of the axis of symmetry x = –2,
d) What transformations must be applied to the opens upward, two zeros, same shape as
graph of y = x2 to obtain the parabola y = x2
described for part b)? d) vertex at (3, 5), passes through (1, –3)
e) Graph the parabola described for part b).
5. Each table of values represents a parabola.
2. Write the equation of each parabola in vertex Determine the vertex of the parabola, and write
form. the equation of the parabola in vertex form.
a) a) x y b) x y
–2 –11 –3 –8.5
–1 –4 –2 –9.0
0 1 –1 –8.5
1 4 0 –7.0
2 5 1 –4.5
3 4 2 –1.0
b) 6. A golfer drives from an elevated tee. The

following table gives partial data for the path of
the golf ball through the air.
Time (s) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Height (m) 2.5 4.2 6.2 7.6 8.3 7.1
a) Use the data to create a scatter plot, and draw
a quadratic curve of good fit.
b) Determine an equation in vertex form to
model this relation.
c) Use your model for part a) to predict what
3. Determine the equation of the parabola created happens after 4 s.
by applying each set of transformations to the d) Check the accuracy of your model using
graph of y = x2. quadratic regression.
a) reflection in the x-axis, translation 4 units
right
3 units left and 2 units down
1
c) vertical compression by a factor of ,
5
translation 1 unit left and 4 units up

1. a) y = a(x + 2)2 + 9 4. a) Answers may vary, e.g., y = 3(x + 3)2 + 2
1 b) Answers may vary, e.g., y = –0.5(x – 2)2
b) a = − c) Answers may vary, e.g., y = (x + 2)2 – 4
3
1 d) y = –2(x – 3)2 + 5
c) y = − (x + 2)2 + 9
3 5. a) vertex at (2, 5); y = –(x – 2)2 + 5
d) reflection in the x-axis, vertical compression 1
1 b) vertex at (–2, –9); y = (x + 2)2 – 9
by a factor of , translation 2 units left and 2
3
9 units up 6. Answers may vary, e.g.,
e) a)
2
b) h = –1.6(t – 2)2 + 8.3
2. a) y = 2x – 5 c) The golf ball hits the ground after 4 s.
1 d) Quadratic regression gives
b) y = (x + 3)2
2 h = –1.41t2 + 5.62t + 2.19. The equation in
part b) is h = –1.6t2 + 6.4t + 1.9 in standard
3. a) y = –(x – 4)2 form, so the model is reasonably accurate.
b) y = 2(x + 3)2 – 2
1
c) y = (x + 1)2 + 4
5

1. Determine the maximum or minimum value of a c)

quadratic relation of the form y = a(x – h)2 + k,
given the information below.
a) a = –1, vertex at (3, –2)
1
b) a = , vertex at (–2, 0)
3
c) a = 3, vertex at (0, 4)
d) a = –0.25, vertex at (2, –5)
2. Determine the equation of a quadratic relation in
vertex form, given the information below.
a) vertex at (0, 2), passes through (2, 4)
b) vertex at (–2, 5), passes through (0, –3)
c) vertex at (7, 4), passes through (4, 13)
4. Write each equation for question 3 in standard
3. Determine the equation of each parabola in form and factored form.
vertex form.
5. A quadratic relation has zeros at x = –1 and
a) x = 3, and a minimum value of –12. Determine
its equation in vertex form.
6. Express each equation in factored form and
vertex form.
a) y = 2x2 + 12x + 16 c) y = –4x2 – 40x – 64
1
b) y = − x2 + 2x d) y = 2x2 – x – 1
3
7. The graph of y = –2(x – 3)2 + 5 was translated so
that its new zeros are at 0 and 4. Determine the
translation that was applied to the original

b) graph.
8. A canal is 112 m wide. The underside of a
bridge across the canal is a parabolic arch, with
its bases set back 4 m from each bank of the
canal. The maximum height of the arch must be
at least 32 m above the surface of the canal.
Write an equation to represent an arch that
satisfies these conditions. Use graphing
technology to graph your equation.
9. A parabola has a y-intercept of 2 and passes
through points (–2, –4) and (8, –14). Determine
the vertex of the parabola.

1. a) maximum: –2 c) minimum: 4 7. 1 unit left and 3 units up
b) minimum: 0 d) maximum: –5
8. Answers may vary, e.g., y = –0.01x2, or
1 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2
2. a) y = x +2 y = −⎜ ⎟x
2 ⎝ 225 ⎠
b) y = –2(x + 2)2 + 5
c) y = (x – 7)2 + 4
3. a) y = –0.5(x – 3)2
b) y = 2(x + 3)2 – 8
c) y = 3x2 – 12
9. (2, 4)
4. a) y = –0.5x2 + 3x – 4.5; y = –0.5(x – 3)2
b) y = 2x2 + 12x + 10; y = 2(x + 1)(x + 5)
c) y = 3x2 – 12; y = 3(x – 2)(x + 2)
5. y = 3(x – 1)2 – 12
6. a) y = 2(x + 2)(x + 4); y = 2(x + 3)2 – 2
1 1
b) y = − x(x – 6); y = − (x – 3)2 + 3
3 3
c) y = –4(x + 2)(x + 8); y = –4(x + 5)2 + 36
2
⎛ 1⎞ 9
d) y = (2x + 1)(x – 1); y = 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ −
⎝ 4⎠ 8

1. Determine the axis of symmetry for a parabola 5. Write each relation in vertex form.
that passes through (3, –1) and (–5, –1). a) y = (x – 3)(x + 1) c) y = 2x(x + 4) – 5
b) y = x2 – 4x d) y = x2 – 5x + 13
2. Use partial factoring to determine the vertex
form of the quadratic relation y = x2 – 4x + 6. 6. Determine the values of a and b in the relation
y = ax2 + bx – 6 if the vertex of its graph is at
3. For each quadratic relation, (–2, 6).
i) use partial factoring to determine two points
that are the same distance from the axis of 7. Acme Inc. produces a patent line of solar
symmetry batteries. Acme’s monthly profit, P, in
ii) determine the coordinates of the vertex thousands of dollars, is modelled by
iii) express the relation in vertex form P = –40x2 + 320x – 420, where x is the price, in
iv) sketch the graph of the relation dollars, of each solar battery. What is Acme’s
a) y = x2 – 8x + 13 c) y = –2x2 + 12x – 9 maximum monthly profit? What price should
1 Acme charge to obtain this maximum profit?
b) y = x2 + x + 3 d) y = 3x2 – 9x – 2
2
4. Determine the axis of symmetry of the parabola
y = 3x2 – 6x – 9 using each strategy. Then
describe what you did.
a) partial factoring
b) factoring completely, if possible; if not
possible, explain why not

1. x = –1 d) i) (0, –2), (3, –2)
ii) (1.5, –8.75)
2. y = (x – 2)2 + 2 iii) y = 3(x – 1.5)2 – 8.75
3. a) i) (0, 13), (8, 13) iv)
ii) (4, –3)
iii) y = (x – 4)2 – 3
iv)
4. a) Use partial factoring to rewrite the relation:

y = 3(x2 – 2x) – 9 = 3x(x – 2) – 9. Two points
on the graph are (0, –9) and (2, –9). Since
b) i) (0, 3), (–2, 3) these points are the same distance from the
⎛ 5⎞ axis of symmetry, the equation of the axis of
ii) ⎜ − 1, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 0+2
symmetry is x = = 1.
1 5 2
iii) y = (x + 1)2 + b) Factor completely to rewrite the equation:
2 2
iv) y = 3(x2 – 2x – 3) = 3(x – 3)(x + 1). The
relation has zeros at 3 and –1. Since the zeros
are the same distance from the axis of
symmetry, the equation of the axis of
3 + (−1)
symmetry is x = = 1.
2
5. a) y = (x – 1)2 – 4 c) y = 2(x + 2)2 – 13
b) y = (x – 2)2 – 4 d) y = (x – 2.5)2 + 6.75

c) i) (0, –9), (6, –9) 6. a = –3, b = –12
ii) (3, 9)
7. maximum profit: $220 000;
iii) y = –2(x – 3)2 + 9
price to obtain maximum profit: $4
iv)

1. State whether each parabola is a vertical stretch c)

or compression (or neither) of the graph of
y = x2. Also state whether there is a reflection.
a) y = 2x2 c) y = –x2
2
b) y = 0.25x d) y = –3.5x2
2. Sketch each parabola for question 1.
3. Describe the transformations that are applied to
the graph of y = x2 to obtain each parabola.
a) y = (x – 1)2 c) y = (x – 3)2 – 4 6. Determine the equation of a quadratic relation in
2
b) y = x + 7 d) y = (x + 1)2 – 5 vertex form, given the information below.
a) vertex at (3, 2), passes through (4, 4)
4. Sketch the graph of each quadratic relation. b) vertex at (–2, 7), passes through (1, 4)
Start with a sketch of y = x2, and apply the
necessary transformations in the correct order. 7. Express each relation in factored form and
a) y = 3x2 + 3 c) y = –(x + 1)2 – 2 vertex form. Use partial factoring if complete
b) y = 0.25(x – 3)2 d) y = –2(x + 4)2 + 7 factoring is not possible.
a) y = 2x2 + 16x c) y = –x2 + 8x + 2
5. Write the equation of each parabola in vertex 2
b) y = 3x – 12 d) y = 5x2 – 30x + 25
form.
a) 8. A boat tour company charges $11 for a harbour
tour and averages 450 passengers on Saturdays.
Over the past few months, the company has
been experimenting with the price of a tour and
has noticed that every increase of $1 in the price
decreases the number of customers by 25. Use
an algebraic model to determine the price that
maximizes revenue.
9. A parabola passes through points (–1, 2), (5, 2),

and (1, 4).
b) a) Determine the coordinates of the vertex, and
write the equation of the parabola in vertex
form.
b) Write the equation of the parabola in
standard form.
10. Determine the values of a and c in the relation
y = ax2 + 30x + c if the vertex of its graph is at
(–5, 3).

1. a) stretch, no reflection 4. a)
b) compression, no reflection
c) no stretch or compression, reflection in the
x-axis
d) stretch, reflection in the x-axis
2. a)
b)
b)
c)
c)
d)

d)
5. a) y = (x – 3)2 – 3
b) y = 0.5(x + 4)2
c) y = –2(x – 1)2 + 1
1
6. a) y = 2(x – 3)2 + 2 b) y = − (x + 2)2 + 7
3
3. a) translation 1 unit right
b) translation 7 units up 7. a) y = 2x(x + 8); y = 2(x + 4)2 – 32
c) translation 3 units right and 4 units down b) y = 3(x – 2)(x + 2); y = 3x2 – 12
d) translation 1 unit left and 5 units down c) y = –x(x – 8) + 2; y = –(x – 4)2 + 18
d) y = 5(x – 1)(x – 5); y = 5(x – 3)2 – 20
8. $14.50
9. a) (2, 4.25); y = –0.25(x – 2)2 + 4.25
b) y = –0.25x2 + x + 3.25
10. a = 3, c = 7

6. Quadratic Equations
1. Consider the quadratic relation y = x2 – 6x + 3.

a) Use partial factoring to locate two points with the same y-coordinate on the graph.
b) Determine the coordinates of the vertex.
c) Sketch the graph.
2. Sketch the graph of each quadratic relation.
a) y = –(x – 3)(x + 1) c) y = –4(x + 2)2 + 5
1
b) y = 2x2 + 10x – 12 d) y = (x + 2)(x – 4)
3
3. Factor each expression, if possible.
a) x2 – 5x – 24 c) 9x2 – 9x – 10
b) x2 – 4x + 8 d) –2x2 + 7x + 4
a) (2x – 5)(x + 7) c) (2m – 3)(2m + 3)
b) (3 – 2q)2 d) (5c – 3)(11 – c)
5. For each quadratic relation, determine the zeros, the y-intercept, the equation of the axis of symmetry,
the vertex, and the equation in standard form.
a) b)
6. For each quadratic relation, determine the equation of the axis of symmetry, the vertex, and the zeros
(if any).
a) y = –2(x + 4)(x + 8) c) y = 3x(x – 4) + 12
1
b) y = –(x + 1)2 + 9 d) y = (x – 5)2 + 2
3
7. Use graphing technology to graph each quadratic relation. Then explain why the relation cannot be
written as y = a(x – r)(x – s), where r and s are integers.
a) y = 2x2 + 6x + 7 b) y = x2 – 8x + 5

1. a) y = x(x – 6) + 3; (0, 3), (6, 3) c)
b) (3, –6)
2. The points that are labelled may vary, e.g.,

a) c)
b) d)
3. a) (x + 3)(x – 8) b) cannot be factored c) (3x + 2)(3x – 5) d) –(2x + 1)(x – 4)

4. a) 2x2 + 9x – 35 b) 9 – 12q + 4q2 c) 4m2 – 9 d) –5c2 + 58c – 33

5. a) –3, 5; –7.5; x = 1; (1, –8); y = 0.5x2 – x – 7.5 b) 3, 4; –12; x = 3.5; (3.5, 0.25); y = –x2 + 7x – 12
6. a) x = –6; (–6, 8); –4, –8 b) x = –1; (–1, 9); 2, –4 c) x = 2; (2, 0); 2 d) x = 5; (5, 2); no zeros
7. a) b)
There are no x-intercepts, so the relation The x-intercepts are not integers, so r and s
cannot be factored. are not integers.
• graphing a quadratic relation given in standard form, factored form, and vertex form
• using technology to graph a quadratic relation
• determining the equation of the axis of symmetry, the vertex, and the zeros of a quadratic relation
• expanding and simplifying expressions
• factoring quadratic expressions

1. Use each graph to determine the roots of the 4. Solve by graphing. Round your answers
quadratic equation, where y = 0. to two decimal places.
a) a) x2 – 6x – 4 = 0
b) x2 – 7x + 5 = 2
c) –4x2 – 12x + 15 = 0
d) 32x – 4x2 = 52
5. The height, h, in metres, of a football can be
modelled by h = –5t2 + 23t, where t is the time, in
seconds, after kickoff. The football lands on the
ground without being caught. How long is the
b) football in the air?
6. Tracy runs a small business doing tax returns. If
she charges a fee of F dollars per tax return, the
amount of money she will earn, E, in dollars, each
1
tax season can be modelled by E = F ( 480 − F ) .
5
a) How much will Tracy earn if she charges $375
per tax return?
2. Determine whether –3 is a root of each equation.
b) If Tracy wants to earn at least $9000, between
a) –(x – 3)(x + 6) = 0
what two amounts should she charge?
b) x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
c) 5x2 + 13x + 5 = 11 7. a) Use algebra to determine the points of
d) –4x2 = 36 intersection of the line y = 4 – 3x and the
parabola y = 3x2 + 4x – 2.
3. Solve by factoring.
b) Verify your answers for part a) using a
a) 2x2 + x – 10 = 0
graphing calculator.
b) x2 – 2x – 9 = 6
c) 3x2 + 11x – 15 = 5
d) 3x2 – 6x = 0

1. a) 3, –3 b) 5, –2 6. a) $7875
b) between $127.75 and $352.25
2. a) no b) yes c) yes d) no
⎛2 ⎞
1 7. a) ⎜ , 2 ⎟ , (–3, 13)
3. a) 2, –2 ⎝3 ⎠
2
b) 5, –3 b)
4
c) , –5
3
d) 0, 2
4. a) –0.61, 6.61
b) 0.46, 6.54
c) –3.95, 0.95
d) 2.27, 5.73
5. 4.6 s

1. Write each relation in vertex form by completing 5. Kara wants to make a square and a rectangle with
the square. a piece of flexible wire that is 102 cm long. The
a) y = x2 – 12x length of the rectangle will be twice its width.
b) y = 3x2 + 6x + 9 Kara decides to represent the length of wire,
measured in centimetres, that she will use for the
2. a) Complete the square to write the relation square as 12x.
y = –5x2 – 20x – 13 in vertex form. a) Write expressions for the dimensions of the
b) Graph the relation. square and the rectangle in centimetres.
3. Copy and complete this area model. Then express b) Show that the combined area of the square and
the relation y = x2 + 11x + 8 in vertex form. the rectangle, in square centimetres, is
17(x2 – 8x + 34).
c) Determine the minimum combined area that
Kara can make. What are the lengths of wire
that she must use for each shape?
6. a) Determine the vertex and the equation of the
axis of symmetry of the quadratic relation
y = 3x2 – 12x + 5 by completing the square.
b) How does doubling the coefficient of x in the
relation affect the position of the axis of
4. Benoît has a home business making fancy gift symmetry?
boxes. If he sells each box for x dollars, his
monthly profit, P, in dollars, can be modelled by 7. a) Continue the following pattern of
P = –50x2 + 350x – 520. perfect-square trinomials for three more
a) What is the maximum profit that Benoît can terms: 100x2 – 20x + 1, 100x2 – 40x + 4, …
make per month? b) Express 100x2 – 140x + 65 as the sum
b) How much should he charge to make this of a perfect-square expression and the square
profit? of an integer.

1. a) y = (x – 6)2 – 36 4. a) $92.50 b) $3.50
b) y = 3(x + 1)2 + 6
5. a) 3x by 3x, (34 – 4x) by (17 – 2x)
2. a) y = –5(x + 2)2 + 7 b) Answers may vary, e.g.,
b) A = (3x)2 + (34 – 4x)(17 – 2x)
A = 9x2 + 17(34) – 34(2x) – 17(4x) + 8x2
A = 17x2 – 17(8x) + 17(34)
A = 17(x2 – 8x + 34)
c) 306 cm2; square: 48 cm; rectangle: 54 cm
6. a) (2, –7), x = 2
b) Answers may vary, e.g., after doubling, the axis
of symmetry is twice as far from the y-axis.
3.
7. a) 100x2 – 60x + 9, 100x2 – 80x + 16,
100x2 – 100x + 25
b) (10x – 7)2 + 42
y = (x + 5.5)2 – 22.25

1. Solve each quadratic equation by factoring. 6. Armin charges $50/h to repair computers. If he
a) x2 – 13x + 30 = 0 charges for x hours per month, his monthly profit,
b) x2 = 6(12 – x) P, in dollars, can be modelled by the relation
c) (x + 1)2 = 16 P = –x2 + 180x – 4150.
d) x(x + 4) = 12 a) What is Armin’s maximum monthly profit?
b) How many hours should he work each month
2. Solve each quadratic equation by factoring or by to achieve this profit?
using a graphing calculator. Round your answers
to two decimal places, if necessary. 7. A suborbital space plane is designed to give
a) 2x2 + 9x – 5 = 0 “space tourists” a brief experience of zero-G
b) x2 + 11 = 3x flight. According to the flight plan, when the
c) 3x2 – 5x = 7 engine shuts down at an altitude of 125 000 m, the
d) 3(x2 – 5) = 4x space plane gains altitude at a speed of 1250 m/s.
Its height, t seconds after engine shutdown, can be
3. A rectangular theatre stage, with an area of 84 m2, modelled by –5t2 + 1250t + 125 000.
is 5 m longer than it is wide. How long is the a) What is the maximum altitude of the space
stage? plane?
4. Determine the value of c that makes each b) The period of freefall lasts from engine
expression a multiple of a perfect-square shutdown to re-entry. Assuming that the space
trinomial. plane starts to re-enter the atmosphere at the
a) x2 + 8x + c same altitude of 125 000 m, how long is the
b) 2x2 + 12x + c space plane in freefall?
c) 5x2 – 60x + c
d) 7x2 – 42x + c
5. Complete the square to express each relation in
vertex form. Then describe the transformations
that must be applied to the graph of y = x2 to graph
the relation.
a) y = x2 + 14x + 29
b) y = 3x2 – 18x + 14

1. a) 3, 10 b) 6, –12 c) 3, –5 d) 2, –6 6. a) $3950
b) 90 h
2. a) 0.5, –5
b) no solutions 7. a) 203 125 m
c) about –0.91, about 2.57 b) 250 s, or 4 min 10 s
d) about –1.67, 3
3. 12 m
4. a) 16 b) 18 c) 180 d) 63
5. a) y = (x + 7)2 – 20; translation 7 units left and
20 units down
b) y = 3(x – 3)2 – 13; vertical stretch by a factor
of 3, translation 3 units right and 13 units down
1. a) Solve the equation 2x2 – 27x – 80 = 0 by 6. A baseball is bunted so that its height, h,
factoring. in metres, after t seconds is modelled by
b) Solve the same equation using the quadratic h = –4.9t2 + 23.4t + 1.3.
formula. a) How long is the baseball in the air, to the
c) Identify one advantage of each strategy over nearest tenth of a second?
the other. b) How long is the baseball above 25 m, to the
nearest tenth of a second?
2. Solve each equation using the quadratic formula.
a) x2 – 16 = 49 7. A landscape architect is planning a circular flower
b) 3x(x – 5) = 5(15 – 3x) bed that will be surrounded by a ring of paving
stones, 25 cm wide. The area of the ring of paving
3. Determine the roots of each equation. Round the stones will be half the area of the flower bed.
roots to two decimal places, if necessary. Determine the diameter of the flower bed, to the
a) 2x2 – 10 = 0 nearest centimetre.
b) –3(x – 3)2 + 18 = 0
c) 3(x + 3)2 – 75 = 0
d) –0.5(x – 0.5)2 + 1 = 0
4. Solve each equation. Round your solutions
to two decimal places, if necessary.
a) 2x2 – 10x – 6 = 0
b) (x – 1)(2x + 3) = 0
c) 2(x2 + 1) = 7x
d) 2x(2 – x) = 1 – x
5. Calculate the value of x, to two decimal places.

1. a)–b) 16, –2.5 4. a) 5.54, –0.54
c) Answers may vary, e.g., factoring makes it b) 1, –1.5
easier to check that the solutions are correct; c) 0.31, 3.19
the quadratic formula can be used directly, d) 0.22, 2.28
without checking all the factor pairs of 80.
5. 3.70
2. a) about 8.06, about –8.06
b) 5, –5 6. a) 4.8 s
b) 1.9 s
3. a) 2.24, –2.24
b) 0.55, 5.45 7. 222 cm
c) 2, –8
d) 1.91, –0.91

1. a) Determine the roots of 2x2 – 9x – 35 = 0 using 5. Determine whether the vertex of each parabola
the strategy of your choice. lies above, below, or on the x-axis. Explain your
b) What do your results for part a) tell you about answers.
the graph of y = 2x2 – 9x – 35? a) y = –x2 + 7x + 5
c) Predict whether the discriminant of the b) y = (x + 2)2 + 2x + 7
equation in part a) is positive, negative, or zero. c) y = 4x2 – 20x + 25
Justify your prediction. d) y = –5x(x – 3) – 15
d) Confirm your prediction by calculating the
value of D. 6. For what value(s) of k does the relation
y = 4x2 – kx + 9 have each number of zeros?
2. Calculate the discriminant of each equation, and a) two zeros
state the number of real roots. b) one zero
a) x2 + 5x – 3 = 0 c) no zeros
b) 4x(x – 1) + 1 = 0
c) 2x2 + 5 = 3x 7. Suppose that a and c have opposite signs in the
d) 3x(x + 5) = x2 + 8 quadratic relation y = ax2 + bx + c.
a) What does this tell you about the y-intercept
3. How many times does each relation cross or touch and the direction of opening of the graph of the
the x-axis? Justify your answer in terms of the relation?
graph of the relation. b) Use sketches, without a grid, to show why the
a) y = (x – 3)2 – 7 relation must have two roots.
b) y = –2x2 – 13 c) Give an algebraic reason why the discriminant
c) y = 5(x + 2)2 must be positive when a and c have opposite
d) y = –(x + 10)2 + 2 signs.
4. The support rails of a suspension bridge over a
river are modelled by the relation
h = 22 + 0.002x2, where x is the distance, in
metres, from the middle of the bridge and h is the
height, in metres, above the river. Explain why, in
terms of the bridge and the river, the discriminant
of the relation must be negative.

1. a) 7, –2.5 7. Answers may vary, e.g.,
b) The parabola crosses the x-axis twice. a) Either the y-intercept is positive and the
c) From parts a) and b), the parabola has two graph opens downward, or the y-intercept is
roots. The discriminant must be positive. negative and the graph opens upward.
d) D = 361; my prediction is correct. b) Answers may vary slightly, e.g.,
2. a) 37; two real roots c) –31; no real roots
b) 0; one real root d) 289; two real roots
a) 2; the vertex is below the x-axis, and the
graph opens upward.
b) 0; the vertex is below the x-axis, and the
graph opens downward.
c) 1; the vertex is on the x-axis.
d) 2; the vertex is above the x-axis, and the
graph opens downward.
4. Answers may vary, e.g., the bridge is above the
river, so the height of the rail is always positive.
Therefore, the relation has no zeros.
a) Above the x-axis; the relation opens
downward and, because the discriminant is
positive, has two zeros.
b) Above the x-axis; the relation opens upward
and, because the discriminant is negative, has
no zeros.
In each case, the vertex is farther from the
c) On the x-axis; the discriminant is zero, so the
relation has one zero. x-axis than the y-intercept, so the graph must
d) Below the x-axis; the relation opens cross the x-axis twice.
c) Since a and c have opposite signs, ac < 0, so
downward and, because the discriminant is

negative, has no zeros. –4ac > 0. Therefore, b2 – 4ac > 0.
6. a) k < –12 or k > 12

b) k = ±12
c) –12 < k < 12

1. For each relation, explain what each coordinate of 6. Darya attempts a high jump of 2.22 m. Her centre
the vertex represents and what the zeros represent. of mass is initially at a height of 1.0 m, passes
a) a relation that models the height, h, of a diver 1.8 m after 0.2 s, and passes 1.8 m again after
who jumps upward from a board, after time t 0.8 s.
b) a relation that models the monthly profit, P, a) The height of Darya’s centre of mass, in
earned for a given number of clients metres, is modelled by y = a(t – h)2 + k. Show
per month, x that h = 0.5, 0.25a + k = 1, and 0.09a + k = 1.8.
c) a relation that models the area, A, of a rectangle b) Write the relation that models the height of
with a fixed perimeter and width w Darya’s centre of mass in vertex form.
c) Does Darya clear the attempted height?
For questions 2 to 7, round your answers Explain.
to two decimal places, if necessary.
7. Rashid is planning six cubicles for an office. He
2. The height, h, in metres, of a football is modelled wants each cubicle to have the same dimensions,
by h = 1 + 5t(4 – t), where t is the time, in and he has chosen an L-shaped layout. He has
seconds, after the football is punted. written the relation P = 9ℓ + 10w for the length of
a) What is the maximum height of the football? cubicle wall needed. If he has 72 m of cubicle wall
b) How long is the football in the air? to use, what dimensions will maximize the area of
3. Carly is diving from the 10 m board at her local each cubicle?
pool. During her descent underwater, her depth, d,
in metres, is modelled by d = –7.5t2 + 14.3t, where
t is the time, in seconds, after she enters the water.
a) What is Carly’s maximum depth?
b) How long does Carly take to reach this depth?
4. The sum of the squares of three consecutive
positive odd integers is 515. Determine the
integers.
5. Karsten, a tennis pro, is attempting a drop shot so
that the ball just clears the net. The ball is 1.3 m
above the ground when Karsten hits it. The ball
reaches its maximum height, 3.1 m, after it has
travelled 2.5 m horizontally.
a) Write an equation to model this situation.
b) The height of the net is 0.92 m in the middle of
the court. Assuming that Karsten’s shot is
aimed down the centre line, how far away from
the net must he be to make the shot?

1. a) vertex: maximum height, h, and time, t, when 4. 11, 13, 15
the maximum height is reached; first zero: no
meaning; second zero: time when the diver 5. a) h = –0.29(x – 2.5)2 + 3.1
enters the water b) 5.24 m
b) vertex: maximum profit, P, and number of 0 .2 + 0 .8
clients per month, x, for the maximum profit; 6. a) h = = 0.5; 1 = a(0 – 0.5)2 + k, so
2
zeros: break-even points
0.25a + k = 1; 1.8 = a(0.2 – 0.5)2 + k, so
c) vertex: maximum area, A, and width, w, for the
0.09a + k = 1.8
maximum area; zeros: dimensions of the
b) h = –5(t – 0.5)2 + 2.25
“rectangles” with zero length or width
c) Yes. The maximum height of Darya’s centre of
2. a) 21 m mass is greater than 2.22 m.
b) 4.05 s
7. 4 m by 3.6 m
3. a) 6.82 m
b) 0.95 s

1. Solve each equation by factoring. Check your 6. Kaneisha owns a business that produces and sells
solutions with graphing technology. handmade carriage clocks. She models her
a) x2 + 12 = 7x monthly revenue, in dollars, as R = –0.2x2 + 50x,
b) 2x2 + 9x – 35 = 0 where x is the price, in dollars, of each clock.
c) 17(x + 5) = 5(x2 + 9) She models her monthly costs, in dollars, as
d) 3x(x – 6) = 5(2 – x) C = 4250 – 13x. She calculates her monthly profit,
in dollars, as P = R – C. Between what prices
2. The quadratic relation y = 5x2 + 40x + c has a should Kaneisha charge to break even?
minimum value of 0. What is the value of c?
Explain. 7. The height of a football, h, in metres, can be
modelled by h = –5t2 + 25t + 1.5, where t is the
3. Write each relation in vertex form by completing time, in seconds, after it is punted.
the square. Then describe the transformations that a) Write an equation for the time(s) at which the
must be applied to the graph of y = x2 to graph the football is c metres high. Determine an
relation. expression for the discriminant, D, of this
a) y = x2 – 12x + 50 equation in terms of c.
b) y = 4x2 + 48x + 144 b) Use your expression for the discriminant to
c) y = –0.25x2 + 3.5x + 6.75 determine the maximum height of the football.
d) y = –2x2 + 10x – 15 Explain your reasoning.
For questions 4 to 8, round your answers c) How many realistic solutions does your
to two decimal places, if necessary. equation from part a) have for each case
below? Explain your reasoning.
4. A bridge with a parabolic inner arch is being i) 1.50 ≤ c < 32.75
constructed over a canal. The arch will just touch ii) 0 ≤ c < 1.50
the water on each side of the canal, which is iii) c < 0
27.2 m wide. The arch must have a clearance of
6.4 m at a horizontal distance of 9.5 m from either 8. The hourly cost, C, in dollars, of running
bank of the canal. a printing press is modelled as
a) Write a relation, in factored form, to model the C = 0.000 015x2 – 0.18x + 965, where x is the
height, h, in metres, of the bridge at a number of pages that are printed per hour.
horizontal distance of x metres from one bank a) How many pages should be printed each hour
of the canal. to minimize the cost?
b) Rewrite your relation for part a) in vertex form b) What rates of printing will keep the cost below
by expanding and completing the square. $800?
c) How high above the water will the arch be,
at its highest point, to the nearest hundredth
of a metre?
5. Solve each equation using the quadratic formula.
a) x2 – 7x + 9 = 0
b) 2.5x2 = 16x + 10.5
c) 2x(x + 3) = 14(1 – x)
d) –2x(2x – 5) = –15
Chapter 6 Review Extra Practice Answers | 425

1. a) 3, 4 2. 80; answers may vary, e.g., only a perfect-square
trinomial could have a minimum value of
zero because it has only one root, so
5x2 + 40x + c = 5(x2 + 8x + 16) = 5x2 + 40x + 80.
3. a) y = (x – 6)2 + 14; translation 6 units right and
14 units up
b) y = 4(x + 6)2; vertical stretch by a factor of 4,
translation 6 units left
c) y = –0.25(x – 7)2 + 19; reflection in the x-axis,
vertical compression by a factor of 0.25,
b) –7, 2.5 translation 7 units right and 19 units up
d) y = –2(x – 2.5)2 – 2.5; reflection in the x-axis,
vertical stretch by a factor of 2, translation
2.5 units right and 2.5 units down
4. a) h = −0.04x(x – 27.2)
b) h = –0.04(x – 13.6)2 + 7.40
c) 7.40 m
5. a) about 1.70, about 5.30
b) 7, –0.6
c) about 0.66, about –10.66
c) –1.6, 5 d) about 3.55, about –1.05
6. between $97.87 and $217.13
7. a) –5t2 + 25t + 1.5 – c = 0; D = 655 – 20c
b) 32.75 m; answers may vary, e.g., there is
exactly one solution for the time to reach
maximum height, and the equation has exactly
one solution for c = 32.75.
c) i) D > 0, so there are two solutions; both

solutions are realistic, since the height is
between the starting value of 1.5 m and the
2
d) − ,5 maximum height.
3 ii) D > 0, so there are two solutions; only one
solution is realistic, since the height is less
than the starting value of 1.5 m.
iii) D > 0, so there are two solutions; neither
solution is realistic, since the height cannot
be negative.
8. a) 6000
b) between 1000 and 11 000 pages per hour

1. What is the factored form of 12a2 – 7a – 10? 7. Which values of x are solutions to the equation
A. (6a – 2)(2a + 5) 8x2 – 2x – 3 = 0?
B. (4a – 5)(3a + 2) 1 3
A. x = , x = −
C. (4a + 2)(3a – 5) 4 2
D. (4a + 2)(3a – 2) 1 3
B. x = − , x =
2. What is the factored form of 16c2 – 56c + 49? 2 4
A. (4c – 7)2 1 3
C. x = , x = −
B. (4c + 7)(4c – 7) 2 4
C. (4c + 7)2 1 3
D. x = − , x =
D. (8c – 7)(2c – 7) 4 2
3. What is the factored form of 81x2y2 – 49? 8. Which expression is not a perfect-square
A. (9xy – 7)2 trinomial?
B. (9x – 7y)(9x + 7y) A. 9x2 – 6x + 1
C. (9xy + 7)2 B. x2 + 10x + 25
D. (9xy – 7)(9xy + 7) C. x2 – x + 1
D. 4x2 – 12x + 9
4. The following transformations were applied to the
graph of y = x2: a reflection in the x-axis, a vertical 9. What is the minimum value of the quadratic
1 equation y = 2x2 + 28x + 17?
compression by a factor of , and a translation
2 A. –81
3 units right and 7 units down. What is the B. 81
equation of the transformed graph? C. 32
1 D. –32
A. y = (x – 3)2 + 7
2 10. Which equation is equivalent to x2 + 8x + 15?
1 A. y = (x + 8)2 – 1
B. y = − (x – 7)2 – 3
2 B. y = (x + 4)2 – 1
C. y = –2(x – 3)2 – 7 C. y = (x + 4)2 + 1
1 D. y = (x + 2)2 + 11
D. y = − (x – 3)2 – 7
2
11. Which value of b will make the quadratic equation
5. The vertex of a parabola is (–4, 5), and the 6x2 + bx + 5 have no real solutions?
parabola passes through (–6, –3). What is the A. 11
equation of the parabola? B. 17
A. y = –11(x + 4)2 + 5 C. 4
B. y = –2(x + 4)2 + 5 D. 12
C. y = 2(x – 4)2 + 5
D. y = –11(x – 5)2 – 4
6. What is the vertex form of the quadratic relation
y = 4x(x – 5) – 10?
A. y = 4(x + 2.5)2 + 15
B. y = 4(x – 2.5)2 – 15
C. y = 4(x – 2.5)2 – 35
D. y = 4(x – 2.5)2 + 35

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. C
7. Similar Triangles and Trigonometry
1. Express each ratio in simplest form.

4 .5 45
a) 12 : 42 b) c) 20 : –8 d)
18 63
2. Solve each proportion.
12 4 x 2 7.5 22.5 4.8 9.6
a) = b) = c) = d) =
15 x 45 3 12 x x 15.2
3. Determine the length of side a in each diagram.
a) b)
4. As a shortcut to school, Jason walks across a rectangular field along the diagonal,
instead of walking along two adjacent sides of the field. The dimensions of the field
are 90 m by 120 m. How much shorter is Jason’s shortcut?
5. Determine the value of x in each diagram.
a) c)
b) d)

1. a) 2 : 7
1
b)
4
c) 5 : –2
5
d)
7
2. a) 5
b) 30
c) 36
d) 7.6
3. a) about 8.2 m
b) about 8.8 cm
4. 60 m
5. a) 30º
b) 150º
c) 123º
d) 36º
• solving proportions
• applying the Pythagorean theorem to determine side lengths
• using properties of angles in a triangle and angles formed by parallel lines and transversals
to determine angle measures

1. i) For each pair of triangles, determine whether 3. In+PQR, PQ = 8.0 cm, PS = 5.0 cm, and
the triangles are congruent, similar, or neither. PT = 4.0 cm.
ii) If the triangles are congruent, identify the
corresponding angles and sides that are equal.
If the triangles are similar, identify the
corresponding angles that are equal, and
calculate the scale factor that relates the smaller
triangle as a reduction of the larger triangle.
a) a) Which triangles are similar? How do you
know?
b) Determine the length of PR.
4. +ABC is similar to+DEF. Determine the scale

factor that relates the larger triangle as an
enlargement of the smaller triangle.
b)
5. Determine the value of each lower-case letter.

a)
2. +ABC is similar to+PRQ. Determine the length

of QR.
b)

1. a) i) similar
ii) ∠DEF = ∠ABC , ∠EDF = ∠BAC ,
∠DFE = ∠ACB;
DE DF EF 2
scale factor: = = =
AB AC BC 3
b) i) congruent
ii) ∠MON = ∠PRQ, ∠OMN = ∠RPQ,
∠MNO = ∠PQR;
MN = PQ, MO = PR, NO = QR
2. 15 cm
3. a) +PST ~+PQR since ∠PST = ∠PQR,

∠PTS = ∠PRQ, and ∠SPT = ∠QPR
b) 6.4 cm
3
4.
2
5. a) b = 12 cm
b) x = 4.5 cm, y = 3.3 cm

When calculating side lengths and angle 5. John uses a mirror to determine the height of a
measures, round your answers to the number of building. He knows that the angle of elevation is
decimal places in the given information when the equal to the angle of reflection when a light is
required degree of accuracy is not stated. reflected off a mirror. What is the height of the
building?
1. A section of roof rafters is shown below.

Determine the value of x to one decimal place.
2. A bridge is going to be built across the river at

ED. Determine the width of the river where the
bridge will be built.
6. To determine the length of a lake, TR, the

measurements shown in the diagram were made.
How long is the lake?
3. On a sunny day, the shadow of a tower is 28.5 m
long. A pole near the tower is 2.3 m high and casts
a shadow that is 1.8 m long. Determine the height
of the tower.
4. In a lumberjack competition, two poles of
different heights are used for a pole-climbing
event. The wires from the tops of the poles to the
ground are parallel. The shorter pole is 6.0 m tall,
and its wire is secured 8.0 m from the base. If the

wire to the top of the taller pole is 16.0 m long,
determine the height of the taller pole.

1. about 5 m
2. about 2.8 m
3. about 36.4 m
4. 9.6 m
5. about 16.7 m
6. about 435.2 m

1. If two triangles are similar, under what conditions 5. +ABC ~+DEF, BC = 5.2 cm, AC = 3.4 cm,
would they also be congruent? DE = 8.2 cm, and EF = 10.6 cm. Determine the
lengths of AB and DF.
2. +MNO and+PQR are similar. Write a proportion
for the corresponding side lengths. 6. The shadow of an apartment building is 106.0 m
long. A 1.0 m pole near the building casts a
3. The triangles below are similar. Determine the shadow that is 1.8 m long. Determine the height of
scale factor that relates the smaller triangle as a the building.
reduction of the larger triangle.
7. Determine the length of the lake, DE.

a)
8. A 5 m ladder rests against a vertical wall, with its

base 3 m from the wall. Another ladder, 12 m
long, is resting against the wall, parallel to the first
ladder. How far up the wall does each ladder
reach, to one decimal place?
b)
c)

1. If two triangles are similar and two corresponding
sides are equal, then the triangles are congruent.
MN MO NO
= =
PQ PR QR
1
3.
3
4. a) a = 4.5 cm, b = 4.0 cm
b) c = 3.0 cm
c) d = 5.0 cm, e = 7.5 cm
5. AB = 4.0 cm, DF = 6.9 cm
6. about 58.9 m
7. 72 m
8. 4.0 m, 9.6 m
1. Determine each ratio to four decimal places. 4. Determine the measure of θ to one decimal place.
a)
a) sin P d) cos Q
b) cos P e) tan P
c) tan Q f) sin Q b)
2. Solve for x, and express your answer

to one decimal place.
x x
a) sin 40º = d) cos 60º =
12 34
50 x
b) cos 47º = e) tan 15º = c)
x 43
35 24
c) tan 65º = f) sin 60º =
x x
3. Determine the value of x. Then write the primary 5. Determine the measure of θ to one decimal place.
trigonometric ratios for θ. 5 1
a) cos θ = d) cos θ =
a) 6 4
7
b) sin θ = e) tan θ = 1
11
15 1
c) tan θ = f) sin θ =
b) 7 2

48 4. a) 36.9º
1. a) sin P = = 0.9231
52 b) 46.4º
20 c) 73.7º
b) cos P = = 0.3846
52 5. a) 33.6º
20 b) 39.5º
c) tan Q = = 0.4167
48 c) 65.0º
48 d) 75.5º
d) cos Q = = 0.9231 e) 45.0º
52
48 f) 30.0º
e) tan P = = 2.4000
20
20
f) sin Q = = 0.3846
52
2. a) 7.7 units
b) 73.3 units
c) 16.3 units
d) 17.0 units
e) 11.5 units
f) 27.7 units
3. a) x = 39 cm
15 5
sin θ = =
39 13
36 12
cos θ = =
39 13
15 5
tan θ = =
36 12
b) x = 40 cm
40
sin θ =

41
9
cos θ =
41
40
tan θ =
9

1. For each triangle, 3. Solve each triangle. Round the measure of each
i) state two trigonometric ratios that you could angle to the nearest degree. Round the length of
use to determine x each side to one decimal place.
ii) determine x to the nearest unit a)
a)
b)
b)
4. a) In+JKL, ∠J = 31º, ∠K = 90º, and

k = 45.3 m. Calculate j.
b) In+RST, ∠R = 80º, ∠T = 90º, and
2. Calculate the measures of ∠A and ∠B in each s = 20.5 m. Calculate r.
triangle using trigonometric ratios. Round your
answers to the nearest degree. 5. a) In+ABC, ∠B = 90º, b = 35.9 cm, and
a) c = 16.2 cm. Calculate ∠C.
b) In+DEF, ∠F = 90º, d = 9.3 cm, and
e = 13.2 cm. Calculate ∠E.
6. A 10.5 m ladder is leaning against a wall. The foot
of the ladder is 2.6 m from the wall. Determine the
angle between the ladder and the ground.
b)

x x
1. a) i) sin 60º = , cos 30º =
15 15
ii) x = 13 cm
x 28
b) i) tan 42º = , tan 48º =
28 x
ii) x = 25 cm
2. a) ∠A = 52º, ∠B = 38º
b) ∠A = 37º, ∠B = 53º
3. a) ∠B = 31º, a = 38.3 cm, c = 44.7 cm
b) ∠D = 58º, ∠F = 32º, e = 40.8 cm
4. a) about 23.3 m
b) about 116.3 m
5. a) about 27º
b) about 55º
6. about 76º

1. A runner estimates that the slope of a steep hill 6. From the top of a building that is 55 m tall, the
makes an angle of 50º with the ground. If the hill angle of depression to a car on the road is 35º.
is 60 m high, what distance will the runner have to How far is the car from the base of the building?
travel to get to the top of the hill?
7. An observer, who is 1.8 m tall, estimates that the
2. Using sonar, a trawler captain detects a school of angle of elevation of a cliff is 60º. The observer is
fish at a depth of 65.5 m. The angle of depression 42.6 m from the base of the cliff. Determine the
of the sounding is 18º. How far will the trawler height of the cliff.
have to travel to be directly above the school of
fish? 8. An equilateral triangle has side lengths of 29 cm.
Determine the area of the triangle.
3. A 25 m cellphone tower is supported by wires on
opposite sides. The wires are anchored to the 9. A satellite dish is mounted on the top of a building
ground at a distance of 16 m from the foot of the that is 100.0 m tall. The angle of elevation from
tower. What is the angle of inclination that each the satellite dish to the top of a second building is
wire makes with the ground? 43º. The angle of depression to the base of the
second building is 54º. How tall is the second
4. The support for a shelf makes an angle of 48º with building?
the wall. If the shelf is 32 cm wide, what is the
length of the support? Round your answer to the 4
10. Determine the angle between the line y = x +1
nearest tenth of a centimetre. 5
and the x-axis, to the nearest degree.
11. A truck drives 15.9 km up a road, until it has gone
2.1 km vertically. If the road has a steady incline,
what is the angle of elevation of the road to the
nearest tenth of a degree?
5. A tree casts a shadow that is 20.0 m long when the

angle of elevation of the Sun is 34º. Determine the

height of the tree to one decimal place.

1. about 78 m
2. about 201.6 m
3. about 57º
4. 43.1 cm
5. 13.5 m
6. about 79 m
7. about 75.6 m
8. about 363 cm2
9. about 167.8 m
10. 39º
11. 7.6º

1. Determine whether the triangles in the diagram are 5. In each triangle,

similar. If they are similar, determine the scale i) determine the unknown side length
factor that relates the smaller triangle as a ii) state the three primary trigonometric ratios
reduction of the larger triangle. for ∠A
iii) determine the measure of ∠A
a) b)

a)
6. Determine the value of x to one decimal place.

x 41.7
a) sin 25º = b) tan 65º =
15.6 x
7. a) In+ABC, ∠B = 90º, b = 12 cm, and c = 8 cm.

Determine the measure of ∠A .
b) In+DEF, ∠E = 90º, ∠F = 35º, and
b) d = 17.6 cm. Determine the length of side f.
8. Solve this triangle.
3. A 4.2 m ladder leans against a vertical wall, with

its foot 1.2 m from the wall. A 5.6 m ladder leans 9. A tree casts a shadow that is 25.0 m long when the
against the wall, parallel to the first ladder. How angle of elevation of the Sun is 36º. Determine the
far is the base of the second ladder from the wall? height of the tree to one decimal place.
4. On a sunny day, a tree casts a shadow that is 10. A truck driver estimates that a country road rises
28.0 m long. Andrew, who is 1.9 m tall, is 40 cm every 6 m along the road. What is the angle
standing near the tree and casts a shadow that is of elevation of the road? Round your answer to the
3.5 m long. What is the height of the tree? nearest tenth of a degree.

1. +ABC ~+EDC; ∠A = ∠E , ∠B = ∠D;
1
scale factor:
6
2. a) x = 24 cm, y = 12 cm
b) x = 6.6 cm, y = 85˚
3. 1.6 m
4. 15.2 m
5. a) i) 15 cm
15 8 15
ii) sin A = , cos A = , tan A =
17 17 8
iii) ∠A = 62˚
b) i) 25 cm
24 7 24
ii) sin A = , cos A = , tan A =
25 25 7
iii) ∠A = 74˚
6. a) 6.6
b) 19.4
7. a) about 48º
b) about 12.3 cm
8. θ = 18º, a = 3.9 cm, b = 12.6 cm
9. 18.2 m
10. 3.8º

8. Acute Triangle Trigonometry
1. Determine the measures of the indicated angles in each diagram.

a) b)
2. Determine the value of each trigonometric ratio to four decimal places.

a) sin 33º b) cos 27º c) cos 75º d) sin 68º
3. Determine the measure of ∠ A to the nearest degree.
a) sin A = 0.8660 c) sin A = 0.8494
b) cos A = 0.8660 d) cos A = 0.8390
4. Solve.
x 15 14 9
a) = c) =
8 6 7 x
12 16 18 x
b) = d) =
x 12 24 18
5. Determine the value of x in each triangle. Round your answers to one decimal place.
a) b) c)

1. a) a = 50º, b = 65º, c = 115º
b) d = 52º, e = 45º, f = 83º
2. a) 0.5446
b) 0.8910
c) 0.2588
d) 0.9272
3. a) 60º
b) 30º
c) 58º
d) 33º
4. a) 20
b) 9
c) 4.5
d) 13.5
5. a) 38.7º
b) 36.9º
c) 23.0 cm
• applying properties of angles in a triangle and angles formed by parallel lines to
determine angle measures
• solving proportions
• determining and using the primary trigonometric ratios
• applying the primary trigonometric ratios to determine side lengths and angle measures

1. Solve. Determine x to one decimal place and 4. Solve each triangle.

θ to the nearest degree. a)
x 7.5
a) =
sin 43° sin 71°
sin 61° sin 65°
b) =
x 31
sin 55° sin θ
c) =
37 43 b)
sin θ sin 73°
d) =
100 130
2. Determine the indicated side lengths and angle
measures.
a)
5. Solve each triangle. Determine each side length to

one decimal place and each angle measure to the
nearest degree.
a) In+ABC, ∠B = 42º, ∠C = 59º, and
a = 20.0 cm.
b) In+RST, r = 15 cm, s = 12 cm, and ∠S = 48º.
b)
6. Three towns, represented by points A, B, and C,
are located so that B is 25.0 km from A, and C is
34.4 km from A. If ∠B = 80º, determine the
distance from B to C.
3. a) In+ABC, a = 22 cm, ∠B = 53º, and ∠C = 43º.

Determine the length of side b.
b) In+PQR, q = 9 cm, r = 7 cm, and ∠R = 47º.
Determine the measure of ∠Q.

1. a) 5.4
b) 29.9
c) 72º
d) 47º
2. a) about 18.2 cm
b) about 62º
3. a) about 18 cm
b) about 70º
4. a) ∠A = 35º, a = 7 cm, c = 10 cm
b) ∠P = 56º, ∠Q = 44º, p = 421 m
5. a) ∠A = 79º, b = 13.6 cm, c = 17.5 cm

b) ∠R = 68º, ∠T = 64º, t = 14.5 cm
6. about 28.3 km

1. Determine the indicated side lengths to one 2. Write three equivalent ratios using the sides and
decimal place and the indicated angle measures angles in acute triangle KLM. Record the answer
to the nearest degree. in two different ways.
a)
3. a) In+ABC, ∠A = 47º, ∠B = 65º, and b = 6.8 cm.
Determine the length of side a.
b) In+DEF, ∠E = 59º, ∠F = 41º, and d = 93 cm.
Determine the length of side f.
c) In+PQR, ∠Q = 70º, p = 5 cm, and q = 7 cm.
Determine the measure of ∠P.
b)
4. Solve each triangle.
a) In+PQR, ∠P = 70º, ∠R = 25º, and q = 55 cm.
b) In+DEF, ∠E = 50º, e = 33 cm, and f = 41 cm.
5. In+ABC, c = 45.0 cm, ∠A = 70º, and ∠B = 60º.

Determine the perimeter of+ABC.
6. A slide in a park is 9 m long, and its ladder is 7 m
c) long. If the slide makes an angle of 48º with the
ground, determine the angle that the ladder makes
with the ground.
7. Two points, A and B, are located on opposite sides
of a river. Point C is located 125 m from point B,
on the same side of the river. If ∠ABC = 71º and
∠ACB = 47º, determine the distance from A to B.
d)

1. a) b = 22.7 cm
b) a = 18.6 cm, b = 22.2 cm
c) θ = 39º
d) θ = 60º, α = 52º
k l m
2. = =
sin K sin L sin M
sin K sin L sin M
= =
k l m
3. a) about 5.5 cm
b) about 62 cm
c) about 42º
4. a) ∠Q = 85º, p = 52 cm, r = 23 cm
b) ∠D = 58º, ∠F = 72˚, d = 37 cm
5. about 151.1 cm
6. about 73º
7. about 104 m
1. a) Record the cosine law for+JKL for 4. Correct the mistake(s) in each of these for acute
determining the length of side j. triangle XYZ.
b) Record the cosine law for+STR for a) y2 = x2 + z2 – 2 xy cos Y
determining the measure of ∠R. b) x2 = y2 + z2 – yz cos X
c) z2 = x2 + z2 + 2 xy cos Z
2. Determine the length of each indicated side. d) y2 = x2 + y2 – 2 xy cos Y
a) e) z2 = x2 + y2 + xy cos Y
5. Solve each triangle.
a) In+ABC, ∠B = 43º, a = 10.5 m, c = 11.2 m.
b) In+DEF, d = 60 m, e = 50 m, f = 40 m.
c) In+PQR, p = 10.0 m, r = 15.0 m, ∠Q = 50º.
b) 6. Determine the perimeter of+ABC if a = 43.0 cm,

b = 28.0 cm, and ∠C = 75˚.
7. A parallelogram has sides that are 12.0 cm and
18.0 cm long. The angle between these sides is
78º. Determine the length of the shorter diagonal.
3. Determine the measure of each indicated angle. 8. A jogger travels 5.4 km directly east, and then
a) turns and travels 6.3 km in a N57ºW direction.
How far does the jogger have to travel to go
directly back to the starting point?
b)

1. a) j2 = k2 + l2 – 2 kl cos J
b) r2 = s2 + t2 – 2 st cos R
2. a) about 6.2 cm
b) about 6.8 cm
3. a) about 55º
b) about 63º
4. a) y2 = x2 + z2 – 2 xz cos Y
b) x2 = y2 + z2 – 2 yz cos X
c) z2 = x2 + y2 – 2 xy cos Z
d) y2 = x2 + z2 – 2 xz cos Y
e) z2 = x2 + y2 – 2 xy cos Z
5. a) b = 8.0 m, ∠A = 64º, ∠C = 73º
b) ∠D = 83º, ∠E = 56º, ∠F = 41º
c) q = 11.5 m, ∠P = 42º, ∠R = 88º
6. about 115.8 cm
7. about 19.4 cm
8. about 3.4 km

1. Would you use the sine law or the cosine law for 5. A surveyor is locating three points, M, N, and P,
each of the following? around an artificial pond. The distance from M to
a) The length of each side is given, and you need N is 728 m, and the distance from M to P is
to determine the measure of an angle. 638 m. The measure of ∠ N is 57º.
b) The lengths of two sides and the angle opposite a) Determine the measure of ∠ M.
one of the sides are given, and you need to b) Determine the distance from N to P.
determine the measure of an angle.
c) The lengths of two sides and the contained 6. The buoys that mark a triangular course for a
angle are given, and you need to determine the yacht race are located at points Y, T, and B. If
length of the other side. YT = 5.5 km, ∠Y = 55º, and ∠T = 75º, determine
the length of the course.
2. In+ABC, AB = 30.0 cm, ∠A = 80º, and
7. Todd and Scott leave the dining hall at a camp.
∠B = 55º. Determine the perimeter of+ABC.
They walk on two straight paths that diverge by
3. An isosceles triangle has sides that are 4 cm, 48º. Scott walks 580 m, and Todd walks 740 m.
10 cm, and 10 cm long. Determine the measure of How far apart are they?
the equal angles.
8. Two fishing boats leave the same dock at the same
4. Louise works for a landscaping company. Her job time. One boat travels at a speed of 15.0 km/h, and
involves measuring properties that are going to be the other boat travels at a speed of 18.0 km/h.
landscaped. A triangular property has a 4.9 m side After 45 min, the boats are 14.0 km apart.
and a 5.8 m side, which meet at a 35º angle. Assuming that both boats are travelling in straight
Determine the perimeter of the property. paths, what is the angle between their paths?

1. a) cosine law
b) sine law
c) cosine law
2. about 106.6 cm
3. about 78º
4. about 14.0 m
5. a) about 50º
b) about 583 m
6. about 18.3 km
7. about 556 m
8. about 68º

1. Which of the following are not correct for acute 5. Calculate the indicated side length or angle
triangle RST? measure in each triangle.
s t a)
a) =
sin S sin T
sin R sin T
b) =
r s
sin S t
c) =
s sin T
d) s sin S = t sin T b)
e) r sin T = t sin R
2. Calculate the indicated side length or angle
measure in each triangle.
a)
6. Solve+DEF, if d = 9 cm, e = 7 cm, and f = 10 cm.

7. Two planes are flying at the same altitude. They
are 3000 m apart when they spot a raft on the sea
b) below them. The angles of depression to the raft
are 57º and 48º. Determine the distance from the
raft to the closer plane.
8. A plot of land is the shape of an isosceles triangle,
with equal sides that are 175 m long. The angle
between the equal sides is 80º. Determine the
length of the third side.
3. Solve+ABC, if ∠A = 32º, ∠B = 72º, and 9. A parallelogram has adjacent sides that are 12 cm
b = 72.4 cm. and 18 cm long. The shorter diagonal is 15 cm
long. Determine the measures of all four angles in

4. Akila is making a triangular support to hang the parallelogram.
plants. She is using three lengths of pipe, which
measure 34 cm, 25 cm, and 28 cm. Determine the
angles in the triangular support.

1. b), c), d)
2. a) b = 29 cm, c = 32 cm
b) θ = 46º, α = 59º
3. ∠C = 76º, a = 40.3 cm, c = 73.9 cm
4. about 54º, about 80º, about 46º
5. a) about 7.3 cm
b) about 76º
6. ∠D = 61º, ∠E = 43º, ∠F = 76º
7. about 2308 m
8. about 225 m
9. about 56º, about 124º, about 56º, about 124º

1. What is the value of x? 5. What is the length of side a?
A. 12.0 cm
B. 5.1 cm A. 13.2 m
C. 7.1 cm B. 17.3 m
D. 9.4 cm C. 14.5 m
D. 7.2 m
2. A board that is 3.2 m long is leaning against a
vertical wall, with its foot 2.0 m away from the 6. In+ABC, ∠A = 47º, b = 20.0 cm, and
wall. Another board, which is 4.8 m long, is c = 14.0 cm. What is the length of side a?
leaning against the wall, parallel to the first board. A. 34.1 cm
How far is the foot of the second board from the B. 14.6 cm
wall? C. 15.9 cm
A. 1.0 m D. 26.9 cm
B. 4.0 m
C. 4.8 m 7. What is the measure of θ?
D. 3.0 m
3. What is the value of θ to the nearest degree?
A. 72º
B. 31º
C. 58º
A. 50º
D. 70º
B. 40º
C. 56º 8. In+ABC, ∠A = 80º, ∠B = 40º, and a = 7.5 cm.
D. 35º Solve+ABC.
4. John is standing at the top of a hill. He observes A. b = 4.9 cm, c = 6.6 cm, ∠C = 40º
that the angle of depression to the bottom of the B. b = 6.6 cm, c = 4.9 cm, ∠C = 60º
hill is 40º. If the distance to walk down the hill is C. b = 4.9 cm, c = 6.6 cm, ∠C = 60º
15 m, what is the vertical distance from the top of D. b = 3.6 cm, c = 11.3 cm, ∠C = 40º
the hill to the ground?
A. 11.5 m 9. In+DEF, d = 4.6 m, e = 4.2 m, and f = 2.1 m.
B. 12.6 m Solve+DEF.
C. 7.5 m A. ∠D = 86º, ∠E = 34º, ∠F = 60º
D. 9.6 m B. ∠D = 87º, ∠E = 66º, ∠F = 27º
C. ∠D = 34º, ∠E = 86º, ∠F = 60º
D. ∠D = 65º, ∠E = 88º, ∠F = 27º

1. C
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. B

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Extra Practice Worksheets

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Chapter 2: Analytic Geometry: Chapters 1–3 Cumulative Review 189

Chapter Self-Test 126 Chapter Review 238

Chapter Task 127 Chapter Self-Test 242

iv Table of Contents NEL

Chapter 5: Applying Quadratic 7.2 Solving Similar Triangle Problems 382

NEL Table of Contents v

1. Complete the table of values for the linear relation

Chapter 1 Diagnostic Test | 1

b) slope: –3; y-intercept: 4; same slope,

Copyright © 2011 by Nelson Education Ltd.

2 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Chapter 1 Diagnostic Test Answers

dried apricots Justin bought if he bought

Lesson 1.1 Extra Practice | 3

Equation: 0.04x + 0.06y = 360

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4 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Lesson 1.1 Extra Practice Answers

1. DriveEasy, a car share-rental 4. Benoit drove at 85 km/h from Barrie to

a) Write an equation for the relation.

Lesson 1.2 Extra Practice | 5

Copyright © 2011 by Nelson Education Ltd.

6 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Lesson 1.2 Extra Practice Answers

Lesson 1.3 Extra Practice | 7

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8 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Lesson 1.3 Extra Practice Answers

a) Graph the triangle, and determine the

Chapter 1 Mid-Chapter Review Extra Practice | 9

4. a) $4.50 b) $7.50 c) 25¢

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7. 0.375 L of vanilla and 0.625 L of mocha

(–2, 4), (4, 0), (6, 4)

10 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Chapter 1 Mid-Chapter Review Extra Practice Answers

Lesson 1.4 Extra Practice | 11

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12 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Lesson 1.4 Extra Practice Answers

Lesson 1.5 Extra Practice | 13

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14 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Lesson 1.5 Extra Practice Answers

Lesson 1.6 Extra Practice | 15

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16 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Lesson 1.6 Extra Practice Answers

1. Steve has a budget of $25 each month to spend a) 3x + y = 1 and 2x – 5y = 6

and blueberries that contains 75 mg of

Chapter 1 Review Extra Practice | 17

Number of Number of Total

2. a) loss of about $64 or $65 9. Answers may vary, e.g.,

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18 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Chapter 1 Review Extra Practice Answers

2. Solve each equation. Round to one decimal place, if necessary.

Chapter 2 Diagnostic Test | 1

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2 | Principles of Mathematics 10: Chapter 2 Diagnostic Test Answers

Lesson 2.1 Extra Practice | 3

5. a) Answers may vary, e.g., AC = 10 = 3.16