Oral Communication

Oral Communication
1st Semester

Understanding Communication  The original model was designed to mirror the

functioning of radio and technologies. Their
Communication is the process by which an individual (the
initial model consisted of three primary parts:
communicator transmits stimuli, usually verbal) to modify
sender, channel, and receiver
the behavior of other individuals (the audience).
 Social scientist Claude Shannon and Warren
Elements of Communication Weaver (1949) structured this model
 Linear form of communication
The communication process is dynamic, continuous,  Mother of all communication models
irreversible, and contextual.
Examples:
1. Sender/Source- the chief initiator of any Listening to radio
communication Watching television
2. Message- the information the sender wants
to communicate 2. Transactional Model
3. Encoding- the process of converting message  This model assumes that people are connected
into tangible forms through communication; they engage in
4. Channel- helps carry the message to its desired transaction
Destination  The transactional model also contains ellipses
5. Decoding- the process of interpreting the that symbolize the communication environment
encoded message sent by the source to the
receiver Examples:
6. Receiver- the target of the message or the Talking and Listening with friends
decoder of the message sent Group Discussion with classmates
7. Feedback- the response of the recipient after
having interpreted the message 3. Schramm Model
8. Context- the environment wherein the  Modified the Shannon-Weaver model
communication act occurs  The impact that a message has (both desired and
9. Barrier- any factor that inhibits the conveyance undesired) on the target of the message
of a message (receiver) should be examined
 Communication includes acts that confer
Verbal- communication through language knowledge and experiences, give advice and
commands, and ask question
Nonverbal- communication other than through spoken
language
Examples:
Paraverbal- communication not by what one’s says, but Live Streaming
how one says it Q and A
Instant Messaging
1. Voice qualities/Voice tone
2. Rate of Speech The Barriers to Communication
3. Cadence/Rhythm of voice
 Adler and Towne (1978)
the concept of noise can help describe
the factors that can disrupt information
The Different Models of Communication
1. Schannon-Weaver Model
TYPES OF NOISE
7 C’s of effective communication
 Physical Noise
-conspicuous distractions in the environment
1. Completeness
that make it difficult to hear or pay attention
2. Conciseness
-e.g., unbearable weather, a distracting visual
3. Consideration
aid, noisy environment
4. Clarity
 Psychological Noise
5. Concreteness
-originates from the emotional and mental state,
6. Courtesy
and psychological makeup of a person
7. Correctness
 Physiological Noise
-“bodily conditions” that compromise the ability
of a person to send or receive messages TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
 Semantic Noise
Speech context refers to the circumstances surrounding
-anything related to the meaning of words that
the delivery of message. The context being referred to
distorts or masks a message and confuses the
includes physical environment, event taking place, and
listener
type of audience in a communication situation.
COMMON BARRIERS
1. Intrapersonal – the communication process
 The use of Jargon takes place within one person. This happens
Jargon- special words or expressions when a person is thinking, reflecting or
-Over-complicated, unfamiliar and technical meditating, feeling, and talking to oneself.
terms 2. Interpersonal – in this level it involves two
 Emotional barriers and taboos individuals (dyad) or two groups of individuals
-difficulty to express their opinions and some (small group) sharing each other’s ideas while
topics may be completely taboo assuming the roles of a sender and receiver, and
 Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or successfully achieving a common understanding
irrelevance to the receiver of ideas.
-information is not interpreted properly if the
Types of Interpersonal Contexts
receiver’s concentration is hampered
 Differences in perception and viewpoint  Dyad Communication
-personal opinions or point of views may occurs between two individuals sharing each
influence the interpretation other’s ideas, thoughts, feelings, interests,
 Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or interests, dislikes, and so on. The conversation
speech difficulties can be personal or intimate, formal or
 Physical barriers to non-verbal communication impersonal
-  Small Group
not being able to see the non-verbal cues, involves three or more people who consistently
gestures, postures and general body language interact with and attempt to influence each
can make communication less effective other in a group by performing their tasks in
 Language differences and the difficulty in order to accomplish a common goal
understanding unfamiliar accents
 Expectations and prejudices which may lead to Examples
false assumptions or stereotyping  Support group
-people often hear what they want to hear  Family members
rather than what is actually said and jump to
incorrect conclusions 3. Public – Communication in public is delivered to
 Cultural differences an audience of more than 20 people
-the norms of social interaction vary greatly in
different cultures, as do the way in which
emotions are expressed
 TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES
Wardhaugh (2006) said that people can speak very
formally or very informally, depending on a circumstances.

Holmes (Haryanto, 2001) said that styles are analyzed

along a scale of formality.

1. Frozen / Fixed Speech

Frozen Style is a style which is intended to be remembered

and used in very formal settings such as in palace, church
ritual, speech for state ceremony, and some other special
occasions

2. Formal

It is used in formal events or talks about serious problems

such as in formal speeches and official meetings.

Examples of this language is used in court rooms, in

business meetings, at a swearing-in ceremony, in an
interview or in a classroom

3. Consultative

It is used in group discussions, regular conversations in

school, companies, or trade speech conversation. This
language is used for the purpose of seeking assistance as
suggested by the word consult

It also describes the language used between a superior

and a subordinate

Examples:

Lawyer/Client

Doctor/Patient

Employer/Employee

Teacher/Student

4. Casual

Casual style is used among friends and co-workers when

an informal atmosphere is appropriated and desired such
as outside the classroom where student chat

5. Intimate

A communication with a very close person. This style does

not need a complete sentence. Short utterances can be
used. Sometimes the speaker can be ungrammatical