12/10/2022

JAVA PROGRAMMING

Week 2: Program Control

Statements
Lecturer: NGUYỄN Thị Minh Tuyền

Plan 2

1. Input characters from the keyboard

2. The if statement
3. The switch statement
4. The complete form of the for loop
5. The while loop
6. The dowhile loop
7. Use break to exit a loop
8. Use break as a form of goto
9. Apply continue
10. Nest loops
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Input characters from the

keyboard 3

• To read a character from the keyboard, we will use

System.in.read().
• System.in is the complement to System.out.
• The read() method waits until the user presses a key
and then returns the result.
• The character is returned as an integer, so it must be cast
into a char to assign it to a char variable.
• By default: console input is line buffered. The buffer holds
a complete line of text à the program waits for ENTER
pressed by the user.

Java Programming

Example 4
1. // Read a character from the keyboard.
2. public class KbIn {
3. public static void main(String[] args)
4. throws java.io.IOException{
5. char ch;
6.

7. System.out.print("Press a key followed by ENTER: ");

8. ch = (char) System.in.read(); // get a char
9. System.out.println("Your key is: " + ch);
10. }
11. }

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if statement [1] 5

if(condition)
statement;
else
statement;

• The targets of the if and else are single statements.

• The else clause is optional.
• The targets of both the if and else can be blocks of
statements.

Java Programming

if statement [2] 6

1. if(condition)
2. {
3. statement sequence
4. }
5. else
6. {
7. statement sequence
8. }

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Example: Guess a letter (V1) 7

1. // Guess the letter game.
2. public class Guess {
3. public static void main(String[] args)
4. throws java.io.IOException{
5.
6. char ch, answer = 'K';
7. System.out.println("I'm thinking of a letter
8. between A and Z.");
9. System.out.print("Can you guess it: ");
10. // read a char from the keyboard
11. ch = (char)System.in.read();
12. if(ch == answer) System.out.println("** Right **");
13. }
14. }

Java Programming

Example: Guess a letter (V2) 8

1. // Guess the letter game.
public class Guess2 {
2.
public static void main(String[] args)
3.
throws java.io.IOException{
4. char ch, answer = 'K';
5. System.out.println("I'm thinking of a letter
6. between A and Z.");
System.out.print("Can you guess it: ");
7.
// read a char from the keyboard
8.
ch = (char)System.in.read();
9. if(ch == answer) System.out.println("** Right **");
10. else System.out.println("...Sorry, you're wrong.");
}
11.
}
12.

13.
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Nested ifs 9

• A nested if is an if statement that is the target of

another if or else.
• Nested ifs are very common in programming.
• Main thing to remember: an else statement always
refers to the nearest if statement that is within the same
block as the else and not already associated with an
else.
if(i == 10) {
if (j < 20) a = b;
if (k > 100) c = d;
else a = c; // this else refers to if(k > 100)
}
else a = d; // this else refers to if(i == 100)

Java Programming

1. // Guess the letter game.

public class Guess3 {
10
2.

3. public static void main(String[] args)

4. throws java.io.IOException{
5. char ch, answer = 'K';
6. System.out.println("I'm thinking of a letter between A
7. and Z.");
8. System.out.print("Can you guess it: ");
9. ch = (char)System.in.read();
10. if(ch == answer) System.out.println("** Right **");
11. else {
12. System.out.print("...Sorry, you're ");
13. // a nested if
14. if (ch < answer) System.out.println("too low");
15. else System.out.println("too high");
16. }
17. }
18. } Java Programming

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The if-else-if ladder 11

1. if(condition)
2.
statement;
3.
else if(condition)
4.
statement;
5.
else if(condition)
6.
statement;
7.
.
8.

9.
.
10.
.
11. else
12. statement;

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1. // Demonstrate an if-else-if ladder.

2. public class Ladder { 12
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int x;
5. for(x = 0; x < 6; x++) {
6. if(x == 1)
7. System.out.println("x is one");
8. else if(x == 2)
9. System.out.println("x is two");
10. else if(x == 3)
11. System.out.println("x is three");
12. else if(x == 4)
13. System.out.println("x is four");
14. else // this is the default statement
15. System.out.println("x is not between 1 and 4");
16. }
17. }
18. } Java Programming

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The switch statement 13

1. switch(expression) {
2. case constant1: Prior to JDK 7:
3.
The expression controlling the
statement sequence switch must resolve to type byte,
4. break; short, int, char, or an enumeration.
5. From JDK 7:
case constant2:
6. Expression can also be of type
statement sequence String.
7.
break;
8.
case constant3:
9.
statement sequence
10.
break;
11.
12. ...

13.
default:
14. statement sequence
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15. }
13

1. // Demonstrate the switch

2. public class SwitchDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
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3.
int i;
4.
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
5.
switch(i) {
6.
case 0:
7. System.out.println(i + " is zero"); break;
8. case 1:
9. System.out.println(i + " is one"); break;
case 2:
10.
System.out.println(i + " is two"); break;
11. case 3:
12. System.out.println(i + " is three"); break;
13. case 4:

14.
System.out.println(i + " is four"); break;
default:
15.
System.out.println(i + " is five or more");
16. }
17. }
18. } Java Programming

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1. // Demonstrate the switch without break statements

2. public class NoBreak {
3. public static void main(String[] args) { 15
4. int i;
5. for(i=0; i<5; i++)
6. switch(i) {
7. case 0:
8. System.out.println(i + " is zero");
9. case 1:
10. System.out.println(i + " is one");
11. case 2:
12. System.out.println(i + " is two");
13. case 3:
14. System.out.println(i + " is three");
15. case 4:
16. System.out.println(i + " is four");
17. default:
18. System.out.println(i + " is five or more");
19. }
20. }
21. }
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1. switch(i) {
2. case 1:
3. case 2:
4. case 3: System.out.println("i is 1, 2 or 3");
5. break;
6. case 4: System.out.println("i is 4");
7. break;
8. }

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Nested switch statements 17

• It is possible to have a switch as part of the statement sequence

of an outer switch. This is called a nested switch.

switch(ch1) {
case 'A’:
System.out.println("This A is part of outer switch.");
switch(ch2) {
case 'A’:
System.out.println("This A is part of inner
switch");
break;
case 'B': // ...
}// end of inner switch
case 'B': //...
}
}

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Exercise: Building a Java Help

System 18

1. Create a file called Help.java.

2. The program begins by displaying the following menu:

1. Next, the program obtains the user’s selection by calling

System.in.read().
2. Once the selection has been obtained, the program
uses the switch statement to display the syntax for the
selected statement.
3. Compile and run.

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Result 19

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The for loop 20

• General form:
for(initialization; condition; iteration) statement;

for(initialization; condition; iteration) {

statement sequence
}
• initialization: sets the initial value of the loop control variable
• condition: is a Boolean expression that determines whether or not
the loop will repeat.
• iteration expression defines the amount by which the loop control
variable will change each time the loop is repeated.

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Example 21
1. // Show quare roots of 1 to 99 and the rounding error.
2. public class SqrRoot {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. double num, sroot, rerr;
5. for(num = 1.0; num < 100.0; num++) {
6. sroot = Math.sqrt(num);
7. System.out.println("Square root of " + num +
8. " is " + sroot);
9. rerr = num - (sroot * sroot);
10. System.out.println("Rounding error is " + rerr);
11. System.out.println();
12. }
13. }
14. }

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22
1. // A negatively running for loop.
2. public class DecrFor {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int x;
5. for(x = 100; x > -100; x -=5)
6. System.out.println(x);
7. }
8. }
9.

10. for(count = 10; count < 5; count++)

11. x += count; // this statement will not execute

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Some variations on the for loop 23

1. // Use commas in a for statement
2. public class Comma {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int i, j;
5. for(i = 0, j = 10; i < j; i++, j--)
6. System.out.println("i and j: " + i + " " + j);
7. }
8. }

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1. //Loop until an S is typed.
2. public class ForTest {
3. public static void main(String[] args)
4. throws java.io.IOException{
5. int i;
6. System.out.println("Press S to stop.");
7. for(i = 0; (char)System.in.read() != 'S'; i++)
8. System.out.println("Pass #" + i);
9. }
10. }

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Missing pieces [1] 25

1. // Parts of the for can be empty
2. public class Empty {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int i;
5. for(i = 0; i < 10;) {
6. System.out.println("Pass #" + i);
7. i++; // increment loop control var
8. }
9. }
10. }

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Missing pieces [2] 26

1. // Move more out of the for loop
2. public class Empty2 {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int i = 0; // move intinitalization out of loop
5. for(; i < 10;) {
6. System.out.println("Pass #" + i);
7. i++; // increment loop control var
8. }
9. }
10. }

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The Infinite Loop 27

Consider the following code:

for(;;)
{
//...
}
This loop will run forever à infinite loop.

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Loops with no body 28

1. // The body of the loop can be empty
2. public class Empty3 {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int i = 0;
5. int sum = 0;
6.

7. // sum the number through 5

8. for(i = 0; i <= 5; sum += i++);
9.

10. System.out.println("Sum is: " + sum);

11. }
12. }

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Declaring loop control variables

inside the for loop 29
1. // Declare loop control variable inside the for
2. public class ForVar {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4.
int sum = 0;
int fact = 1;
5.
// compute the factorial of the numbers through 5
6.
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
7.
sum += i;// i is known throughout the loop
8.
fact *= i;
9.
}
10. //but, is is not known here
11. System.out.println("Sum is " + sum);
12. System.out.println("Factorial is " + fact);
13. }
14. }

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Plan 30

1. Input characters from the keyboard

2. The if statement
3. The switch statement
4. The complete form of the for loop
5. The while loop
6. The dowhile loop
7. Use break to exit a loop
8. Use break as a form of goto
9. Apply continue
10. Nest loops
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Syntax 31

while(condition) statement;
• statement may be a single statement or a block of
statements
• condition defines the condition that controls the loop.
• The condition may be any valid Boolean expression.
• The loop repeats while the condition is true.
• When the condition becomes false, program control passes to
the line immediately following the loop.

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Example 32
1. // Demonstrate the while loop
2. public class WhileDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. char ch;
5. // print the alphabet using a while loop
6. ch = 'a';
7. while (ch <= 'z') {
8. System.out.print(ch);
9. ch++;
10. }
11. }
12. }

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Exercise: 33

• Compute 2^i, for each i ∈ [0,10)

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Plan 34

1. Input characters from the keyboard

2. The if statement
3. The switch statement
4. The complete form of the for loop
5. The while loop
6. The do while loop
7. Use break to exit a loop
8. Use break as a form of goto
9. Apply continue
10. Nest loops
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Syntax 35

do{
statements;
}while (condition);

• Difference between while loop and do ... while

loop?

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Example 36
1. // Demonstrate the do-while loop
2. public class DWDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args)
4. throws java.io.IOException{
5. char ch;
6. do {
7. System.out.print("Press a key followed by ENTER: ");
8. ch = (char) System.in.read(); // get a char
9. }while(ch !='q’);
10. }
11. }

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1. // Guess the letter game.

2.
3.
public class Guess4 {
public static void main(String[] args)
37
4. throws java.io.IOException{
5. char ch, ignore, answer = 'K';
6. do {
7. System.out.println("I'm thinking of a letter between
8. A and Z.");
9. System.out.print("Can you guess it: ");
10. ch = (char)System.in.read();
11. do { ignore = (char)System.in.read();
12. }while(ignore != '\n');
13. if(ch == answer) System.out.println("** Right **");
14. else {
15. System.out.print("...Sorry, you're ");
16. if (ch < answer) System.out.println("too low");
17. else System.out.println("too high");
18. System.out.println("Try again!\n");
19. }//end of else
20. }while(answer !=ch);
21. }
22. } Java Programming

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Exercise: Improve the Java Help

System 38

• This exercise expands on the Java help system.

• This version adds the syntax for the for, while, and do
... while loops. It also checks the user’s menu
selection, looping until a valid response is entered.

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Plan 39

1. Input characters from the keyboard

2. The if statement
3. The switch statement
4. The complete form of the for loop
5. The while loop
6. The dowhile loop
7. Use break to exit a loop
8. Use break as a form of goto
9. Apply continue
10. Nest loops
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break statement 40

• Use the break statement to force an immediate exit from

a loop, bypassing any remaining code in the body of the
loop and the loop’s conditional test.
• When a break statement is encountered inside a loop:
• the loop is terminated and
• program control resumes at the next statement following the
loop.

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Example 41
1. //Using break to exit a loop.
2. public class BreakDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int num = 100;
5. //loop while i-square is less than num
6. for(int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
7. // terminate loop if i*i >= 100;
8. if (i*i >= num) break;
9. System.out.print(i + " ");
10. }
11. System.out.println("Loop complete.");
12. }
13. }
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1. // Read input until a q is received.
2. public class Break2 {
3. public static void main(String[] args)
4. throws java.io.IOException{
5. char ch;
6. for(;;) {
7. ch = (char)System.in.read(); // get a char
8. if(ch == 'q') break;
9. }
10. System.out.println("Your pressed q!");
11. }
12. }

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1. // Using break with nested loops.

2. public class Break3 { 43
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
5. System.out.println("Outer loop count: " + i);
6. System.out.print(" Inner loop count:");
7. int t = 0;
8. while( t < 100) {
9. if( t == 10) break;
10. System.out.print(t + " ");
11. t++;
12. }
13. System.out.println();
14. }
15. System.out.println("Loops complete.");
16. }
17. }
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Plan 44

1. Input characters from the keyboard

2. The if statement
3. The switch statement
4. The complete form of the for loop
5. The while loop
6. The dowhile loop
7. Use break to exit a loop
8. Use break as a form of goto
9. Apply continue
10. Nest loops
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Syntax 45

break label;
• label is the name of a label that identifies a block of
code.

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1. // Using break with a label.

2.
3.
public class Break4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
46
4. int i;
5. for(i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
6. one:{
7. two: {
8. three: {
9. System.out.println("\n i is " + i);
10. if(i == 1) break one;
11. if(i == 2) break two;
12.
if(i == 3) break three;
// this is never reached
13.
System.out.println("won't reach.");
14.
} System.out.println("After block
15.
three.");
16.
} System.out.println("After block two.");
17.
} System.out.println("After block one.");
18.
} System.out.println("After for.");
19.
}
20.
}
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1. // This program contains an error.
2. public class BreakErr {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. one: for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
5. System.out.print("Pass " + i + ": ");
6. }
7. for(int j =0; j < 100; j++) {
8. if(j == 10) break one; // WRONG
9. System.out.print(j + " ");
10. }
11. }
12. }

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Plan 48

1. Input characters from the keyboard

2. The if statement
3. The switch statement
4. The complete form of the for loop
5. The while loop
6. The dowhile loop
7. Use break to exit a loop
8. Use break as a form of goto
9. Apply continue
10. Nest loops
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continue statement 49

• Forces the next iteration of the loop to take place,

skipping any code between itself and the conditional
expression that controls the loop.

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Example 50
1. // Use continue.
2. public class ContDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int i;
5. // print even numbers between 0 and 100
6. for(i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
7. if ((i%2) != 0) continue; // iterate
8. System.out.println(i);
9. }
10. }
11. }

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1.
2.
// Use continue with a label.
public class ContToLabel {
51
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4.
outerloop:
for(int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
5.
System.out.print("\nOuter loop pass " + i +
6.
", Inner loop: ");;
7.
for(int j = 1; j < 10; j++) {
8.
// continue outer loop
9.
if(j == 5) continue outerloop;
10. System.out.print(j);
11. }
12. }
13. }
14. }
15.

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Plan 52

1. Input characters from the keyboard

2. The if statement
3. The switch statement
4. The complete form of the for loop
5. The while loop
6. The dowhile loop
7. Use break to exit a loop
8. Use break as a form of goto
9. Apply continue
10. Nest loops
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53

• One loop can be nested inside of another.

• Nested loops are used to solve a wide variety of
programming problems and are an essential part of
programming.

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Example 54
1. /* Use nested loops to find factors of numbers
2. * between 2 and 100.
3. */
4. public class FindFac {
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6. for(int i = 2; i <= 100; i++) {
7. System.out.print("Factors of " + i + ": ");
8. for(int j = 2; j < i; j++)
9. if((i%j) == 0) System.out.print(j + " ");
10. System.out.println();
11. }
12. }
13. }

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55

QUESTION ?

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