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    Ions and Radicals Text

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    The document discusses ions, radicals, and valencies. It defines ions as atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge. Cations are positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when atoms gain electrons. Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd number of unpaired electrons. Ions exist in solutions or crystals, while radicals can exist in solutions or air. Valency refers to an element's ability to gain, lose, or share electrons in forming chemical bonds. Common valencies are provided for several elements in a table.

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    Ions and Radicals Text

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    17 views2 pages
    The document discusses ions, radicals, and valencies. It defines ions as atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge. Cations are positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when atoms gain electrons. Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd number of unpaired electrons. Ions exist in solutions or crystals, while radicals can exist in solutions or air. Valency refers to an element's ability to gain, lose, or share electrons in forming chemical bonds. Common valencies are provided for several elements in a table.

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    The document discusses ions, radicals, and valencies. It defines ions as atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge. Cations are positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when atoms gain electrons. Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd number of unpaired electrons. Ions exist in solutions or crystals, while radicals can exist in solutions or air. Valency refers to an element's ability to gain, lose, or share electrons in forming chemical bonds. Common valencies are provided for several elements in a table.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    17 views2 pages

    Ions and Radicals Text

    Uploaded by

    ameerfati76
    The document discusses ions, radicals, and valencies. It defines ions as atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge. Cations are positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions formed when atoms gain electrons. Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd number of unpaired electrons. Ions exist in solutions or crystals, while radicals can exist in solutions or air. Valency refers to an element's ability to gain, lose, or share electrons in forming chemical bonds. Common valencies are provided for several elements in a table.

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    QAMAR-E-BANI HASHIM HIGHER SECODNARY SCHOOL (23-24)

    Subject: Science Ions, Radicals and Valencies Grade: VIII

    Ions (Cations and Anions)

    Ion is an atom or group of atoms having a charge on it. The charge may be positive or negative. There are two
    types of ions i.e. cations and anions. An atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it is called cation. The
    cations are formed when atoms lose electrons from their outermost shells. For example, Na*, IC are cations. The
    following equations show the formation of cations from atoms.

    Atom -------------------------- Cation

    Na -------------------------- Na+ + 1e-

    Ca -------------------------- Ca+2 + 2e-

    An atom or o group of atoms that has a negative charge on it, is called anion. Anion is formed by the gain or
    addition of electrons to an atom. For example, CI and 02.
    Following examples show the formation of an anion by addition of electrons to an atom.

    Atom -------------------------- Cation

    Cl + 1e--------------------------- Cl-

    O + 2e--------------------------- O-2
    Duplet Rule: For an atom to achieve stable electronic configuration it must have 2 electrons in its K- shell if first
    shell is valence shell like noble gas helium it is called duplet rule.
    Octet Rule: For an atom to achieve stable electronic configuration it must have 8 electrons in its valence shell
    like noble gas other than helium it is called octet rule.

    Free Radicals

    Free radicals are atoms or group of atoms possessing odd number of (unpaired) electrons. It is represented by
    putting a dot over the symbol of an element e.g. H·, Cl·, H3C·, CO3·, OH·. Free radicals are generated by the
    hemolytic (equal) breakage of the bond between two atoms when they absorb heat or light energy. A free radical
    is extremely reactive species as it has the tendency to complete its octet. Table 1.9 shows some of the differences
    between ions and free radicals. Most of the universe exists in the form of plasma, the fourth state of matter. Both
    the cationic and anionic molecular ions are present in it.

    Molecules Free Radical

    Cl2 Sunlight 2Cl·

    CH4 Sunlight H3C· + H·

    MS. FAKHRA KHATOON 1


    QAMAR-E-BANI HASHIM HIGHER SECODNARY SCHOOL (23-24)

    How radicals are different from ions:

    Ions are atom which bear some charge while radicals are the atoms that have odd number of electrons. Ions exist
    in solution or in crystal lattice but can exist in solutions as well in air. Formation of ion is not affected by the
    presence of light however radicals may form in the presence of light.
    What is valency?
    The Combining power of an element with other element is called valency. The valency depends upon the number
    of electrons in the outermost shell. Valency is the number of electrons of an atom of an element can gain, lose or
    share. Some elements with their symbol and common Valencies are given below in table.

    S. No Elements Symbol Atomic Number Electronic structure Valency


    1 Hydrogen H 1 1 1
    2 Helium He 2 2 0
    3 Lithium Li 3 2,1 1
    4 Beryllium Be 4 2,2 2
    5 Boron B 5 2,3 3

    6 Carbon C 6 2,4 2 and 4

    7 Nitrogen N 7 2,5 3
    8 Oxygen 0 8 2,6 2
    9 Flourine F 9 2,7 1
    10 Neon Ne 10 2,8 0

    Ex: Read the given text and answer the following questions

    1. Write down at least 2 differences between atom and ion.


    2. What rules atom follow to become ion.
    3. Write down at least 3 differences between ion and radicals.
    4. Define valency and complete the following table

    Name of element Electronic structure Valency Name of element Electronic structure Valency
    Sodium ( Z =11) Chlorine ( Z =17)
    Oxygen ( Z =8) Beryllium ( Z =4)
    Aluminum ( Z =13) Phosphorous ( Z =15)

    MS. FAKHRA KHATOON 2

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