Mathematics For Year 10 Students

Excel
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10
SmartStudy
Mathematics
Free-to-download sample pages with answers
Lyn Baker
speCial Binomial produCts
and FaCtorisations
Algebraic Techniques s t u dy n o t e s
1 In a binomial product, each term in the second binomial is multiplied by each term in the first binomial.
2 Finding the square of a binomial is just a special binomial product.
a b a–b b
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 and (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
a a2 ab a–b (a – b)2 ab a (The two ab rectangles must be subtracted from a2 but
this subtracts the square in the bottom right corner twice
b ab b2
so b2 must be added back on.)
b ab b2 a
3 To square a binomial ‘square the first (term), square the last (term) and twice the product of the two’.
For example, (3x + 4)2 = (3x)2 + 2 × 3x × 4 + 42 (5k – 1)2 = (5k)2 – 2 × 5k × 1 + 12
= 9x + 24x + 16
2
= 25k2 – 10k + 1
4 Another special binomial product is the sum by difference. The product of a sum by difference will always
be the difference of two squares.
a b
[From a2 we must subtract the bottom rectangle (ab) and add the side rectangle
a–b a2 ab (ab) but without the bottom square (b2) so (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – ab + ab – b2
a = a2 – b2]
(a + b)(a – b) = a – b
2 2
b ab b2
For example, (x – 4)(x + 4) = x2 – 42
= x2 – 16
(2x + 7y)(2x – 7y) = (2x)2 – (7y)2
= 4x2 – 49y2.
5 Because factorising is the opposite operation of expanding, every special binomial product has an
equivalent special factorisation.
6 The squares of binomials are called perfect squares.
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2
For example, x2 + 14x + 49 = (x + 7)2 , x2 – 30x + 225 = (x – 15)2
7 If an algebraic expression consists of two terms both of which are squares and if one is subtracted from
the other then we have the difference of two squares. When factorising the difference of two squares the
result is the sum by difference:
a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
For example, 36 – x = 6 – x so when factorised 36 – x2 = (6 + x)(6 – x).
2 2 2
8 Some expressions involving four terms can be factorised by grouping in pairs. Find a common factor for
the first 2 terms, and a different common factor for the last 2 terms. Then you may find that you have a
new common factor for these two factorised expressions.
© Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 476 1
For example, x2 + ax + bx + ab = x(x + a) + b(x + a)

= (x + a)(x + b)
Checklist
Can you:
✓
1 Find special products such as the square of a binomial and the sum by difference? n
2 Recognise perfect squares? n
3 Factorise quadratic expressions involving perfect squares and differences between two squares? n
4 Expand and simplify more complicated algebraic expressions? n
Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS 25

and FaCtorisations
Algebraic Techniques skills CheCk
1 Expand and simplify:

a (x + 3)(x + 8) b (a – 5)(a + 9) c (2a + 3)(5b + 4)
d (6x – 1)(x – 8) e (5n + 3)(2n – 3) f (x + y)(a + b)
2 Fill in the blanks to complete these squares:
a (x + 3)2 = x2 + 6x + b (x – 6)2 = x2 – + 36
c (3x + 2)2 = 9x2 + +4 d (2x – 5)2 = – 20x + 25
3 Find these squares of binomials:
a (x + 4)2 b (x – 9)2 c (3a – 10)2
d (2p + 3q)2 e (7 – x)2 f (a + b)2
4 Fill in the blanks:
a (p + 3)(p – 3) = p2 – b (2x – 1)(2x + 1) = –1
c (3x + 2y)(3x – 2y) = 9x2 – d (x2 + 2)(x2 – 2) = –4
5 Find these products of a sum by difference:
a (x – 9)(x + 9) b (3x – 1)(3x + 1) c (2n + 7)(2n – 7)
d (8 – x)(8 + x) e (7x + 2y)(7x – 2y) f (ab + 2)(ab – 2)
6 Factorise:
a x2 + 13x + 42 b x2 + 3x – 40 c x2 – 10x + 16 d x2 – 3x – 54
7 Complete:
a x2 + 8x + 16 = (x + )2 b a2 – 10a + 25 = (a – )2
c n2 + 2n + 1 = (n + )2 d x2 – 16x + 64 = (x – )2
8 Express as a perfect square:
a x2 + 20x + 100 b y2 + 4y + 4 c 49 + 14n + n2
d a2 – 2a + 1 e 9 – 6m + m2 f x2 – 2xy + y2
9 Complete:
a x2 – 49 = (x + 7)(x – ) b a2 – 9 = (a + 3)( )
c 25 – m = (
2
)(5 – m) d x – y = (x +
2 2
)(x – )
10 Factorise these differences of two squares:
a x2 – 81 b 121 – y2 c m2 – 900 d p2 – q2
11 Find a common factor for the first pair of terms and a common factor for the second pair of terms and
hence factorise the whole expression:
a x2 + xy + 2x + 2y b ab + 3a – 5b – 15 c a2 – ab – ac + bc
d 2mn – 2m + 3n – 3 e xz – yz – x + y f 6kn – 3k – 2n + 1
PAGES
120–121
b (b + 3)(a – 5) c (a – b)(a – c) d (n – 1)(2m + 3) e (x – y)(z – 1) f (2n – 1)(3k – 1)
9 a 7 b a – 3 c 5 + m d y, y 10 a (x + 9)(x – 9) b (11 + y)(11 – y) c (m + 30)(m – 30) d (p + q)(p – q) 11 a (x + y)(x + 2)
c (x – 2)(x – 8) d (x + 6)(x – 9) 7 a 4 b 5 c 1 d 8 8 a (x + 10)2 b (y + 2)2 c (7 + n)2 d (a – 1)2 e (3 – m)2 f (x – y)2
4 a 9 b 4x2 c 4y2 d x4 5 a x2 – 81 b 9x2 – 1 c 4n2 – 49 d 64 – x2 e 49x2 – 4y2 f a2b2 – 4 6 a (x + 6)(x + 7) b (x + 8)(x – 5)
b 12x c 12x d 4x2 3 a x2 + 8x + 16 b x2 – 18x + 81 c 9a2 – 60a + 100 d 4p2 + 12pq + 9q2 e 49 – 14x + x2 f a2 + 2ab + b2
Answers 1 a x2 + 11x + 24 b a2 + 4a – 45 c 10ab + 8a + 15b + 12 d 6x2 – 49x + 8 e 10n2 – 9n – 9 f ax + bx + ay + by 2 a 9
26 Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS

and FaCtorisations 25
minutes
Algebraic Techniques i n t e r m e d i at e t e s t
Part A Multiple Choice

1 (2x – 5)2 = ?
A 4x2 – 10x + 25 B 4x2 + 10x – 25 C 4x2 – 20x + 25 D 4x2 + 20x – 25 (1 mark)
2 (3x – y)(3x + y) = ?
A 3x2 – y2 B 3x2 + y2 C 9x2 – y2 D 9x2 + y2 (1 mark)
3 xy – 4x – 6y + 24 = ?
A (x – 6)(y – 4) B (x – 6)(y + 4) C (x + 6)(y – 4) D (x + 6)(y + 4) (1 mark)
4 Which is a perfect square?
A x2 – 12x – 36 B x2 + 34x + 289 C x2 – 26x + 159 D x2 + 28x – 196 (1 mark)
5 6k(k + 2) – (k + 2) = ?
A 5k(k + 2) B (k + 2)(5k – 1) C 6k(k + 2) D (6k – 1)(k + 2) (1 mark)
x – 64
2
6 When simplified = ? Hint 1
8x – 64
x (x + 1)(x – 1) x+8
A B C D x (1 mark)
8 8x – 1 8
7 Which factorisation is correct?
A x2 – 49 = (x – 7)2 B x2 – 10x – 24 = (x – 4)(x – 6)
C x2 – 24x + 144 = (x + 12)2 D x2 – 625 = (x + 25)(x – 25) (1 mark)
8 Which is not a perfect square?
A x2 + 40x + 400 B x2 – 38x + 361 C x2 + 42x + 441 D x2 – 44x + 464 (1 mark)
9 (3x + 5) – (3x – 5) = ? Hint 2
2 2
A 18x2 + 60x + 50 B 18x2 – 60x + 50 C 18x2 – 50 D 60x (1 mark)
Part B Short Answer

10 Expand and simplify (3x + 8)2 + (x – 8)(x + 8) Hint 3 (2 marks)
11 Factorise a + ab – a – b Hint 4
2
(2 marks)
12 Find a b[(2a + b) – (2a – b) ] Hint 5
2 2 2
(2 marks)
13 Expand (2a – 1)2 (1 mark)
14 a Factorise fully: 7p2 – 63 (2 marks)
b Factorise fully: 6x2 – 48x + 6 (2 marks)
15 a Find the value of 2x(x + 3) – (x + 2)(x – 2) – (x + 3)2 when:
i x=2 ii x = 4 iii x = –1 (3 marks)
b By expanding and simplifying 2x(x + 3) – (x + 2)(x – 2) – (x + 3)2 show that it has the
same value for every value of x. (2 marks)
Hint 1: Factorise both the numerator and denominator first.

Hint 2: Use the difference of two squares.
Hint 3: Find each binomial product separately and then
add them together. Your Feedback PAGE 121
Hint 4: Be careful with the negative values. Remember
that a divides into a once.
Hint 5: Be careful to subtract all of the second binomial _______ × 100% = % PAGE 176
product. 25

and FaCtorisations 40
minutes
Algebraic Techniques a dva n C e d t e s t
1 Expand:
a (4p + 5q)2 b (12 – p)(12 + p)
c (5x – 3y)(5x + 3y) d 2(x – 4)2
e 3x(x + 3)(x – 3) f (4x2y3 – 7z)(4x2y3 + 7z) (1 mark each)
2 Factorise:
a 81 – 4d2 b 36 – 12c + c2
c 4n2 – 12n + 9 d x4 – 25y2
1
e x4 + 4x2 + 4 f p2 – p + (1 mark each)
4
3 Factorise fully:
a 2x2 – 18 b 3x2 + 30x + 75
c x4 – 1 d p – p3
e 2x3 – 12x2 + 18x f 16a4 – 72a2 + 81 (1 mark each)
4 Expand and simplify:

a (5x – 2)(7 – x) + (3x – 2)2
b (x + y)(x – y) – (x – y)2
c 9(m + 5)(m – 2) – (3m – 10)(3m + 10)
d (5a – 2b)2 – (5a + 2b)2 (2 marks each)
5 Factorise and simplify (leaving answers in factorised form if necessary):

9p2 + 9 n2 – 100
a b
9p + 18p + 9
2
n – 12n + 20
2
x3 – 4x x2 – 2x + 1
c d (2 marks each)
x3 – 4x2 + 4x 1 – x2
6 Simplify:
1 1 1 1
a – 2 b ÷ (2 marks each)
x2 + 20x + 100 x – 100 a3 – 1 a6 – 1
7 a Given that 16372 = 2 679 769, explain why it is not difficult to find the answer to the product
1636 × 1638 without a calculator. (1 mark)

b Find 897 × 903 without a calculator. (1 mark)
Your Feedback PAGES

121–122
_______ × 100% = % PAGE 176

40

suBstitution, equations
and Formulae
1 In an algebraic expression pronumerals are used as variables. A pronumeral is a symbol, often a letter,
used in place of a number.
2 When substituting into an algebraic expression we replace the pronumerals with the numbers they
represent. For example, if m = 3, m + 6 = 3 + 6 = 9, 2x means 2 × x, so when x = 4,
2x = 2 × 4 = 8
3 A linear equation is an equation involving a single power of an unknown (x, say). 3x + 7 = 19,
x+3 x–1
8(2x – 5) – 4(x + 8) = 5(2x – 1) and = are all examples of linear equations. Equations involving
4 5
higher powers of an unknown (e.g. x2, x7) are not linear.
4 Linear equations are solved by performing the same operation on both sides of the equation. An equation
may be solved by:
• adding the same number to both sides of the equation,
• subtracting the same number from both sides of the equation,
• multiplying both sides of the equation by the same amount, or
• dividing each side of the equation by the same amount.
5 The solution to an equation is an algebraic expression, not a number. For example, the solution to the
equation x + 2 = 5 is not 3, it is x = 3.
6 Always simplify the expressions on either side of the equals sign before attempting to solve.
7 Any equation involving fractions can be simplified by multiplying both sides of the equation by the
lowest common denominator. Care must be taken to multiply every part of the equation by this common
x
denominator. For example, if asked to solve + 5 = 2x, every part must be multiplied by 4
4
(giving x + 20 = 8x).
8 The solution to an equation can always be checked by substitution into the original equation. If a value
substituted into an equation makes the equation correct, we say the value satisfies the equation.
9 A formula is simply an algebraic expression connecting different values.
10 The subject of a formula is the value on the left hand side, before the equals sign. For example, the
subject of the formula A = 2πr2 + 2πrh is A.
11 When substituting into a formula always write the formula down first, even if it is given in the question.
Then show the substitution and finally work out the answer.
12 Equations arising from substitution into a formula are solved like any other equation after substituting
the given values.
13 Many problems involve finding the answer to an equation. Think carefully about what is required and
form an equation to solve.
Checklist
Can you:
✓
1 Substitute values in algebraic expressions? n
2 Solve simple linear equations? n
3 Know how to check the solution to an equation? n
4 Understand what is meant by a formula? n
5 Substitute into a formula and solve equations arising from substitution into a formula? n

and Formulae
1 If x = 4, find the value of:

a x+3 b x–6 c 9–x d 5x
e 2x + 1 f 3x – 2 g x2 h 2x2
2 If a = 2, b = 5 and c = 6, find the value of:

a a+b b c–b c b+c–a d 3a
e bc f ab + c g 3ac h a2 + b2
3 Solve:
h
a x + 13 = 25 b y – 9 = 37 c 5a = 325 d = 12
6
k d–4
e 2x + 1 = 17 f 3x – 4 = 5 g +3=7 h = –9
2 3
4 The given value of x satisfies the equation. True or false?

x x
a 5x + 8 = 29 – 2x [x = 3] b + =7 [x = 12]
3 4
7x + 1 2x – 9
c 4(2x + 1) – 3(x + 5) = 28 [x = 8] d = [x = –4]
5 3
5 Solve:
a 9p = 15 – p
b 7k + 5 = 2k + 25
6 If V = Ah, find V when A = 120 and h = 12.5
7 If P = 2l + 2b, find P when l = 8 and b = 5.
8 If v = u + at, find v when u = 28, a = –4 and t = 5.
9 If c2 = a2 + b2 find c (c > 0), when a = 24 and b = 45.

10 If A = πr 2 find A, to one decimal place, when r = 12.
y 2 – y1
11 Given m = , find m when x1 = –2, x2 = 1, y1 = 8 and y2 = –4.
x2 – x1
PAGES
122–123
10 452.4 11 –4
5 a p = 1.5 b k = 4 6 1500 7 26 8 8 9 51 d h = 72 e x = 8 f x = 3 g k = 8 h d = –23 4 a true b true c false d false
Answers 1 a 7 b –2 c 5 d 20 e 9 f 10 g 16 h 32 2 a 7 b 1 c 9 d 6 e 30 f 16 g 36 h 29 3 a x = 12 b y = 46 c a = 65

and Formulae 25
minutes

1 If a = 5 and b = –3 then 3a – b = ?
A 12 B 18 C 32 D 38 (1 mark)
2 The solution to the equation 2(3x + 4) = 2x – 4 is:

A x = –2 B x = –3 C x=2 D x=3 (1 mark)
3 If x = –2, then 3x2 = ?

A –36 B –12 C 12 D 36 (1 mark)
4 The formula A = (n – 2) × 180° gives the sum of the angles of a polygon when n is the number
of sides. What will be the sum of the angles of a 15-sided polygon?
A 345° B 1140° C 1980° D 2340° (1 mark)
5 Given that y = mx + b, and that m = 2 and b = –6, for what value of x will y = 8?
A x=0 B x=1 C x=4 D x=7 (1 mark)
6 Which is a correct rearrangement of the formula v = u + at?

v–u u–v a
A u = at – v B a= C t= D t= (1 mark)
t a v–u
Part B Short Answer

7 Solve 6a + 9 – a = 8 – 3a + 1 Hint 1 (3 marks)
8 Solve 4(x – 5) + 3(x – 2) = 16 Hint 2 (3 marks)

2t + 4
9 Solve –3=5 (3 marks)
7
2m – 5 3m + 2
10 Solve = Hint 3 (3 marks)
3 5
11 a The given solution to the equation has at least one mistake. Between which lines do
mistakes occur? Briefly justify your answer. Hint 4 (4 marks)
3x + 5 – 5x = 9 Line 1
8x + 5 = 9 Line 2
8x = 4 Line 3
x =2 Line 4
b What is the correct solution to the equation 3x + 5 – 5x = 9? (1 mark)
12 Young’s Rule is a formula for changing an adult dose of medicine to a child’s dose. Young’s Rule is
yA
D= where D is the child’s dose, y is the age of the child in years and A is the adult dose.
y + 12
Find the dose of medicine required for an 8-year-old child when the adult dose is 20 mL.
(2 marks)
Hint 1: Collect like terms before attempting to solve.
Hint 2: Be careful to get the operation signs correct when
expanding. Your Feedback PAGES
Hint 3: Multiply by the common denominator to get rid of 123–124
the fractions.
Hint 4: There may be more than one mistake. Work _______
carefully through each line of the solution.
× 100% = % PAGE 176
25

and Formulae 40
minutes
1 Solve:
a 5(x – 3) + 2(x – 7) = 6 b 4(3k – 2) = 3(1 – 2k)
c 3(4p – 5) = 2p – (7 – p) d 11(7 – 2g) – 5(3g – 8) = 8g
3a 9n – 3
e + 7 = 2a + 1 f = 4n + 5
4 7
5x – 3 4x – 2 m m
g = h + = 16
4 3 5 3
3u + 2 4u – 1 2
i – = (2 marks each)
5 2 3
2 Solve:
a x2 = 0.25 b 9a2 = 1
y2
c t2 – 4 = 0 d –5=3 (1 mark each)
2
3 a Solve 5x2 – 2 = 7 (x > 0), giving the answer correct to three decimal places. (2 marks)
b What difference does it make having the restriction that x is greater than zero? (1 mark)
4 If p = –2 and q = –3, evaluate:

a 5p – 3pq b 4p2
p+q
c d pq2 – p + q (1 mark each)
p–q
1
5 Given that s = ut + at2 find:
2
a s when u = 32, a = 9.8 and t = 7 (1 mark)
b a when s = 1599, u = 58 and t = 13 (2 marks)
4
6 Given that V = πr 3 find, to two decimal places:
3
a V when r = 9 (1 mark)
b r when V = 222 665 (2 marks)
9C
7 The formula F = + 32 can be used to change temperatures in degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit.
5
a At what temperature should an oven be set in °F if a recipe states 180 °C? (1 mark)
b Tina read about a place where the temperature was 68 °F. She thought that was very hot.
Was she correct? Justify your answer. (1 mark)
8 a Given that d = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 and that d = 10 when x1 = –3, y1 = 2 and x2 = 5,
find two possible values for y2. (2 marks)
b Given that the above formula finds the distance between the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
explain the significance of the above result. (1 mark)
Your Feedback PAGES

124–125
_______ × 100% = % PAGE 176

40

Further equations and
inequalities
1 Many problems involve finding the answer to an equation. Think carefully about what is required and form
an equation to solve. Let x (or some other variable) represent the unknown quantity and express the problem
algebraically. Make sure that you answer the question that has been asked.
2 When solving equations to answer problems we should always consider whether any answers are
physically possible. For example, if finding the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle, the length of a side
of a triangle cannot be negative so we only choose the positive answer. Writing ‘but a > 0’ illustrates that
you understand and have considered the negative value.
3 An inequality is an expression that involves an inequality sign (such as >, ≤, ≠ for example) instead of an
equals sign.
4 There are different inequality signs, the meaning of which should be understood. A line (/) through the
symbol means ‘not’, e.g. ≠ means ‘is not equal to’ and > means ‘is not greater than’.
Sign Meaning Sign Meaning
> is greater than ≥ is greater than or equal to
< is less than ≤ is less than or equal to
5 Inequalities are solved in a similar way to equations. Perform the same operation on both sides of the
inequality.
6 An inequality remains unchanged if:
• the same number is added to both sides of the inequality
• the same number is subtracted from both sides of the inequality
• both sides of the inequality are multiplied by a positive number
• both sides of the inequality are divided by a positive number.
7 If both sides of an inequality are multiplied (or divided) by a negative number the inequality does not
remain unchanged. (For example, 3 > 2 but if both numbers are multiplied by –1, we get –3 and –2 and
–3 < –2). The inequality sign must be reversed when multiplying or dividing by a negative number.
8 The solution to an inequality is an algebraic expression. For example, x > 3 or y ≤ 9. The solution is
usually a range of values all of which will satisfy the inequality.
9 Check by substituting a value from the solution range into the inequality to see if it works.
For example, if the solution to an inequality is x > 3, substitute x = 4 (or x = 5 or x = 10 or any value
greater than three), to see whether it satisfies the inequality.
10 The solution to an inequality can be graphed on a number line. The boundary point is shown with a circle.
The circle is empty if the boundary point is not actually part of the solution (if the inequality sign is > or
<). The circle is solid if the boundary point is part of the solution (if the inequality sign is ≥ or ≤). A line is
then drawn to show the direction of the set of values that satisfy the inequality. For example, to graph
x > 1, place an empty circle at 1, and draw a line showing those values larger than one.
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Checklist
Can you:
✓
1 Solve problems by forming equations and solving? n
2 Understand the need to consider whether answers are physically possible? n
3 Understand the different inequality signs? n
4 Solve linear inequalities? n
5 Graph inequalities on a number line? n

inequalities
1 Determine whether each statement is true or false:

a 3>2 b –3 > –2 c 6 < 15 d –6 < –15
e 4 ≥ –1 f –4 ≥ 1 g –2 ≤ 2 h 2 ≤ –2
2 Determine whether the following statements are true or false:

a –3 ≥ 2 b 5<2×3 c 12 + 8 ≠ 35 – 5 × 3
d 19 > 17 – 3 × –2 e 62 ≤ 26 f 8+5>5+8
3 The given value of the pronumeral satisfies the inequality. True or false?
9e – 1
a 5a – 4 < 2a [a = –2] b ≥ 7 [e = 5]
11
x
c 3p + 1 ≤ 3 – 3p [p = –1] d + 8 ≥ –2 [x = –30]
3
4 Solve:
a –4p = 8 b 4p < –8 c –4p > 8 d 3x + 17 = 74
a t–3
e 2n – 1 > 15 f 5x ≤ x + 8 g + 7 ≥ –2 h > –1
4 2
5 Solve:
n
a x + 4 ≤ –2 b a–5>5 c 4e < –2 d ≥6
3
6 Solve:
m+2
a 2x + 5 ≥ 11 b 3a – 1 < –2 c ≤4
3
7 On separate number lines, graph:

a x≥1 b x<2 c x ≤ –2
8 x = –1 satisfies the equation 5(x + 1) – 2(3 – 2x) = 10. True or false?
9 x = –1 satisfies the inequality 7x – 3 > x – 8. True or false?
1
10 a If A = bh, find h when A = 36 and b = 8.

2
b If the area of a triangle is 84 cm2 and the perpendicular height is 7 cm, find the length of the base of
the triangle.
PAGES
125–126
2 3
d n ≥ 18 6 a x ≥ 3 b a < – c m ≤ 10 7 see worked solutions 8 false 9 false 10 a 9 b 24 cm
b a > 10 c e < –
1 1
3 a true b false c true d true 4 a p = –2 b p < –2 c p < –2 d x = 19 e n > 8 f x ≤ 2 g a ≥ –36 h t > 1 5 a x ≤ –6
Answers 1 a true b false c true d false e true f false g true h false 2 a false b true c false d false e true f true

inequalities 25
minutes

1 Which value of x satisfies the inequality 11 < 2x – 15?
A x = –10 B x=0 C x=9 D none of these (1 mark)
7m m
2 Which value of m does not satisfy the inequality – 8 ≤ 9 – ? Hint 1
3 2
A m = –2 B m=0 C m=6 D m=9 (1 mark)
3 If –2x > –6, which is correct?
A x>3 B x<3 C x > –3 D x < –3 (1 mark)
4 The correct solution to the equation 3p – 17 = 5p + 19 is: Hint 2
A p = –18 B p = 18 C p = –1 D p=1 (1 mark)
5 ‘When 15 is subtracted from three times a certain number the result is 8 more than twice the number.’
Let the number be x. Which statement is correct?
A 3x – 15 = 2x + 8 B 15 – 3x = 2x + 8 C 3x – 15 = 2(x + 8) D 15 – 3x = 2(x + 8) (1 mark)
6 The number, 8 more than 2x – 5 is: Hint 3
A 2x + 3 B 2x + 13 C 10x – 5 D 10x + 13 (1 mark)
Part B Short Answer

7 Rikki bought seven bottles of soft drink and a packet of biscuits from the local store.
The total of her purchases was $15.98. If the packet of biscuits cost $2.75:
a form an equation which could be solved to find the cost of each bottle of soft drink Hint 4 (1 mark)
b how much would five bottles of the same soft drink cost? Hint 5 (2 marks)
8 Solve 5(2x + 3) ≤ 20 Hint 6 (1 mark)
9 Solve 9n + 4 > 2n – 17 (2 marks)
10 Solve 3 – 2a > 7, graphing the solution on a number line. Hint 7 (3 marks)
11 Solve 3m + 17 ≤ 8m (2 marks)
u
12 Solve 2 – ≥3 (2 marks)
7
13 ‘When 15 is subtracted from a certain number and the result multiplied by 5, the answer is
seven more than three times the original number.’ Form an equation and solve to find the
original number. Hint 8 (3 marks)
14 A particular art competition has special requirements about the size of the (x + 20) cm
entries. Each entry must be presented on a rectangular background, the length maximum
perimeter x cm
of which is to be 20 cm longer than its breadth. The maximum total perimeter
150 cm
allowed is 150 cm. Find the dimensions of the largest possible entry. Hint 9
(3 marks)
Hint 1: Substitute each answer to see whether it satisfies the inequality.
Hint 2: Either solve the equation or substitute each value to see which one satisfies the equation.
Hint 3: Add 8 to 2x – 5.
Hint 4: Let x be the price of a bottle of soft drink.
Hint 5: First find the cost of one bottle.
Hint 6: Solve an inequality in the same way as an equation. Your Feedback PAGES
126–127
Hint 7: If you divide by a negative number, the inequality
sign will be reversed.
_______ × 100% = % PAGE 176
Hint 8: Let x be the number.
Hint 9: Form an inequality and solve. 25

inequalities 40
minutes
1 Graph on a number line:

a x≥3 b x < –1 or x > 4 c –2 ≤ x < 5 (1 mark each)
2 Solve, and graph the solution on a number line:

a 5x + 1 ≥ 9 – 3x b 3(p + 5) – 1 < 11 c 9 – 2n > 5 (2 marks each)
3 Solve:
5k
a 3(2m – 5) ≤ 2(m + 7) b –2<4–k
3
6–a
c >4 d 7(4q – 1) – 3(2q + 5) ≥ 0
2
3d
e 12 – ≤ 18 f 5(2y – 3) – 4(3y – 7) > 2(y + 5) (2 marks each)
4
4 Jo produced the following when trying to solve the equation x(x + 5) = x(x + 3).
x(x + 5) x(x + 3)
=
x x
x+5 =x+3
5 =3
Briefly explain what Jo did wrong and give the correct solution to the equation. (2 marks)
5 Change the subject of each formula to b:

a y = mx + b (1 mark)
1
b A = h(a + b) (2 marks)
2
c c = √a2 + b2 (2 marks)
6 a Make r the subject of the formula V = πr2h. (1 mark)

b What restrictions apply to the variables in the formula before and after it is rearranged? (2 marks)
c Find the value of r to one decimal place (r > 0), when V = 179 and h = 8.7 (1 mark)
7 A right-angled triangle has area 27.3 m2 and base length 19.5 m.

a What is the perpendicular height of the triangle? (1 mark)
b Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the length of the hypotenuse. (1 mark)
c Why do we not consider the negative value when finding the hypotenuse? (1 mark)
8 a Find the value of √3 – 2x when x = –23? (1 mark)

b What restrictions must be placed on x in √3 – 2x ? (1 mark)

c Solve √3 – 2x = 5 (1 mark)
d Considering the previous parts of this question, write down the solution to:
i √3 – 2x > 5 (1 mark)
ii √3 – 2x < 5 (1 mark)
Your Feedback PAGES

127–128
_______ × 100% = % PAGE 176

40

quadratiC equations
1 A quadratic equation is one where the highest power of the unknown is 2. It is an equation involving
the square of the unknown (x2). Some examples of quadratic equations are x2 = 9, 5a2 = 100 and
2n2 – 8n + 13 = 0.
2 Whenever a negative number is squared, the answer is positive. So a simple quadratic equation will have
two solutions—the positive square root and the negative square root, e.g. if x2 = 16, x = 4 or x = –4.
3 A quadratic equation may have 2, 1 or no solutions. It will have no solutions if a perfect square is equal
to a negative number (x2 = –4 for example). It will have one solution if a perfect square is equal to zero.
For example, if (x – 3)2 = 0 then x = 3 is the only solution. A quadratic equation will have two solutions
if a perfect square is equal to a positive number. For example, if n2 = 9 then n = 3 and n = –3 are both
solutions.
4 The symbol ± means ‘plus or minus’ or ‘positive or negative’. If we write x = ±4 we mean x = 4 or x = –4.
5 Simple quadratic equations are solved by taking the square root of both sides of the equation,
remembering to consider both the positive and negative square roots. If 2x2 = 8 then x2 = 4 and x = ±2.
6 Quadratic equations may be solved by factorisation. This method relies on the fact that if two numbers
multiply to zero, one (or both) of the numbers must be zero. Using this method, put the expression equal
to zero, factorise (if possible), let each of the factorised parts equal zero and solve these simple equations.
For example, consider the equation x2 – 6x + 8 = 0. Now, x2 – 6x + 8 = (x – 2)(x – 4) so we know that
(x – 2)(x – 4) = 0 and this means that either x – 2 = 0 or x – 4 = 0. Solving these two simple equations
gives x = 2 or x = 4.
7 Not every quadratic expression can be factorised. This doesn’t necessarily mean that the equation has no
solution.
8 The factorisation method only works if the equation is equal to zero. If (x – 2)(x – 4) = 8 say, it doesn’t
mean that one part must be 8. You must first expand, put the expression equal to zero and then factorise
this new expression.
(x – 2)(x – 4) = 8
x2 – 6x + 8 = 8
x2 – 6x = 0
x(x – 6) = 0
x = 0 or x = 6
9 Like any equations, the solutions to quadratic equations can be checked by substitution. Take care to
substitute the value of the unknown every time it appears in the equation.
10 When answering problems involving the solution of a quadratic, we should always consider whether both
positive and negative answers are physically possible. For example, if finding the length of rectangle with
a particular area, the length cannot be negative so we only choose the positive answer. Writing ‘but a > 0’
illustrates that you understand and have considered the negative value.
Checklist
Can you:
✓
1 Understand what is meant by a quadratic equation? n
2 Understand that a quadratic equation may have 0, 1 or 2 solutions? n
3 Understand that if two numbers multiply to zero, at least one of the numbers must be zero? n
4 Solve quadratic equations by factorising? n
5 Check the solutions to quadratic equations? n
6 Understand that not every quadratic equation can be solved by factorisation? n

quadratiC equations
1 Find the value of x2 if:

a x=3 b x = –3 c x=7 d x = –7
e x = –5 f x=5 g x=1 h x = –1
2 The square of 6 is 36 (62 = 36).

a The square of what other number is also 36?
b Write down two numbers whose square is 100.
3 Solve:
a x2 = 9 b x2 = 49 c x2 = 25 d x2 = 1
4 Find the value of 2p2 if:

a p=2 b p = –2 c p=6 d p = –6
5 Solve:
a 2p2 = 8 b 2p2 = 72
6 Solve:
a x2 = 16 b 3e2 = 243 c 4k2 = 1
7 Solve, giving the answers correct to two decimal places:

a x2 = 60 b x2 = 12.5 c 7x2 = 45
8 Solve:
a 5x = 0 b 3a = 0 c 12t = 0 d –37m = 0
9 Solve:
a 3(x – 7) = 0 b 4(2x + 5) = 0 c 6(3x – 2) = 0
10 Solve:
a x(x + 4) = 0 b (x – 7)(x + 1) = 0 c (2a + 5)(3a – 2) = 0
11 Factorise:
a x2 – 9x b x2 + 8x + 15 c t2 + 3t – 10
d m2 – 7m + 12 e n2 – 4n – 60 f a2 – 2a + 1
12 The given value is a solution of the quadratic equation. True or false?

a x2 + 7x + 12 = 0 (x = 3)
b y2 – 4y – 21 = 0 (y = –3)
13 Solve:
a n2 – 3n = 0 b x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 c a2 – 4a – 45 = 0
PAGES
128–129
b x = –2 or x = –4 c a = 9 or a = –5
b (x + 5)(x + 3) c (t + 5)(t – 2) d (m – 3)(m – 4) e (n – 10)(n + 6) f (a – 1)2 12 a false b true 13 a n = 0 or n = 3

3 2 3
d m = 0 9 a x = 7 b x = –2.5 c x = 10 a x = 0 or x = –4 b x = 7 or x = –1 c a = –2 or a = 11 a x(x – 9)
2 1 2
2
d 72 5 a p = ±2 b p = ±6 6 a x = ±4 b e = ±9 c k = ± 7 a x = ±7.75 b x = ± 3.54 c x = ±2.54 8 a x = 0 b a = 0 c t = 0
1
Answers 1 a 9 b 9 c 49 d 49 e 25 f 25 g 1 h 1 2 a –6 b ±10 3 a x = ±3 b x = ±7 c x = ±5 d x = ±1 4 a 8 b 8 c 72

quadratiC equations 30
minutes

1 A solution to the equation 4a2 = 16 is: I a=2 II a = –2
A I only B II only C neither I nor II D both I and II (1 mark)
2 Which is a solution to the equation p2 + 8p – 9 = 0?

A p = –1 B p=8 C p = –8 D p = –9 (1 mark)
3 The solutions to the equation x2 – 11x + 28 = 0 are:

A x = 4 and x = 7 B x = –4 and x = 7 C x = 4 and x = –7 D x = –4 and x = –7 (1 mark)
4 A quadratic equation has solutions x = 3 and x = –2. The equation is:

A x2 + 5x – 6 = 0 B x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 C x2 + x – 6 = 0 D x2 – x – 6 = 0 (1 mark)
5 The solution to the equation (x – 5)(x – 2) = 28 is: Hint 1

A x = 2 or x = 5 B x = 7 or x = 4 C x = –2 or x = 9 D x = –5 or x = 3 (1 mark)
Part B Short Answer

6 Solve 100x2 = 1 Hint 2 (2 marks)
7 Solve 4x2 – 100 = 0 Hint 3 (2 marks)
8 Solve by first factorising:

a x2 + 11x = 0 Hint 4 (2 marks)
b x2 + 2x – 80 = 0 (2 marks)
c x2 – 18x + 81 = 0 (2 marks)
d x2 + 14x + 48 = 0 (2 marks)
9 Solve (2x + 3)2 = 25 Hint 5 (2 marks)
10 a A class was asked to solve the equation (x + 3)(x + 5) = 35. One student said that because
the product is 35 one of the factors must be 35 so the answer was x = 32 or x = 30.
Briefly explain what is wrong with this student’s logic. (2 marks)
b Solve (x + 3)(x + 5) = 35 Hint 6 (3 marks)
11 A rectangle is 12 metres longer than it is wide. The area of the rectangle is 45 m2.
a Let the width of the rectangle be x m. Explain why the width of the rectangle can be
found by solving the quadratic equation x2 + 12x – 45 = 0. (3 marks)
b Find the dimensions of the rectangle. Hint 7 (3 marks)
Hint 1: Check by substitution.

Hint 2: There are two answers.
Hint 3: Add 100 to both sides and then divide both sides by 4.
Hint 4: Take out a common factor.
Hint 5: Take the square root of both sides of the equation. Your Feedback PAGES
There will be two answers. 129–130
Hint 6: Expand the binomial first and then put the
equation equal to zero. _______ × 100% = % PAGE 176
Hint 7: Make sure your answers are physically possible. 30

quadratiC equations 40
minutes
1 Solve:
1
a a2 = (1 mark)
16
b 4t2 = 25 (1 mark)
c 12d2 – 27 = 0 (1 mark)
2 Explain why there is no real solution to the equation x2 + 1 = 0. (1 mark)
3 Solve:
a x2 + 9x + 14 = 0 (1 mark)
b a2 – 2a – 48 = 0 (1 mark)
c 54 – 3x – x2 = 0 (1 mark)
4 Solve:
a x2 = 5x (2 marks)
b n2 = 12n + 64 (2 marks)
c s2 + 5s = 24 (2 marks)
5 Solve, giving each answer correct to two decimal places:

a x2 = 7 (2 marks)
b 3y2 = 11 (2 marks)
c 5m2 – 13 = 0 (2 marks)
6 Solve:
a 2x2 – 28x + 66 = 0 (2 marks)
b 3m2 + 30m – 72 = 0 (2 marks)
c 5y2 – 5y – 10 = 0 (2 marks)
7 Solve:
a y3 + 7y2 = 0 (2 marks)
b a3 – 9a = 0 (2 marks)
c x4 – 5x2 + 4 = 0 (2 marks)
8 Solve:
a (x – 5)(x – 2) = –2 (2 marks)
b (x + 6)(x – 7) = x + 21 (2 marks)
c 2x2 = (x – 5)(x – 12) (2 marks)
9 Solve (x + 4)(x + 6) + (x + 8)(x – 3) = (x – 12)(x + 2) (3 marks)
Your Feedback PAGE 130
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40

simultaneous equations
1 Simultaneous equations are equations that are solved together.

2 The simultaneous solution of two equations in two unknowns (variables), is the values of those variables
which satisfy both equations at the same time. For example, the simultaneous solution of y = x + 1 and
y = 2x is x = 1 and y = 2.
3 Two equations are independent if they are different equations. (x + y = 4 and 3x + 3y = 12 are not
independent because the second equation is just three times the first equation.) Whenever the equations
are independent, the solution to two simultaneous linear equations is unique. There are an infinite
number of solutions that satisfy each equation separately but only one solution that satisfies both
equations at the same time.
4 The solution of two linear simultaneous equations can be found by graphing each line on a number plane,
and finding the point of intersection of the two graphs. (The disadvantages of this method include the
time needed to draw the graphs and the difficulty to find the solution with any accuracy unless the answer
involves exact integral values.)
5 The solution to two simultaneous equations can be found by substituting one equation into the other.
This method is particularly appropriate if one of the unknowns is the subject of one of the equations.
For example, to solve 3x + 2y – 11 = 0 and y = 4x simultaneously, substitute y = 4x into 3x + 2y – 11 = 0,
giving 3x + 2(4x) – 11 = 0. This new equation can easily be solved to give x = 1. Substituting this value for
x into either of the original equations gives y = 4.
6 Simultaneous equations can also be solved by an elimination method. Under this method the equations
are added together, or one equation is subtracted from the other, so that one of the unknowns is
eliminated. For example, if 3x + y = 8 and 5x + y = 10 then subtracting the first equation from the second
gives 2x = 2, so x = 1 and, upon substituting x = 1 into either equation, y = 5.
7 If the coefficients of an unknown are equal, and of the same sign (both positive or both negative) then
subtracting one equation from the other will eliminate that unknown. It doesn’t matter whether the first
equation is subtracted from the second or vice versa. If the coefficients of an unknown are equal but of
different signs, then adding the two equations together will eliminate the unknown.
8 A variable will only be eliminated if the coefficients are the same. It may be necessary to multiply either or
both equations so that two coefficients are equal. For example, to solve 2x + 3y – 5 = 0 and x + 6y – 8 = 0
simultaneously, multiply the first equation by 2 so that 6 is the coefficient of y in both equations. (Alternatively,
the first equation could be multiplied by 5, and the second equation by 2, so that the coefficients of x are
equal.) Care must be taken to multiply every term in the equation.
9 Whatever method is used to solve simultaneous equations, the solution can always be checked by
substitution. If the solution satisfies both equations, it must be correct.
10 It is also possible to solve three simultaneous equations in three unknowns by first using two of the
equations to eliminate one variable and then another two equations (one used before, one not) to
eliminate the same variable and then solving these two new equations simultaneously.
Checklist
Can you:
✓
1 Understand what is meant by simultaneous equations? n
2 Solve simultaneous equations graphically? n
3 Solve simultaneous equations by substituting one equation into another? n
4 Solve simultaneous equations by the elimination method? n

1 Solve:
a 3a + 11 = –1 b 4x + 3(6x – 5) – 2 = 16
2 If q = –2, find p when:
a p+q=5 b 3p – q = 17 c 4p + 3q – 10 = 0
3 Find the values of x and y at the point where the two lines intersect.
y y y
a 5 b 5 c 5
4 4 4
y=3–x y=x–1
3 3 3
2 y =1x + 2 2
y = 2x – 1 y = 3x + 6
2
2 1
1 1 y = –2x + 1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1 –1 –1
–2 –2 –2
4 Tables of values have been drawn up for the equations y = 2x – 5 and y = x + 1. By considering the
patterns, find the values of x and y which satisfy both equations.
y = 2x – 5 x 1 2 3 4 y=x+1 x 1 2 3 4
y –3 –1 1 3 y 2 3 4 5
5 a Draw up a table of values, for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and complete for the rule y = 3x – 8.
b For what values in the table does x = y?
c For what values in the table does 2x + y = 7?
6 Make y the subject of each equation:
a 7x – y = 10 b 5x + y – 2 = 0 c 6x + 2y – 1 = 0
7 Write down the new equation formed when equation [i] is added to equation [ii]. (There is no need to
solve.)
a 2a + b = 5 [i] b 8x + 5y – 2 = 0 [i] c 7p – 3q = 15 [i]
3a – b = 5 [ii] 3x – 5y + 13 = 0 [ii] 2p + 3q = 18 [ii]
8 Subtract equation [ii] from equation [i]:
a 6x + 7y = 9 [i] b 11a – 3b = 8 [i] c 5a – 3b – 1 = 0 [i]
2x + 7y = 13 [ii] 5a – 3b = 2 [ii] 5a + 6b + 10 = 0 [ii]
9 Determine whether adding both equations or subtracting one equation from the other will eliminate a
variable.
a 7a – 4b = 9 [i] b 8x + 2y = 19 [i] c 4p –3q + 7 = 0 [i]
3a + 4b = 31 [ii] 8x – 2y = 15 [ii] p – 3q – 15 = 0 [ii]
10 A box holds only red and blue pens. Let x be the number of blue pens and y the number of red pens.
Write algebraic statements to represent the given information.
a There are 15 pens in the box.
b There are five more blue pens than red pens.
c There are twice as many blue pens as red pens. PAGES
130–131
c 9p = 33 8 a 4x = –4 b 6a = 6 c –9b – 11 = 0 9 a add b add or subtract c subtract 10 a x + y = 15 b x = y + 5 c x = 2y

2
5 a –8, –5, –2, 1, 4, 7, 10 b x = 4, y = 4 c x = 3, y = 1 6 a y = 7x – 10 b y = –5x + 2 c y = –3x + 7 a 5a = 10 b 11x + 11 = 0
1
Answers 1 a a = –4 b x = 1.5 2 a p = 7 b p = 5 c p = 4 3 a x = 2, y = 1 b x = 2, y = 3 c x = –1, y = 3 4 x = 6, y = 7

simultaneous equations 25
minutes

1 At what point do the lines x = 3 and y = 4 intersect?
A (3, 4) B (4, 3) C (–3, –4) D (–4, –3) (1 mark)
2 The simultaneous solution of the equations 2x + y = 5 and x – 3y = 13 is: Hint 1
A x = 4, y = 3 B x = 4, y = –3 C x = –4, y = 3 D x = –4, y = –3 (1 mark)
3 For what value of y do the equations y = 4x + 7 and y = –2x – 5 have a simultaneous solution?
A –1 B –2 C 1 D 2 (1 mark)
4 Which two equations have a simultaneous solution where x = 0?

1 1 1
A y = 3 – x and y = x – 6 B y = – x – 6 and y = 3 – x
2 2 2
1 1
C y = x – 6 and y = – x – 6 D y = x + 3 and y = – x – 6 (1 mark)
2 2
Part B Short Answer

5 a Draw a set of axes and graph the lines y = x + 3 and y = 7 – x. (2 marks)
b Write down the simultaneous solution of the two equations in part a. Hint 2 (2 marks)
6 Solve the simultaneous equations 7x – 2y = 5 and y = 3x by substitution. Hint 3 (2 marks)
7 Solve by elimination 7a + 2b = 16 and 3a – 2b = 24. Hint 4 (2 marks)
8 a Make y the subject of the equation 2x + y – 5 = 0. Hint 5 (1 mark)

b Solve the equations 2x + y – 5 = 0 and 3x – 4y + 42 = 0 by substitution. (2 marks)
9 Solve by elimination 9m + 4p = 41 and 5m + 2p = 23. Hint 6 (2 marks)
10 Solve simultaneously: 2x – y + 8 = 0 and 3x – y – 2 = 0. Hint 7 (2 marks)
11 Find the simultaneous solution of the equations 5a + 3b = 8 and 3a – 4b = 28. (3 marks)
12 Madeline bought a total of 24 cans of dog food and cat food at her local store. The dog food
cost $1.40 per can and the cat food was 90c per can. Altogether Madeline spent $29.10 on the
pet food. How many cans of each type of food did she buy? Hint 8 (4 marks)
Hint 1: There is no need to solve the equations simultaneously. Substitute to see which solution satisfies both equations.
Hint 2: What are the coordinates of the point of intersection?
Hint 3: Replace y with 3x in the first equation.
Hint 4: Add the two equations together so that b is eliminated.
Hint 5: The subject of an equation is the value before the equals sign. Rearrange the equation so that it reads y = …
Hint 6: First multiply the second equation by 2. Make sure
that you multiply every term in the equation. Your Feedback PAGES
Hint 7: It doesn’t matter which method you use. 131–132
Hint 8: Let x be the number of cans of dog food and y
be the number of cans of pet food. Form two _______ × 100% = PAGE 176
%
different equations from the given information. 26

simultaneous equations 40
minutes
1 Use the substitution method to solve simultaneously:

a y = 5x – 6 and y = 3x + 2 (2 marks)
b y = 7 – 2x and x + 3y = 11 (2 marks)
c 3p – 5q = 23 and 4p + q = 23 (2 marks)
2 Use the elimination method to solve simultaneously:

a a + b = 4 and a – b = –10 (2 marks)
b 8x – 3y = 30 and 5x – 3y = 3 (2 marks)
c 9m + 5n – 3 = 0 and 9m – 7n + 69 = 0 (2 marks)
d 4p + 3q = 27 and 3p + q = 14 (2 marks)
e 9a – 4b = –1 and 5a + 2b = –9 (2 marks)
f 6k – 5m = 19 and 7k – 3m = 42 (2 marks)
1
3 a Graph the lines y = 2x – 4, y = –2x + 8, y = x – 1, y = 5 – x and y = –3 on the same
2
set of axes. (3 marks)
1
b Write down the simultaneous solution of y = x – 1 and:
2
i y = 2x – 4 (1 mark)
ii y = 5 – x (1 mark)
iii y = –3 (1 mark)
c What is significant about the point (3, 2)? (1 mark)
4 a For what value(s) of x does x = x2? (1 mark)

b What is the simultaneous solution of y = x and y = x2? (1 mark)
c In how many places will the line y = x intersect with the parabola y = x2? (1 mark)
d In how many places will the line y = 4 intersect with the parabola y = x2? (1 mark)
e What is the simultaneous solution of y = 4 and y = x2? (1 mark)
5 Solve simultaneously:
a y = x2 + 5x and y = x + 12 (3 marks)
b y = x2 + x – 10 and y = 2x – 4 (3 marks)
6 Solve y = x2 + 8x + 3 and y = x2 – 2x – 7 simultaneously. (2 marks)

7 a Give a reason why a graphical means of solving two equations simultaneously might
be the best option. (1 mark)
b Give a reason why an algebraic means of solving two equations simultaneously might be
the best option. (1 mark)
Your Feedback PAGES

132–133
_______ × 100% = % PAGE 176

40

Parallel and
PerPendicular lines
Linear and Non-linear Relationships s t u dy n o t e s
1 The gradient (or slope) of a line is the measure of its steepness. A line with positive gradient leans to
the right (/) and a line with negative gradient leans to the left (\). The symbol m is used for gradient. The
y –y
gradient is given by m = rise or the gradient formula: m = 2 1 .
run x2 – x1
2 The y-intercept is where a line meets the y-axis. It is the value of y when x = 0. The symbol b is used for
the y-intercept.
3 Any equation of the form y = mx + b is the equation of a straight line.
4 In the equation y = mx + b, m, the coefficient of x (the number by which x is multiplied) gives the
gradient. For example, the line y = 3x + 4 has gradient 3. The line y = –x + 2 has gradient –1.
5 The constant term, b, gives the y-intercept. For example, The line y = 3x + 4 has y-intercept 4. The line
y = 2x – 1 has y-intercept –1. The line y = –x has y-intercept 0. (It passes through the origin (0, 0).)
6 We say y = mx + b is the gradient/intercept form of the equation of a straight line.
y
7 Given the gradient and y-intercept, any line can be graphed. The 2
y-intercept gives us one point on the line. Use the gradient, rise , to find a 1
2 run –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
second point. For example, if y = x – 4, the y-intercept is –4 so one point –1
3
2 –2
on the line is (0, –4). The gradient is so run across 3 units and rise up
3 –3 y = – 2x – 4
–4 3
2 units to find another point on the line.
–5
8 The gradient and y-intercept can be read from a graph. The equation of the y
line can then be formed. For example, the gradient of this line is –1. The 4
3
y-intercept is 2. So the equation of the line is y = –x + 2 (y = –1x + 2).
2
9 Two lines are parallel if their gradients are equal. For two lines with 1
gradients m1 and m2, if m1 = m2 the lines are parallel and if the lines are –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
parallel m1 = m2. To show that two lines are parallel show that their –1
gradients are equal. –2
–3
10 Two lines are perpendicular if they meet at right angles. If two lines are
perpendicular their gradients are negative reciprocals. For two lines with gradients m1 and m2, the lines
are perpendicular if m1m2 = –1, and if m1m2 = –1 the lines are perpendicular. (Note: if m1m2 = –1 then
–1
m2 = ). To show that two lines are perpendicular, show that their gradients multiply to give negative one.
m1
checklist
Can you:
✓
1 Understand what is meant by gradient? n
2 Understand what is meant by the y-intercept? n

3 Understand that y = mx + b is the equation of a straight line in gradient/intercept form? n
4 Understand that in the equation y = mx + b, m is the gradient and b is the y-intercept? n
5 Graph lines using the gradient and y-intercept? n
6 Find the gradient, y-intercept and equation of a line from a graph? n
7 Understand that parallel lines have the same gradient? n
8 Understand what it means for two lines to be perpendicular? n
9 Understand that the gradients of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals? n

Parallel and
PerPendicular lines
Linear and Non-linear Relationships skills check
1 State whether the gradient of each line is positive or negative:

a y b y c y d y
x x x x
2 Find the gradient of each of these lines:

a y
4
b y
4 c y
4 d y
4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
5 x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
–1 –1 –1 –1
–2 –2 –2 –2
–3 –3 –3 –3
3 Find the gradient of the line joining (1, 2) to (5, 0).
4 Write down the gradient (m) and y-intercept (b) for each line:
a y = 2x + 3 b y = 4x – 1 c y = –6x d y=x–5
1 x –2x 1
e y= x–2 f y= g y= + h y = 5 – 2x
3 4 3 2
5 Write down the equation of the line with gradient m and y-intercept b if:
1 1
a m = 3, b = 2 b m = –2, b = 0 c m= ,b=–
2 3
6 Complete:
a If the gradients of two lines are equal then the lines are .
b If two lines are parallel then their gradients are .
7 The gradients of two lines are m1 and m2. Complete the following statements.
a If m1 = m2 the two lines are .
b If m1m2 = –1 the two lines are .
1
8 A line l has gradient – . Find the gradient of any line which is:
2
a parallel to l b perpendicular to l
9 The two lines are parallel. True or false?

1
a y = 3x – 5 b y= x–4 c y=7–x
2
x
y = 3x + 8 y= +7 y = –x + 2
2
PAGES
133–134
2
b 2 9 a true b true c true 7 a parallel b perpendicular 8 a –
1
3 4 3 2 2 3
1
, –2 f 1 , 0 g – 2 , 1 h –2, 5 5 a y = 3x + 2 b y = –2x c y = 1 x – 1 6 a parallel b equal d 1, –5 e
2 3 2
4 a 2, 3 b 4, –1 c –6, 0 3– Answers 1 a positive b negative c negative d positive 2 a 2 b – 1 c 2 d –1
1

Parallel and
PerPendicular lines 25
minutes
Linear and Non-linear Relationships i n t e r m e d i at e t e s t

1 Which line is parallel to y = 3x – 4?
–1
A y = 2x – 4 B y = –3x + 4 C y= x–4 D y = 3x + 7 (1 mark)
3
2 Any line perpendicular to the line y = 2x – 5 has gradient:

1 1
A 2 B –2 C D – (1 mark)
2 2
3 The line which is parallel to the line y = 2 – x and which passes through the origin has equation:
A y = 2x B y = –x C x=2 D x+y=2 (1 mark)
Part B Short Answer

y
4 Consider the line shown in the diagram. 6
5
a What is the gradient of the line? (1 mark)
4
b What is the y-intercept? 3
(1 mark)
c Copy the diagram, and then draw the line 2
2 1
y = x + 4. Hint 1 (2 marks)
5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
y
4
5 A, B, C and D are the points (–2, 1), (5, 2),
3
(9, –2) and (2, –3) respectively. They form 2
B
the vertices of a quadrilateral. A
1
a Show that AB is parallel to DC. Hint 2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
(2 marks)
b Show that AD is parallel to BC. –1 (2 marks)
–2 C
c What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? (1 mark)
–3
D
6 P(–8, 5), Q(10, 6) and R(–2, –3) are the vertices of a triangle. Is ∆PQR a right-angled triangle?
Justify your answer. Hint 3 (4 marks)
7 The equation of line l is y = –4x + 3.

a Line k is parallel to line l and has y-intercept –1. What is the equation of line k? (2 marks)
b Line m is perpendicular to line l and meets it on the y-axis. What is the equation
of line m? Hint 4 (3 marks)
8 A is the point (7, –8), B is the point (1, 1) and C is the point (–3, 7).
a Find the gradient of AB. (1 mark)
b Find the gradient of BC. (1 mark)
c What conclusion can be made about points A, B and C? Justify your answer. (2 marks)
Hint 1: What do you know about the two lines? Your Feedback PAGES
Hint 2: Find the gradient of both lines. 134–135
Hint 3: Draw a diagram and then investigate whether any
sides are perpendicular. _______ × 100% = % PAGE 176
Hint 4: Lines l and m have the same y-intercept. 25

Parallel and
PerPendicular lines 35
minutes
Linear and Non-linear Relationships a dva n c e d t e s t
1 Determine whether each pair of lines is parallel, perpendicular or neither:

a y = 3x – 2; x + 3y – 4 = 0 (2 marks)
b 2x + y – 3 = 0; x + 2y + 5 = 0 (2 marks)
3
c y = x – 5; 3x – 4y – 2 = 0 (2 marks)
4
2 Line l has equation y = 7 – x. What is the equation of the line:

a parallel to l that passes through (2, 1)? (2 marks)
b perpendicular to line l that intersects it on the y-axis? (2 marks)
3 P is the point (1, 8) and Q is the point (–4, 5).

a Find the gradient of the line joining P and Q. (1 mark)
b R is the point on the x-axis such that PQ ⊥ QR. What are the coordinates of R? (2 marks)
4 S(–10, –5), T(–1, 7) and U(15, –5) are the vertices of a triangle.
a Find the gradient of ST. (1 mark)
b Show that ∆STU is right-angled at T. (2 marks)
c Write down the coordinates of V such that STUV is a parallelogram. (1 mark)
d Find the area of STUV. (2 marks)
5 A(–2, 4), B(6, 2) and C(–4, 2) are vertices of a triangle.

a What is the midpoint of AB? (1 mark)
b What is the gradient of AB? (1 mark)
c What is the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB? (1 mark)
d What is the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AC? (2 marks)
e What is the point of intersection of the lines found in parts c and d? (2 marks)
f What is the equation of the perpendicular bisector of BC? (1 mark)
g What do you notice about the three perpendicular bisectors? (1 mark)
6 a Rearrange the equation ax + by + c = 0 into gradient/intercept form. (1 mark)

b What is the gradient of any line parallel to ax + by + c = 0? (1 mark)
c What is the gradient of any line parallel to 5x – 3y + 7 = 0? (1 mark)
d Write down the equation, in general form, of the line through the origin parallel to
the line 5x – 3y + 7 = 0? (1 mark)
e What is the gradient of any line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0? (1 mark)

f What is the gradient of any line perpendicular to 4x + 2y – 3 = 0? (1 mark)
g Write down, in general form, the equation of the line through the origin perpendicular
to 4x + 2y – 3 = 0 (1 mark)
Your Feedback PAGES

135–136
_______ × 100% = % PAGE 176

35

Further graPhs
Linear and Non-linear Relationships s t u dy n o t e s
1 The equation y = mx + b is the gradient/intercept form of an equation of a straight line (with gradient m
and y-intercept b). Any equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0 is the equation of a straight line in general
form. These equations can be changed from one to the other.
y y y
y = 1 x2 y = x2
2 y = 2x2
(2, 2) (1, 1) (1, 2)

0 x 0 x 0 x
2 A parabola is a special type of curve. The graph of y y

y = ax2 + c (a ≠ 0) is a parabola. If a > 0, the parabola opens y = x2 + 2
3 y = –x2 + 3
upwards (∪) but if a < 0 the parabola opens downwards (∩).
y = x2
3 The turning point of a parabola is called the vertex. 0 x
2
y = x2 – 3
4 The parabola y = ax2 has its vertex at the origin. The value of –2
y = –x2
a determines the width of the parabola. The larger the value 0 x
of a, the thinner the parabola.
–3 y = –x2 – 2
5 The constant, c, in the equation y = ax2 + c has the effect of
moving the parabola up or down the y-axis. The vertex of the parabola
y axis of symmetry
y = ax2 + c is at the point (0, c).
6 The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c (where a, b and c are constants and a ≠ 0) is x-intercepts
also a parabola.
x
7 The x-intercepts of a parabola are the points where the curve meets the
vertex
x-axis. A parabola may meet the x-axis in 0, 1 or 2 points. The x-intercepts y-intercept
are found when y = 0. The y-intercept is the point where the curve meets
the y-axis. The y-intercept occurs when x = 0. If the equation of the y y
parabola is of the form y = ax2 + bx + c then the y-intercept will be c.
8 The graph of y = ax3 + c is a cubic curve. The value of a determines the y = –x3
width of the curve. c gives the y-intercept. x x
9 Any equation of the form y = a is an exponential curve.
x y = x3
y = ax has y-intercept 1 for all positive values of a.
y y y y
–2 0 2 –2 0 2
y = 2x x x
2 2
y = –2x y= –2–x
y = 2–x –2 –2
–2 0 2 x –2 0 2 x
–4 –4
10 A circle, centre the origin, and radius of length r units has equation x2 + y2 = r2.
checklist
Can you:
✓
1 Identify the type of graph from an equation? n
2 Graph parabolas, cubic curves, exponential curves and circles? n
3 Find the radius of a circle (centre the origin) given its equation? n
4 Use technology (such as graphics calculators or software applications) to draw graphs? n

Further graPhs
Linear and Non-linear Relationships skills check
1 What name is given to each of these curves?

a y b y c y d y
x x x x
2 Use the parabola shown to answer the following questions. y

30
a What is the y-intercept?
25
b What is the value of y when x = 4?
20
c At what points does the parabola cut the x-axis?
15
d What are the coordinates of the vertex (turning point)?
e For what values of x does y = 13? 10
5
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
–5
–10
–15
3 Choose the correct equation from the following list to match each curve.
x
y = x2 – 2, y = –2x, y = 4 – x2, y = 4x, x2 + y2 = 4, y = –2x, y = 2–x, y =
4
y y y
a b c d y
4 2
2 x (–1, 2)
–2 –2 2 x
(–1, 2) 1
x
–2 x
e y f y g y h y
x
(1, 4) –1
1 (4, 1) (1, –2)
x
x (1, –1)
x –2
4 Name the type of graph (straight line, parabola, circle, exponential or cubic curve):
a y=3–x b y = 3x2 c y = 3x d y = x3
x
e y = x2 + 3 f x2 + y2 = 3 g y= h y = –x2 + 2
3
i y = 9 – x2 j x+y=9 k x + y2 = 9
2
l y = 2–x
PAGES
136–137
k circle l exponential curve
b parabola c exponential curve d cubic curve e parabola f circle g straight line h parabola i parabola j straight line
4
e x = –1 and x = 5 3 a y = 4 – x2 b x2 + y2 = 4 c y = –2x d y = 2–x e y = 4x f y = g y = x2 – 2 h y = –2x 4 a straight line
x
Answers 1 a parabola b straight line c exponential curve d parabola 2 a 22 b 22 c (–2, 0) and (6, 0) d (2, 29)

Further graPhs 15
minutes
Linear and Non-linear Relationships i n t e r m e d i at e t e s t
Part A Multiple Choice 7 A graphics calculator was used to show some

exponential graphs. All of the graphs had an
1 Which is not the equation of a straight line? equation of the form y = 2x + c where c is a
A x+y=3 B x–y=0 constant.
x+3 3
C y= D y= (1 mark) y y = 2x + 3
2 x y = 2x + 2
5
2 Which point does not lie on the circle
4 y = 2x
x2 + y2 = 50? 3
A (–1, –7) B (7, –1) 2
C (2, 6) D (5, 5) (1 mark) 1 y = 2x – 3
3 Which diagram could show the graph of 0 x
–1
y = x2 + x? Hint 1
–2
A y B y
–3
a What effect does the constant have

on the graphs? Hint 3 (1 mark)
0 x –1 0 x
b What would the y-intercept be of
–1
the graph y = 2x + 7? (1 mark)
C y D y c For what value of c will y = 2x + c
pass through the origin? Hint 4 (1 mark)
8 Stacy used a graphics calculator to graph
y = (x – 2)2 – 3 and y = x2 – 4x + 1
–1 0 x 0 1 x
(1 mark)
y y
4 Which is the equation of a parabola? 3 3
A y = (x + 1)(x – 1) B y = 2x 2 2
4 1 1
C y = x4 D y= 2 (1 mark) 0 x 0 x
x –1 –1
–2 –2
–3 –3
Part B Short Answer y = (x – 2)2 – 3 y = x2 – 4x + 1
5 Kevin used a software program to graph a What similarities can you notice
y = x3 – 1 and y = 1 – x3 on the same diagram. with the two graphs? (1 mark)
y b Use algebra to explain the result
in part a. Hint 5 (3 marks)
y = 1 – x3
1
x
–1
y= x3 –1 Hint 1: Substitute some of the points that each

parabola passes through.
Hint 2: Use the graph.
a How many solutions are there to the Hint 3: What happens to the graphs as the number
equation x3 – 1 = 1 – x3? Hint 2 (1 mark) added changes?
b Solve x3 – 1 = 1 – x3. (1 mark) Hint 4: The origin is the point (0, 0)
Hint 5: Expand and simplify (x – 2)2 – 3.
6 A point was plotted on a grid using a software
application. The distance from the point
Your Feedback PAGES
O(0, 0) to P was given as 8 units. The circle 137–138
x2 + y2 = 36 will then be drawn on the same
grid. Will the point P lie inside, outside or on _______ × 100% = % PAGE 176
the circle? Justify your answer. (2 marks) 15

Further graPhs 35
minutes
Linear and Non-linear Relationships a dva n c e d t e s t
1 Consider the curve y = x2 – 10x + 21.

a What name is given to the type of curve? (1 mark)
b What is the y-intercept? (1 mark)
c What are the x-intercepts? (2 marks)
d What is the equation of the axis of symmetry? (1 mark)
e What is the minimum value? (1 mark)
f Sketch the curve. (3 marks)
2 Briefly explain any similarities and differences between the curve y = x2 and each of the following:
a y = x2 + 2 and y = x2 – 3 (1 mark)
b y = (x + 2)2 and y = (x – 3)2 (1 mark)
c y = –x2 (1 mark)
1
d y = 2x2 and y = x2 (1 mark)
2
3 Find the turning point and state whether it is a maximum or minimum:
a y = (x + 2)2 – 3 (2 marks)
b y = 5 – (3 – x)2 (2 marks)
4 Describe the curve given by the equation (x – 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16. (2 marks)
5 Describe the symmetrical properties of the curve y = xn if:

a n is even (1 mark)
b n is odd (1 mark)
6 Consider the curve y = (x – 2)(x – 4)(x + 1).

a Where will the curve cross the y-axis? (1 mark)
b Where will the curve meet the x-axis? (1 mark)
c If x has a large positive value, what can you say about the value of y? (1 mark)
d If x has a large negative value, what can you say about the value of y? (1 mark)
e Using the information found, sketch the curve y = (x – 2)(x – 4)(x + 1). (3 marks)
7 a Solve simultaneously x2 + y2 = 25 and y = 7 – x. (2 marks)

b Sketch x2 + y2 = 25 and y = 7 – x on the same diagram, clearly showing the points
of intersection. (2 marks)
8 The diagram shows the graphs of y = 2x and y = 2x – 3. y y = 2x

a What is the value of a? (1 mark)
b Find the value of b. (1 mark)
c Use your calculator to find the value of c to y = 2x – 3

three decimal places. b (1 mark)
c x
Your Feedback PAGES

138–139
_______ × 100% = % PAGE 176

35

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
C H E C K YO U R s O l U t i O n s
6 a m2 + 8m + 15 × m–3 b (2x – 1)(2x + 1) = (2x)2 – 12

m+5 m2 – 5m + 6 speCial binomial produCts = 4x2 – 1
=
(m + 5)(m + 3) –3
× (m –m3)(m
and FaCtorisations
m+5 c (3x + 2y)(3x – 2y)
– 2) sKills CHECK Page 26
 = (3x)2 – (2y)2
= m+3  (2 marks) 1 a (x + 3)(x + 8) = 9x2 – 4y2
m–2
= x2 + 8x + 3x + 24 d (x2 + 2)(x2 – 2) = (x2)2 – 22
x + 17x + 60 × x + 2x – 48
2 2
= x2 + 11x + 24 = x4 – 4
b
x2 – 16x + 60 x2 + 20x + 96
b (a – 5)(a + 9)
(x + 5)(x + 12) (x + 8)(x – 6)
= (x – 6)(x – 10) × (x + 8)(x + 12) = a2 + 9a – 5a – 45 5 a (x – 9)(x + 9) = x2 – 92
= a2 + 4a – 45 = x2 – 81

= x+5  (2 marks) c (2a + 3)(5b + 4) b (3x – 1)(3x + 1) = (3x)2 – 12
x – 10 = 9x2 – 1
= 10ab + 8a + 15b + 12
c n2 + 3n – 4 ÷ n2 – 5n – 36 d (6x – 1)(x – 8) c (2n + 7)(2n – 7) = (2n)2 – 72
n2 – 10n + 21 n2 – 6n – 7 = 4n2 – 49
= 6x2 – 48x – x + 8
(n + 4)(n – 1) (n – 9)(n + 4)
= (n – 7)(n – 3) ÷ (n – 7)(n + 1) = 6x2 – 49x + 8 d (8 – x)(8 + x) = 64 – x2
 e (5n + 3)(2n – 3) e (7x + 2y)(7x – 2y)
(n + 4)(n – 1)
= (n – 7)(n – 3) × (n – 7)(n + 1) = 10n2 – 15n + 6n – 9 = (7x)2 – (2y)2
(n – 9)(n + 4)
(n – 1)(n + 1) = 10n2 – 9n – 9 = 49x2 – 4y2
= (n – 3)(n – 9) (2 marks)
f (x + y)(a + b) f (ab + 2)(ab – 2) = (ab)2 – 22
= ax + bx + ay + by = a2b2 – 4
7 1 1
a +
x2 + 6x + 8 x2 + 7x + 12 2 a (x + 3)2 6 a x2 + 13x + 42 = (x + 6)(x + 7)
1 1 = x2 + 2 × x × 3 + 32 [6 + 7 = 13, 6 × 7 = 42]
= (x + 2)(x + 4)
+ (x + 3)(x + 4) = x2 + 6x + 9 b x2 + 3x – 40 = (x + 8)(x – 5)

=
x+3 b (x – 6) 2 [Or (x – 5)(x + 8)]
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4)
= x2 – 2 × x × 6 + 62 c x2 – 10x + 16
x+2
+ = x2 – 12x + 36 = (x – 2)(x – 8)
(x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4)
2x + 5 c (3x + 2)2 d x2 – 3x – 54 = (x + 6)(x – 9)
=  = (3x)2 + 2 × 3x × 2 + 22
(x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4)
(2 marks) = 9x2 + 12x + 4 7 a x2 + 8x + 16 = (x + 4)2
b 3 – 2 d (2x – 5)2 = 4x2 – 20x + 25 b a2 – 10a + 25 = (a – 5)2
x2 + 5x + 4 x2 + 4x + 3 [(2x)2]
c n2 + 2n + 1 = (n + 1)2
3 2
= (x + 4)(x + 1) – (x + 3)(x + 1) d x2 – 16x + 64 = (x – 8)2
3 a (x + 4)2 = x2 + 2 × x × 4 + 42
3(x + 3) – 2(x + 4)
= (x + 3)(x + 4)(x + 1)  = x2 + 8x + 16
8 a x2 + 20x + 100 = (x + 10)2
b (x – 9)2 = x2 – 18x + 81
= 3x + 9 – 2x – 8
[x2 – 2 × x × 9 + 92] b y2 + 4y + 4 = (y + 2)2
(x + 3)(x + 4)(x + 1)
c (3a – 10)2 c 49 + 14n + n2 = (7 + n)2
= (x + 3)(xx ++ 14)(x + 1) = (3a)2 – 2 × 3a × 10 + 102 d a2 – 2a + 1 = (a – 1)2
1 = 9a2 – 60a + 100 e 9 – 6m + m2 = (3 – m)2
= (x + 3)(x  (2 marks)
+ 4) d (2p + 3q)2 f x2 – 2xy + y2 = (x – y)2

= 4p2 + 12pq + 9q2
c x2 + 7x + 10 + x2 – 9x + 18
x2 + 4x – 5 x2 – 4x + 3 [(2p)2 + 2 × 2p × 3q + (3q)2] 9 a x2 – 49 = (x + 7)(x – 7)
(x + 2)(x + 5) e (7 – x)2
= (x + 5)(x – 1) + (x – 3)(x – 6) b a2 – 9 = (a + 3)(a – 3)
(x – 3)(x – 1) = 72 – 2 × 7 × x + x2
c 25 – m2 = (5 + m)(5 – m)
x+2 x–6 = 49 – 14x + x2
= x–1 + x–1  d x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)
f (a + b)2
= 2x – 4 = a2 + 2 × a × b + b2
10 a x2 – 81 = x2 – 92
x–1
= a2 + 2ab + b2
= (x + 9)(x – 9)
= 2(x
x–1
– 2)
 (2 marks)
[Or (x – 9)(x + 9)]
(Total: 40 marks) 4 a (p + 3)(p – 3) = p2 – 32
= p2 – 9 b 121 – y2 = 112 – y2
= (11 + y)(11 – y)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
c m2 – 900 = m2 – 302 x2 – 64 (x + 8)(x – 8) 14 a 7p2 – 63

= (m + 30)(m – 30)
6 =
8x – 64 8(x – 8) = 7(p2 – 9) 
d p2 – q2 = (p + q)(p – q) x+8 = 7(p + 3)(p – 3) 
= (2 marks)
8
11 a x2 + xy + 2x + 2y [After cancelling the common b 6x – 48x + 96
2
= x(x + y) + 2(x + y) factor (x – 8), the fraction = 6(x2 – 8x + 16) 

= (x + y)(x + 2) x+8 = 6(x – 4)2  (2 marks)
cannot be simplified.
b ab + 3a – 5b – 15 8
= a(b + 3) – 5(b + 3) 8 cannot be cancelled because it 15 a i When x = 2,
= (b + 3)(a – 5) is not a common factor.] 2x(x + 3) – (x + 2)(x – 2)
∴ [c]  (1 mark) – (x + 3)2
c a2 – ab – ac + bc
= a(a – b) – c(a – b) = 2 × 2 × (2 + 3)
= (a – b)(a – c) 7 Try each option. – (2 + 2) × (2 – 2)
x2 – 49 = (x + 7)(x – 7) – (2 + 3)2
d 2mn – 2m + 3n – 3
not (x – 7)2 = 20 – 0 – 25
= 2m(n – 1) + 3(n – 1)
x2 – 10x – 24 = (x – 12)(x + 2) = –5  (1 mark)
= (n – 1)(2m + 3)
not (x – 4)(x – 6) ii When x = 4,
e xz – yz – x + y
x2 – 24x + 144 = (x – 12)2 2x(x + 3) – (x + 2)(x – 2)
= z(x – y) – 1(x – y)
not (x + 12)2 – (x + 3)2
= (x – y)(z – 1)
x2 – 625 = (x + 25)(x – 25) = 2 × 4 × (4 + 3)
[It is not necessary to write
∴ [d]  (1 mark) – (4 + 2) × (4 – 2)
the 1 in the 2nd line but it
– (4 + 3)2
can’t be left out in the last
8 Try each option. = 56 – 12 – 49
line.]
x2 + 40x + 400 = (x + 20)2 = –5  (1 mark)
f 6kn – 3k – 2n + 1 x2 – 38x + 361 = (x – 19)2 iii When x = –1,
= 3k(2n – 1) – 1(2n – 1) x2 + 42x + 441 = (x + 21)2 2x(x + 3) – (x + 2)(x – 2)
= (2n – 1)(3k – 1) x2 – 44x + 464 is not a perfect – (x + 3)2
square. = 2(–1)(–1 + 3)
speCial binomial produCts ∴ [d]  (1 mark) – (–1 + 2)(–1 – 2)
and FaCtorisations – (–1 + 3)2
intERmEdiatE tEst Page 27 9 (3x + 5)2 – (3x – 5)2 = –4 + 3 – 4
= (3x + 5 + 3x – 5) = –5  (1 mark)
1 (2x – 5)2 × (3x + 5 – (3x – 5))
b 2x(x + 3) – (x + 2)(x – 2)
= (2x)2 – 2 × 2x × 5 + 52 = 6x × 10
– (x + 3)2
= 4x2 – 20x + 25 = 60x
= 2x2 + 6x – (x2 – 4)
∴ [c]  (1 mark) ∴ [d]  (1 mark)
– (x2 + 6x + 9)
= 2x2 + 6x – x2 + 4 – x2
2 (3x – y)(3x + y) 10 (3x + 8)2 + (x – 8)(x + 8) – 6x – 9 
= (3x)2 – y2 = 9x2 + 48x + 64 + x2 – 64  = –5
= 9x2 – y2 = 10x2 + 48x  (2 marks)
∴ 2x(x + 3) – (x + 2)(x – 2)
∴ [c]  (1 mark) – (x + 3)2
11 a2 + ab – a – b will always equal –5. 
3 xy – 4x – 6y + 24 = a(a + b) – 1(a + b)  (2 marks)
= x(y – 4) – 6(y – 4) = (a + b)(a – 1)  (2 marks) (Total: 25 marks)

= (y – 4)(x – 6)
∴ [a]  12 a2b[(2a + b)2 – (2a – b)2]
(1 mark) speCial binomial produCts
= a2b[(4a2 + 4ab + b2)
and FaCtorisations
4 x2 + 34x + 289 = (x + 17)2 – (4a2 – 4ab + b2)]
= a b[4a2 + 4ab + b2 – 4a2
2 advanCEd tEst Page 28
∴ [b]  (1 mark)
+ 4ab – b2] 
= a2b[8ab] 1 a (4p + 5q)2
5 6k(k + 2) – (k + 2)
= 8a3b2  (2 marks) = (4p)2 + 2 × 4p × 5q + (5q)2
= 6k(k + 2) – 1(k + 2)
= 16p2 + 40pq + 25q2 
= (k + 2)(6k – 1)
13 (2a – 1)2 (1 mark)
∴ [d]  (1 mark)
= (2a)2 – 2 × 2a × 1 + 12
= 4a2 – 4a + 1  (1 mark)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
b (12 – p)(12 + p) 4 a (5x – 2)(7 – x) + (3x – 2)2 1 1

6 a –
= 122 – p2 = 35x – 5x2 – 14 + 2x x2 + 20x + 100 x2 – 100
= 144 – p2  (1 mark) + 9x2 – 12x + 4  1 1
= –
c (5x – 3y)(5x + 3y) = 4x2 + 25x – 10  (x + 10)2 (x + 10)(x – 10)
= (5x)2 – (3y)2 (2 marks) 
(x – 10) – (x + 10)
= 25x2 – 9y2  (1 mark) b (x + y)(x – y) – (x – y)2 = (x + 10)2(x – 10)
d 2(x – 4)2 = x2 – y2 – (x2 – 2xy + y2) 
–20
= 2(x2 – 8x + 16) = x2 – y2 – x2 + 2xy – y2 = (x + 10)2(x – 10) 
= 2x2 – 16x + 32  = 2xy – 2y2  (2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark) c 9(m + 5)(m – 2)
1 1
e 3x(x + 3)(x – 3) – (3m – 10)(3m + 10) b ÷
a3 – 1 a6 – 1
= 3x(x2 – 9) = 9(m2 + 3m – 10)
= 3x3 – 27x  (1 mark) – (9m2 – 100)  1 a6 – 1
= 3 × 
= 9m2 + 27m – 90 – 9m2 a –1 1
f (4x y – 7z)(4x y + 7z)
2 3 2 3
+ 100 (a – 1)(a + 1)
3 3
= (4x2y3)2 – (7z)2 =
= 27m + 10  (2 marks) a3 – 1
= 16x4y6 – 49z2 
(1 mark) d (5a – 2b)2 – (5a + 2b)2 = a3 + 1  (2 marks)
= 25a2 – 20ab + 4b2
2 a 81 – 4d 2 = (9 – 2d)(9 + 2d)  – (25a2 + 20ab + 4b2)  7 a 1636 = 1637 – 1
(1 mark) = 25a2 – 20ab + 4b2 – 25a2 and 1638 = 1637 + 1
– 20ab – 4b2 So 1636 × 1638
b 36 – 12c + c2 = (6 – c)2 
= –40ab  (2 marks) = (1637 – 1)(1637 + 1)
(1 mark)
= 16372 – 1
c 4n – 12n + 9
2
= 2 679 769 – 1
9p2 + 9
= (2n – 3)2  (1 mark) 5 a = 2 679 768  (1 mark)
9p2 + 18p + 9
d x4 – 25y2 9(p2 + 1) b 897 × 903
= (x2 – 5y)(x2 + 5y)  = 9(p2 + 2p + 1)  = (900 – 3)(900 + 3)
(1 mark) = 9002 – 32
p2 + 1
e x + 4x + 4
4 2
= (p + 1)2  (2 marks) = 810 000 – 9
= (x2 + 2)2  (1 mark) = 809 991  (1 mark)
1 1 n2 – 100 (Total: 40 marks)
f p2 – p + = (p – )2  b
4 2 n2 – 12n + 20
(1 mark)
(n + 10)(n – 10) substitution, equations
3 a 2x2 – 18 = (n – 10)(n – 2)  and Formulae
= 2(x2 – 9) sKills CHECK Page 30
n + 10
= 2(x + 3)(x – 3)  = n–2  (2 marks)
(1 mark) 1 If x = 4,
b 3x2 + 30x + 75 x3 – 4x a x+3=4+3
c
= 3(x2 + 10x + 25) x – 4x2 + 4x
3
=7
= 3(x + 5)2  (1 mark) x(x2 – 4)
= x(x2 – 4x + 4) b x–6 =4–6
c x4 – 1 = –2
= (x2 + 1)(x2 – 1) (x + 2)(x – 2)
= (x – 2)2  c 9–x =9–4
= (x2 + 1)(x + 1)(x – 1) 

=5
(1 mark) x+2
d p – p3 = x–2  (2 marks) d 5x = 5 × 4
= p(1 – p2) = 20
= p(1 + p)(1 – p)  x2 – 2x + 1 e 2x + 1 = 2 × 4 + 1
d
(1 mark) 1 – x2 =9
e 2x3 – 12x2 + 18x (x – 1)2
= (1 + x)(1 – x)  f 3x – 2 = 3 × 4 – 2
= 2x(x2 – 6x + 9) = 10
= 2x(x – 3)2  (1 mark) – (x – 1)
= g x2 = 42
f 16a4 – 72a2 + 81 1+x
= 16
= (4a2 – 9)2 1–x
= 1+x  (2 marks) h 2x2 = 2 × 42
= [(2a + 3)(2a – 3)]2  = 2 × 16
(1 mark) = 32

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
2 If a = 2, b = 5, c = 6, RHS = 29 – 2 × 3 9 a = 24, b = 45
= 23 c2 = a2 + b2
a a+b=2+5
LHS = RHS True = 242 + 452
=7
x = 2601
b c–b =6–5 b + x =7 c = √2601 (c > 0)
=1 3 4
Substitute x = 12 in LHS = 51
c b+c–a=5+6–2
12
=9 + 12 = 4 + 3 10 r = 12
3 4
d 3a = 3 × 2 =7 A = pr 2
=6 LHS = RHS True = p × 122
e bc = 5 × 6 c 4(2x + 1) – 3(x + 5) = 28 = 452.389 3421 ...
= 30 Substitute x = 8 in LHS = 452.4 (1 d.p.)
4(2 × 8 + 1) – 3(8 + 5)
f ab + c = 2 × 5 + 6 = 4 × 17 – 3 × 13 11 x1 = –2, x2 = 1, y1 = 8, y2 = –4
= 16 = 29 y – y1
g 3ac = 3 × 2 × 6 LHS ≠ RHS False m= 2
x2 – x1
= 36
7x + 1
h a2 + b2 = 22 + 52 d = 2x – 9 = –4 – 8
5 3 1 – (–2)
= 4 + 25 Substitute x = –4 = –4
= 29 7 × –4 + 1
LHS =
5 substitution, equations
3 a x + 13 = 25 2
x = 25 – 13 = –5 and Formulae
5
x = 12 2 × –4 – 9 intERmEdiatE tEst Page 31
RHS =
b y – 9 = 37 3
1 a = 5, b = –3
y = 37 + 9 2
= –5 3a – b = 3 × 5 – (–3)
y = 46 3
= 15 + 3
LHS ≠ RHS False
c 5a = 325 = 18
a = 325 ÷ 5 ∴ [b]  (1 mark)
a = 65
5 a 9p = 15 – p
[add p to both sides] 2 2(3x + 4) = 2x – 4
h 10p = 15
d = 12 6x + 8 = 2x – 4
6 [divide both sides by 10] 4x + 8 = –4
h = 12 × 6 p = 1.5 4x = –12
h = 72
b 7k + 5 = 2k + 25 x = –3
e 2x + 1 = 17 [subtract 1] [subtract 2k from both sides] [Or try each option to see which
2x = 16 [divide by 2] 5k + 5 = 25 one satisfies the equation.]
x=8 5k = 20 ∴ [b]  (1 mark)
f 3x – 4 = 5 [add 4] k =4
3x = 9 [divide by 3]
3 If x = –2,
x =3 6 A = 120, h = 12.5 3x2 = 3 × (–2)2
V = Ah =3×4
k
g +3 =7 [subtract 3] = 12
2 = 120 × 12.5
k = 1500 ∴ [c]  (1 mark)

= 4 [multiply by 2]
2 4 A = (n – 2) × 180°
k =8 7 l = 8, = 5 When n = 15,
P = 2l + 2b A = (15 – 2) × 180°
d–4 =2×8+2×5 = 2340°
h = –9 [multiply by 3]
3 = 26 ∴ [d]  (1 mark)
d – 4 = –27 [add 4]
d = –23 8 u = 28, a = –4, t = 5 5 y = mx + b
v = u + at When m = 2, b = –6 and y = 8
4 a 5x + 8 = 29 – 2x = 28 + (–4) × 5 8 = 2x – 6
Substitute x = 3, = 28 – 20 14 = 2x
LHS = 5 × 3 + 8 =8 7=x
= 23 ∴ [d]  (1 mark)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
6 v = u + at = 8 × 20  i 3u + 2 − 4u – 1 = 2
u = v – at (A is not correct) 8 + 12 5 2 3
v = u + at = 160  3u + 2   4u − 1 
30  − 30 
at =v–u
=8
20  5   2 
a = v – u (B is correct)
t The child’s dose is 8 mL.  = 30 × 2
(2 marks) 3
t = v–u (Total: 25 marks) 6(3u + 2) – 15(4u – 1) = 20
a 18u + 12 – 60u + 15 = 20 
(neither C nor D is correct)
substitution, equations –42u = –7
∴ [b]  (1 mark)
and Formulae u= 1
7 6
6a + 9 – a = 8 – 3a + 1 advanCEd tEst Page 32 (2 marks)
5a + 9 = 9 – 3a 
8a + 9 = 9 1 a 5(x – 3) + 2(x – 7) = 6 2 a x2 = 0.25
8a = 0  5x – 15 + 2x – 14 = 6  x = ±0.5  (1 mark)
a=0  (3 marks) 7x – 29 = 6 b 9a = 1
2
7x = 35
8 4(x – 5) + 3(x – 2) = 16 a2 = 1
x=5  9
4x – 20 + 3x – 6 = 16  (2 marks)
7x – 26 = 16  a =±1  (1 mark)
b 4(3k – 2) = 3(1 – 2k) 3
7x = 42
12k – 8 = 3 – 6k  c t2 – 4 = 0
x =6 
18k = 11 t2 = 4
(3 marks)
2t + 4 – 3 = 5 k = 11  (2 marks) t = ±2  (1 mark)
9 18
7 d y2 – 5 = 3
2t + 4 = 8  c 3(4p – 5) = 2p – (7 – p)
2
12p – 15 = 2p – 7 + p  y2 = 8
7
2t + 4 = 56  9p = 8
2
2t = 52 p = 8  (2 marks) y2 = 16
t = 26  9
y = ±4  (1 mark)
[Or multiply each term by 7 first; d 11(7 – 2g) – 5(3g – 8) = 8g
2t + 4 – 21 = 35 77 – 22g – 15g + 40 = 8g  3 a 5x2 – 2 = 7
2t – 17 = 35 117 = 45g 5x2 = 9
2t = 52 g = 2.6 x2 = 1.8
t = 26] (3 marks) (2 marks) x = √1.8 (x > 0) 
e 3a + 7 = 2a + 1 = 1.341 6407 …
10 2m – 5 = 3m + 2 4 = 1.342 (3 d.p.) 
3 5 3a + 28 = 8a + 4  (2 marks)
5(2m – 5) = 3(3m + 2)  24 = 5a b It means there is only one
10m – 25 = 9m + 6  a = 4.8  (2 marks) answer instead of two. 
m – 25 = 6
f 9n – 3 = 4n + 5 (1 mark)
m = 31  (3 marks)
7
9n – 3 = 28n + 35  4 a 5p – 3pq
11 a Between lines 1 and 2  = 5 × –2 – 3 × –2 × –3
–19n = 38
because 3x – 5x = –2x = –28  (1 mark)
n = –2  (2 marks)
(not 8x) 
Between lines 3 and 4  5x – 3 = 4x – 2 b 4p2 = 4 × (–2)2
g = 16  (1 mark)
because x = 4 ÷ 8 4 3
(not 8 ÷ 4)  (4 marks) 3(5x – 3) = 4(4x – 2) c p + q = –2 – 3
b 3x + 5 – 5x =9 15x – 9 = 16x – 8  p–q –2 – (–3)
–2x + 5 =9 –x = 1 = –5  (1 mark)
–2x =4 x = –1  (2 marks)
d pq2 – p + q
x = –2  (1 mark) m + m = 16 = –2 × (–3)2 – (–2) + (–3)
h
5 3 = –2 × 9 + 2 – 3
12 A = 20, y = 8 3m + 5m = 240  = –19  (1 mark)
D = yA 8m = 240
y + 12 m = 30  (2 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
5 a s = ut + 1 at 2 The temperature was only LHS = 5 × –2 – 4

2 20 °C, which is not hot, so = –14
When u = 32, a = 9.8 and Tina was not correct.  RHS = 2 × –2
t = 7, (1 mark) = –4
s = 32 × 7 + 1 × 9.8 × 72 –14 < –4 True
2 8 d = √(x2 – x1) + (y2 – y1) 9e – 1
2 2
a b ≥7
= 464.1  (1 mark) d = 10 when x1 = –3, y1 = 2 11
and x2 = 5, Substitute e = 5
b s = ut + 1 at 2
9×5–1
2 10 = √(5 – (–3)) + (y2 – 2)
2 2
LHS =
When s = 1599, u = 58 and 11
10 = √64 + (y2 – 2)
2
t = 13,  =4
1599 = 58 × 13 + 1 × a × 132 100 = 64 + (y2 – 2)2 4 < 7 (not ≥) False
2 36 = (y2 – 2)2 c 3p + 1 ≤ 3 – 3p
1599 = 754 + 84.5a  So y2 – 2 = 6 or y2 – 2 = –6 Substitute p = –1
84.5a = 845 y2 = 8 or y2 = –4  LHS = 3 × –1 + 1
a = 10  (2 marks) (2 marks) = –3 + 1
b There are two points on = –2
6 a V = 4 pr 3 the line x = 5 that are RHS = 3 – 3 × –1
3
10 units from the point = 3 – (–3)
When r = 9,
(–3, 2). The points are =6
V = 4 × p × 93 (5, –4) and (5, 8).  (1 mark) –2 ≤ 6 True
3 (Total: 40 marks) x
= 3053.628 05 … d + 8 ≥ –2
3
= 3053.63 (2 d.p.)  Substitute x = –30
(1 mark)
inequalities –30
b V = 4 pr 3 LHS = +8
3 sKills CHECK Page 34 3
= –10 + 8
When V = 222 665,
1 a 3>2 True = –2
222 665 = 4 pr 3 –2 ≥ –2 True
3 b –3 > –2 False
r 3 = 222 665 ÷ 4 p c 6 < 15 True 4 a –4p = 8 [divide by –4]
3 d –6 < –15 False p = –2
r = √222 665 ÷ 4 p 
3
3 e 4 ≥ –1 True b 4p < –8
= 37.599 994 … f –4 ≥ 1 False p < –2
= 37.60 (2 d.p.)  g –2 ≤ 2 True c –4p > 8
(2 marks) p < –2 [dividing both
h 2 ≤ –2 False
sides by –4, the inequality
7 a F = 9C + 32 2 a –3 ≥ 2 False
sign must be reversed]
5
d 3x + 17 = 74
When C = 180, b 5<2×3
3x = 57
F = 9 × 180 + 32 5<6 True
x = 19
5 c 12 + 8 ≠ 35 – 5 × 3
= 356 e 2n – 1 > 15
20 ≠ 35 – 15
The oven should be set at a 2n > 16

20 ≠ 20 False
temperature of 356 °F.  n>8
d 19 > 17 – 3 × –2
(1 mark) f 5x ≤ x + 8
19 > 17 + 6
b F = 9C + 32 19 > 23 False
4x ≤ 8 [subtracting x from
5 both sides]
When F = 68, e 62 ≤ 26 x≤2
36 ≤ 64 True
68 = 9C + 32 g
a
+ 7 ≥ –2
5 f 8+5>5+8 4
9C 13 > 13 True a
36 = ≥ –9
5 4
9C = 180 3 a 5a – 4 < 2a a ≥ –36
C = 20 Substitute a = –2

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
t–3 10 a A = 36, b = 8 3 –2x > –6 [divide by –2]

h > –1
2 1 x <3
A = bh
t – 3 > –2 2 [The sign must be reversed
t >1 1 because we divide by a negative
36 = × 8 × h
2 number.]
= 4h ∴ [b]  (1 mark)
5 a x + 4 ≤ –2
h = 36 ÷ 4
x ≤ –6
=9 4 3p – 17 = 5p + 19 [add 17]
b a–5>5 3p = 5p + 36 [subtract 5p]
b A = 84, h = 7
a > 10 –2p = 36 [divide by –2]
1
c 4e < –2 A = bh p = –18
2
1 –2 1 ∴ [a]  (1 mark)
e <– [ ] 84 = × b × 7
2 4 2
n 5 Let the number be x.
d ≥6 = 3.5b
Three times the number
3 b = 84 ÷ 3.5
n ≥ 18 [6 × 3] =3×x
= 24 = 3x
The base is 24 cm long. Subtracting 15 from 3x gives
6 a 2x + 5 ≥ 11 3x – 15
2x ≥ 11 – 5 Twice the number = 2 × x = 2x
2x ≥ 6 Further equations and
8 more than twice the number
x ≥3 inequalities = 2x + 8
b 3a – 1 < –2 intERmEdiatE tEst Page 35 3x – 15 = 2x + 8
3a < –2 + 1 ∴ [a]  (1 mark)
3a < –1 1 11 < 2x – 15 [add 15]
26 < 2x [divide by 2] 6 The number 8 more than 2x – 5
1
a<–3 13 < x = 2x – 5 + 8
x > 13 = 2x + 3
m+2 None of the answers in A, B or ∴ [a]  (1 mark)
c ≤4
3 C are greater than 13. [Instead 7
m+2 ≤4×3 a Let x be the price of a
of solving you could substitute bottle of soft drink.
m+2 ≤ 12 each answer to see if it satisfies
m ≤ 12 – 2 7x + $2.75 = $15.98 
the inequality.] (1 mark)
m ≤ 10 ∴ [d]  (1 mark)
b 7x + $2.75 = $15.98
7 7m – 8 ≤ 9 – m 7x = $13.23
a x≥1 2
3 2 x = $1.89
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 Substitute m = –2, –12 2 < 10 One bottle of soft drink
3 (True) costs $1.89. 
b x<2 The cost of 5 bottles
Substitute m = 0, –8 ≤ 9 (True)
= 5 × $1.89
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 Substitute m = 6, 6 ≤ 6 (True) = $9.45  (2 marks)
c x ≤ –2 Substitute m = 9, 13 ≤ 4 1
2 8 5(2x + 3) ≤ 20
(False) 10x + 15 ≤ 20
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
7m m 10x ≤ 5
[Or –8≤9–
3 2 x ≤1 
8 If x = –1, (multiply both sides by 6) 2
5(x + 1) – 2(3 – 2x) 14m – 48 ≤ 54 – 3m [Or 5(2x + 3) ≤ 20
= 5(–1 + 1) – 2(3 – 2 × –1) 17m ≤ 102 2x + 3 ≤ 4
= –10 (≠ 10) False m ≤6 2x ≤ 1
The only value of m not less x ≤ 1] (1 mark)
9 If x = –1, than or equal to 6 is m = 9.] 2
7x – 3 = 7 × –1 – 3 ∴ [d]  (1 mark) 9 9n + 4 > 2n – 17
= –10 7n + 4 > –17 
x – 8 = –1 – 8 7n > –21
= –9 False n > –3  (2 marks)
[because –10 > –9]

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
10 3 – 2a > 7 Further equations and e 12 – 3d ≤ 18

–2a > 4  4
inequalities 48 – 3d ≤ 72
a < –2 
advanCEd tEst Page 36 –3d ≤ 24 
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 d ≥ –8  (2 marks)
 1 a x≥3
(3 marks) f 5(2y – 3) – 4(3y – 7) > 2(y + 5)
11 3m + 17 ≤ 8m 10y – 15 – 12y + 28 > 2y + 10
–6 –5 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
17 ≤ 5m  
 (1 mark) –2y + 13 > 2y + 10
3.4 ≤ m b x < –1 or x > 4
m ≥ 3.4  –4y > –3
[Or: 3m + 17 ≤ 8m –6 –5 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y <3 
4
3m ≤ 8m – 17
 (1 mark) (2 marks)
–5m ≤ –17
c –2 ≤ x < 5
m ≥ 3.4] (2 marks) 4 Jo divided by x without
–6 –5 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
considering whether x = 0 is a
12 2– u ≥3  (1 mark)
solution to the equation. 
7 x(x + 5) = x(x + 3)
u
– ≥1  2 a 5x + 1 ≥ 9 – 3x x2 + 5x = x2 + 3x
7 8x ≥ 8 5x = 3x
u ≤ –7  2x = 0
x≥1 
[Or multiply each term by 7 first. x=0  (2 marks)
14 – u ≥ 21 –6 –5 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–u ≥ 7 5 a y = mx + b
 (2 marks)
u ≤ –7] (2 marks) b = y – mx  (1 mark)
b 3(p + 5) – 1 < 11 1
13 3p + 15 – 1 < 11 b A = h(a + b)
Let x be the number. 2
5(x – 15) = 3x + 7  3p < –3
2A = h(a + b)
5x – 75 = 3x + 7 p < –1 
2x – 75 = 7  a + b = 2A 
–6 –5 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
h
2x = 82 2A
x = 41  (2 marks) b= – a  (2 marks)
h
The number is 41.  (3 marks) c 9 – 2n > 5
–2n > –4 c = √a + b
2 2
c
14 Let the width be x cm. n<2  c =a +b
2 2 2
(x + 20) cm b2 = c2 – a2 
–6 –5 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
b = ±√c – a  (2 marks)
2 2
maximum
perimeter x cm  (2 marks)
150 cm 3 a 3(2m – 5) ≤ 2(m + 7) 6 a V = pr 2h
6m – 15 ≤ 2m + 14  r2 = V
The length is (x + 20) cm
4m ≤ 29 ph
P = 2(x + 20 ) + 2x
m ≤ 7.25 (2 marks)
= 2x + 40 + 2x r=± V  (1 mark)
= 4x + 40  b 5k –2<4–k √ ph
3
Now 4x + 40 ≤ 150 
5k – 6 < 12 – 3k  b There are no restrictions

4x ≤ 110 on the variables before
x ≤ 27.5 8k < 18
k < 2.25  (2 marks) the formula is rearranged,
If x = 27.5, x + 20 = 27.5 + 20 although in practical
= 47.5 c 6 – a >4
2 situations, because it is the
The largest rectangle is 27.5 cm formula for the volume of
wide and 47.5 cm long.  6–a>8
–a > 2  a cylinder, V, r and h would
(3 marks) all be greater than 0. 
(Total: 25 marks) a < –2  (2 marks)
After it is rearranged, h ≠ 0
d 7(4q – 1) – 3(2q + 5) ≥ 0
28q – 7 – 6q – 15 ≥ 0  and V > 0.  (2 marks)
h
22q ≥ 22
q ≥1 
(2 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
V [Values of x greater than 5 a 2p2 = 8

c As r > 0, r =
√ ph –11 will give values of the p2 = 4
When V = 179 and h = 8.7, square root less than 5 but p = 2 or p = –2
from part b we know that x
r= 179 b 2p2 = 72
√ p × 8.7 cannot be greater than 1.5.]
(Total: 40 marks)
p2 = 36
= 2.559 127… p = 6 or p = –6
= 2.6 (1 d.p.)  (1 mark) quadratiC equations 6 a x2 = 16
sKills CHECK Page 38
7 a A = 1 bh x = 4 or x = –4
2 b 3e2 = 243
1 a If x = 3, x2 = 32
27.3 = 1 × 19.5 × h =9 e2 = 81
2 e = 9 or e = –9
9.75h = 27.3 b If x = –3, x2 = (–3)2
=9 c 4k2 = 1
h = 27.3 k2 =
1
9.75 c If x = 7, x2 = 72 4
= 2.8 = 49 1 1
The perpendicular height k = or k = –
d If x = –7, x2 = (–7)2 2 2
is 2.8 m.  (1 mark) = 49
7 a x2 = 60
b Let x m be the length of the e If x = –5, x2 = (–5)2 x = ±√60
hypotenuse. = 25 = ±7.745 966 69 ...
x2 = 19.52 + 2.82
f If x = 5, x2 = 52 = ±7.75 (2 d.p.)
= 388.09
= 25 b x2 = 12.5
x = √388.09 (x > 0)
g If x = 1, x = 1
2 2
x = ±√12.5
= 19.7
=1 = ±3.535 533 906 ...
The hypotenuse is 19.7 m
h If x = –1, x2 = (–1)2 = ±3.54 (2 d.p.)
long.  (1 mark)
=1 c 7x2 = 45
c The length of any side of a
x2 = 6.428 5714 ...
triangle cannot be negative. 2 a (–6)2 = 36
x = ±√6.428 5714 ...
It makes no sense for any The other number is –6.
= ±2.535 462 764 ...
length to be negative.  b 102 = 100 and (–10)2 = 100 = ±2.54 (2 d.p.)
(1 mark) The numbers are 10 and
8 a When x = –23, –10. 8 a 5x = 0 [divide both sides by 5]
√3 – 2x = √3 – 2 × (–23) x=0
3 a x =9
2
=7  (1 mark)
x = 3 or x = –3 b 3a = 0
b 3 – 2x ≥ 0 a=0
b x = 49
2
–2x ≥ –3 x = 7 or x = –7 c 12t = 0
x ≤ 1.5  (1 mark) t=0
c x = 25
2
c √3 – 2x = 5 x = 5 or x = –5 d –37m = 0
3 – 2x = 25 [divide both sides by –37]
d x2 = 1 m=0
–2x = 22
x = 1 or x = –1
x = –11  (1 mark)
4 a If p = 2, 2p2 = 2 × 22 9 a 3(x – 7) = 0
d i √3 – 2x > 5 when x–7=0
x < –11  (1 mark) =2×4
=8 x=7
[From part c we can see
that the solution is b If p = –2, 2p2 = 2 × (–2)2 b 4(2x + 5) = 0
either x < –11 or x > –11; =2×4 2x + 5 = 0
from part a we can =8 2x = –5
see that values of x less x = –2.5
c If p = 6, 2p2 = 2 × 62
than –11 give values of = 2 × 36 c 6(3x – 2) = 0
the square root greater = 72 3x – 2 = 0
than 5.] 3x = 2
d If p = –6, 2p2 = 2 × (–6)2 2
ii √3 – 2x < 5 when = 2 × 36 x=
3
–11 < x ≤ 1.5  (1 mark) = 72

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
10 a x(x + 4) = 0 quadratiC equations 8 a x2 + 11x = 0

x = 0 or x + 4 = 0 x(x + 11) = 0
intERmEdiatE tEst Page 39
x = 0 or x = –4 x = 0 or x + 11 = 0
b (x – 7)(x + 1) = 0 1 4a2 = 16 x = 0 or x = –11
x – 7 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 a2 = 4  (2 marks)
x = 7 or x = –1 a = ±2 b x2 + 2x – 80 = 0
c (2a + 5)(3a – 2) = 0 Both a = 2 and a = –2 are (x + 10)(x – 8) = 0
2a + 5 = 0 or 3a – 2 = 0 correct. x + 10 = 0 or x – 8 = 0
2a = –5 or 3a = 2 ∴ [d]  (1 mark) x = –10 or x=8
1 2  (2 marks)
a = –2 or a = 2 p2 + 8p – 9 = 0 c x2 – 18x + 81 =0
2 3 (p + 9)(p – 1) = 0 (x – 9)2 =0 
11 a x – 9x = x(x – 9)
2
p+9=0 or p – 1 = 0 x–9 =0
b x2 + 8x + 15 = (x + 5)(x + 3) p = –9 or p=1 x =9 
[What 2 numbers add to 8 p = –9 is a solution. (2 marks)
and multiply to 15?] [Or substitute each value into
the equation to see which d x2 + 14x + 48 = 0
c t2 + 3t – 10 = (t + 5)(t – 2) (x + 6)(x + 8) = 0
solution satisfies it.]
[What 2 numbers add to 3 x + 6 = 0 or x + 8 = 0
∴ [d]  (1 mark)
and multiply to –10?] x = –6 or x = –8
d m2 – 7m + 12 3 x2 – 11x + 28 = 0  (2 marks)
= (m – 3)(m – 4) (x – 4)(x – 7) = 0
[Or (m – 4)(m – 3)] x – 4 = 0 or x – 7 = 0 9 (2x + 3)2 = 25
e n2 – 4n – 60 x = 4 or x =7 2x + 3 = 5 or 2x + 3 = –5
= (n – 10)(n + 6) ∴ [a]  (1 mark) 2x = 2 or 2x = –8
[Or (n + 6)(n – 10)] x = 1 or x = –4
4 x = 3 or x = –2  (2 marks)
f a2 – 2a + 1 = (a – 1)(a – 1)
= (a – 1)2 x – 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0 10 a Because the two factors
12 a When x = 3, x2 + 2x – 3x – 6 = 0 multiply to 35 it doesn’t
x2 + 7x + 12 x2 – x – 6 = 0 mean that one must be
= 32 + 7 × 3 + 12 ∴ [d]  (1 mark) 35. 
= 42 (≠ 0) False The rule only works if the
b When y = –3, 5 (x – 5)(x – 2) = 28 product is zero. If one of
y2 – 4y – 21 x2 – 2x – 5x + 10 = 28 the factors was 35 the other
= (–3)2 – 4 × –3 – 21 x2 – 7x – 18 = 0 would have to be 1 and that
=0 True (x + 2)(x – 9) = 0 is not possible.  (2 marks)
x + 2 = 0 or x – 9 = 0 b (x + 3)(x + 5) = 35
13 a n2 – 3n = 0 x = –2 or x =9 x2 + 5x + 3x + 15 = 35
n(n – 3) = 0 ∴ [c]  (1 mark) x2 + 8x – 20 = 0 
n = 0 or n – 3 = 0 [Or substitute to see which (x + 10)(x – 2) = 0
n = 0 or n=3 solutions work.] x + 10 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
b x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 x = –10 or x =2
(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0 6 100x2=1  (3 marks)

x + 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 x2= 0.01
x = –2 or x = –4 x= ±√0.001 11 a Let the width be x m.
c a – 4a – 45 = 0
2 x = ± 0.1  The length = (x + 12) m 
(a – 9)(a + 5) = 0 1 A = lb
[Or ± ] (2 marks)
a – 9 = 0 or a + 5 = 0 10 = x(x + 12) 
a = 9 or a = –5 But the area is 45 m2
7 4x2 – 100 =0 x(x + 12) = 45
4x2 = 100 x2 + 12x – 45 = 0 
x2 = 25 The width, x m, can be
x = ±5  (2 marks)
found by solving that
equation. (3 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
b x2 + 12x – 45 = 0 b n2 = 12n + 64 c x4 – 5x2 + 4 =0

(x – 3)(x + 15) = 0 n2 – 12n – 64 =0 (x2 – 4)(x2 – 1) = 0
x – 3 = 0 or x + 15 = 0 (n – 16)(n + 4) =0  x2 = 4 or x2 = 1 
x = 3 or x = –15 n = 16 or n = –4 x = ±2 or x = ±1
But x > 0, [because it is the  (2 marks)  (2 marks)
width of the rectangle] c s2 + 5s = 24
∴x=3  8 a (x – 5)(x – 2) = –2
s + 5s – 24 = 0
2
l = x + 12 x2 – 7x + 10 = –2
(s – 3)(s + 8) = 0 
= 3 + 12 x2 – 7x + 12 = 0 
s = 3 or s = –8 
= 15 (x – 3)(x – 4) = 0 
(2 marks)
The length of the rectangle x = 3 or x = 4 
5 a x2 = 7 (2 marks)
is 15 m and the width is
3 m.  (3 marks) x = ±√7  b (x + 6)(x – 7) = x + 21
(Total: 30 marks) = ±2.645 75 … x2 – x – 42 = x + 21
= ±2.65 (2 d.p.)  x – 2x – 63 = 0 
2
(2 marks) (x – 9)(x + 7) = 0
quadratiC equations
b 3y2 = 11 x = 9 or x = –7 
advanCEd tEst Page 40 11
y2 = (2 marks)
1 3
1 a a2 = 11
c 2x2 = (x – 5)(x – 12)
16 y =±  2x2 = x2 – 17x + 60
1 √ 3
a=±  (1 mark) x + 17x – 60 = 0 
2
4 = ±1.914 854 … (x + 20)(x – 3) = 0

= ±1.91 (2 d.p.)  x = –20 or x = 3 
b 4t2 = 25 (2 marks)
t2 = 6.25 (2 marks)
c 5m2 – 13 = 0
t = ± 2.5  (1 mark)
5m2 = 13 9 (x + 4)(x + 6) + (x + 8)(x – 3)
c 12d2 – 27 = 0 m2 = 2.6 = (x – 12)(x + 2)
12d2 = 27 m = ±√2.6  x2 + 10x + 24 + x2 + 5x – 24
d2 = 2.25 = ±1.612 451 … = x2 – 10x – 24 
d = ± 1.5  (1 mark) = ±1.61 (2 d.p.) x2 + 25x + 24 = 0 
 (2 marks) (x + 24)(x + 1) = 0
2 If x2 + 1 = 0 then x2 = –1
6 a 2x2 – 28x + 66 =0 x = –24 or x = –1 
The square of a real number is
x2 – 14x + 33 =0 (3 marks)
always positive so there is no
(x – 3)(x – 11) =0  (Total: 40 marks)
real solution.  (1 mark)
x=3 or x = 11
3 a x2 + 9x + 14 = 0  (2 marks) simultaneous equations
(x + 7)(x + 2) = 0 b 3 m + 30m – 72
2
=0 sKills CHECK Page 42
x + 7 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 m2 + 10m – 24 =0
x = –7 or x = –2 1 a 3a + 11 = –1
(m + 12)(m – 2) =0  3a = –12 [subtracting 11]
 (1 mark) m = –12 or m = 2 a = –4 [dividing by 3]
b a2 – 2a – 48 = 0  (2 marks)
(a – 8)(a + 6) = 0 b 4x + 3(6x – 5) – 2 = 16
c 5y2 – 5y – 10 = 0
a – 8 = 0 or a + 6 = 0 4x + 18x – 15 – 2 = 16
y2 – y – 2 = 0
a = 8 or a = –6 22x – 17 = 16
(y – 2)(y + 1) = 0 
 (1 mark) 22x = 33
y = 2 or y = –1
x = 1.5
c 54 – 3x – x2= 0  (2 marks)
(9 + x)(6 – x) = 0 7 a y3 + 7y2 = 0 2 a p+q=5
9 + x = 0 or 6 – x = 0 y2(y + 7) = 0 When q = –2, p – 2 = 5
x = –9 or x = 6 y2 = 0 or y + 7 = 0  p =7
(1 mark) y = 0 or y = –7 
b 3p – q = 17
4 a x2 = 5x (2 marks)
When q = –2, 3p + 2 = 17
x – 5x = 0
2 b a3 – 9a = 0
3p = 15
x(x – 5) = 0  a(a2 – 9) = 0
p= 5
x = 0 or x = 5  (2 marks) a = 0 or a2 = 9 
a = 0 or a = ±3 
(2 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
c 4p + 3q – 10 = 0 b x = y when x = 4 and y = 4 b The number of blue pens is

When q = –2, c 2x + y = 7 when x = 3 five more than the number
4p + 3 × –2 – 10 =0 and y = 1 of red pens.
4p – 16 =0 x=y+5
4p = 16 6 a 7x – y = 10 c The number of blue pens
p =4 –y = –7x + 10 is equal to two times the
3 a y y = 7x – 10 number of red pens.
5 x = 2y
4
b 5x + y – 2 = 0
y=3–x y=x–1
3 y = –5x + 2
2 c 6x + 2y – 1 = 0 simultaneous equations
1 2y = –6x + 1 intERmEdiatE tEst Page 43
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 1
–1 y = –3x + 1 The point of intersection is
–2 2 where both x = 3 and y = 4.
The lines intersect when 7 a 2a + b = 5 [i] i.e. at the point (3, 4)
x = 2 and y = 1. 3a – b = 5 [ii] ∴ [a]  (1 mark)
[or at the point (2, 1)] [i] + [ii] 5a = 10 2 2x + y = 5 [i]
b y b 8x + 5y – 2 = 0 [i] x – 3y = 13 [ii]
5 3x – 5y + 13 = 0 [ii] If x = 4 and y = 3
4
[i] + [ii] 11x + 11 = 0 2x + y = 8 + 3
3
c 7p – 3q = 15 [i] = 13 ( ≠ 5)
y =1x + 2 2
y = 2x – 1
2 1 2p + 3q = 18 [ii] If x = 4 and y = –3
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x [i] + [ii] 9p = 33 2x + y = 8 – 3
–1 =5
–2
8 a 6x + 7y = 9 [i] x – 3y = 4 – 3 × –3
The lines intersect when 2x + 7y = 13 [ii] = 13
x = 2 and y = 3. [i] – [ii] 4x = –4 [Also check that C and D do
[or at the point (2, 3)] not work.]
y
b 11a – 3b = 8 [i] ∴ [b]  (1 mark)
c 5 5a – 3b = 2 [ii]
4 [i] – [ii] 6a = 6 3 y = 4x + 7 and y = –2x – 5
3 4x + 7 = –2x – 5
2 c 5a – 3b – 1 = 0 [i] 6x = –12
y = 3x + 6
1 y = –2x + 1 5a + 6b + 10 = 0 [ii] x = –2
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x [i] – [ii] –9b – 11 = 0 Substitute: y = 4 × –2 + 7
–1
= –1
–2
9 a Adding equation [i] to ∴ [a]  (1 mark)
The lines intersect when equation [ii] will eliminate
x = –1 and y = 3. b [giving 10a = 40]. 4 y = x – 6 and y = −12x – 6 are
[or at the point (–1, 3)] the only two equations with the
b Adding or subtracting.
same y-intercept.
4 y = 2x – 5 Adding equation [i] to
So they have a simultaneous
equation [ii] will eliminate y
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 solution when x = 0.
[giving 16x = 34].
y –3 –1 1 3 5 7 9 ∴ [c]  (1 mark)
Subtracting equation [ii]

[continuing the pattern] from equation [i] will 5 y
a 10
y=x+1 eliminate x [giving 4y = 4].
8
c Subtracting one equation y = x +3
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6
from the other will 4
y 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 eliminate q. 2
The values of x and y that [Subtracting [ii] from [i] will –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
satisfy both equations are give 3p + 22 = 0.] –2
y=7–x
x = 6 and y = 7. –4
10 a The number of blue pens  (2 marks)
5 a y = 3x – 8 plus the number of red b From the graph, x = 2 
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pens equals 15. and y = 5 
x + y = 15 [Or the point (2, 5)]
y –8 –5 –2 1 4 7 10
(2 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
6 7x – 2y = 5 [i] [ii] – [i] x – 10 = 0 b y = 7 – 2x [i]

y = 3x [ii] x = 10  x + 3y = 11 [ii]
Substitute [ii] into [i] Substitute in [i] Substitute [i] into [ii]
7x – 2(3x) = 5 2 × 10 – y + 8 = 0 x + 3(7 – 2x) = 11
7x – 6x = 5 28 – y = 0 x + 21 – 6x = 11
x =5  y = 28  –5x = –10
Substitute into [ii] ∴ x = 10 and y = 28 x=2 
y =3×5 [Or from [i] y = 2x + 8 Substitute into [i]
= 15  Substitute into [ii] y=7–2×2
∴ x = 5 and y = 15 3x – (2x + 8) – 2 = 0 =3
[Check in (i), x – 10 = 0] (2 marks) ∴ x = 2 and y = 3 
7 × 5 – 2 × 15 = 5] (2 marks) (2 marks)
11 5a + 3b = 8 [i] c 3p – 5q = 23 [i]
7 7a + 2b = 16 [i] 3a – 4b = 28 [ii] 4p + q = 23 [ii]
3a – 2b = 24 [ii] [i] × 4 20a + 12b = 32 [iii] From [ii] q = 23 – 4p
[i] + [ii] 10a = 40 [ii] × 3 9a – 12b = 84 [iv]  Substitute into [i]
a=4  [iii] + [iv] 29a = 116 3p – 5(23 – 4p) = 23
Substitute in [i] [or into [ii]] a =4  3p – 115 + 20p = 23
28 + 2b = 16 Substitute into [i] 23p = 138
2b = –12 5 × 4 + 3b = 8 p =6 
b = –6  20 + 3b = 8 Substitute into [ii]
∴ a = 4 and b = –6 3b = –12 q = 23 – 4 × 6
[Check in [ii], 12 – (–12) = 24] b = –4  (3 marks) = –1
(2 marks) ∴ p = 6 and q = –1 
12 Let x be the number of cans of (2 marks)
8 a 2x + y – 5 = 0 dog food and y be the number
y = –2x + 5  of cans of cat food. 2 a a + b = 4 [i]
(1 mark) x + y = 24 [i] a – b = –10 [ii]
140x + 90y = 2910 [ii]  [i] + [ii] 2a = –6
b 2x + y – 5 = 0 [i]
From [i] y = 24 – x [iii] a = –3 
3x – 4y + 42 = 0 [ii]
Substitute into [ii] Substitute into [i]
From a y = –2x + 5 [iii]
140x + 90(24 – x) = 2910 –3 + b = 4
Substitute into [ii]
140x + 2160 – 90x = 2910 b =7
3x – 4(–2x + 5) + 42 = 0
50x = 750 ∴ a = –3 and b = 7 
3x + 8x – 20 + 42 = 0
x = 15  (2 marks)
11x + 22 = 0
Substitute into [iii] b 8x – 3y = 30 [i]
11x = –22
y = 24 – 15 5x – 3y = 3 [ii]
x = –2 
=9  [i] – [ii] 3x = 27
Substitute into [iii]
There were 15 cans of dog food x =9 
y = –2 × –2 + 5
and 9 cans of cat food.  Substitute into [i]:
=9 
(4 marks) 8 × 9 – 3y = 30
∴ x = –2 and y = 9 (2 marks)
(Total: 26 marks) 3y = 42
9 9m + 4p = 41 [i] y = 14
5m + 2p = 23 [ii] ∴ x = 9 and y = 14 
[ii] × 2 10m + 4p = 46 [iii] advanCEd tEst Page 44 (2 marks)
[iii] – [i] m =5  c 9m + 5n – 3 = 0 [i]
Substitute in [i] 1 a y = 5x – 6 [i] 9m – 7n + 69 = 0 [ii]
9 × 5 + 4p = 41 y = 3x + 2 [ii] [i] – [ii] 12n – 72 = 0
45 + 4p = 41 5x – 6 = 3x + 2 12n = 72
4p = –4 2x = 8 n =6 
p = –1  x=4  Substitute into [i]
∴ m = 5 and p = –1 (2 marks) Substitute into [i]: 9m + 5 × 6 – 3 = 0
y=5×4–6 9m = –27
10 2x – y + 8 = 0 [i] = 14 m = –3
3x – y – 2 = 0 [ii] ∴ x = 4 and y = 14  ∴ m = –3 and n = 6 
(2 marks) (2 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
d 4p + 3q = 27 [i] 4 a x = x2 b Sketching a graph can be

3p + q = 14 [ii] x – x2 = 0 time-consuming and not
[ii] × 3: 9p + 3q = 42 [iii] x(1 – x) = 0 always accurate. Solving
[iii] – [i] 5p = 15 x = 0 or x = 1 (1 mark) equations algebraically will
p =3  give the exact values. 
b When x = 0, y = 0 and when
Substitute into [ii] (1 mark)
x = 1, y = 1.  (1 mark)
3 × 3 + q = 14 (Total: 40 marks)
q= 5 c Two places; at (0, 0)
∴ p = 3 and q = 5  and (1, 1).  (1 mark)
parallel and
(2 marks) d Two places.  (1 mark) perpendiCular lines
e 9a – 4b = –1 [i] e x2 = 4 sKills CHECK Page 46
5a + 2b = –9 [ii] x = ±2
[ii] × 2: 10a + 4b = –18 [iii] When x = –2, y = 4 and
[i] + [iii] 19a = –19 when x = 2, y = 4.  (1 mark) 1 a y positive
a = –1 
Substitute into [i]: 5 a y = x2 + 5x [i] x
9 × –1 – 4b = –1 y = x + 12 [ii]
4b = –8 x2 + 5x = x + 12
b = –2 x + 4x – 12 = 0 
2
∴ a = –1 and b = –2  (x + 6)(x – 2) = 0 b y
negative
(2 marks) x = –6 or x = 2
Substitute into [ii]
f 6k – 5m = 19 [i] x
When x = –6, y = 6 
7k – 3m = 42 [ii]
When x = 2, y = 14 
[i] × 3: 18k – 15m = 57 [iii]
(3 marks)
[ii] × 5: 35k – 15m = 210 [iv]
[iv] – [iii] 17k = 153 b y = x2 + x – 10 [i] y
c negative
k =9  y = 2x – 4 [ii]
Substitute into [i] x2 + x – 10 = 2x – 4
6 × 9 – 5m = 19 x2 – x – 6 = 0  x
5m = 35 (x – 3)(x + 2) = 0
m =7 x = 3 or x = –2
∴ k = 9 and m = 7  Substitute into [ii] d y positive
(2 marks) When x = 3, y = 2 × 3 – 4
=2 
3 a When x = –2, y = 2 × –2 – 4 x
y = 2x – 4 = –8 
y
10 (3 marks)
8
6 y=
1
x–1 6 y = x2 + 8x + 3 [i] rise
4
2
y = x2 – 2x – 7 [ii] 2 a m=
run
2 x2 + 8x + 3 = x2 – 2x – 7 2
10x = –10 =
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 3
–2
y = –3
x = –1 
y
Substitute into [i]
–4 4
y = –2x + 8 y=5–x y = (–1)2 + 8 × –1 + 3 3

2
 = –4 1
∴ x = –1 and y = –4 
b i (2, 0)  (1 mark)
(2 marks)
–4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4 5 x
ii (4, 1)  (1 mark) –2
iii (–4, –3)  (1 mark) 7 a You can immediately see –3
the point of intersection rise

c It is the point where b m=
once the graph is drawn, run
y = –2x + 8, y = 5 – x and
and easily see how many –1
y = 2x – 4 all intersect.  =
points of intersection there 2
(1 mark)
are.  (1 mark) 1
=–
2

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
y x 1 2 y = 2x – 5
4 f y= [y = x + 0]
3 4 4 Gradient = 2 [coefficient of x]
2 1 Any perpendicular line has
m= ,b=0
gradient – 1 .
1
4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1 –2x 1 2
–2 g y= + [the negative reciprocal of 2]
–3
3 2 ∴ [d]  (1 mark)
–2 1
rise m= ,b=
c m= 3 2 3 y=2–x
run h y = 5 – 2x [y = –2x + 5] y = –x + 2
2 m = –2, b = 5
= Gradient = –1
1
=2 5 a m = 3, b = 2 Any parallel line has m = –1.
y y = 3x + 2 Any line that passes through
4 the origin has y-intercept 0.
3 b m = –2, b = 0 Equation is y = –x
2 y = –2x ∴ [b]  (1 mark)
1
1 1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x c m= ,b=–
2 3 gradient = rise
–1
4 a
–2 1 1 run
–3 y= x–
rise
2 3 = 2  (1 mark)
d m= 6 a If the gradients of two lines 5
run b y-intercept = 2  (1 mark)
are equal then the lines are
–1 2
= parallel.
1 c The line y = x + 4 is
b If two lines are parallel then 5
= –1 parallel to the given
y
their gradients are equal.
4 line with y-intercept 4.
3 7 a If m1 = m2 the two lines are
2 parallel. 6
y y = 2x + 4
1 5
b If m1m2 = –1 the two lines 5
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 4
–1 are perpendicular.
–2 3
1 2 y = 2x + 2
–3 8 a – 5
2 1
[Parallel lines have the 5 x
3 (1, 2), (5, 0) –4 –3 –2 –1 0
–1
1 2 3 4
same gradient.] 
y –y (2 marks)
m= 2 1 b 2
x2 – x1
[The negative reciprocal
0–2 1 5 y
= of – .] 4
5–1 2 3
B
1 2
=– 9 a Both lines have gradient 3 A
1
2
[Or plot the points and find the so they are parallel. True. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
–1
rise and run.] 1
b Both lines have gradient –2 C
2 –3
D
4 so they are parallel. True.
a y = 2x + 3
a A(–2, 1), B(5, 2)
m = 2, b = 3 c Both lines have gradient –1
b y = 4x – 1 so they are parallel. True. m = rise
run
m = 4, b = –1
parallel and =1 
c y = –6x [y = –6x + 0] 7
m = –6, b = 0 perpendiCular lines D(2, –3), C(9, –2)
intERmEdiatE tEst Page 47
d y = x – 5 [y = 1x – 5] m = rise
m = 1, b = –5 run
1 y = 3x – 4 has gradient 3.
1
e y= x–2 Parallel lines have gradient 3. =1
3 7
The line parallel to y = 3x – 4 mAB = mDC
1 is y = 3x + 7.
m = , b = –2
3 ∴ AB is parallel to DC 
∴ [d]  (1 mark)
(2 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
b A(–2, 1), D(2, –3) b Line m is perpendicular b 2x + y – 3 = 0

to line l so its gradient is y = –2x + 3
m = rise 1. 
run gradient = –2 
–4 4 x + 2y + 5 = 0
= Lines l and m meet on the
4 2y = –x – 5
y-axis. The y-intercept of
= –1 
line l is 3 so the y-intercept y = − 1 x – 2.5
B(5, 2), C(9, –2) 2
of line m is also 3.  1
gradient =−
m = rise 1
So m = and b = 3 2
run 4 So the lines are
= –4 The equation of line m is
neither parallel nor
4 1
y= x+3  (3 marks) perpendicular.  (2 marks)
= –1 4
c y= 3x–5
mAD = mBC 8 a A(7, –8), B(1, 1) 4
∴ AD is parallel to BC y – y1
 mAB = 2
x2 – x1 gradient = 3
(2 marks) 4
3x – 4y – 2 = 0
c ABCD is a parallelogram.  = 1 – (–8)
[Both pairs of opposite 1–7 4y = 3x – 2
sides are parallel.] (1 mark) = 9 y = 3 x – 0.5
6 y –6 4
8
6
Q
=–3  (1 mark) gradient = 3 
P
4 2 4
2
b B(1, 1), C(–3, 7) The gradients are equal so
8 10 12 x
the lines are parallel. 
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 y –y
–2 mBC = 2 1 (2 marks)
R –4 x2 – x1
–6 2 a l: y = 7 – x
[From the diagram if the = 7–1
–3 – 1 = –x + 7
triangle has a right angle it will Gradient = –1 
be at R.] = 6 Parallel line has equation
–4
mPR = rise y = –x + b
run =–3  (1 mark) It passes through (2, 1).
= –8 2 So 1 = –2 + b
6 c A, B and C are collinear. b=3
=– 4  [They lie on the same The equation is y = –x + 3.
3 straight line.]  (2 marks)
mQR = rise AB and BC have the same b The two lines intersect on
run
gradient and B is a common the y-axis so have the same
= 9 point.  (2 marks) y-intercept.
12 (Total: 25 marks) Line l has y-intercept 7
=3  Perpendicular line has
4
parallel and gradient 1. 
∴ the triangle is right-
angled 
perpendiCular lines Equation is y = x + 7 
PR and QR are perpendicular advanCEd tEst Page 48 (2 marks)
because the gradients are 3 P(1, 8), Q(–4, 5)

negative reciprocals.  1 a y = 3x – 2 has gradient 3
y –y
(4 marks) x + 3y – 4 = 0 a m= 2 1
3y = –x + 4 x2 – x1
7 a y = –4x + 3
The gradient of this line y=−1x+ 4 = 5–8
is –4. Line k is parallel to 3 3 –4 – 1
line l so it also has gradient This line has gradient − 1 . 3
3 =  (1 mark)
–4.  Now 3 × − 1 = –1 5
3
Line k has y-intercept –1.
So the lines are
So m = –4 and b = –1
perpendicular.  (2 marks)
The equation of line k is
y = –4x – 1.  (2 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
b PQ ⊥ QR 5 A(–2, 4), B(6, 2) b Parallel lines have the same

∴ gradient of QR = − 5  −2 + 6 4 + 2 
gradient.
At R, y = 0 3 a midpoint =  , So m = − a  (1 mark)
 2 2  b
So R is the point (x, 0).
y – y1 = (2, 3) (1 mark)
m= 2 c 5x – 3y + 7 = 0
x2 – x1 y2 – y1
b m=
x2 – x1 m=− 5
−5 = 5–0  –3
3 –4 – x = 2–4 =5
6 – (–2) 3
−5 =– 5
3 4+x =−1  (1 mark) So the gradient of any
4+x=3 4 parallel line is 5 .  (1 mark)
x = –1 c Perpendicular line has 3
So R is the point (–1, 0)  gradient 4. 5
d m = , y-intercept = 0
(2 marks) y – y1 = m(x – x1) 3
y – 3 = 4(x – 2) Equation is y = 5 x
4 a S(–10, –5), T(–1, 7) 3
y – 3 = 4x – 8
y – y1 3y = 5x
m = 2 y = 4x – 5  (1 mark)
x2 – x1 5x – 3y = 0 (1 mark)
d A(–2, 4), C(–4, 2)
b
mST = 7 – (–5) midpoint = (–3, 3) e m=
–1 – (–10) y –y a
m= 2 1 [The negative reciprocal.]
=4  (1 mark) x2 – x1
3  (1 mark)
= 2–4 f m= b
b T(–1, 7), U(15, –5) –4 – (–2) a
y – y1 =1
m = 2 = 2
x2 – x1 Perpendicular line 4
has m = –1 
mTU = –5 – 7 =1  (1 mark)
15 – (–1) y – y1 = m(x – x1) 2
y – 3 = –1(x – (–3))
=−3  g y = 1x
4 y – 3 = –x – 3
y = –x  (2 marks) 2
4
Now × − 3 = –1 2y = x
3 4 e At point of intersection: x – 2y = 0  (1 mark)
So ST ⊥ TU 4x – 5 = –x (Total: 35 marks)
∴ ∆STU is right-angled 5x = 5
at T.  (2 marks) x=1 
When x = 1, y = –1
Further graphs
c V(6, –17)  (1 mark)
sKills CHECK Page 50
y
∴ the point of intersection
T(–1, 7) 86 is (1, –1).  (2 marks)
1 a parabola
4
2
f B(6, 2), C(–4, 2) y
–20 –16 –12 –8 –4–2 4 8 12 16 20 x midpoint = (1, 2)
–4
–6 U(15, –5) Now both B and C lie on
S(–10, –5) –8
–10
the horizontal line y = 2 x
–12 So the perpendicular line
–14
–16
–18
will be vertical.
V
–20 The equation of the b straight line
d STUV is a rectangle. perpendicular bisector
y
(A parallelogram with one will be x = 1.  (1 mark)
angle a right-angle) g All three bisectors will
Distance SU = 25 units meet at the same point; x
T is 12 units above line SU.  (1, –1).  (1 mark)
A = 2 × 1 × 25 × 12 6 a ax + by + c = 0
2
by = –ax – c
= 300
The area is 300 units2.  y=−ax– c 
b b
(2 marks) (1 mark)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
c exponential curve c y 4 a y = 3 – x straight line

y [y = –x + 3, gradient –1,
y-intercept 3]
(–1, 2)
b y = 3x2 parabola
x
x c y=3 x
exponential curve
y = –2x d y = x3 cubic curve
d parabola [gradient = –2, e y = x2 + 3 parabola
y y-intercept = 0] f x + y = 3 circle
2 2
y [centre (0, 0), radius √3 ]

d
x
x g y= straight line
3
(–1, 2) 1 1 1
[y = x, gradient ,
x 3 3
y-intercept 0]
2 30
y y=2 –x
[exponential curve, h y = –x2 + 2 parabola

25
20
when x = –1, y = 2] i y = 9 – x2 parabola
15 e y j x + y = 9 straight line
10 [y = –x + 9]
5 (1, 4) k x2 + y2 = 9 circle
1
[centre (0, 0), radius 3]
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x x
–5 l y = 2–x exponential curve
–10
y=4 x
–15
[exponential curve, Further graphs
a y-intercept = 22 when x = 1, y = 4] intERmEdiatE tEst Page 51
b When x = 4, y = 22 f y
1 Equations of straight lines can
c The parabola cuts the x-axis be put in the form y = mx + b.
at x = –2 and x = 6. So the (4, 1)
3
points are (–2, 0) and (6, 0). y = is not of this form so it
x x
d The vertex is at (2, 29). is not the equation of a straight
x line.
e y = 13 when x = –1 and y=
x = 5. 4 [The other equations can be
1 rearranged:
[gradient = ,
4 A: y = –x + 3, B: y = x,
3 a y
y-intercept = 0]
4 C: y = 1 x + 3 ]
g y 2 2
–2 2 x ∴ [d]  (1 mark)
x 2 x2 + y2 = 50
(1, –1) Try each option.
y=4–x 2
–2
[parabola, ‘upside down’, (–1, –7): (–1)2 + (–7)2 = 1 + 49
y-intercept = 4] y = x2 – 2 = 50
[parabola, y-intercept –2] (7, –1): 72 + (–1)2 = 49 + 1
b y
h y = 50
2 (2, 6): 22 + 62 = 4 + 36
x
–1 = 40 (not 50)
–2 2 x (1, –2)
(5, 5): 52 + 52 = 25 + 25
–2 = 50
x2 + y2 = 4 The point that does not lie on
y = –2x the circle is (2, 6).
[circle, centre (0, 0), [exponential curve, ‘upside
radius 2] ∴ [c]  (1 mark)
down’]

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
3 y = x2 + x 7 a The constant c moves Further graphs

y the graph up or down the
advanCEd tEst Page 52
y-axis.  (1 mark)
y y = 2x + 3 1 a y = x2 – 10x + 21 is a
y = 2x + 2 parabola.  (1 mark)
–1 0 x 5
b When x = 0, y = 21
4 y = 2x
When x = 0, y = 0 + 0 2 The y-intercept is 21. 
3
=0 (1 mark)
2
When x = –1, y = (–1)2 + (–1) 1 y = 2x – 3 c When y = 0,
=0 x2 – 10x + 21 = 0
The only possible graph is B. 0 x (x – 3)(x – 7) = 0
–1
∴ [b]  (1 mark) x = 3 or x = 7
–2
The x-intercepts are
4 –3
The equation of a parabola is a 3 and 7.  (2 marks)
quadratic equation. b y = 2x has y-intercept 1. d The equation of the axis
y = (x + 1)(x – 1) y = 2x + 7 will have of symmetry is x = 5.
= x2 – 1 y-intercept 8. [1 + 7]  [It passes through
This is the equation of a (1 mark) the midpoint of the
parabola. x-intercepts.]  (1 mark)
c y = 2x – 1 will pass through
∴ [a]  (1 mark)
the origin. [The graph y = 2x e When x = 5,
needs to move down 1.] y = 52 – 10 × 5 + 21
5 a From the graph there is y = 2x + c will pass through = –4
one solution to the equation the origin when c = –1 
x3 – 1 = 1 – x3.  The minimum value
(1 mark) is –4.  (1 mark)
y
8 a The two graphs are exactly f y
3 the same.  (1 mark)
y=1–x
1 y y
21
x 3 3
–1 2 2
y = x3 – 1 1 1
0 x 0 x 3 7 x
–1 –1
[The two graphs have only –4
–2 –2 y = x2 – 10x + 21
one point of intersection.] –3 –3
(1 mark) y = (x – 2)2 – 3 y = x2 – 4x + 1  (3 marks)
b x –1
3
=1–x 3
y y 2 a Both curves are the same
2x3 =2 size and shape as y = x2.
3 3
x3 =1 2 2 y = x2 + 2 has moved up
x = 1 [3√1 ]  1 1 two units from the position
(1 mark) of y = x2 and y = x2 – 3 has
6 x2 + y2 = 36 0 x 0 x
–1 –1 moved down 3 units. 
x +y =6
2 2 2
–2 –2 (1 mark)
This circle, centre O, has –3 2 –3

y = (x – 2) – 3 y = x2 – 4x + 1 b Both curves are the same
radius 6. 
size and shape as y = x2.
The distance from O to P is b (x – 2)2 – 3 y = (x + 2)2 has moved two
8 units. So, the point P will = (x – 2)(x – 2) – 3 units across to the left from
lie outside the circle because = x2 – 2x – 2x + 4 – 3  the position of y = x2 and
the distance from O to P is = x2 – 4x + 1  y = (x – 3)2 has moved three
greater than the radius of the The two expressions are in units to the right.  (1 mark)
circle.  (2 marks) different forms but when
c Both curves are the same
simplified are the same
size and shape but y = –x2
so the graphs are also the
is upside down (concave
same.  (3 marks)
down).  (1 mark)
(Total: 15 marks)

WORKEd sOlUtiOns
1 2 7 a x2 + y2 = 25 [i] 21.5 = 2.828…

d y = 2x2 and y = x have the
2 y = 7 – x [ii] 21.6 = 3.031…
same axis of symmetry and Substitute [ii] into [i] So c lies between 1.5 and 1.6
minimum point as x2 + (7 – x)2 = 25 21.58 = 2.989…
y = x2 but y = 2x2 is thinner x2 + 49 – 14x + x2 = 25 21.59 = 3.010…
1 2x2 – 14x + 24 = 0 So c lies between 1.58
than y = x2 and y = x2 is
2 x2 – 7x + 12 = 0 and 1.59
wider.  (1 mark) (x – 3)(x – 4) = 0 21.584 = 2.997…
x = 3 or x = 4  21.585 = 3.000…
3 a y = (x + 2)2 – 3 has a Substitute into [ii] So c lies between 1.584
minimum turning point When x = 3, y = 7 – 3 and 1.585
at (–2, –3)  (2 marks) =4 21.5845 = 2.999…
b y = 5 – (3 – x)2 has a When x = 4, y = 7 – 4 So c = 1.585 to three
maximum turning point =3  decimal places.  (1 mark)
at (3, 5)  (2 marks) (2 marks) (Total: 35 marks)
b y
4 The curve (x – 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16 surFaCe area and volume
is a circle of radius 4 units.  7
(3, 4) sKills CHECK Page 54
The centre is at (1, –3).  5
(4, 3)
(2 marks) 1 A regular hexagon has 6 equal
5 x sides.
5 a If n is even, y = xn will be Perimeter = 6 × 26 cm
symmetrical about the y=7–x = 156 cm
x2 + y2 = 25
y-axis. The y-axis will be an  (2 marks)
axis of symmetry.  (1 mark) 2 a
8 y y = 2x 4m
b If n is odd, y = xn will have
point symmetry about the
origin. If rotated through 5m
180° about (0, 0) it will be y=2 –3 x
13 m
exactly the same. (1 mark) b
Total length at top = 13 m
6 y = (x – 2)(x – 4)(x + 1). c x [It must be the same as the
a When x = 0, bottom.]
y = (0 – 2)(0 – 4)(0 + 1) a Left side = total right side
=8  (1 mark) Right side = 4 m + 5 m
a y = 2x – 3 =9m
b When y = 0,
When x = 0, P = 2 × 13 + 2 × 9
(x – 2)(x – 4)(x + 1) = 0
y = 20 – 3 = 44
x = 2 or x = 4 or x = –1 
= –2 The perimeter is 44 m.
(1 mark)
So a = –2  (1 mark)
c If x has a large positive b
b y = 2x cuts the y-axis
value, y will also have a 9m
at y = 1
large positive value. 
y = 2x – 3
(1 mark) 40 m
When y = 1,
d If x has a large negative 1 = 2x – 3 Let the length of the third

value, y will also have a 4 = 2x side be x m.
large negative value.  But 22 = 4 x2 = 92 + 402
(1 mark) So x = 2 = 81 + 1600
e y ∴b =2  (1 mark) = 1681
x = √1681 (x > 0)
c y = 2x – 3 cuts the x-axis
8 = 41
at x = c
Perimeter
When x = c and y = 0
= 9 m + 40 m + 41 m
2c – 3 = 0
–1 2 4 x = 90 m
2c = 3
y = (x – 2)(x – 4)(x + 1) Now 21 = 2 and 22 = 4
So c lies between 1 and 2.
 (3 marks)

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Excel

Get the Results You Want!

For example, x2 + ax + bx + ab = x(x + a) + b(x + a)

Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS 25

1 Expand and simplify:

b (b + 3)(a – 5) c (a – b)(a – c) d (n – 1)(2m + 3) e (x – y)(z – 1) f (2n – 1)(3k – 1)

9 a 7 b a – 3 c 5 + m d y, y 10 a (x + 9)(x – 9) b (11 + y)(11 – y) c (m + 30)(m – 30) d (p + q)(p – q) 11 a (x + y)(x + 2)

c (x – 2)(x – 8) d (x + 6)(x – 9) 7 a 4 b 5 c 1 d 8 8 a (x + 10)2 b (y + 2)2 c (7 + n)2 d (a – 1)2 e (3 – m)2 f (x – y)2

4 a 9 b 4x2 c 4y2 d x4 5 a x2 – 81 b 9x2 – 1 c 4n2 – 49 d 64 – x2 e 49x2 – 4y2 f a2b2 – 4 6 a (x + 6)(x + 7) b (x + 8)(x – 5)

Answers 1 a x2 + 11x + 24 b a2 + 4a – 45 c 10ab + 8a + 15b + 12 d 6x2 – 49x + 8 e 10n2 – 9n – 9 f ax + bx + ay + by 2 a 9

26 Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS

Part A Multiple Choice

A 18x2 + 60x + 50 B 18x2 – 60x + 50 C 18x2 – 50 D 60x (1 mark)

Part B Short Answer

Hint 1: Factorise both the numerator and denominator first.

Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS 27

Algebraic Techniques a dva n C e d t e s t

4 Expand and simplify:

5 Factorise and simplify (leaving answers in factorised form if necessary):

1636 × 1638 without a calculator. (1 mark)

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28 Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS

Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS 29

1 If x = 4, find the value of:

2 If a = 2, b = 5 and c = 6, find the value of:

4 The given value of x satisfies the equation. True or false?

6 If V = Ah, find V when A = 120 and h = 12.5

7 If P = 2l + 2b, find P when l = 8 and b = 5.

8 If v = u + at, find v when u = 28, a = –4 and t = 5.

9 If c2 = a2 + b2 find c (c > 0), when a = 24 and b = 45.

10 If A = πr 2 find A, to one decimal place, when r = 12.

5 a p = 1.5 b k = 4 6 1500 7 26 8 8 9 51 d h = 72 e x = 8 f x = 3 g k = 8 h d = –23 4 a true b true c false d false

30 Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS

Part A Multiple Choice

2 The solution to the equation 2(3x + 4) = 2x – 4 is:

3 If x = –2, then 3x2 = ?

6 Which is a correct rearrangement of the formula v = u + at?

Part B Short Answer

8 Solve 4(x – 5) + 3(x – 2) = 16 Hint 2 (3 marks)

Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS 31

Algebraic Techniques a dva n C e d t e s t

4 If p = –2 and q = –3, evaluate:

Was she correct? Justify your answer. (1 mark)

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32 Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS

Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS 33

1 Determine whether each statement is true or false:

2 Determine whether the following statements are true or false:

7 On separate number lines, graph:

8 x = –1 satisfies the equation 5(x + 1) – 2(3 – 2x) = 10. True or false?

9 x = –1 satisfies the inequality 7x – 3 > x – 8. True or false?

10 a If A = bh, find h when A = 36 and b = 8.

34 Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS

Part A Multiple Choice

Part B Short Answer

Excel SMARTSTUDY YEAR 10 MAThEMATicS 35

Algebraic Techniques a dva n C e d t e s t