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COMMUNICATION a.

Linear Model- a type of communication


process where someone sends a message
- Is the process of sending and receiving
without getting any feedback from the
messages.
receiver of the message.
- Is the process of using verbal and nonverbal
b. Interactive Model – a process in which
messages to generate meaning within and
participants alternate positions as sender
across various contexts, cultures, and channels.
and receiver and generate meaning by
ELEMENTS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION sending messages and receiving feedback
within physical and psychological contexts
1. Sender- an individual, group, or organization c. Transactional Model – a process in which
that initiates the communication. This source is communicators generate social realities
initially responsible for the success of the within social, relational, and cultural
message. contexts.
2. Receiver - the recipient of the message and
must translate the words into thoughts, process -a lot of people involved, a different
the thoughts, and determine how to respond to dialogue
the sender.
Ex: enrollment
3. Message- refers to the information that the
sender is relaying to the receiver NECCESSITATES NEGOTIATION OF MEANING OF
4. Channel - This is the transmission or method of SYMBOLS
delivering the message.
Nonverbal – transfer of information from one
5. Context- focuses on factors that work together
person to another without the use of words or
to determine the meaning of a message. People
spoken language.
communicate according to different factors, like
Verbal symbols, vocal tones,
who they are communicating with, where they
facial expressions, gestures, body movements,
are, and how they are feeling
physical appearance. Manners are also formed
6. Feedback- the response given by the individual
as signals.
receiving information.
7. Noise / Inference- Noise can be physical noise,
such as a loud hallway conversation, but it can COMMUNICATION IS CONTEXTUAL
also be caused by many other sources
8. Barrier- obstacles that one may face when A. Psychosocial context - emotional history social
attempting to effectively communicate with relationship and cultural capital of the
another person. These barriers can be anything participants.
that can misrepresent and/or avert someone Variables such as age, sex,
during the communication process. gender preference, religion, and socioeconomic
9. Frame of reference- field of experience, a status.
complex set of assumptions and attitudes that Influence of social factors
we use to filter perceptions to create meaning. on an individual’s mind or behavior.
10. Tone- the way we use our voice to convey B. Logistical context – setting (time and place) and
meaning, emotions, and attitudes. Our tone can occasion.
enhance or hinder the effectiveness of our C. Interactional Context – refers to whether the
message, impacting how it is received and interaction is between two people, a group, or
understood by others. between a presenter and an audience.
11. Decoding- This is the interpretation of the  Intrapersonal Context – “self-talk”
message. Decoding is performed by the receiver or inner speech. Your overall
understanding of yourself.
IT IS A PROCESS  Interpersonal- communication
between two people, usually dyads
interacting to accomplish a g. Time
particular task or purpose. h. Implicatures- intangible things perceive
 Group context – more than 2 actions and means of relaying messages.
people, usually 3- 7 interact to carry
Questions:
out a common goal.
Ex: Family interactions, study 1. decodes the message of the channel- receiver
groups, club meeting 2. certain stanzas situation- context
 Organizational context – workplace 3. workplace communication- organizational
communication 4. physical context time and place- time and place
 Public or presentational context – a 5. interpret- perceptual
single speaker creates meaning with 6. anxiety- personal
the audience 7. interpersonal barrier – social
Ex: SONA, research conferences, 8. not a solo, rather but simultaneously –
seminars. interactive
 Mass communication context- not 9. sexes- gender
directly present and often unknown 10. field of experience – frame of references
receipt an. Network sharing a 11. feedback
message 12. self-related- intrapersonal
Ex: newspaper, books, magazine 13. communication
14. sender
BASIC FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
15. channel
1. Oral communication- chat, dialog, talk, 16. physical – physical barrier
interview, discussions, phone conversations, 17. noise or barrier
etc. 18. linear
2. Written Communication – memorandum, 19. cultural
electronic mails, reports, letters paper news, 20. language orientation- linguistic
magazine write-ups. 21. interactional
3. Formal Communication - e.g chain of 22. psychosocial – interaction of emotional history
command, teacher’s instruction, government 23. element of nonverbal refers to fastness and
decree, trainer’s guidelines slowness – tone
4. Informal Communication – gossips, scandal, 24. intangible things – implicature
mongering, eavesdrops, grapevine. 25. interpersonal-
5. Verbal Communication – voice record voice
mail, voice record
6. Non-verbal communication
ELEMENTS OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION:
a. Body language
b. Object
c. Facial expressions
d. Eye contact
e. Vocal cues- fastness or slowness of speech
or highness or lowness of pitch
f. Space- distance provided in a
communicative situation.
a. Intimate space – up to 1 ½ feet
b. Personal space- 1 ½ feet to 4 feet
c. Social space – 4 feet to 12 feet
d. Public space – over 12 feet
- Describes a language/communication used
between friends. It is often conversational in
tone, merely focused on getting the information
LANGUAGE REGISTER out.
- Slangs and colloquies are often used as
- is a certain variety of a language that’s used for expression.
a particular purpose or in a particular social
setting. Register denotes the choice of language Ex: Among buddies, teammates, in chats, and email,
to help match a given situation. In short, letters to friends
register is about language variation
Intimate
- choice of language to help match a given
situation - Used among person who share a close
- depends of level of relationship relationship or bond. Certain terms of
endearment, slangs or expressions whose
The importance of knowing when and how to move
meaning is shared with a small subject of
between register:
person
- differentiate between them and when to use
Ex: lovers having special terms of endearment,
which one, increases your chances of being
mothers calling “anak”, bestfriends slang
accepted by groups and speakers in a variety of
contexts. FORMS OF COMMUNICATION AND THE USE OF
DIGITAL MODES AND OTHER DIGITAL
Frozen/Static
APPLICATIONS
- used in formal settings, audience is not allowed
The Digital Age
to raise questions to the speaker.
- Decade of information and an era of the
Ex: National Anthem, Mass, Contracts
computer in which social, economic, and
Formal political activities and developments are
processed by ICT applications through digital
- refers to a language/ communication used in technologies.
official and ceremonial settings. Its structure - Handful of information can be accessed easily
follows a definite or a prescriptive format. and at a faster pace
Written in impersonal or objective point-of-
view. Technology and Digital media
- Special format, the tone must be formal
- Catalysts to foster processing of data, and rapid
Ex: In court, Interview, Announcements, Business communication coupled with enhanced visibility
Interactions, Announcements, In school of information.
- Helped people get more work done in time and
Professional/Academic/Consultative provide more information on various things.
- Standard form of communication between a Digital interaction
superior/expert and subordinate/inferior
- One person is deemed as more knowledgeable - Defining characteristic of almost all human
and having greater expertise and the other activities.
person is the beneficiary of such knowledge and Communication
expertise. - Much different than it was few decades ago
when access of date can be hardly acquired.
Ex: lawyer/client, doctor/ patient,
employer/employee, teacher/student. TYPES OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Casual/Informal 1. Pictures and images (posters, pictographs,


menu)
2. Videos, storytelling using digital firm, FORMS OF COMMUNICATION IN DIGITAL AGE
3. infographics
On visual communication
4. prezi, powerpoint presentation,
5. social media (faccebook, insta, x) - Visual perception is an extremely important
medium of communication. Digital natives are
more receptive to visual presentation. Living in
a fast-pacing environment, a bulk of
MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION strategically structured, concise and appealing
manner in order to grab instantly the
- Advent of technology and the use of internet,
customers’ attention.
acquiring and delivering information become
swift as possible. Info-graphics
- People are given a lot of options how to send
- Demonstrate a particular information, data,
their messages and in what forms for their own
fact, and knowledge briefly and clearly through
convenience.
image or graphic representations. Help convey
- Uses more than one modality to send out
information like flowcharts to timeliness
messages to it’s target audience. Through
- Graphs and diagrams are versatile and
visual, audio, gestural, or linguistic (Selfe, 195).
interesting manner to communicate a ton of
- For the student, multimodal media give them
content in one creative and presentable visual
opportunity to develop and practice their skills
representation.
in creative and inovative presentation of
messages. Prezi, PowerPoint Presentation
Varied sample multimodal materials - Prezi- Is a cloud based presentation and
storytelling tool for presenting ideas on a virtual
- Modes are channels of information, or anything
canvass. Allow users to zoom in and out of their
that communicates meaning in some way,
presentation media, displays, and navigates
including:
through an information.
 Pictures
- PowerPoint Presentation- Microsoft’s software
 Illustrations
which is used to create slideshows that are
 Audio
displayed on projectors or big screen TVs.
 Speech
- Professional speakers deliver to an audience
 Writing and print
using Prezi or PowerPoint Presentation for
 Music
visuals to hold the listeners’ attention and to
 Writing and print guide him/her on the important details.
 Music
 Movement Social Media
 Gestures
- Computer-mediated technologies that facilitate
 Facial expressions the creation and transaction of informations.
 Colors - It includes websites and applications designed
THE DIGITAL AGE to allow people to share content quickly,
efficiently and real time.
- Is known to be a decade of information and an - Form of electronic communication, users create
era of the computer in which social economic, online communities to share information, ideas,
and political activities and developments are personal messages.
processed by ICT applications through digital
technologies. It creates an environment where Culture
a handful of information can be accessed easily - shared beliefs, values, and practices, that
and at a faster-paced participants in a society must learn.
Cross-culture - Use of distance when people communicate with
one another
- A business environment where people
from different countries interact, bringing BLOCKS TO CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
different values, business practices and
1. Ethnocentrism- inability to adapt to other
communication styles.
cultures’ view
Intercultural Communication 2. Discrimination-
3. Stereotyping- generalizing about a person while
- the communication between people from two ignoring the presence of individual differences.
different cultures. 4. Cultural blindness- differences are ignored
- Requires multiple lenses in understanding the 5. Cultural imposition- belief that everyone should
message since different cultures use different conform to the majority.
systems of understanding. 6. Tone difference- formal tone change becomes
embarrassing and off putting in some cultures
Affected by the place they grow up
FUNDAMENTAL PATTERNS OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
a. communication styles
b. attitude toward conflicts 1. Regulation/Control
c. approaches to completing tasks 2. Information
d. decision making style 3. Persuasion/Motivation
e. attitudes towards disclosure 4. Emotional Expression
f. approaches to knowing 5. Social Interaction- common language
6.
Haptics

- kissing in public, handshake, nose to nose,


patting the back

Kinesics

- eye contact/ oculesics, posture, gestures, facial


expressions, head and shoulder movements

Paralinguistic codes

- the codes that deal with vocal phenomena


- you know, uhms, ah

Pragmatics

- will matter according to participants and


context like age, status, or place.

Chromatics

- colors communicate like in traffic signals

Chronemics

- How people use time effectively especially in


communication

Proxemics

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