VERNIER CALIPERS

Expt No. ……Date:…………

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Aim: To find the volume of the given cylinder using vernier
Magnitude of 1 main scale division, 1 msd = …………mm calipers
Number of divisions on the vernier , n = …….. Apparatus: Vernier calipers, cylinder, etc
Least count , LC = 1msd = …………mm = …………cm
n
To find the volume of the given cylinder
Principle: Using vernier calipers
Sl. Total reading
Dimension
No.
MSR VSD VSD x LC MSR + (VSD x Mean Least count, L C = magnitude of 1 main scale division
LC) No. of divisions on the vernier scale
cm div cm cm cm
Total reading = M S R + (VSD x L C )
1
Length of 2 where MSR – Main Scale Reading
the 3 . VSD – Vernier Scale Devision
Beaker 4 Volume of the cylinder = πr2l
(l) 5 where r – radius of the cylinder
6 . l – length of the cylinder
1
2
Diameter
3 Result: Volume of the cylinder = …………… m3
of the
4
Beaker
5 PRECAUTIONS:
(d) • If the vernier scale is not sliding smoothly over the main scale,
6
apply machine oil/grease.
• Screw the vernier tightly without exerting undue pressure to avoid
any damage to the threads of the screw.

Diameter of the cylinder, d = …………….cm SOURCES OF ERROR:

Radius of the cylinder , r = d/2 = ………cm = …………….m • the zero error in the instrument placed is not accounted for; and
• the Vernier Callipers is not in a proper position with respect to the body,
Length of the cylinder, l = ………….cm = ………………m avoiding gaps or undue pressure or both.
Volume of the cylinder = Π r2l = …………… cm3 …………..m3

Downloaded from www.hssreporter.com

 SCREW GAUGE

Expt No. ……Date:…………

Aim: To find the volume of the given wire using screw gauge

Apparatus: Screw Gauge, wire, etc

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Principle: Using screw gauge,
Distance moved for 6 rotations = ………………mm
Pitch = Distance moved = …………….mm Least Count, LC = Pitch .
No. of rotations No. divisions on the head scale
No. of divisions on the head scale = ……………
Least Count (LC) = Pitch . . Corrected HSR = observed HSR + zero correction
No. divisions on the head scale
= ………………mm
Zero correction = …………..…..divisions Total reading = PSR + (corrected HSD x LC )
To find the volume of the wire
where PSR – Pitch Scale Reading
Corrected Total reading = HSD – Head Scale Devision
Dimension
Sl.
No.
PSR
Observed
HSD
Corrected
HSD
HSD
x
PSR + (
corrected HSD x
Volume of the wire = π r l
2

LC LC) where r – radius of the wire

mm div div mm mm . l – length of the wire
1
2
3
Diameter
of the wire
4
5
Result: The volume of the given wire = …………… m3
6
PRECAUTIONS:
• Move the screw in one direction else the screw may develop “play”.
• Screw should move freely without friction.
Mean diameter of the wire = ……….mm
SOURCES OF ERROR:
• The wire may not be of uniform cross-section.
Radius of the wire = ………………mm = …………………. m
Length of the wire = ………………cm = …………………….m
• Error due to backlash though can be minimized but cannot be eliminated.
Volume of the wire = Π r2l = ………………. m3

Downloaded from www.hssreporter.com

 Parallelogram Law
CONCURRENT FORCES
Expt No. ……Date:…………
Aim: To find the weight of the given body using parallelogram law of vectors

Apparatus: A vertical wooden board with two pullies, slotted weights, the given
body etc

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Principle

To find the weight of the given body by measuring the length of the diagonal Using parallelogram law of vectors

Scale chosen: 1 cm = 20 gm Weight of the body = OD x scale chosen

Diagonal Weight of the body
Forces (OD) = OD x Scale chosen Mean where OD is the length of the diagonal
Trial P Q
no. gmwt gmwt cm gmwt gmwt Scale chosen: 1 cm = 50 gm

Result: The weight of the given body by measuring the length of the diagonal = …..kgwt.

PRECAUTIONS:
• Board of Gravesend’s apparatus is perpendicular to table on which it is placed,
The weight of the given body = ………..gmwt………….. kgwt by its construction. Check up by plumb line that it is vertical. If it is not,
make table top horizontal by putting packing below appropriate legs of table.
• Take care that pulleys are free to rotate, i.e.,
have little friction between pulley and its axle.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
• Friction at the pulleys may persist even after oiling.
• Slotted weights may not be accurate.
• Slight inaccuracy may creep in while marking the position of thread.

Downloaded from www.hssreporter.com

 HELICAL SPRING I
Expt No. ……Date:…………

Aim: (1) To find the spring constant of the given helical spring
by load – extension method

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS Apparatus: The given helical spring, stand, slotted weights etc
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
Principle: According to Hookes law,
Dead load W0 = ……….. gm
Scale reading for W0 , r0 = ……………. cm for a spring, load is directly proportional to extension produced.
Scale reading
Mass On On Extension m Therefore
Trial No.

producing loading unloading Mean l = r - r0 l 𝒎

extension (cm) (cm) r cm gm/cm Spring constant, K = load = g
𝒍
m (gm) (cm) extension
1 50
where m - the mass producing the extension l
2 100 g – acceleration due to gravity
3
150
4
200
Result: (1) The spring constant of the given helical spring
by load – extension method = ………...N/m
Mean m = …………gm/cm = …………… kg/m PRECAUTIONS:
l
• Loading and unloading of weight must be done gently.
𝒎 • Reading should be noted only when tip of pointer comes to rest.
Spring constant, K = g = ……….. N/m • Pointer tip should not touch the scale surface.
𝒍 • Loading should not be beyond elastic limit.
SOURCES OF ERROR:

• The support may not be rigid

• The slotted weights may not have correct weight.

Downloaded from www.hssreporter.com

 (Note: The length of the pendulum is the distance THE SIMPLE PENDULUM
between point of suspension and centre of the bob)
Expt No. ……Date:………….

Aim: To findverify
(i) To the acceleration
the relationdue to gravity
between at the
period andplace
length of a simple
(ii) Using a Simple Pendulum plot a graph between L & T2

Apparatus: Simple Pendulum, stop watch, metre scale etc

Principle: For small oscillation of a simple pendulum

l = a constant
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS T2
where l - length of the pendulum
T – period of the pendulum
Radius of the bob = ………..cm
Length Time for 20 The acceleration due to gravity is given by
Trial no.

Period of
of the oscillations l
oscillation T2 g = 4Π2 l
pendulum
T = t/20 T2
s T2
(l) 1 2 Mean s cm/s2
cm s s (t) s
65
70 Result:
75 Acceleration due to gravity at the place by calculation = …… m/s2
85 PRECAUTIONS:
90
• The thread should be very light and strong.
• The point of suspension should be reasonably rigid.
• The pendulum should oscillate in the vertical plane without any spin motion.
Mean value of l/ T2 = ………. cm/s2………. m/s2

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 4 Π 2 l = …………. m/s2 SOURCES OF ERROR:

T2
• The string may not be weightless and in extensible.
• Point of suspension may not be rigid.
• The amplitude may not be small

Downloaded from www.hssreporter.com