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Module 4 - Modular Arithmetic

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35 views54 pages

Module 4 - Modular Arithmetic

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DSN18
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Modan” Astinmetie a we Sey tek Divisibiliiy ; it a,b be 2 idyas , a $e QO divides f uh ew exists an that kK Buck ek beaxk. TP a did 6, we wi obb - A TP a dow nob diider b, we woe aXk- Sf Bei 1S) 3a 1S Ba = 1B dy iapey of ey = 1247 . 6 2) a keay 12 ay 1x (come tg? ~~ & Properties « sel dae “) ala vaez, ato @) ale ve ote () a ywaeR ta) “WN ae WYuER (s) alb s a] br Ce) ath ond ale = & 3 GW be GQ) alb ond ale OY le () alb and ble Divi sien Mgortthrn oo be bros integtas auc thet beaqgth » ocx cna appear Gb da He form SHat Fy - Seki te td Gen 4 (54,9) Aj a)sy(a WN 44 S G«GD = | (the last mae 5a (1 we (sy,a)= 1 s “2s (a we hoe SY = AXTHS => Pe 30 “Wy ea. + = SKit2 = = ea 3@ = S= axati S@ s- 22 3 @cp Le ® e From @, Yo 5-202 va sates win) 2 eG = Ger Jyxa- THE ry o) i Sue = 1X2 = KD Ss BY — 1x23 (5 4x3) + (1% -23) we = Sux tty wbee X53, Ye 23 at eg RE? aes A BAS and 492 and exprem tk io Me Besa t492y - an Bad G@c.0 of (38s, 492) ses) 4942(2 ) to ") aus. 2 )38s (I+ | 34y ny. ASE: fc Gmyeame iN Ged ut hove 3s = Cwouider O, =) BV Red Ma GOD fF 32 and SY ond cer} form 32% +S4y- sof?:- aa) s4(t 22 KIF We aesu+ Fq2y vole = Ay) Aq = Basx. +2% =) 22= 492 — (385 x2) .@ 4u 5 We 38s— (2414) 3@® tt u Bas — (22%1)) gas = $392- (e525 xIF = 38s w — 492 KI + 385K 34+ (Bas x3) — (492x189) t= (385% 38S) + (492% -19) Caring R \S 3 " CP ==) %- ab tn Mae xs S a2 - as a2) 3a2( I & GCP = ® 22 ae (32,84) = 2- to)o2 (2 2° 3 ur hove 1 sf aaxi +22 % poe non tl wr Ss 222 54 —G2x) ~O = axtio a 10 = 32-7 c2x)) 3® =e lox2¢2 2 BE a2 — (1x2) a@® a2 —(10x2) an — f32—Carxnh xr an ~ (B2xz!) + 22%? @2x3) Kaka) (Sy — 32xi) x3 ~ (32%2) (uxs) — B2K3) —02%9) ¢syxa) — (32%) = (54%3)+ (ax-©) Bat Syy chee Ra-5,4=3 HY Sole the lita Dicphanbina equatiin axtyy =2! 5 Cs) Ry Cz Sol": Given gh ds He form axthysc o=2, b= y, C= 2I- Ca,t)= (a4) 22 Dur A Ve \\ ond a WA GoD > 2u+4yy so hog vo solublon - . ?” <> SS Sclve He Natar DdioPlanking tyrabion QO iy eX - Sal = Ss of wae form axtige c- a=5, bo 3, CH4- Ss CaOi=a ts8) a1 : Ginen 2a" and ota Nye ex peck Q Solukion ays Gc: ted 3 we ‘ 2) 30 pre ay 22 5-2x0 2 O Fate O- amity = 123-280 3© ay . Gip 2: ) om ©, A473 - fe eo 3—Js—Ban}at (using OD 2 3B—-SxI + 3%! Ww = (3«2) -S*1) xPS by SY uy = x9) —(8*4) & We Sxey) + 3 xB) = 6 Asay « 1 He = 4s Y= in a pesbreuloa Selubren Generel SelM ie Hatem Ye dot im, hr mez: (@) s+ Sm 1 a+sm " ad x2 -—-4-3M . 4 shun w= BM 4, a He qoeel soln, linear —Diopheankine eqrtatton 2oxtley = S00 aS °y Sele Ye S ye smts, mez hy GZ- Soft: Rew aero, bale, C= Soo os te) 20 CI : 2 ya d ond & lc. 7 (20) Buss saeco woe expect & & i yy te (4 » ie @ SS Gon to Rad a pabadtor Sol to a Q@i- = % — Cex) 2 O te = uxy +0 @ coud Or 4 - Cex) & Neon) + (ex-1) a= me cymes, ye smaieS MER & He gous sa. BH) Rad te gered Sol ob the a? 3qx- Sey =11- @ Sf?s. Hae = 234, b= — Sb, C=HNI aq) S60 find G-0-0 of abs (32,-56) 2 G4, 86) 34 “ G.c.d ot (39,56) od 14) 39(2 re Sista > we exper a Selubfon ae Is itu ~\ nae es (Baste S Seo = 39K 414 =7 I ce Hess Re 34 = l4x2455) S52 O catheatet God > a= OxX3e2 5 EO - 59) 38 5 — (2x2) 3@ 4 b= G- aKd Cousider @, boo anki (wiry ©) = S-G@xitt 6) iw, => =) 69 -) > 1a fared|xa — Cx) Cosy ©) > = few? — (1a mty) — 1%) ey x4) — (tt XG) = BAX) = ; Se-(3aKDyRIG Coney o) as & \ = Ba x9) — Goxte) +Bexlb) Ww | 1 = (34 ywna)- (sox) xtly by u S 2) = (39x 283) — ex!) > % = 283, ga le & Jasbic ss i _—_—__— 4 = = p (ATIN . ops Bax -Sby asd? 2% =%— Em, Ys tot Sem ye (t+ 31 m > H- aS34 56m, 1 me X= Sem+2S3, yo damtle , MEE & the gerval goth ®) ind Mu gana Sel? oP bu | Fox Flr y= (68 Bas: % 2-36, Yor Oh ua paar gol” A \\ a aem—3e, ys —smban Be ge sale. ~\ m* GO oy Solve SEX + F2y= 40° SY & q Sole AX +1By = 208 Relatily Prine Nvebet * we numbuy a ond b one Aaid to be Sehabtuecly print oF Co-prinne th ond only th Glare ger # a teondll bs ae 4, fei (Bis)e pre 8 ond IS ote salabively Pre A Congrtences i= Lee om be a pasitve intryr and a Gye ony too Intages , We Soy that “a & mtn Se sncdubo mom" ak mo |(a-b) - Symbelictly , we oie 6 Eb (med m) ih Ry Sei) BEB (med 5 ass OO & sls o os = 3meAll) i \@s-3 ope @) 194 atmod I)! yw q) ct a 5k Cmod 0) 5 ee , theo SX ak digit ta a> Q A (2) Any member the form a” con be axpaand St = et3 ne +2 at . st the feat hight ©) yK+> YEH Lg Cmod ©)» 2 = almed w), ss w), 3 “ae i = + (mod 10) cae agit tomy nee gaa form DO din: te art Os | & Pm ecees wo) Be unite digit a a: umnete, of Soe FO e* de for a A Cay 8 = Swed 9) pombe Ba form ova Ss unit digit A ony (s) Ray rember fh te Pow a con be exptersed oF 0) We KV K+ K+3 ee ee ae ait Qtkt ge = gtmed (©) » = atmed te) 2S 4 Cmed te) and ater? = (med to) Atcordingly att agit oF ony number of She form af wou & 6, 27448 < G) Amy pombe Bote fom TT Gon be ex prened as > a, qe que ae ques . =e vtmed w) « qe = aCmod 0), 498 2 seduba ie eae “Nkt® 3 (mod 10) & «a drat numbex, fom 7° Aceordingty Unit digits any RA uw one oF 14,49 or 3- e G) Neen bes oh Ma fon ey (® Nombex ot Me form 8° & th) domben A Be er 28 3 Linear Con quench t= fe tengaance hese eb Grd a) of sttal a Meer | corepuscnce tn ‘hn tekugis value tx lik Actes Ae “ae Ge cabled By Selubion OF soot . Note i sac Rack Congusnte ah Eb Cnod mo) with famed bos no Solublon dh ath. or Ci) exactty df congfusre Solubrons module m ah alb- (2) TR a and m ore satokirely Prime we (om) st pian the lento Congiesace ad = blmeod m) has a unique Solubion - (3) Lez men, a,b be tnkepene - Th a and m a sobivelly prime Hen @ Sot” oP inter Congiearnte AXE t(mod m) ts Called on tnveue ot a. modulo m «(fe X= a''mod m)) Working puctedane te Solve Lincat Congtusnce ¢ oy) Given ax Eb (mod m) —> O Sup-1; find Cam) = a> Stap-2 + chuck colakrer dlb. < Sep 3: G) TH Abb then O has no Solebor ‘settee GTP Alb Man @ bos 4 fo Congtaet Bs 4 ; ios MoMy Stp-bi Lk $8, Ga we “a WwW Ae 2B Cwod Mav? @ Han equctzin D breemts Sa @ wit. (AM) at ond VOXOS qo G) her a oniane & = wha A In congrnnnd) Sesto? oe ee sep-Ss 7 pare Re» ~ 1 eE am. Me + (A=S™ (12), Facblurs > Aust dea.’ ent digit an gee ‘ So ado = hxSaz +? = ykr2 wZ°9 yee ge ge a toned 18) QB Unk dtgit - S 200 . i 3 . 0 Y Find the oct agit pe es 1 ds Hae ode oe = v 3) fad Ha ook digi cfr pants 8g NTS —_" . . 4 gia te onk aig _ FS has fe lest aigit ~~ San 2013 “heen Y Fe ee meen SSH staat 9. a ae = 5) fica oe Sos Re oe 8 ahs. SHRENE Coed 0) a Be OO all ©) ok dug Sn = mea wadl Ks ok he eee ) Ard the dot pe ne aekee RH 2" = Ulmed (0) - Saft. 2 4 sa Hae Soak ease Riad te leak digi ei 1 . a digit in 4. 13) Sol al 34 = hoe (22) oh weet kde = = Y (med (o) yy Be lost digit 4) Rind Mua unik digit in 9S. Solo. gros ar =~ els anes gant | aw ~ = = BC SR te Bae Ok digit - wer Toy Rad te lek digit of ian: 0?" Sol: 1B = 13 Cod to) & ieatmeey 2 Ss meager 13 = 4 (med 10) ~~) apes & Be ¢ oO) A as2F = ct Cred 0) OC . 2 1 (med 10) + 213 oo Wy Rad the mT sof) Peshtan S) We? 4 Cmed (9) yar e ya cmed (©) SY ye Att we) we = 153(med 10) we =i pene! 2 8 (ahs CY Cred ©) 17 = a Comed te) tat = 1 Cmed w) Bl ay He odie dagt- aS = 4 Gmod 0) exit = U8 (mod 10) Tay Rad Bey Aarmaind, lun "°° divided by 22 - (4) aafos- Ps 3 Crnod 28) a & CAPs 3° (mod 23) > 18 = a4 (med 23) 2 Tle y (mod 23) > (CP) yr (red 8) > +! te (mod 23) YX i 2 ® 0 > 2 ° me & Se} Creal 9D x = ya (mod 23) => wes 3 Cmed 23) Be Be reeiader ee “°° iy ainded by 29 %) Ried: Ms ark (Gee opal when a3! 4 divdad by S sA:- A Q @ = 2 = GE 1 Come > (at) = ened 8) 2) 30 a (med 5) > 2b) a Cmat 5) > ae (mod 5) Bel . QO ete ae mrt gan’ = is dwided by S. Bee ore calanoid bY FF aa i a® = ase = a1 (mod 49) 43) earls 2 28 » Vs (2 Cened yd a *) abe ua) qui (4 7 ul (mod 4) eek =) 27 E 8 (med 49) la > a’ gt = \exat (mod 4) 2304 (mod 49) 4a) 2304 (49 as) » p ie 2” 2 1 Cmed 4) Taay 1 be Gmoinas & A Hes ISy find the semacndir estan of? og abe © = 36 (med 39) S & oe, -1 Cmad 39) > CeP Pe Ca (med 34) WwW 2) 6? = 1 (med 39) We Remainder mM 4 ¥ TS Rad the remainder eolen 1002 5 salt: ain te = 3 (med 13) SS was ie > es)? z 243 (mod 3 0 4 > ge e 7 Comrod \ aa a 12) afer ove 13) eee wal asy> 3 (mod (3) & =F SP = BI (mod 18) ns ay pee = Sqoua (med 12) 24 a6 ase VW af = a (Cmod 18) ec Remainder 4 3 (Cadtanctve quctrect tn next oe) Siete aed te astded by H an:- Ga = 1 (mod 7) es 1 Crmod 2) AB = \Cmeoa we 1 (mod #) - we 64K BBXIBYXIG S | x-1K1 x1 Cmod H) Ce, = 1 (mod we | dt Me Aammatndir wt — A find the Aematadsr wlan 2 & diidad by 13- tee > (FP = (1! (mod 13) t)toee Cesk ~\ b ae 8 “Ge > = 1 (med 13) =e ‘ Bow, cP =) 2% at = 16 (mod 13) Ee ea? = 3 (mod 13) & WB ds She remainder - x ID Rad He Remainder olen axe divided by T° siya) BS (19 x a Ig Soot 4) oh Q a @ a = THE 4 nod a a ond HEE 6 Cmod 4) Ss us = 2x4x6(med #) = Ye Cmod 9) Duele & {Be = 6 (mod 4) —e Ce Mae Rermaindie 4 6. ” Rind He tameindsr when GUXESKCL + divdad by OF: - Soli i= Gy E —3 (med FH) Gs = ~2 (mod 6%) 6é = -1 (med 6%) wh GYXOSXEE EZ —6 (mod 6H) & G1 (mod or) > Gl au He Aematadr WOH2.e) Find the Aemaindir Cohen IFgR1aXS3 JH (1a) cdividsd by l4s = 10 (med i) nw) 3s 113 = 3Cmod 0) ~\ 2s & $324 (med 1) ww. LAS KNNBXS3 = 10x3x4 (mod w in | = gto Cmod i) 6 (moe 11) x w ai, Be Remainder C2 6 & EN Rnd tue Aemaindir colan Jenne Fy X26 4 divided by 3. sal? i 3) 34a (6 3) ae 3) 86 (12 =") 3h 4 a ik Orn = par = 4 CO» 5 tHe ares 8) > 36 = 0 (ned 8) 1x2K0 (mod 3) > co (mod 8) w Be Femetndite uo: Problimt on Linear Congtusaces spk . Ses NY Raa Hee Leask positive valluct hn Auch the () ty = x (mod 8) a) Ws oe >» the Yee SEA: xj (i) ABtx = 3 (med 5) > aeti—-2 = Sn (NH ONY inkage 4844 = 30 « >> iy toe los te VoL 2%; By inspection , X= S cee Feys sso a enekkiply &® The late vee oF XS x Ge) 84 =F Ca+3) (med 4) wv 849 4-3 = 49 & we ge-x = 49 By inspection | ae Sine 96-2 e284 we The tenes Aad a. ww) a = AY@ 5 . ey So OF it, 2380 x. SS GBH Fe SEES. & mw, mabhipl has Chey ‘aspectton) Q we LEH te He lease positive vahus ha. we Be Lok ue vole A OL. tg whe 4 Gy) 2) Solve 34 =S (mod 6) S19: comparing with axzblmed m) Here a=3, b=5, mak. 3) G( 2 Ca,m)= (3,6) = 3 & Check, aie or not 8 x S we aig flee @ 345- Given Linear Congrrsace hos no Selubyon WO By Solve 34 = 2 (mod 4) e @ Sol) :- Hee 23, b=2,M=4- (ayer) = (34) 21 2 a Cay) ogagel2 (i 418) Thus given congruence hes onsage coud 3xzqimes4) © sy 34-2 SHXK x: => xe WKtA eR | 3 Pe kro, *> a az WPa (noe y) oa Be sete “KD. Se Qe = a@ods) ae: Ne O22, b=3, mas: Stam) = (as)et sa Gep ond v\a Ce die) —thut given Congivence hor a unique sop Cousiasr 2% = 3 (mod S) =) ax-3 25K a= SKHB 2) = Pu Kay LE gz fae Be 15 te Ss 2 epee i LEW Cod S) Bee str. Sy sole 31 5 2 mod (9). Hee a=3, b= 2, malt 4 Roya) = aaa v\> (a dle) cod Thus given Congomee hed Lndgue goth Couta 3% = 2 Cmod 19) 3 34-2 =14ek. So ae VEKt? : x P& Keo, 2248 EE wv Pl ke ty =e Ma Ee & Pe Ker ME 3h ais 2° hes 2% 212 (mod Oe. sate. Wis Me Selution er Wu Mtrear Congeence (= (med 25) Me bey, ma2o : m9 ao 21 = Boe and Vly (@ ale) thas Congtusnce har Unique Sof9, S& (UO 2 y (med 28) 2 Wi-4 = 25K Cam) Sx =) as askth nt Pub = W €z Pu key, 1 uy ¢z2 Poe Kets ae Hn ¢* Be Ke Sy ce Ou PB Pu sK&z 2g KH SUH GE Pie key X= ISU tty 2- a fue Keds ne tYude thes Lely (med 26) & te sol? D Sowe AL = Ahmed 30) 3O (21) soln. Har ata, ba2l, M=3o- a)30(3 s Cam) = (4,30) 232d ond 31M (& 4 \b) Daa + given Congfisance, hos 3 sclubvous oa wero m KS % = A(med to) —@ a . > 34-F = Ok ‘ a: We & Pur eos LE Hs EE & Pues Katy ve lH 2 Pu kee i ke aaa & Re fo LEA (med to) ds tte & ote Lek te 4 ond the Aamog Out ox. obkoinsd by Bet Ao 200 eR = +32 qg+ ge MN 19, 249: a? ERS thus sss hee Q wet Mle eo), 6 ES (mod 3°) neg + | Sokaapet x = Be (med 42) > © | = | wn ne Oalk, bad, MHD: wy2( 2» Oo (am) = (ie, 2) = Gad and G| 30 (& d\b) = Duals hase comp tas tt. be divde ef © by 6: 3x 2.5 (mod +) > @ =) 3x-S5 = 4k: (229 x = yCmod Hts Me sl Ft a @- Lek Lo Hy Crd Ba Remaining Gal? ax obtained by 2m sm Sa Ray tot 3 | Ae HHP, Xe AL eWtH ye BH ya ae yt IE, ° = Wl, 18, as, 32, 39 hus Me @ Sstubtour of gr O ae! LEY (mod yo) , LE Ui (mod 42), Bie mes no LE as(mod 42), T= 32 (med Ae = 3q (mod 42) - 4 Solve 36%+412 5 0 (mod ig, Sol%:- Given sex = 2 @ is) —®© Woe o=36, » mals: WW) 36(2 (a,m) = (Se, Mees oad §=3|-12 dle iste | thas Given O. hog 3 Solubrous , 3 3)G(2 ia oO: of © by 3- geo S = -4 (med S) 3@ es Pur Ko 38s wei de. Pur kel, X= 4 42 Puke Ky y asl dz Pur «Kz y Le 2 Cz Pub Ka ds x= & de i ¢ Pur KeG 5 12 26 ¢2 Put co Spe = 3 (23 ke3; += 34 ¢2- ) Pub ke, %= 36 .3 @R- B(mod S) sa the Gol a O° thes % he te 2 Lib tg 23 and te Aamasaing Saf? ote obtatard by A. ~ S , a = B+4s a+ 32 = 8,13. 3 3 G sug te 3 Solublous of ef @O ow: oS = 3Cmed IS) , @ Cmod IS), X= ners . e toy Solve BLE 2 Cmod 22) Pus: unique SX - HE Uo Cod UY Solve SEE 1 (mod 4) Pus: Uniques Sal? i- neon GN tx = 2Cmed 1nd Solve Aug onigue § = 32 Cmod 39) 1a) Selve tx Ms wo) Pus: ee ee cdamd te), CEEmod 10) | ww) ines & (mod 21) = (mod 21), TELE (mod 21) . <8 (med 21), % = Q 3 acts: X24 Siqtieeras Pees, Bsucnes —— Qu) Chinese Remaindir. “Theessm Lek mi ma, in Lg, be positive tnkigns poas . slakively prime (iy) 21 for tay K Lk bib, by be arbttvang intngine - a Than the system of Mnear conginencts > a zh, (med mi) 4 = by Cmod me) © . xy : & ae by bred enon) s hor exackly owe golukien meduto x m, Mn My working Suhe Ky ee Gieen X Er Cred mi) % = by (mod Mm) y rae bal g apt very Conf | br OF; see Rad ey eget = for Kat,2--— * ne agider Ku Linear Congpsancs ne = 1 Cenod my) oa ow on wotth Hue Unique Bolubion + Btep S* The Unique solukea Fe the Syston oR iness Congituances es gfven bY es Mm + ba Mz % Lp by My, Se produhs: “Mle: Problors Qs) system eb Minter, Congtuences + NY Sole Be LE 2(mod 4) x= almed 3), La 3(meds) , sd0i- Hoe by =2- b, =3, bg = 2 m)=3, M=S, m, = 4- “ ue veaity thet (3,s)= 1, (8,9) = Now Me mi mms = 3x*SxXF =105, and My = Mee oS hoy K=1,2,3° xs Eg ay wetS as, M, = 1S= a, Hast = ts 3 S XS coustder Myx 5 ICmod om) for Qprr.3- =) asxei(mes 3), MLS) ses 8), 15x = I (med 4) « By trapechion, %= 2, %2 ail Aye cae Aaktabied - Thus, 2 UNiqpe selubis Hs System U8 modulo M eB by Hi + by. Ot by Mg% 5 a axIsxt mod 10S us wraene oe 233 ( ws ) By] ‘SY ayem of Linear congiments using CRT: a3 (med FY , LES(mod I), LE G (mod 4). met, med, Met: we verity thee (8) at, CAA=t ond (2! Now, M= mimam = &XIKXA= SOY oz |M= SOY and My eM. SY fe r k=1,23 (Qe) > M, = Sh 263, M, = SH = se, M; = Sot 242, Conidae My % 2 1 (mod © Me) for Kel ByB> « =) G34 5 1 (mod #) 5 S6XS1Cmed 9)» rea et 9 By faspeckion , %\ =F, is as ye hoe Aokss | thes oO nique Solutun fh Bae Ayttem WwW ME Mm tba Ma te 4° bs Ma % prada au aw 3x 63x49 + SXSOXS + 6% F2%4 4q x = WY (med sou) Q udausi(s 4032 om = WIA Cmed S04) & BH © er n1q Ee Solve He System of Rintor Weer oo Lting Remainder Heertm : LE 3(mod 8), dO Sol. Hoe b= : 2, b3= was, 26, mast we vert by ag ’ = ly (mod 4) (spat, Ce, een end (8, 4H=1 = Mo. 210 fer Ket? mM! MK e, «= 206 = SAA) 2 Ma = 210. Pins aa 5 Mette 8s | Meee ee coutder MX = (mod me) for K2n23 & Ka TZ: = yrz2xei(meds) , asy = (mod 6). 30% = \ (mod 4) by tespedoo, 2=3, YES, ZH ™% Sebi fied « | Thus a vniqus Solution of tte System Us es CBM H+ ba May + bg Mat modute M YE 3KYy2*34+ 2x3SKS + YXZ0K mod 210 X = 1208 (med 210) 210) 1208 (S < lo so X 2199 (mod aio) i F Se ~\ is Me Unique Saf”. tee ° LE aCmed S), LE 1 lmod ww \ od (oS. WX = S(med 3), 8S) LES 3 (meg 4) , tS 2 (med 3), @ Gy yrs S (med a) » axe 6 tana AS Hw; HX = 6 (med 9) Ww > alavs & ies = ai Rex > “ = ok+ kts 7 Lae kts ak 5: ye-s oun t=0 oe qz- Cousider 2X5 Gl(mod 20) : When See 3 and DHB] agft erat] Ses x ~zeCmod a) and LE 3 (mod lo). X = Y3 (mod 180) Oe Polynocntad Congrsences F(x) = agtDta xy... ta, = ofmed nm) whe A%I ond 2p, 1, Ar---. An GR y Heprrrents Key polynomial Con ce Rock ch F(X) (mod m) “S ae, dy cated Mee ey FC) \ soot! Fla) Cmed oo) 3K 4) sav C2” Ww Sytem cb Linea Congrucnces to > variables > QPL verioblur : Coustdee a sytem of Linen onginnen aitky = (mod a) > cat dy = (med 9) The system bes oO Solubica S The Sythe bes sagen ak 93 (ad-be , 9) =1- ges (a,c. Fermakis Wile une Nombe and pha Gry (abate ——— Te pee PA fan “OE 5 g- aex (t- 4) (t 4) a NS 2 36 x2 > $20 =2- nip theotim: TH ged (arn) al, Aen at) = 1 (mod n) Lore la) tb Eude’s bobienk funckion « Mole: Euels Bustem Ja o generetizekin Ro fermats Lite dhemsers Handling with pores oh tnkagens medida posttie Uigeu . Problens on Pabynomial Conppuences (3c) Dy Find Ha sect! af Ha polyromic? aot2x—2 (mod S) Salm Geatdn fla) = vee? $te) = — 3 Fo (med S) tu)= OF o (mod S) &— ~ He = SE oo (mod 5) 4) = va o (mod S) #4) = au do (mod S) > sO Lat, Hed ow dhe aoots Ff Hx)wod NS ZY Salve the Conginence wo 3e 4s 2 oth . So{9* @iven #0) = ao Ba +2 3 ome oNOrsu seh TA Solution lies Ma sek §-3,-2, 4,04 2, 34. Sie a folmed +) $5 = -268 F S f= - = i) 4 29 =° en (med a #U) = - 2) = 22 40 (mod * ie $a) = 218 4° cmos 9) Nxt ela bed)! ge tt BO LE 1 (mod) Ae ee A DOEred D ee LB Shwe Ae cots Sit bie cell ily Sh Canin alas & seed) ga oe He sls of me Given F(A) = ge +2%-3 = olmod 9). aia Sdtabien be fee ee qoyteee eb oF ay po, emt oa : $(eu) = as $0 (mod a) 4-2) = -18 fo (mod y = (mod 9) f(-)= —6 $e lmed 9) aRiGes 2 4(-3) = flo) = -3 - o(mod 4) SOreas } wit ay (31) FO) = 0s o€emed VY teu = 69 4 oC med 4) £0) = 4 = olmed 1) FN 42-3, 1,2 (med 7) om Ltn Root of given congruence . LE (mod 9) , LEM Cred > * F almeod at) he HK 3 Roots of He gues Con gunence W Find att te roots of tre Conguante ataty = : Ms). Sof%- Given F(x) = C414 F =F O(med 15) - SY Tis scl? ies tn Gee wet fot 2,---- ne Ht {-t-6, ---. o-oo th @ FCA) = 49 4 o(mod IS) F09 29, ke\ aks wens 242 nae Mh keu > [ee 3 * Petes} Ow , 4x4 3y 2 tolmed tb) or yay tay & to (ered ©) > at eaittenwd) (OD > wilaytt © ayr s bk 2 = Wek-0 D. Ae kets YF? gic Veto’ 2 la = 4 (med 16) ] (ons) al 2) Sowe the aysiem ct eysrokions axtey = (med F , Wat aye 2Cmed 4) 2) Sol; - as2, b=b6, =I ‘ naa: Cah, d=3, A= . acd (a, bin) = ¥e4 (26,9) =! gcd (ain be 2) The system hot % solution RS Also ged (ad-be, n) = 9e4 (is, 2 =8 > 1 The System Wes & vniqpe Soluben, os Comider 2X4 Cy = 1(med D WwW yi ray = > med Aye 2 ra at+ey = 1 (med +) @ arty 204 (med 4) Ry —6n = —3(mod 7) oO 2 2 w? > 9% = 1 (med 4) & a» Fl2%x1 & ane FK J am Berd Ey ket, 2246, 9 0 Comider ree 1 (mod H ss oy = 1(omed D > Gy = —t (med 4) Ss | cyt? GO butte tke > Dy y= tke Kel >. Feo €z Thy xe U(modt) Y y = o(mod BD Us Bee Sclubien . 3B) Solve 51434 = 2 (med t4) (24) —34 +yy = F (mod ty) aati a=S, bo3, m=? enc, dey, ag 2% ged (a.ben) = ged (53,14) = as a sytem har a Sstubyon- RS Aso ged (ad—bey n) = Qed (29,14) =) > The Gyptem haa a one Solubien wide SHH BY = 2(mod \4) x3 xs ~3x+uy = F (mod ly) x5 & a = +4y E 6 (med 4) —Igt +204 & as (med 4) aay = Al (med y > LS, Now, Sx+ 34 a, . > Saesa 4) > Sxe —, \4) iy) St Sty Sanat = Tye a 1 Min2* Se > neo 9 2 ome oa Sa Sthus 2x Et(mod tn) 209 F = Eee ly) ee geln. T) Sehe Sarey = to(med 18) > Er 74 = Bitero Sa) ae S(med (3) ord Y= uy (mod 13) fas @s) | Problens oo Fermat's Witt Hosen NS Rad 37 mod # Sol9:- By Feamatln LHL Haora , at, = 1 (med P) (iow: ox S37 bE 9) | 3° = 1 Cmed < | 3» GY = 8 (od 7) ~\ 2 8g! 5 3-1 (mod VD > 1 3?! 3 (mod #) . xs d fad 1n'*7 rod It gofos. By Fermat's Uhl Haeoum - a zl (mod P) , Op ag! = 1 (mod I) \ a (8 > Cost) = UF (med 9° wus “is 2 vast 2 1 tmed , nod 4) 28 we I 128 2) ras Gatert 13) ing ae BY stow thek Or da divisible by 3t Sold :- By In Lite theorem , ge: 1 (mod p) + hee 228, pa3l- we = 1 Cmed 30 ro (ca) gi = 0 (med 31) Since tee weneieden 7 conctude tok — ay divisible by 3t- rie HY find te Atmasnder Lalen 2° & divided by 12 (36) By Fermata Little tHeorem abt s (med p) 5 hee aaa, Pals a = 1 (med (3) 12) loco (83 % “ Sef :- = (2)? = 12? (ood 13) h ye 2 a 2 1 med \3) Se > a aM gt = 2 (med 13) 2 ah? g te (mod 13) ag?” 3° 3 (med 1) 3 the wemainda colen aire ck “So 5) Rad fee Aemaiedir colun 31°°°°2 epee by 3 Sof? = By Fermat's Jatt, tusrtm atte rtmod P+ 3 3% = 1 Cmed s3) yy y la- o=3, p=53 52) jocooe (1423 52 5 GS = ae d 53) ie > 3% hints #2) Tze Teo (Sh eae 2 SS. 2 a Crod $3) W. aa the tematader olen grrr? cx alrtdiedl Uy eas 3 fhe emainds wlan aye & divided by rey By Fermak a Little Huorem , oO ‘= 1 (mod p) 5 Wwe 852K, pela = ay = 1 Cod te) tay (121 3h q > (a) 2 4 Coed 12) 45 cs WW 3 > oy 1436 " (33) = 1 (mod (4) 25; aii, ay"! = au" (med 1) ) a 2 ay" (mod 19) > (D 2 4 5 % (med It) 3 © 5D ay* = 44 (mod 19) "ae \s =) ay? = —2 (med 14) a => (ayx)5 = 2) Cenod 19) - : Gs (med 19) "ae =) ay” = 2 (rod 14) 9O© = @ x@> aut. ay = 1.2. Cmod 14) xe 2) ay! = ty (mod 14) we usig, this fo ©, & mo & Iy Cmrod 14, . ty a He remasrtea inn aul? cg divided by It AY find He remaind Selo: 4 S" ts diustble by 7- 4 tHuomm » PO Emod p) oo hee as5, PaF 5 & 1 (med) > O “Qe 4 (onod > (52° =u Ged 9) SY 2 Ste 1b (med 3) 54 = almed 3) 3® Dx O® » iste trlmed V =) ae = a (med a) ‘ By Fermat's wn aig! (med 3) 5 5" solo? *) Como 4) 3 da tHe Mmoindr - 9) Solve Be Con gmante gi? = 4 (med wu) (33) Sol? ;- By formas Litte tuorem , ab = iemod bp) 2 Ware wx , Pal => x'° £1 (mod 11) 2D (ate) = 1! (mod 4) A Dw =e 1 (mod ut) ~\s SF =z 17 (med =) S co 83a x? (med 0) go, wt only need fo sole 2S H(mnod ") “& TP ue by a voles fom =I Hrraugh 1210 BE See thet 5? = 4 (med 0) te SS 47 Solve Me conguaence 95° = we Sel0:- By Rermakn Ute Hecren) o2® 51 Cnod 29) Aorleokig aod, pe aq) iv 2) 2 su 29) =) wigs x2 (med 29) > & = 9% (mod 29) 4 So, we ae fo Solve 27 26 (med aa). ov a a mutkple 2° 2q| are . ewe = 24 K 24k+& 235 + X42 ke2s 6y > wee €2- . & (med 29) heey vw

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