PSIR Paper 1 and 2 Solution - UPSC 2023 - 240220 - 230152

PSIR SOLUTION
PSIR Solutio�s Fo� UPSC 2023

Pape� I a�d II
by Vivek Waghmare
9354245132 Civilsfrontofﬁcial@gmail.com
Note for the reader
Dear aspirants,
Analysis and practice of Previous Year Questions are plays very significant role in scoring
high in UPSC mains examination. PYQ’s provides us insights into what has been the focus
of UPSC in past examinations and also helps us understand the ongoing trend.
If we analyse and understand the pattern of PYQ’s we will realise that UPSC repeatedly asks
few common themes around which questions revolves every year. After understanding this
trend we can actually predict questions.
Similarly this analysis helps us understand what to read and what not to read which no one
is going to tell us specifically. Once you understand what to read and to what extent we
should read it, our maximum work gets easy.
So if we follow strategic, planned and smart preparation strategy, it will be more effective
and will also save time along with helping scoring really good in exam.
This document consist of solution of questions asked in UPSC PSIR 2023. I hope you find it
helpful. Thank You.
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PSIR Paper 1 Solutions – UPSC
2023
Section A
1. Comment on the following in about 150 words each:
(a) Normative approach in Political Science. (10 Marks)
The normative approach in political science, championed by scholars like John Rawls, Hannah Arendt,
and Immanuel Kant, takes center stage in shaping our understanding of politics through ethical and
moral lenses. It transcends the mere description of political phenomena by seeking to answer
profound questions about what should be, rather than what is.
As John Rawls famously put it, "Justice is the first virtue of social institutions." Rawls' theory of justice,
outlined in "A Theory of Justice," provides a quintessential example of the normative approach,
offering a blueprint for a just society based on principles of fairness and equity.
Moreover, Hannah Arendt's work on political action and the public sphere underscores the
normative perspective's focus on the moral dimensions of politics. She emphasized the importance
of active citizen engagement and the preservation of freedom in political life, stating that "freedom
is the space where humanity can fully realize itself."
Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy has also left a lasting imprint on normative political thought. His
notion of the categorical imperative, which posits that individuals should act only according to
principles that could be universally applied, underpins many normative arguments regarding the
ethics of political decisions and policies.
Normative political analysis finds application in a myriad of issues, ranging from the assessment of the
legitimacy of governments to the ethical considerations in international relations. For instance, when
evaluating the morality of humanitarian interventions, scholars often invoke normative principles to
argue for or against such actions. Michael Walzer's "Just and Unjust Wars" delves into the moral
complexities of warfare, providing a normative framework for assessing the ethics of armed conflict.
Nonetheless, the normative approach is not without its challenges, as it often grapples with
subjectivity and diverging moral perspectives. What one group may perceive as morally justifiable,
another might vehemently oppose. Nevertheless, this normative lens remains invaluable for guiding
political thought, fostering ethical governance, and continually striving for a more just and equitable
political order.
(b) Multicultural perspective on rights. (10 Marks)
The multicultural perspective on rights, championed by scholars like Will Kymlicka and Charles Taylor,
offers a valuable lens through which we can navigate the intricate terrain of human rights within
diverse societies.
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Will Kymlicka, in his work on multicultural citizenship, argues that individuals within minority cultural
groups should be granted certain group-specific rights to preserve their cultural identities, while
simultaneously enjoying the protection of individual rights. He contends, "Cultural membership is a
source of value in people's lives, and that value is something we, as a society, should strive to protect
and accommodate."
This perspective recognizes the significance of cultural relativism, understanding that different
cultures have their own conceptions of rights and values. For instance, in Canada, a country known
for its multicultural policies, the right to education may extend to include the right to education in
one's native language for linguistic minority groups, such as French-speaking Canadians.
However, this approach is not without its challenges and debates. Charles Taylor, another prominent
scholar in this field, highlights the need to strike a balance between cultural sensitivity and the
protection of universal human rights. He asserts, "Rights talk can, and often does, bring us to a new
and broader understanding of what our own values imply." This implies that cultural practices should
not be allowed to violate fundamental human rights principles, such as gender equality.
In practice, the multicultural perspective informs policies and legal frameworks in countries like
Canada, where multiculturalism is officially recognized. These policies aim to celebrate cultural
diversity while ensuring equal rights and protections for all citizens. However, tensions can arise in
situations where cultural practices clash with universal human rights norms, such as cases involving
gender discrimination within certain religious communities.
The multicultural perspective on rights provides a nuanced and culturally informed approach to
human rights within diverse societies. It seeks to accommodate cultural diversity while upholding
universal human rights principles. Scholars like Kymlicka and Taylor have made significant
contributions to this field, offering insights into how societies can navigate the complex interplay
between cultural identities and human rights in an increasingly diverse world. Nevertheless, the
challenge remains in striking the right balance between cultural sensitivity and the protection of
fundamental rights, particularly when conflicts arise between cultural practices and universal human
rights norms.
(c) State of Nature as State of War (Hobbes). (10 Marks)
Thomas Hobbes, a prominent philosopher in political theory, famously described the state of nature
as a state of war in his seminal work, "Leviathan." This concept serves as a foundational idea in his
social contract theory, offering a stark and rather pessimistic view of human nature and the condition
of humanity without the presence of political authority and governance.
Hobbes posited that in the state of nature, where there is no centralized authority to maintain order
and enforce laws, individuals are driven by their self-interest and the pursuit of their own desires. In
this scenario, life is characterized by insecurity, fear, and a constant struggle for survival. He famously
coined the phrase "bellum omnium contra omnes," which translates to "the war of all against all,"
to describe the chaotic and competitive nature of this hypothetical state.
Hobbes argued that the absence of a common power to enforce contracts and restrain human
passions inevitably leads to a condition where life becomes "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
In such a hostile environment, individuals are compelled to be in a constant state of vigilance and self-
defense, as they can never be sure of others' intentions.
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Hobbes' depiction of the state of nature as a state of war underscores his belief in the necessity of a
strong, central authority (the Leviathan) to establish and maintain social order. Through a social
contract, individuals willingly surrender some of their natural rights and freedoms to this sovereign
authority in exchange for protection and the assurance of a more stable and secure society.
While Hobbes' portrayal of the state of nature as a state of war may be seen as overly pessimistic and
deterministic, it has had a profound influence on political philosophy and continues to be a subject of
debate and discussion. It serves as a thought-provoking starting point for exploring questions about
the nature of government, human cooperation, and the role of authority in maintaining social order.
Ultimately, Hobbes' work reminds us of the delicate balance between individual liberties and the need
for collective governance in the complex tapestry of human society.
(d) Foucault's concept of power. (10 Marks)
Michel Foucault's conceptualization of power has profoundly transformed our understanding of

societal dynamics, shedding light on the complexities of power's operation in our lives. His ideas,
championed alongside other influential scholars like Jacques Derrida and Gilles Deleuze, have sparked
paradigm-shifting discussions in fields ranging from political science to philosophy and sociology.
Foucault's notion of power as dispersed and relational challenges traditional, hierarchical models of
power, asserting that power is not confined to specific institutions or individuals but is interwoven
into the fabric of everyday life. As Foucault famously stated, "Power is everywhere," highlighting the
omnipresence of power in social interactions and the manner in which it influences our perceptions,
behaviors, and identities.
Foucault's concept of "power/knowledge" underscores the inseparable link between power and
knowledge production. It suggests that those in power shape and control the dissemination of
knowledge to maintain their authority. An example of this can be seen in educational systems where
curricula and textbooks are designed to reflect dominant cultural and ideological norms. This
manipulation of knowledge serves as a tool of power by reinforcing certain social hierarchies and
norms.
Additionally, Foucault introduced the notion of "discursive practices" to illustrate how power
operates through language and discourse. The construction of what is considered "normal" or
"deviant" in society is often a result of discursive practices. For instance, the medical profession's
classification of certain behaviors as mental illnesses can lead to the stigmatization and control of
individuals who deviate from accepted norms.
Foucault's examination of the Panopticon, a prison design where inmates are under constant
surveillance, serves as a potent metaphor for the psychological aspects of power. The Panopticon
illustrates how individuals can internalize a sense of surveillance and discipline, even in the absence
of overt coercion, leading to self-regulation and conformity. This idea resonates in contemporary
discussions of surveillance and the erosion of privacy in the digital age.
Furthermore, Foucault's concepts of "bio-power" and "governmentality" offer insights into how
modern states and institutions govern populations. Bio-power encompasses the management of life
processes and populations, impacting areas like public health and biopolitics. Governmentality
explores how individuals govern themselves and are governed by societal norms and institutions.
These concepts provide frameworks for analyzing how states and institutions exert control and
influence over various aspects of individuals' lives.
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Ultimately, Foucault's work highlights the multidimensional nature of power and encourages critical
examination of societal structures and the potential for resistance. It invites us to question and
challenge prevailing power dynamics, fostering a deeper understanding of how power shapes our
world and how individuals can navigate and subvert these systems. Foucault's contributions continue
to be a vital resource for scholars and thinkers seeking to unravel the intricacies of power in
contemporary society.
(e) Decline of Political theory. (10 Marks)
The perceived decline of political theory is a subject that has sparked significant discourse within the
realms of academia and political science. Scholars like Francis Fukuyama have raised concerns about
the diminishing role of political theory in shaping contemporary political debates. Fukuyama, in his
book "Political Order and Political Decay," argues that political institutions and pragmatic problem-
solving have taken precedence over grand theoretical narratives. He famously stated, "Political
institutions and systems decay, and the political decay can erode the quality of government even if
the formal rules remain the same."
Empirical research and quantitative methods, often prioritized in modern political science, have
contributed to the sense of political theory's decline. The push for empirically grounded research,
exemplified by the works of scholars like Robert Putnam and his concept of "social capital,"
emphasizes data-driven analysis and practical policy implications over abstract theoretical inquiries.
Interdisciplinary engagement is another dimension of the evolving landscape of political theory.

Scholars like Martha Nussbaum have enriched the field by incorporating insights from philosophy,
ethics, and social sciences, expanding the horizons of political theory. Nussbaum's capabilities
approach, for instance, bridges political theory with moral philosophy to address pressing issues of
justice and human well-being.
Complex contemporary issues, such as climate change, global inequality, and digital governance,
demand innovative approaches. While some argue that traditional political theory may struggle to
provide immediate, practical solutions, thinkers like Thomas Piketty have engaged with economic and
political theory to address the challenges of wealth inequality in the 21st century.
The globalization of politics and recognition of cultural diversity present challenges to political theory's
Eurocentric traditions. Scholars like Chantal Mouffe have explored the intersection of political theory
with postcolonial and critical theory, aiming to decolonize and diversify the field. Mouffe's work
underscores the need to engage with non-Western perspectives and voices in political theorizing.
In the face of technological advancements and the influence of digital media on political discourse,
scholars like Zeynep Tufekci have examined the impact of technology on power dynamics and political
participation. Tufekci's insights into the role of social media in shaping political mobilization and
protest movements demonstrate the evolving nature of political theory in response to contemporary
challenges.
The perceived decline of political theory is a multifaceted and evolving phenomenon. While concerns
exist about its diminishing influence in certain academic and policy circles, political theory continues
to adapt and enrich itself through interdisciplinary engagement, engagement with complex
contemporary issues, and a recognition of global perspectives. It remains a vital field that contributes
valuable normative and ethical insights to discussions about governance, justice, and the complexities
of modern politics.
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2. (a) Success of contemporary democracies lies in the State limiting its own power. Explain.
(20 Marks)
The success of contemporary democracies significantly relies on the state's ability to limit its own
power, a principle deeply rooted in democratic theory and practice. As political philosopher John
Locke aptly stated, "Wherever law ends, tyranny begins." This concept finds validation in the
experience of modern democracies, where checks and balances have been critical in safeguarding
individual rights.
The success of contemporary democracies is often linked to the concept of the state deliberately
limiting its own power, a principle deeply rooted in democratic theory and practice. This concept,
central to the work of political theorists like John Locke and Montesquieu, revolves around the idea
that a government’s power should be checked and balanced to prevent tyranny and protect
individual liberties.
One of the foundational principles in this regard is the separation of powers, an idea articulated by
Montesquieu in "The Spirit of the Laws." This principle advocates for the division of government
responsibilities into distinct branches — legislative, executive, and judicial — each with its own powers
and responsibilities to ensure that no single branch becomes overly dominant. The United States,
with its clear division of powers among the Congress (legislative), the President (executive), and the
Supreme Court (judicial), exemplifies this principle in action.
Another critical aspect is the rule of law, a concept emphasized by Locke, suggesting that all
individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable to law that is
fairly applied and enforced. The rule of law is fundamental to democratic governance as it ensures
that state power is exercised within a framework of established rules rather than arbitrary decisions.
Countries like the United Kingdom, with its long-standing legal traditions, underscore the importance
of the rule of law in democratic societies.
Democratic states also limit their power through the protection of civil liberties and human rights.
This limitation is evident in the establishment of constitutions and charters that explicitly outline and
guarantee individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion. The
European Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights is an example of a modern legal instrument designed
to protect individual rights within its member states.
Additionally, the concept of pluralism in democratic societies, as discussed by scholars like Robert
Dahl, plays a vital role in limiting state power. Pluralism encourages the coexistence of diverse groups
and interests, allowing for a multiplicity of voices and opinions to be heard and considered in the
political process. This diversity ensures that power is not concentrated in the hands of a few but is
dispersed across various societal groups.
Finally, the presence of a free and independent media and civil society is crucial in contemporary
democracies for ensuring state accountability and transparency. Media scrutiny and public oversight
act as checks on government power, as seen in the role of investigative journalism in exposing
corruption and misuse of power in democratic nations worldwide.
The success of modern democracies is fundamentally linked to the state's ability to limit its own power
through the separation of powers, the rule of law, the protection of individual rights, the practice of
pluralism, and the existence of a free media and active civil society. These mechanisms ensure that
power is exercised responsibly and democratically, safeguarding individual freedoms and promoting
a healthy, functioning democratic society.
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2. (b) Rawl's idea of 'liberal self' is too individualistic. Explain, in this context, the communitarian
critique of Rawl's theory of Justice. (15 Marks)
The communitarian critique of John Rawls' theory of justice raises significant concerns about the
perceived excess of individualism in Rawls' framework and the lack of attention to communal values
and cultural contexts.
Scholars like Alasdair MacIntyre and Michael Sandel have been influential in articulating this critique.
MacIntyre, in his work "After Virtue," argues that Rawlsian liberalism assumes a detached, morally
autonomous individual without adequately considering the role of tradition, community, and
narrative in shaping moral reasoning. He contends that justice is deeply embedded in a particular
cultural and historical context and cannot be adequately understood outside of it.
Michael Sandel, in his book "Liberalism and the Limits of Justice," criticizes Rawls for adopting a
neutral stance on the good life, which, he argues, fails to engage with the moral and cultural diversity
of society. Sandel's well-known example of distributing tickets for a scarce resource (e.g., a sports
event) illustrates how different conceptions of justice emerge from differing cultural values and social
contexts. This example underscores the communitarian argument that justice cannot be divorced
from communal values and norms.
The communitarian critique also points to the limitations of Rawls' "veil of ignorance" thought
experiment. While Rawls uses this device to eliminate biases and create a fair deliberative process,
communitarians argue that it overlooks the fact that individuals' identities and values are often deeply
rooted in their specific cultural and communal backgrounds. Charles Taylor, another prominent
communitarian thinker, emphasizes the importance of recognizing that people's moral and political
commitments are shaped by their participation in particular communities, which contribute to their
sense of self.
Furthermore, the communitarian critique is particularly relevant in diverse societies where different
cultural, religious, and ethnic communities coexist. For example, debates about issues like religious
freedom, cultural preservation, and minority rights often highlight the tension between individual
rights and the preservation of communal values and identities. In such contexts, a purely individualistic
approach to justice may not adequately address the complexities of accommodating diverse
communal perspectives.
The communitarian critique of Rawls' theory of justice, articulated by scholars like MacIntyre, Sandel,
and Taylor, challenges the excessive individualism and lack of attention to communal values in Rawls'
framework. It underscores the importance of recognizing the influence of culture, tradition, and
community in shaping individuals' moral identities and argues for a more context-sensitive and
culturally aware approach to justice that accommodates the complexities of diverse societies.
2. (c) 'Credo of Relevance' in post-behaviouralism advocates the importance of action sccience.

Analyze. (15 Marks)
The "Credo of Relevance" within post-behavioralism represents a pivotal shift in the field of political
science, emphasizing the paramount importance of action science. This shift, often attributed to
scholars like David Easton and Herbert Simon, was a response to the limitations and criticisms of
traditional behavioralism.
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Easton, for instance, argued that political science should move beyond the study of behavior for its
own sake and instead focus on how knowledge about political behavior could be applied to address
real-world problems. This marked a departure from the more abstract and theoretical approach of
behavioralism, which was often accused of being disconnected from practical political issues.
The "Credo of Relevance" advocates for a political science that not only comprehensively studies
political phenomena but also actively engages with and contributes to the resolution of societal and
political challenges. It emphasizes that political scientists should play a proactive role in shaping
public policies and governance by offering evidence-based insights and solutions. This approach
aligns with the broader trend of interdisciplinary research, drawing on insights from various fields to
provide a more holistic understanding of complex political issues.
An example of the "Credo of Relevance" in action can be seen in the field of public policy analysis.
Scholars and practitioners in this field work together to evaluate the effectiveness of policies, identify
areas for improvement, and propose practical solutions. For instance, researchers might assess the
impact of a welfare reform program on poverty rates and make recommendations for policy
adjustments based on empirical findings. This interdisciplinary and policy-focused approach
exemplifies the commitment to translating political science knowledge into tangible outcomes.
Furthermore, the "Credo of Relevance" underscores the ethical considerations that come with the
active involvement of political scientists in policy-making and advocacy. Scholars must navigate
questions of objectivity, potential biases, and the ethical implications of their recommendations. This
ethical dimension is particularly relevant when political scientists engage in advocacy for social and
political change, as their actions and advice can have far-reaching consequences.
The "Credo of Relevance" in post-behavioralism represents a paradigm shift in political science, calling
for a more action-oriented and policy-relevant approach to the discipline. Scholars like Easton and
Simon emphasized that political science should not remain confined to abstract theorizing but should
actively engage with and contribute to the resolution of pressing societal and political issues. This shift
reflects a recognition that political science can and should play a vital role in addressing the complex
challenges of the modern world through practical and ethical engagement.
3 (a) Fascism displays an ambivalent stance towards parliamentary democracy. Explain. (20 Marks)
Fascism's relationship with parliamentary democracy is fundamentally ambivalent, characterized by a

complex mix of superficial acceptance and inherent opposition. Fascist ideologies, as theorized by
scholars like Robert O. Paxton in "The Anatomy of Fascism," often exhibit a disdain for parliamentary
democracy while at times manipulating its structures for their own gain.
Fascism typically arises in response to perceived threats from liberal democratic ideals and Marxist
socialism. It positions itself as an alternative to parliamentary democracy, which fascists argue is weak,
corrupt, and inefficient. Scholars like Roger Griffin have noted that fascists criticize parliamentary
democracy for its inherent pluralism, debate, and slow decision-making processes, which they claim
are ill-suited to addressing the nation's urgent needs. This critique is rooted in the fascist preference
for a totalitarian state where power is centralized and dissent is not tolerated.
Historical examples abound. In Italy, under Mussolini, the initial rise of fascism involved engaging with
parliamentary democracy to gain power. Once in power, however, Mussolini systematically
dismantled democratic institutions and established a dictatorship. Similarly, in Germany, the Nazi
Party under Adolf Hitler initially participated in democratic elections and used parliamentary
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maneuvers to gain authority. Once they had achieved a level of control, they quickly moved to
establish a totalitarian regime, suspending civil liberties and eliminating political opposition.
This ambivalence towards parliamentary democracy is also evident in the fascist rhetoric of a national
crisis that requires strong and decisive leadership, often embodied in a singular charismatic leader.
Fascists exploit democratic institutions and processes to gain power but have no commitment to
uphold these once in power. Their ultimate goal, as Paxton points out, is the creation of a new political
order that replaces parliamentary democracy with a fascist state.
Fascist movements often gain traction during periods of social, economic, or political instability,
exploiting the fears and insecurities of the populace. They promise to restore order, often through
nationalist rhetoric and policies, while disparaging the democratic system as incapable of resolving
the crises facing society.
Fascism’s ambivalent stance towards parliamentary democracy is characterized by initial engagement

with democratic processes to gain power, followed by a swift rejection of these same processes once
power is secured. This approach is driven by a fundamental opposition to the pluralistic, deliberative,
and often messy nature of democratic governance in favor of a totalitarian state that emphasizes
uniformity, order, and the centralization of power.
3. (b) Affirmative action policies draw as much strong criticism as strong support. Analyze this
statement in the context of equality. (15 Marks)
Affirmative action policies, designed to address historical injustices and discrimination by providing
opportunities to underrepresented groups, have been a subject of intense debate in the context of
equality. While these policies aim to promote social justice and equality, they also face criticism for
various reasons, leading to a polarized discourse.
Proponents of affirmative action, such as scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw, argue that these policies are
essential for correcting systemic imbalances and historical injustices that have marginalized certain
groups, particularly in education and employment. The rationale is that affirmative action helps level
the playing field for those who have been disadvantaged by societal structures. This perspective is
grounded in the theory of substantive equality, which recognizes that unequal treatment may be
necessary to achieve equality in practice. For example, in the United States, affirmative action
programs in higher education institutions aim to increase the representation of minority students,
addressing racial disparities in access to education.
Affirmative action in India, championed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, uplifts Dalits through reservations in
education and government jobs, addressing historical discrimination and promoting social justice. This
policy facilitates access to higher education and public employment for individuals from SC and ST
backgrounds.
On the other hand, critics of affirmative action, like Thomas Sowell, argue that these policies can lead
to reverse discrimination, unfairly disadvantaging those who do not belong to the designated
underrepresented groups. Critics contend that affirmative action compromises the principle of
meritocracy, potentially leading to resentment and further societal divisions. They advocate for a
color-blind or neutral approach, focusing on equality of opportunity rather than equality of outcome.
In this view, affirmative action is seen as contradicting the ideal of treating all individuals equally,
regardless of their background.
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The debate is further complicated by differing legal and cultural perspectives across countries. For
instance, affirmative action in the United States is often discussed in the context of racial equality,
while in India, similar policies, known as reservation policies, are implemented primarily based on
caste and socio-economic status.
Affirmative action policies are a contentious topic in the equality discourse. While they are supported
for their role in addressing historical and systemic inequalities and promoting diversity, they are also
criticized for potentially undermining meritocracy and leading to reverse discrimination. This debate
reflects the broader tension between different conceptions of equality – whether the focus should be
on creating equal opportunities or achieving equal outcomes.
3. (c) Eurocentrism is both the target and the motive force of the post-colonial political theory.
Discuss. (15 Marks)
Eurocentrism, the tendency to view the world from a European or Western perspective, often placing
European culture and history at the center of world events, is a critical point of engagement in post-
colonial political theory. Post-colonial theory, as a discipline, both challenges Eurocentrism and is
driven by the need to address its pervasive influence in shaping global narratives and power
structures.
Scholars like Edward Said, in his seminal work "Orientalism," have argued that Eurocentrism
perpetuates a distorted view of non-European societies, often portraying them as backward, exotic,
or uncivilized. This perspective has been critiqued for justifying colonial domination and for its ongoing
impact in contemporary global relations. Post-colonial theory targets Eurocentrism by
deconstructing these narratives, revealing how European imperialism has historically shaped
perceptions of colonized peoples and continues to influence their portrayal in media, literature, and
academia.
At the same time, Eurocentrism acts as a motive force for post-colonial political theory. The need to
counter these Eurocentric narratives and to reframe the discourse from the perspective of the
colonized has been a driving force behind the development of the field. Scholars like Frantz Fanon, in
works like "The Wretched of the Earth," and Homi K. Bhabha, in "The Location of Culture," have
emphasized the importance of understanding the psychological and cultural dimensions of colonialism
and the necessity of creating a space for the voices and experiences of colonized peoples.
Moreover, post-colonial theory seeks to address the ongoing impact of Eurocentrism in current
global power dynamics, such as economic policies, international relations, and cultural exchanges.
The theory examines how Eurocentric assumptions continue to underpin and influence these areas,
often leading to unequal relationships between the West and the Global South.
The field of post-colonial studies also critically assesses the legacy of European colonialism in shaping
the modern nation-state system and global political economy. It challenges the Eurocentric narrative
of modernity and progress, which often marginalizes or overlooks the contributions and experiences
of non-European societies.
Eurocentrism is both a target and a driving force in post-colonial political theory. The discipline aims
to challenge and dismantle Eurocentric perspectives that have historically justified colonialism and
continue to influence global relations, while also being motivated by the need to bring forward
alternative narratives and perspectives that represent the diverse and complex realities of post-
colonial societies. This dual role of post-colonial theory highlights its significance in reimagining and
reshaping the discourse around global history, culture, and politics.
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4. (a) Buddhist thought on Dhamma facilitates the emancipation of political action. Explain.
(20 Marks)
Buddhist thought on Dhamma holds the potential to be a powerful force in emancipating political
action, offering a moral and ethical framework that encourages compassion, non-violence, and social
responsibility. The teachings of Buddhism, which emphasize the interconnectedness of all beings and
the pursuit of ethical conduct, provide valuable insights for political engagement.
Renowned Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh has stressed the significance of mindfulness in political
action, advocating for decisions made with awareness and compassion. This emphasis on ethical
decision-making is rooted in the Buddhist concept of Dhamma, which promotes virtuous living and
mindful awareness.
The principle of compassion (karuna) lies at the heart of Buddhism, encouraging political leaders and
citizens alike to empathize with the suffering of others. This compassion can drive policies and actions
aimed at alleviating the plight of marginalized communities and promoting social justice. The Dalai
Lama, a prominent Buddhist leader, exemplifies this approach by advocating for compassion in
governance and global affairs.
Additionally, Buddhism's core tenet of non-violence (ahimsa) advocates peaceful conflict resolution
and the rejection of violence as a solution. Mahatma Gandhi, deeply influenced by these Buddhist
principles, employed non-violent resistance effectively in the Indian independence movement,
demonstrating the potential of ahimsa in political action.
The Middle Path, a central concept in Buddhism, encourages balance and moderation. In politics, this
translates to a centrist and inclusive approach that seeks to bridge ideological divides and promote
cooperation. Such a balanced political stance can facilitate effective governance and reduce
polarization.
Buddhist thought also fosters a sense of social responsibility, urging individuals to actively engage in
the well-being of society. Buddhist monastic communities, through their involvement in social welfare
activities, exemplify this commitment to social responsibility.
Furthermore, the Buddhist perspective on interconnectedness underscores the global consequences

of political actions. Political leaders are encouraged to consider the broader impact of their decisions
on a global scale, particularly in areas such as climate change and international relations.
Buddhist thought on Dhamma offers a profound philosophical foundation for ethical and
compassionate political action. While not prescribing specific policies or systems, it provides a moral
compass that can guide individuals in politics towards decisions that prioritize the well-being of all and
foster a more just, peaceful, and interconnected world.
4. (b) "The legal subordination of one sex to another is wrong in itself, and now one of the chief
hindrances to human development." (J.S. Mill). Comment. (15 Marks)
John Stuart Mill's assertion that the legal subordination of one sex to another is inherently wrong and
a significant hindrance to human development encapsulates his pioneering views on gender equality
and the societal consequences of gender-based discrimination.
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Mill, a 19th-century philosopher and advocate for women's rights, firmly condemns the practice of
legally subordinating one gender to the other. His moral stance underscores the principle of justice
and equality, highlighting that treating individuals differently solely based on their gender is an ethical
transgression.
Mill's critique extends beyond morality; he argues that such legal inequalities act as impediments to
human development. When one gender is subordinated through discriminatory laws and practices,
society deprives itself of the full potential, talents, and contributions of half its population. This
hindrance to human development is both a moral wrong and a practical detriment to social progress.
Mill's views align with the broader movement for gender equality and women's rights. He emphasizes
that true societal progress can only be achieved when all members are recognized and treated
equitably, regardless of their gender.
His advocacy for gender equality encompassed various aspects, including women's suffrage, equal
access to education, and property rights. His influential essay, "The Subjection of Women," served as
a catalyst for advancing the cause of gender equality, inspiring subsequent generations of activists
and reformers.
Mill's assertion remains highly pertinent today, as gender-based discrimination persists in many parts
of the world. Discriminatory laws and practices continue to limit the opportunities and rights of
women, reinforcing the relevance of Mill's moral and practical arguments.
Mill's ideas continue to serve as a powerful reminder of the ongoing imperative to challenge and
rectify gender-based injustices and to work toward a society where legal subordination based on sex
is not only recognized as wrong in itself but actively dismantled in the pursuit of genuine human
development and societal progress.
4. (c) Sri Aurobindo's idea of Swaraj has deep significance in the Indian social, political and cultural
history. Analyze. (15 Marks)
Sri Aurobindo's concept of Swaraj holds deep and multifaceted significance in the annals of Indian
social, political, and cultural history. A philosopher, yogi, and nationalist, Sri Aurobindo played a
pivotal role in the struggle for India's independence from British colonial rule.
His vision of Swaraj transcended the mere attainment of political sovereignty; it encompassed a
profound transformation of Indian society, culture, and spirituality. This holistic approach reflected
his conviction that true independence could only be achieved through spiritual awakening and the
development of individual potential. In this regard, Sri Aurobindo's ideas align with those of scholars
like Rabindranath Tagore, who emphasized the spiritual and cultural dimensions of freedom.
Sri Aurobindo's concept of Swaraj laid a spiritual foundation for India's struggle for independence. He
believed that political freedom should be accompanied by a deeper awakening of the individual and
society to their spiritual potential. His philosophy resonates with the broader Indian tradition that
recognizes spirituality as an integral part of national identity and consciousness.
Integral human development was central to Sri Aurobindo's vision of Swaraj. He envisioned a society
where individuals not only enjoyed political freedom but also had the opportunity to realize their full
potential. This holistic approach influenced post-independence India's policies and programs, focusing
on social and economic development, education, and poverty alleviation.
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Sri Aurobindo's call for a cultural renaissance contributed to the preservation and revitalization of
India's diverse cultural heritage. His emphasis on indigenous art, literature, and traditions helped
shape India's cultural identity after independence. The promotion of diverse art forms, classical
traditions, and cultural festivals in contemporary India reflects the enduring impact of his ideas.
In the realm of education, Sri Aurobindo advocated for a system that nurtured self-reliance and self-
discovery. His ideas continue to influence educational reforms in India, encouraging a more holistic
and self-directed approach to learning.
On the political front, Sri Aurobindo's vision included a decentralized form of governance, empowering
local communities and fostering active participation in decision-making. While the immediate post-
independence period did not fully realize this vision, it contributed to ongoing discussions on
decentralization and local self-government in India.
Sri Aurobindo's ideas transcend national borders and have gained recognition globally. The Sri
Aurobindo Ashram in Puducherry has become an international center for spiritual and philosophical
exploration. His writings on integral yoga and human evolution continue to inspire individuals and
thought leaders worldwide.
Sri Aurobindo's concept of Swaraj represents a comprehensive vision for India's transformation. His
emphasis on spirituality, integral human development, cultural revival, education, and decentralized
governance has left an enduring impact on India's social, political, and cultural history. Sri Aurobindo's
legacy continues to inspire individuals and societies worldwide in their pursuit of a deeper
understanding of freedom, progress, and spiritual awakening.
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Section B
5. Comment on the following in about 150 words each: (10x5 = 50)
5. (a) Imprint of the British Constitution on the Indian Constitution
The imprint of the British Constitution on the Indian Constitution is undeniable and deeply rooted in
India's colonial history. Scholars like Granville Austin have extensively examined this influence,
emphasizing how the framers of the Indian Constitution, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, drew from various
sources, including the British model, to create a framework for a democratic and republican India.
One of the most prominent influences is the adoption of the parliamentary system of government,
which closely mirrors the British model. This system, enshrined in Articles 74 and 75 of the Indian
Constitution, establishes a President as the ceremonial head of state and a Prime Minister as the
head of government, accountable to the lower house of Parliament, the Lok Sabha. This adoption
reflects the framers' faith in the British system's efficacy in ensuring responsible government and the
executive's accountability to the legislature.
Furthermore, the British notion of the rule of law profoundly shaped the Indian Constitution. This
principle, a fundamental aspect of British governance, underscores that no one, including the
government, is above the law. Articles 12 to 35 of the Indian Constitution codify the fundamental
rights of citizens, ensuring their protection by the judiciary. The framers of the Indian Constitution
recognized the importance of judicial review, which allows the Indian Supreme Court to interpret and
uphold the Constitution's provisions, much like the role of the British judiciary in safeguarding
individual liberties and ensuring adherence to the rule of law.
The bicameral legislature in India, comprising the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, echoes the British
Parliament's structure with the House of Commons and the House of Lords. This system permits the
representation of states and their regional interests in the legislative process, akin to the British House
of Lords representing regions and aristocracy. Articles 79 to 122 of the Indian Constitution establish
the framework for this parliamentary structure.
While the Indian Constitution borrowed significantly from the British model, it also exhibits distinct
features, notably the federal structure. The British model lacks a federal system, but India's framers
recognized the importance of decentralization to accommodate its linguistic, cultural, and regional
diversity. The federal structure, outlined in Articles 1 to 4 and elaborated in the Seventh Schedule of
the Indian Constitution, divides powers between the central and state governments, akin to the British
practice of devolution to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
The imprint of the British Constitution on the Indian Constitution is unmistakable, especially in areas
like the parliamentary system, the rule of law, and the bicameral legislature. These influences were
carefully adapted to suit India's unique context and aspirations, resulting in a governing document
that blends historical influences with indigenous values and a commitment to democracy and justice.
As Ambedkar aptly stated during the Constituent Assembly debates, "We are going to enter into a
life of contradictions. In politics, we will have equality, and in social and economic life, we will have
inequality." The Indian Constitution represents a synthesis of diverse influences, ultimately aiming to
fulfill the democratic and egalitarian ideals enshrined in its text.
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5. (b) Environmentalism of the poor.
The concept of "Environmentalism of the Poor" in the context of Indian government and politics
resonates deeply with the socio-economic and environmental challenges faced by marginalized
communities in the country.
As scholars like Joan Martinez-Alier have highlighted, India's economically disadvantaged populations
often find themselves at the forefront of environmental degradation, suffering disproportionately
from pollution, displacement due to development projects, and resource depletion. This phenomenon
underscores the complex interplay between poverty and environmental issues, where the poor are
both victims and, in some cases, environmental activists out of necessity.
One of the key aspects of this concept is the role of marginalized communities in environmental
activism. Communities affected by environmental degradation, such as those living near polluting
industries or in ecologically sensitive areas, often mobilize to protect their livelihoods and natural
resources. They engage in protests, legal battles, and grassroots movements to safeguard their
environment. The Chipko Movement, for instance, saw villagers hugging trees to prevent
deforestation, becoming iconic symbols of grassroots environmentalism.
However, the government's response to these environmental struggles has been mixed. While India
has developed environmental policies and legislation, the actual implementation often falls short,
leading to conflicts between the government, industries, and marginalized communities. The
challenge lies in balancing economic development with environmental sustainability and the
protection of the rights and well-being of these communities.
One significant legislative step in addressing these issues was the Forest Rights Act (2006), which
aimed to recognize the rights of forest-dwelling communities over traditional forestlands and
resources. This act acknowledges the historical injustice of dispossession and seeks to rectify it.
Nonetheless, its full implementation remains a challenge, and many marginalized communities still
face threats of eviction and displacement.
Environmentalism of the Poor also intersects with Indian politics. Politicians must navigate the
competing interests of industries, environmental activists, and marginalized communities when
making policy decisions. These communities, often residing in critical electoral constituencies, have a
growing political voice, influencing government policies and election outcomes.
The concept of "Environmentalism of the Poor" underscores the complex and multifaceted
relationship between poverty, environmental degradation, and political action in India. It highlights
the resilience of marginalized communities in the face of environmental challenges and the need for
more inclusive and sustainable approaches to development that prioritize both economic growth and
environmental justice. As the global discourse on environmentalism evolves, acknowledging and
addressing the concerns of the poor becomes increasingly crucial for a more equitable and sustainable
future.
5. (c) Functions of District Planning Committee.
District Planning Committees (DPCs) in India serve critical functions in the context of decentralized
planning and equitable resource allocation at the district level. These functions are outlined and
mandated by the 73rd Amendment Act of the Indian Constitution, which empowers local self-
governance institutions.
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• Consolidation of Plans: DPCs, as per Article 243ZD of the 73rd Amendment Act, consolidate
the plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities in the district, ensuring alignment with
the district development plan.
• Preparation of District Plan: DPCs are responsible for preparing the district development plan,
as mandated by Article 243ZD of the Constitution. This plan outlines the developmental
priorities, taking into account the resources available and the needs of the district.
• Resource Allocation: DPCs allocate resources among various projects and schemes proposed
by Panchayats and Municipalities, in accordance with Article 243ZD(3). They consider factors
like project urgency and socio-economic impact.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: DPCs, in line with Article 243ZD(5), monitor and evaluate the
implementation of development projects and schemes, ensuring efficient resource utilization.
• Decentralized Governance: DPCs contribute to decentralized governance, empowering local
representatives, as envisioned by the 73rd Amendment Act.
• Recommendations to State Government: DPCs can make recommendations to the State
Government on district planning matters, as specified in Article 243ZD(9).
• Conflict Resolution: While not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, DPCs often play a role
in resolving conflicts between local governing bodies to maintain harmony and cooperation.
• Participatory Planning: DPCs promote participatory planning, seeking public feedback and
involvement in line with the spirit of decentralized governance enshrined in the Constitution.
• Coordination: DPCs facilitate coordination among government departments and agencies
operating in the district, ensuring synergy and effective resource utilization.
• Implementation of Special Schemes: DPCs oversee the implementation of special schemes
and programs, aligning them with the district's specific needs and objectives as per the
Constitution.
DPCs' functions are rooted in the 73rd Amendment Act, which introduced significant constitutional
changes to promote local self-governance and decentralized planning in India. These committees
ensure that local priorities are considered in district planning and resource allocation, promoting
democratic decision-making and equitable development.
5. (d) Satyagraha and Indian Nationalism.
Satyagraha, a concept coined and championed by Mahatma Gandhi, is intrinsically linked with the
narrative of Indian nationalism. This philosophy of nonviolent resistance, grounded in the principles
of truth (satya) and nonviolence (ahimsa), emerged as a defining characteristic of the Indian struggle
for independence from British colonial rule.
Scholars like Erik H. Erikson have described Gandhi's approach as a moral quest, one that transcended
mere political agitation. It reshaped the very essence of Indian nationalism by infusing it with higher
ethical standards and a profound commitment to justice.
Satyagraha's distinctive feature was its emphasis on nonviolence as a powerful tool of political
change. This nonviolent resistance strategy allowed ordinary Indians from diverse backgrounds to
become active participants in the struggle for freedom. Gandhi's iconic Salt March, a symbol of
peaceful resistance against the British monopoly on salt production, exemplified the mobilizing power
of Satyagraha.
One of the most significant contributions of Satyagraha to Indian nationalism was its ability to garner
international attention and support. Gandhi's principled stance on nonviolence resonated globally,
making him an iconic figure in the global struggle against oppression. As he famously stated, "You can
chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but you will never imprison my
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mind." This moral high ground not only challenged British authority but also compelled the world to
take notice of India's fight for freedom.
Moreover, Satyagraha placed the British colonial administration in a moral quandary. They were faced
with the dilemma of suppressing nonviolent protesters demanding justice and freedom. Gandhi's
unwavering commitment to nonviolence made it increasingly difficult for the British to maintain their
hold on India without facing international condemnation.
In essence, Satyagraha and Indian nationalism are inseparable. Satyagraha breathed moral and ethical
vigor into the struggle for independence, transforming it from a political movement into a moral
crusade. It mobilized the masses, attracted global attention, and forced the British to confront the
moral implications of their colonial rule. The legacy of Satyagraha endures not only in the annals of
Indian history but also as a symbol of the enduring power of truth and nonviolence in the quest for
justice and freedom worldwide.
5. (e) National Commission for Minorities
The National Commission for Minorities (NCM) in India, established under the National Commission
for Minorities Act of 1992, plays a vital role in promoting and safeguarding the interests of minority
communities. Its functions, as outlined by scholars and experts, are critical in addressing the unique
challenges faced by these groups in a diverse society.
The NCM's primary function involves monitoring and evaluating the socio-economic and educational
progress of religious and linguistic minorities. Scholars such as Zoya Hasan have emphasized the
importance of this role in ensuring that government policies effectively address the needs of minority
communities. Through data collection and analysis, the NCM helps identify areas requiring targeted
interventions, guiding policy formulation.
As a grievance redressal mechanism, the NCM investigates complaints of discrimination and

deprivation of minority rights, a function highlighted by experts like Tahir Mahmood. This role is vital
in providing a platform for minorities to voice their concerns and seek justice, ensuring adherence to
constitutional safeguards.
The advisory role of the NCM involves recommending measures for the effective implementation of
minority safeguards. Scholars like Rajeev Bhargava have noted the significance of this function in
influencing government policies and legislation to promote an inclusive society. Educational and
awareness-raising activities are also a crucial part of the NCM’s mandate. These efforts are aimed at
empowering minority communities with knowledge of their legal rights and entitlements.
Despite its critical role, the NCM has faced challenges, including the implementation of its
recommendations and the need for greater autonomy and authority. Critics, including academics and
minority rights activists, argue that the Commission requires more robust powers to effectively
address minority grievances and influence policy changes.
The National Commission for Minorities is a key constitutional body in India, working towards the
protection and advancement of minority communities. While its contributions are significant, ongoing
discussions among scholars and policymakers focus on enhancing its effectiveness and ensuring that
the rights and welfare of minority groups are adequately addressed in India’s pluralistic and
democratic society.
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6. (a) Discuss the major provisions of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. Do you think that the
Act remains as 'unfulfilled dream'? Argue your case. (20 Marks)
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 stands as a significant milestone in India's efforts to
reform urban governance and empower municipal bodies. Its major provisions were designed to
enhance the role of urban local bodies (ULBs) and promote decentralization. However, the
implementation of this amendment has faced considerable challenges, leading to a perception that it
remains an "unfulfilled dream."
The amendment bestowed constitutional status upon ULBs, recognizing them as institutions of self-
government. This was a critical step in elevating their importance and role in local governance, aligning
with the principles of decentralization enshrined in Article 40 of the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Furthermore, the Act categorized ULBs into three types based on population size, each with specific
powers and functions. It also mandated the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled
Tribes (STs), and women, ensuring representation and inclusivity in local governance. The reservation
of one-third of seats for women, in particular, was a significant constitutional change aimed at
enhancing gender equity in decision-making processes.
Despite these provisions, the realization of the Act's objectives has been uneven across states. In
practice, the devolution of powers, functions, and finances to ULBs has often been limited, impeding
their capacity to govern effectively. This stands in contrast to the principles enshrined in Article 243
of the Constitution, which emphasizes decentralization and local self-government.
Financial autonomy remains a challenge for many ULBs, as they heavily rely on state governments for
financial resources. This limits their ability to fund essential services and undertake urban
development projects. Additionally, political interference from state governments can compromise
the independence of municipal bodies, undermining their decision-making authority and
effectiveness.
Capacity constraints within ULBs, particularly in smaller towns and cities, hinder their ability to plan
and execute urban development projects efficiently. Scholar K.C. Sivaramakrishnan has noted the
need for capacity-building initiatives to bridge this gap.
Moreover, while the Act mandated the reservation of seats for women, meaningful participation
remains a challenge due to cultural and societal factors. Ensuring that women representatives have a
genuine voice in decision-making processes requires more than mere numerical representation.
While the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act represented a significant step toward reforming urban
governance in India, its full potential remains unrealized. The challenges of limited devolution of
powers, financial constraints, political interference, capacity limitations, and gender equity persist. To
fully realize the Act's objectives and move beyond the perception of it being an "unfulfilled dream,"
concerted efforts are needed to strengthen the autonomy and capacity of ULBs, enhance citizen
participation, and align state policies with the principles of decentralization and local self-governance
as envisioned in the Constitution.
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6. (b) How does NITI Aayog as a 'policy think tank with shared vision' visualize the reorganization of
planning in India? Justify your answer. (15 Marks)
NITI Aayog, as a "policy think tank with shared vision," envisions a substantial reorganization of
planning in India that aligns with the evolving needs and dynamics of the country. This vision
represents a significant departure from the erstwhile Planning Commission and reflects a more
decentralized, participatory, and adaptive approach to governance and development.
The constitutional framework underpinning this transformation is anchored in the principles of

federalism, decentralization, and local self-governance, as outlined in Articles 1, 243, and the 73rd
and 74th Constitutional Amendments.
NITI Aayog's emphasis on cooperative federalism signifies a shift from centralized planning to a more
collaborative approach. It recognizes the unique needs and strengths of individual states, promoting
a decentralized decision-making process. This aligns with the constitutional vision of a union of states,
where states have their own rights and responsibilities. As scholar George Mathew notes, "NITI Aayog
is not just a name change but also a mind change, signifying a paradigm shift from a centralized
planning model to a more collaborative and cooperative one."
The reorganization of planning also places a strong emphasis on inclusivity and participation. NITI
Aayog envisions active involvement from states and local governments in policy formulation and
implementation, in line with the principles of local self-governance enshrined in the 73rd and 74th
Constitutional Amendments. This approach fosters grassroots democracy and ensures that
development planning is reflective of the diverse needs of India's regions and communities.
Adaptive planning, as advocated by NITI Aayog, recognizes the need for flexibility in a rapidly changing
world. The traditional approach of rigid five-year plans has given way to outcome-oriented strategies
like the "Three-Year Action Agenda" and the "Seven-Year Strategy." This approach, as noted by
scholar C. Rajamohan, allows for a more dynamic and responsive planning process that can adapt to
emerging challenges and opportunities.
Furthermore, NITI Aayog's engagement with technology, data-driven decision-making, and global best
practices underscores its commitment to innovation and efficiency. This approach is aligned with the
constitutional vision of fostering scientific temper and promoting technological advancements, as
articulated in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
NITI Aayog's vision for the reorganization of planning in India represents a departure from traditional
planning models and is firmly rooted in the constitutional principles of federalism, decentralization,
and local self-governance. It reflects a modern, adaptive, and collaborative approach to governance
and development that seeks to address the complex challenges facing India in the 21st century while
preserving its commitment to democratic values and inclusive growth.
6. (c) The Constitution of India is the 'cornerstone of a nation'. (Granville Austin). Analyze.
(15 Marks)
Granville Austin's assertion that the Constitution of India is the "cornerstone of a nation" resonates
deeply with the profound significance and transformative impact of this foundational document in the
Indian context. The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, is not just a legal document but a living
testament to the nation's vision, values, and commitment to democracy, secularism, and social justice.
19
Scholar Granville Austin, in his seminal work "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation,"
emphasized the transformative role of the Constitution in shaping India's democratic trajectory. The
Constitution laid the foundation for a vibrant democracy, where power is vested in the hands of the
people through their elected representatives. It articulates the principles of sovereignty, equality, and
justice, serving as a guiding beacon for the nation.
The Constitution's inclusion of fundamental rights, enshrined in Part III, reflects its commitment to
safeguarding individual liberties and ensuring dignity and equality for all citizens. These rights, often
referred to as the heart and soul of the Constitution, empower citizens to seek legal redress against
discrimination and injustice. Article 21, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, has
been expansively interpreted by the judiciary to encompass a wide range of human rights.
Secularism, a fundamental feature of the Indian Constitution, ensures that the state remains
equidistant from all religions and that religious practices are not interfered with, except in the interest
of public order, morality, or health. This constitutional provision promotes religious pluralism and
tolerance, essential in a diverse nation like India.
The federal structure of India, as defined by the Constitution, strikes a balance between a strong
center and autonomous states. Articles 1 and 246 delineate the distribution of powers, allowing states
to have their legislatures and executive authorities. This federalism has facilitated cooperative
federalism, with states playing a pivotal role in the governance process.
Furthermore, the Constitution's commitment to social justice is evident through provisions for
affirmative action, reserved seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in legislatures, and
policies aimed at uplifting marginalized communities. Articles 15, 16, and 46 exemplify the
constitutional commitment to rectifying historical injustices and promoting inclusivity.
The Constitution of India stands as the "cornerstone of a nation" not only in a legal sense but as the
embodiment of India's democratic ethos, secular identity, and commitment to justice and equality. It
remains a dynamic and evolving document that guides the nation's progress, ensuring that the
principles it enshrines continue to shape India's destiny in the 21st century. As Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the
principal architect of the Constitution, stated, "However good a Constitution may be, it is sure to turn
out bad because those who are called to work it, happen to be a bad lot." The Constitution provides
the framework, but it is the duty of the citizens and their representatives to uphold its values and
ideals.
7. (a) Does the actual working of Indian federalism conform to the centralizing tendencies in Indian
polity? Give reasons for your answer. (20 Marks)
The centralizing tendencies in Indian federalism, despite the federal structure enshrined in the
Constitution, have been a topic of scholarly debate and concern. This trend can be attributed to
various factors that disrupt the balance of power between the central and state governments.
Financial dependence of states on the central government is a significant factor. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar,
during the Constituent Assembly debates, foresaw this issue. States' reliance on central grants and
aid for finances compromises their fiscal autonomy. The Planning Commission, now replaced by NITI
Aayog, played a key role in this dynamic, influencing state expenditures through fund allocation.
The constitutional division of subjects into Union, State, and Concurrent Lists also contributes to
centralization. The Concurrent List, allowing both central and state legislation, can lead to overlaps
and central interference, as observed by constitutional experts like Granville Austin.
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National emergencies, under Article 356 of the Constitution, further accentuate centralization. Such
emergencies empower the central government to assume greater control, often at the expense of
state autonomy. This has been a point of contention, as discussed by scholars like Rajni Kothari, who
criticize the misuse of emergency provisions to undermine federalism.
The Rajya Sabha's representation mechanism, favoring smaller states, can skew decision-making in
favor of less populous regions, potentially leading to centralized decision-making. This structural
imbalance raises questions about equitable representation, as noted in the works of political analysts
like Yogendra Yadav.
Interstate water disputes often require central intervention, where decisions may prioritize national
over state interests. The central government's role in these disputes sometimes leads to a
centralization of resource control.
The role of governors has also been contentious. While intended to be impartial, there have been
instances where governors acted in favor of the central government, thereby compromising state
autonomy, as critiqued by scholars like Subhash C. Kashyap.
The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) centralized taxation powers, reducing states'
discretion in tax matters. The GST Council's structure, involving both central and state representatives,
has altered the fiscal landscape.
Despite the constitutional framework advocating a federal structure with significant state autonomy,
centralizing tendencies in Indian federalism persist. Scholars and policymakers continue to explore
these challenges, emphasizing the need for cooperative federalism to maintain a balanced distribution
of powers between the central and state governments, as envisioned in the Constitution.
7. (b) The main goal of the Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution is to generate civic
responsibility among the citizens. Explain. (15 Marks)
The Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Indian Constitution serve as a critical mechanism for
fostering civic responsibility among its citizens. As scholar Granville Austin noted, these duties act as
a "conscience" for the citizens and the nation, reinforcing the commitment of individuals towards
the collective welfare and the democratic fabric of the country.
Embedded in Part IV-A of the Constitution (added by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976), the
Fundamental Duties complement the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy,
emphasizing the reciprocal relationship between rights and duties. This balance between individual
rights and collective responsibilities is fundamental to the functioning of a vibrant democracy like
India's.
At its core, the goal of the Fundamental Duties is to instill a sense of civic consciousness and social
responsibility among citizens. This is reflected in duties such as upholding the sovereignty and integrity
of India (Article 51-A(a)), promoting social harmony (Article 51-A(e)), and renouncing practices
derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51-A(e)). These duties underscore the importance of
citizens actively contributing to the preservation of a just and harmonious society.
Furthermore, the Fundamental Duties promote political participation and engagement in democratic
processes. Article 51-A(g) encourages citizens to vote in elections and fulfill their role as active
participants in the governance of the nation. As Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian
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Constitution, emphasized, "Political democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base of it social
democracy." The Fundamental Duties reinforce this idea by urging citizens to actively participate in
the democratic machinery.
The duty to develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform (Article 51-A(h))
is instrumental in shaping an informed and rational citizenry. Scholars like Jawaharlal Nehru believed
that scientific temper was vital for India's progress, and this duty reflects that vision.
While the Fundamental Duties are not enforceable by law, they provide a moral and ethical framework
that complements the legal rights and freedoms enjoyed by citizens. As the Indian judiciary has
observed, these duties are "not only the pillars for orderly and disciplined growth but also the means
for progress." They serve as a reminder to citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation and its
values.
The main goal of the Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution is to generate civic responsibility
among citizens. They play a pivotal role in shaping the character of individuals, fostering social
cohesion, and strengthening the democratic ethos of the nation. These duties, while not legally
enforceable, serve as a moral compass that guides citizens in their roles as active participants in the
nation's progress and as custodians of its values and principles.
7. (c) Dr. Ambedkar's clarion call, "Educate, Agitate and Organize", strategizes the Dalit movement
towards achieving civil liberty. Discuss. (15 Marks)
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's famous mantra, "Educate, Agitate, and Organize," encapsulates a strategic
roadmap for the Dalit movement in India, with the ultimate aim of attaining civil liberty and social
justice. This three-fold strategy has been instrumental in empowering and emancipating the
marginalized Dalit community.
Education forms the cornerstone of Dr. Ambedkar's approach. He recognized that education was the
primary means to break the chains of caste-based oppression. Dr. Ambedkar firmly believed that
education could equip Dalits with the knowledge, skills, and awareness needed to challenge the
deeply entrenched caste system. His call for education was not merely academic but encompassed
the broader idea of intellectual and social enlightenment. He stated, "I measure the progress of a
community by the degree of progress which women have achieved." Through education, Dalits could
not only improve their socio-economic status but also actively engage in the democratic process,
exercising their civil liberties and demanding their rights.
Agitation was Dr. Ambedkar's call to action against the oppressive caste system. He believed that
passive acceptance of discrimination would only perpetuate the status quo. Peaceful protests,
demonstrations, and social mobilization were essential tools to draw attention to the injustices faced
by Dalits. Ambedkar's leadership in movements like the Mahad Satyagraha and the Temple Entry
Movement exemplified his commitment to non-violent agitation. These movements sought to
challenge regressive social norms and gain access to public spaces and resources, thereby expanding
civil liberties for Dalits.
Organization was another crucial element of Ambedkar's strategy. He recognized the need for Dalits
to unite and form cohesive, politically influential groups. This organizational effort aimed to amplify
the voice of the marginalized and provide them with the necessary political leverage. Dr. Ambedkar's
efforts in establishing organizations like the Scheduled Castes Federation and later, the Republican
Party of India, were instrumental in consolidating Dalit interests and ensuring that their concerns were
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represented effectively in the political arena. This organizational strength was pivotal in advancing the
cause of civil liberty for Dalits.
Dr. Ambedkar's legacy as the chief architect of the Indian Constitution is closely tied to his
commitment to securing civil liberties and social justice for the Dalit community. The Constitution's
provisions, including affirmative action measures like reservations for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes in legislatures and educational institutions (Articles 15 and 16), are a testament to
his vision of an inclusive and just society.
Dr. Ambedkar's strategic framework of "Educate, Agitate, and Organize" has been instrumental in
guiding the Dalit movement in India towards the realization of civil liberties and social justice. This
approach emphasizes education as a means of empowerment, non-violent agitation against
discrimination, and effective organization to assert political influence. Ambedkar's legacy continues
to inspire and guide the ongoing struggle for equality and civil liberties in India, particularly for
marginalized communities like the Dalits.
8. (a) The rise of caste politics is to be attributed to both regional aspirations and electoral
manifestations. Comment. (20 Marks)
The rise of caste politics in India is a multifaceted phenomenon deeply rooted in the country's socio-
political landscape. Scholars like Rajni Kothari have extensively studied the intersection of caste,
politics, and democracy in India. This rise can be attributed to a complex interplay of regional
aspirations and electoral manifestations.
On one hand, regional aspirations are intrinsically linked to caste politics. India's diverse regions have
distinct caste compositions, hierarchies, and socio-economic structures. Aspirations for social justice,
representation, and empowerment often find expression through caste-based movements and
politics. For instance, the Dravidian movement in South India has been a strong proponent of regional
and linguistic identity, addressing the historical marginalization of certain caste groups. The Dalit
Panthers in Maharashtra similarly emerged as a response to the specific socio-political conditions
prevailing in that region.
Additionally, regional disparities in economic development and resource allocation have spurred
region-specific issues and demands. Caste affiliations may align with these regional concerns. For
example, in agrarian regions, land reforms and access to agricultural resources become central issues,
and caste-based political movements may arise to address these localized challenges.
On the other hand, electoral manifestations play a crucial role in the prominence of caste politics.
India's electoral landscape is characterized by a diverse and complex demographic. Caste identities
significantly influence voting behavior, particularly in regions with a high concentration of specific
caste groups. Politicians and political parties recognize the electoral advantage of catering to these
caste-based identities.
The reservation policies enshrined in the Indian Constitution, such as those for Scheduled Castes (SCs),
Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs), have profound electoral implications.
These policies aim to rectify historical injustices but also create a framework for caste-based
mobilization and political representation. Scholars like M.N. Srinivas have noted how these policies
have transformed caste hierarchies by creating new political opportunities for marginalized groups.
The rise of caste politics in India is a dynamic process influenced by both regional aspirations and
electoral considerations. While it has empowered marginalized communities and addressed historical
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injustices, it also presents challenges, including identity-based conflicts and the need to balance caste-
based interests with broader developmental goals. Scholars and policymakers continue to grapple
with the intricate interplay between caste, regionalism, and democracy in India's evolving political
landscape.
8. (b) The decade 1989-1999 has created an epochal shift in the Indian party system at the national
level. Identify the major national trends in the party system during this era. (15 Marks)
The decade from 1989 to 1999 indeed witnessed a seismic shift in the Indian party system at the
national level, reflecting a complex interplay of political, social, and economic factors.
One of the most significant trends during this period was the rise of coalition politics. It marked a
departure from the era of single-party dominance, with a fragmented political landscape
necessitating alliances to form stable governments. The National Front, which included parties with
diverse regional and ideological backgrounds, exemplified this trend. The era of coalition politics
underscored the growing importance of regional and smaller parties in the national political arena.
The decline of the Congress party's dominance was another pivotal development. For decades, the
Congress had been the predominant political force in India. However, by the late 1980s, it faced
internal divisions and leadership struggles, leading to a decline in its electoral fortunes. The
emergence of new regional leaders and parties eroded the Congress's once-unassailable position.
Identity-based politics played a central role during this period. The implementation of the Mandal
Commission recommendations in 1990, which extended reservations to OBCs, had far-reaching
political consequences. It galvanized OBC communities, leading to the rise of leaders like Mulayam
Singh Yadav and Lalu Prasad Yadav, who championed the cause of social justice and identity politics.
This trend was further accentuated by religious identity politics, particularly in the aftermath of the
Babri Masjid demolition.
The 1989-1999 period also witnessed a significant shift in economic policies. The economic
liberalization and globalization reforms of 1991 under the leadership of then-Finance Minister
Manmohan Singh marked a departure from the state-led, socialist economic model. This shift had
political implications as parties adapted to the changing economic landscape, endorsing market-
oriented policies to varying degrees.
The era was characterized by frequent changes in governments and political instability. Coalition
governments often faced challenges in maintaining stability, leading to short-lived administrations.
This instability was a reflection of the fractured mandate and the complexity of managing diverse
coalition partners.
The decade from 1989 to 1999 brought about a profound transformation in the Indian party system
at the national level. Coalition politics, the decline of Congress dominance, the emergence of identity-
based politics, economic reforms, and political instability were the defining features of this period.
These trends continue to shape the contours of Indian politics, highlighting the dynamic nature of
democracy in the world's largest democracy.
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8. (c) Do you agree that over the years the Supreme Court has become a forum for policy evolution?
Justify your answer. (15 Marks)
Indeed, over the years, the Supreme Court of India has transformed into a forum for policy evolution,
significantly influencing the nation's governance and policy landscape. This evolution can be attributed
to several key factors and landmark cases, as noted by legal scholars and experts.
One of the pivotal mechanisms through which the Supreme Court has exerted its influence is through
Public Interest Litigation (PIL). The expansion of the scope of PIL allowed the Court to address a wide
array of public grievances and intervene in matters of public concern. This approach has led to
substantial policy changes, as observed by legal scholar Upendra Baxi, who described PIL as "public
interest law in action." PIL cases have played a crucial role in issues ranging from environmental
protection to child labor, resulting in policy formulation and revision.
Moreover, the Supreme Court has demonstrated its commitment to safeguarding Fundamental
Rights, as enshrined in the Constitution. In the case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, the Court
notably emphasized that Article 21, guaranteeing the right to life and personal liberty, is not merely a
negative right but also includes the right to live with human dignity. This interpretation has had
profound policy implications, expanding the scope of government interventions aimed at improving
the quality of life for citizens.
Environmental jurisprudence is another area where the Supreme Court has made a lasting impact on
policy evolution. In the case of M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, the Court's directive led to the
introduction of stringent environmental regulations, resulting in significant policy changes to combat
air and water pollution. Scholars like S.P. Sathe have highlighted how these interventions have driven
environmental policy reforms.
Furthermore, the Supreme Court has actively pursued the goal of social justice, drawing from the
principles enshrined in the Constitution. Cases related to reservations, right to education, and
affirmative action have shaped government policies aimed at reducing socio-economic inequalities.
Legal scholar Granville Austin underscored the significance of the Indian Constitution's commitment
to social justice, which the Court has upheld through its judgments.
In criminal justice, the Supreme Court's directives on police reforms, witness protection, and prison
conditions have influenced policy changes, prompting states and the central government to adopt
measures aimed at enhancing the criminal justice system. The Court's role in ensuring fair and just
criminal procedures has been acknowledged by scholars such as B.R. Agarwala.
The Supreme Court of India has evolved into a forum for policy evolution, shaping the nation's policies
across a wide spectrum of issues. Its proactive approach, grounded in the Constitution's principles and
fundamental rights, has contributed significantly to the development and reformulation of
government policies and programs. The Court's role as a custodian of justice, fundamental rights, and
the rule of law has been instrumental in advancing the country's social, economic, and environmental
policies.
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PSIR Paper 2 Solution UPSC
2023
Section B
1. (a) What are the crucial functions of empirical political theory in Comparative Politics ? 10 Marks
Empirical political theory, utilized by scholars like Arend Lijphart and Robert A. Dahl, is essential for
understanding political systems and behaviors. This approach uses empirical data to explain political
phenomena, analyze processes, and assess policy impacts.
A primary function of this approach is the prediction of political trends. Scholars use historical and
current data, such as voting patterns and policy effects, to forecast future political scenarios. This
analysis is crucial for policymakers and analysts in planning for future developments. The approach
also tests political theories and hypotheses. For example, the Median voter theorem is empirically
examined to determine its real-world applicability, enhancing the discipline's accuracy.
Comparative analysis, a key aspect of empirical political theory, systematically compares different
political systems, revealing their similarities and differences. This is vital for understanding governance
and the impact of various models. Policy evaluation is another critical element, where empirical
analysis assesses the effectiveness of policies in diverse contexts, guiding future policymaking.
Empirical political theory also aids in enhancing democratic processes by studying electoral systems,
party politics, and voter behavior, thus deepening the understanding of democracy. Understanding
political behavior, including political socialization, ideological influences, and socio-economic impacts
on attitudes and actions, is an integral part of this approach. Empirical studies in these areas offer
insights into the motivations and dynamics behind political behaviors.
Finally, this approach contributes to the development of methodologies in political science, promoting
advanced statistical techniques and innovative research methods, improving the precision of political
research.
Empirical political theory is vital for explaining and predicting political phenomena, testing theories,
conducting comparative analyses, evaluating policies, enhancing democracy, understanding behavior,
and advancing research methods in political science.
1. (b) What are the difficulties faced by a political theorist in comparing the States? UPSC 2023, 10
Marks
Comparing states presents multifaceted challenges for political theorists, underlined by the
complexity and diversity inherent in state structures and functions. Scholars like Arend Lijphart, in his
work on "Patterns of Democracy," grapple with the wide variation in political systems, ranging from
democracies to authoritarian regimes. Establishing a universal criterion for comparison is thus a
complex task, compounded by each state's unique cultural, historical, and social context, which
shapes its political system and policy outcomes.
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The disparity in levels of economic and social development among states further complicates
comparisons. For instance, comparing the governance structures of a developed country like the
United States with a developing nation such as India involves accounting for vast differences in
resources, infrastructure, and societal needs. Methodologically, theorists face the challenge of
avoiding bias and oversimplification, as the selection of indicators (e.g., GDP, human rights records)
can greatly influence comparative outcomes.
Political landscapes are in constant flux, with changes driven by elections, policy shifts, and
international dynamics. This dynamism requires up-to-date analyses, exemplified in current global
events like the shifting geopolitical relations post-COVID-19 or the evolving nature of the European
Union in the aftermath of Brexit.
The subjectivity inherent in political theory means different scholars may interpret the same
phenomena in varied ways, influenced by their biases, perspectives, or theoretical frameworks. For
example, Francis Fukuyama's "The End of History" presents a different interpretation of global
political development compared to Samuel P. Huntington's "The Clash of Civilizations."
International relations add another layer of complexity, as geopolitical influences, international

treaties, and global economic trends significantly impact state politics. The reliability and availability
of data is another hurdle, as not all states have consistent and transparent data reporting, affecting
the accuracy of comparative studies.
Language barriers and potential ethnocentrism pose additional challenges. The risk of interpreting
other political systems through the lens of one's cultural norms can lead to skewed comparisons.
Political theorists must, therefore, approach their work with methodological rigor, cultural sensitivity,
and an awareness of the dynamic and interconnected nature of global politics.
1. (c) How does democratic politics construct citizenship? 2023, 10 Marks
In democratic politics, citizenship is shaped by the integration of rights, responsibilities, and active
societal participation, evolving through several key aspects. Citizenship in democracies encompasses
civil, political, and social rights, expanding from traditional civil rights to a comprehensive framework
outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Democratic politics encourages active citizen participation in governance, exemplified by movements

like the Arab Spring, showcasing its influence on policy and discourse. Citizenship in democracies
involves representation and government accountability, emphasizing pluralism in decision-making.
Principles of equality and non-discrimination are fundamental, enshrined in laws such as the U.S. Civil
Rights Act. Education plays a critical role in fostering informed citizenship, enabling active
engagement in democratic processes. National identity in democracies fosters a sense of belonging
among citizens, transcending individual differences.
Underpinned by social contract theory, democratic citizenship emphasizes mutual agreements

between citizens and the state. Democracies actively promote citizenship, involving participation in
the political, social, and economic life of the country. The representation of diverse voices ensures the
political process reflects societal plurality.
Democratic citizenship is dynamic and adaptive, evolving with societal changes and global contexts to
include rights for marginalized groups and maintain relevance. Democratic politics dynamically
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constructs citizenship, combining legal status, rights, responsibilities, and active engagement,
continuously adapting in response to societal and global shifts.
1. (d) What is the structure and functions of International Court of Justice ? 2023, 10 marks
The International Court of Justice (ICJ), established in 1945 and headquartered in The Hague,
Netherlands, is the United Nations' primary judicial body. It has a critical role in international law.
Structure:
• Composition: The ICJ comprises 15 judges, elected for nine-year terms by the UN General
Assembly and Security Council, ensuring a balance of legal systems and geographic
representation.
• Election: Judges are nominated by national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration and
require a majority vote in both the General Assembly and Security Council.
• Independence: Judges must be independent, refraining from any other occupation or acting
as government representatives.
• Chambers: The Court can form smaller chambers for specific cases or categories, like
environmental matters.
• Leadership: A President and Vice-President, elected for three-year terms, lead the Court.
• Registry: An administrative organ, led by the Registrar, manages the Court's administrative,
legal publications, and communications.
Functions:
• Settling Disputes: The ICJ resolves state-submitted legal disputes involving issues like
territorial boundaries and treaty interpretations, with binding decisions.
• Advisory Opinions: It provides non-binding advisory opinions on legal questions from
international organs and agencies.
• Developing Law: The ICJ plays a significant role in developing and interpreting international
law.
• Ensuring Consistency: It contributes to the consistency and coherence of international law.
• Promoting Peace: The Court aids in the peaceful resolution of disputes, thereby supporting
international peace and security.
The ICJ is pivotal in the international legal system, settling state disputes and guiding legal principles,
thus maintaining global order and promoting peaceful conflict resolution.
1. (e) Discuss the structure and functions of UN Security Council. 2023, 10 marks
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations,
primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Its structure and functions are
defined by the UN Charter, and it has unique powers and responsibilities compared to other UN
bodies.
Structure of the UN Security Council:
• Membership: The UNSC consists of 15 members.

o There are five permanent members (P5): the United States, Russia, China, France,
and the United Kingdom. These nations have significant influence within the council,
including the power of veto.
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o There are also ten non-permanent members, elected by the General Assembly for
two-year terms. The selection of these members is based on geographic
representation.
• Presidency: The presidency of the Security Council rotates monthly, in alphabetical order of
the member states’ names.
• Veto Power: The five permanent members hold veto power. Any one of these members can
veto any substantive resolution, effectively blocking its adoption, regardless of the level of
international support.
Functions of the UN Security Council:

• Peacekeeping and Security: The primary role of the UNSC is to maintain international peace
and security. It identifies threats to peace and acts to prevent conflicts. It can deploy
peacekeeping missions, establish ceasefires, and authorize military action when necessary.
• Sanctions: The UNSC can impose economic, diplomatic, or military sanctions on countries that
pose a threat to peace, violate human rights, or engage in aggressive actions.
• Conflict Resolution: The council mediates conflicts, engages in diplomatic negotiations, and
promotes peaceful resolutions to international disputes.
• Authorizing Use of Force: In situations where peace is breached or acts of aggression occur,
the UNSC can authorize the use of force to restore peace and security.
• International Law Enforcement: The UNSC also plays a role in supporting and enforcing
international law, particularly in cases of war crimes, genocide, and aggression.
• Special Sessions and Meetings: It holds regular meetings to discuss current international
security issues and can convene emergency sessions to address urgent crises.
• Mandates for Peacekeeping Operations: The council establishes mandates for UN
peacekeeping operations, defining their scope and rules of engagement.
• Recommendations to the General Assembly: The UNSC recommends the appointment of the
Secretary-General and the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly.
The UN Security Council plays a pivotal role in international security and conflict resolution. Its
structure, characterized by a combination of permanent and non-permanent members with the P5
having veto power, and its broad functions in peacekeeping, sanctions, conflict resolution, and
upholding international law, make it a central component of global governance and international
diplomacy.
2. (a) Discuss the relevance of the normative ethos of the Non-Aligned Movement in magnifying
India's soft power in pursuit of her national Interest. UPSC 2023, 20 Marks
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), originating in the Cold War era, significantly enhances India's soft
power and aligns with its national interests. Rooted in principles like sovereignty and non-
interference, NAM's ethos resonates with India's foreign policy objectives.
Scholars like Rajiv Sikri and C. Raja Mohan note how India's advocacy for a multipolar world order
and sovereign equality, key NAM principles, boosts its global stature and influence. This stance reflects
India's commitment to independent foreign policy and strengthens its image as a principled,
autonomous international actor.
India's adherence to NAM's principles of non-interference and peaceful coexistence has facilitated
trust and amicable relations with diverse nations, a crucial aspect of its soft power. In South-South
cooperation, NAM's ethos underpins India's role in development partnerships, exemplified by
initiatives like the International Solar Alliance, which bolster India's global influence and soft power.
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Furthermore, India's alignment with NAM principles enables it to assume leadership roles in
international forums like the United Nations, advocating for disarmament, climate change, and
sustainable development. This active participation demonstrates India's commitment to global issues
and elevates its international profile.
Cultural diplomacy, leveraging shared anti-colonial histories and cultural ties with NAM countries,
enhances India's soft power.
Programs like ITEC and cultural exchanges solidify India's soft power through people-to-people
connections. NAM's ethos of strategic autonomy aligns with India's contemporary foreign policy,
balancing relations with major powers while pursuing national interests in a complex global
environment.
NAM's normative ethos amplifies India's soft power and aids in pursuing its national interests. By
adhering to these principles, India enhances its global standing and fosters worldwide partnerships,
reinforcing its commitment to a fair and equitable world order.
2. (b) In what ways does the functionalist approach in International relations help in maintaining
peace and order in global politics? USPC 2023, 15 Marks
The functionalist approach in international relations, conceptualized by thinkers like David Mitrany,
emphasizes the role of cooperation in specific, practical areas as a path to broader peace and stability
among nations. This theory posits that cooperation in non-political sectors such as trade,
environment, health, and transportation can foster interdependence, leading to a reduction in conflict
and increased global harmony.
Functionalism promotes cooperation over conflict by focusing on shared interests and mutual
benefits, thereby reducing the emphasis on national sovereignty and political disputes. This approach
has been instrumental in creating a spirit of collaboration among nations, as seen in various
international agreements on climate action and trade.
The creation of interdependence is a key facet of functionalism. This concept posits that as nations
become increasingly reliant on each other for essential services and goods, the costs of conflict
become prohibitively high. The European Union's genesis as a coal and steel community exemplifies
this, where economic interdependence has led to a more comprehensive political and social
integration, as noted by scholars like Ernst B. Haas, a proponent of neofunctionalism, an offshoot of
functionalist theory.
Functionalism's problem-solving approach is evident in its focus on addressing cross-border issues like
climate change, pandemics, and air pollution. International cooperation on such issues builds trust
and reduces tensions, as seen in global responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and environmental
agreements like the Paris Climate Accord.
This approach also contributes to reducing nationalism and promoting a global identity. By focusing
on common interests and collective well-being, functionalism can help mitigate aggressive nationalist
tendencies. The spillover effect, another key aspect of functionalism, suggests that cooperation in
one sector can lead to cooperation in others, eventually leading to broader political integration and a
more peaceful world order.
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Functional cooperation facilitates institution building and norm setting, creating platforms like the
United Nations and its agencies, which are critical for maintaining international peace and order.
These institutions provide avenues for dialogue, dispute resolution, and policy-making.
Functionalism also acknowledges the role of non-state actors, including international organizations,
NGOs, and multinational corporations, in fostering peace and cooperation. These actors often operate
beyond national boundaries, focusing on broader human welfare and global issues.
By providing platforms for continuous dialogue, functional cooperation helps maintain peace even
among nations with strained political relations. This ongoing engagement is crucial for conflict
prevention and peacekeeping.
The functionalist approach significantly contributes to peace and order in global politics. It promotes
international cooperation on specific issues, fosters interdependence among nations, and supports
the gradual integration of countries beyond economic spheres to include political and social domains.
This approach underlines the importance of both state and non-state actors in building a more
peaceful and integrated world, as exemplified by the European Union and various global
environmental and health initiatives.
2 (c) How does the regime change and political crisis in Myanmar threaten regional security and
peace? UPSC 2023, 15 Marks
The regime change and political crisis in Myanmar, marked by the military coup, have significant
implications for regional security and peace. Scholars like Thant Myint-U and Mary Callahan have
highlighted how the ensuing instability poses multiple threats to the region. Since the coup in February
2021, the turmoil has led to significant conflict spillover concerns for neighboring countries like
Thailand, India, and Bangladesh.
These nations face the challenges of refugee inflows, cross-border insurgencies, and potential border
clashes. For instance, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported
substantial numbers of Myanmar nationals seeking refuge in neighboring countries, exacerbating
existing humanitarian crises and straining resources.
This political turmoil has also exacerbated a humanitarian crisis. Thousands have been displaced
within Myanmar, with many seeking refuge in neighboring nations, straining their resources and
potentially leading to border tensions. Additionally, the instability has fostered an increase in illegal
activities like drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and human trafficking, challenging regional law
enforcement and internal security.
Ethnic conflicts in Myanmar have intensified due to the political crisis. Various ethnic armed groups,
either supporting or opposing the military regime, exacerbate regional instability, particularly in areas
where ethnic groups cross national borders. These conflicts pose a direct threat to the stability of the
region.
The crisis also hinders regional cooperation. Within frameworks like ASEAN, member states have
shown differing responses to the situation, affecting the bloc's effectiveness and unity. This disunity
is a significant impediment to addressing regional issues collectively.
Geopolitically, Myanmar's crisis has attracted international attention, leading to heightened tensions.
The divergent positions of global powers—some advocating for sanctions against the military regime
and others supporting it—have increased regional tensions and complicated diplomatic relations.
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The situation in Myanmar also disrupts trade and economic activities, impacting regional economies.
Supply chain disruptions, trade route alterations, and unstable investment environments hinder
economic integration and growth in the region.
Moreover, the military takeover represents a significant setback for democratic governance, setting a
concerning precedent in the region. It risks emboldening authoritarian tendencies in neighboring
countries, undermining the promotion of democracy and human rights in Southeast Asia.
The regime change and ongoing political crisis in Myanmar threaten regional security and peace
through destabilization, humanitarian crises, increased illegal activities, ethnic conflicts, impediments
to regional cooperation, geopolitical tensions, economic disruptions, and impacts on democracy and
human rights. The situation demands close attention and a coordinated response from regional and
international actors to mitigate these wide-ranging threats.
3. (a) "During the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement tried to become a 'Third force' in World
Politics, but failed because it was too large and unwieldy. " Discuss. UPSC 2023, 20 Marks
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), established during the Cold War, aspired to become a 'Third
Force' in world politics, distinct from the US and Soviet-led blocs. However, its effectiveness was
limited by several factors.
NAM's diverse membership, including over 100 states with varied political, economic, and cultural
backgrounds, led to difficulties in consensus-building. Scholars like Stephen M. Walt in "The Origins
of Alliances" highlight the challenges of cohesion in such a diverse coalition. Different priorities among
member states often resulted in conflicting positions within the movement.
The large and diverse nature of NAM, as analyzed by Vijay Prashad in "The Darker Nations: A People's
History of the Third World," resulted in a lack of unified policies and actions. This diversity weakened
its collective impact and ability to formulate a coherent stance on international issues.
The commitment to non-alignment principles varied among member states, with some leaning toward
either the US or Soviet blocs for various reasons. This inconsistency, undermined NAM’s credibility as
a neutral entity.
Many member states faced significant domestic challenges, often overshadowing their engagement
with NAM. This focus on internal issues detracted from their capacity to actively contribute to the
movement's goals. The bipolar world order of the Cold War, as theorized by Kenneth Waltz in "Theory
of International Politics," made it difficult for NAM to exert significant influence. The dominant power
structures and the influence of the superpowers limited NAM's ability to be an effective
counterbalance.
Despite its size, NAM struggled to influence major global decisions, which were largely shaped by the
superpowers. The movement's principles of peaceful coexistence and non-interference often resulted
in a passive approach to critical international issues.
While NAM represented the interests of non-aligned countries and championed issues like
decolonization and disarmament, its impact as a 'Third Force' was constrained by its unwieldy and
diverse nature, along with the global political dynamics of the Cold War era. This limited its
effectiveness in significantly shaping international affairs, as it struggled with internal coherence and
external influence.
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3. (b) Account for the rise of European Union as a highly influential regional organisation. UPSC
2023, 15 Marks
The European Union (EU) has emerged as a highly influential regional organization, a journey marked
by historical reconciliation, economic integration, political stability, and social cohesion. Scholars have
extensively studied its evolution from a post-World War II economic agreement to a substantial
political and economic entity.
The EU's roots can be traced back to the aftermath of World War II, with the establishment of the
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, an initiative aimed at
economic collaboration to prevent further conflicts in Europe. Founding figures like Robert Schuman
and Jean Monnet saw economic integration, especially in key industries, as a means to interlink
economies and thereby reduce the likelihood of war.
The establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 under the Treaty of Rome
marked a significant step towards creating a common market, which eliminated trade barriers among
member states and fostered economic cooperation. The EU's early economic success attracted more
European nations, expanding its influence. A pivotal moment in its economic integration was the
introduction of the Euro, which further unified member economies and established the EU as a major
global economic player.
Politically, the EU has evolved significantly. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 was a landmark in political
integration, marking the establishment of the European Union with expanded scope into foreign
policy, security, and justice. The EU's enlargement, especially post the Soviet Union's fall, not only
brought stability to Eastern Europe but also expanded the Union's political influence. The EU has also
become a significant diplomatic entity, engaging in international negotiations and conflict resolutions,
as demonstrated in its role in the Iran nuclear deal negotiations and its response to the Ukraine crisis.
Socially and culturally, the EU has fostered a sense of European identity and unity. Programs like
Erasmus have promoted cultural exchange and mobility, while the EU's influence in shaping social
policies and promoting human rights within its member states has been notable. Scholars like Neil
Fligstein have argued that such integration has led to the emergence of a 'European society'.
However, the EU has also faced significant challenges. It has had to adapt to global crises like the
financial crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic, showcasing its resilience. In response to various
crises, the EU has undertaken institutional reforms to improve decision-making efficiency and
transparency.
The EU's development into a highly influential regional organization is a result of its success in
historical reconciliation, economic integration and growth, political stability, social and cultural
integration, and its adaptive responses to challenges. It stands as a unique supranational entity,
setting a precedent for regional cooperation and significantly influencing global politics, economics,
and social dynamics.
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3 (c) Narrate the various ways in which rapid environmental degradation is posing a serious threat
to human security. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. UPSC 2023, 15 Marks
Rapid environmental degradation is increasingly recognized as a grave threat to human security,

encompassing a spectrum of issues that directly impact human well-being and survival.
One of the most alarming consequences of environmental degradation is the intensification of natural
disasters due to climate change. Increasingly severe hurricanes, floods, droughts, and wildfires have
become more frequent, as evidenced by events like Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Ida, causing
substantial loss of life, displacement, and economic damage. This escalation aligns with the
predictions of climate change models discussed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC).
Food security is another critical concern. Environmental degradation adversely affects agricultural
productivity. Soil erosion, loss of fertility, and erratic weather patterns, all exacerbated by climate
change, are impacting crop yields worldwide. The recurring droughts in the Horn of Africa, leading to
famine in countries like Somalia, are stark examples of how environmental factors can directly
threaten food supplies.
Water scarcity and quality issues, driven by pollution and the depletion of freshwater resources, not
only affect daily consumption and sanitation but also lead to potential conflicts over water resources.
The ongoing dispute over the Nile River's waters, particularly concerning the Grand Ethiopian
Renaissance Dam, exemplifies the conflict potential inherent in water scarcity.
Health risks are significantly magnified by environmental degradation. Air and water pollution
contribute to a range of diseases and respiratory problems. Urban centers like New Delhi, grappling
with severe air pollution, face heightened public health crises, including increased respiratory
diseases.
The economic impact of environmental degradation is profound, particularly in regions heavily reliant
on natural resources. The Amazon rainforest's deforestation, for instance, has both global ecological
implications and direct impacts on local economies dependent on the forest's resources.
Environmental degradation is also a key driver of displacement and migration. Rising sea levels and
environmental disasters are forcing people to leave their homes, creating environmental refugees.
Low-lying Pacific island nations, like the Maldives and Kiribati, are facing existential threats due to
rising sea levels, raising concerns about potential large-scale displacement.
Finally, biodiversity loss, resulting from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, affects vital
ecosystem services. The global decline in bee populations, crucial for pollination and agriculture,
highlights the direct link between biodiversity loss and food security.
The multifaceted threats posed by rapid environmental degradation to human security —

encompassing natural disasters, food and water scarcity, health risks, economic impacts,
displacement, and biodiversity loss — illustrate the critical need for urgent and comprehensive
responses. These challenges underscore the interconnectedness of environmental health and human
security, demanding global attention and action.
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4. (a) Critically examine the impact of Globalisation on the developing countries of the world. UPSC
2023, 20 Marks
Globalization, with its increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, has
profoundly impacted developing nations, bringing both opportunities and challenges. This impact
spans economic, social, cultural, and political dimensions, creating a scenario that's both beneficial
and problematic for these countries.
On the positive side, globalization has opened up markets for developing countries, allowing them to
increase exports and attract foreign direct investment (FDI). This has led to significant economic
growth and development, as seen in countries like China and India. Scholarly works, such as those by
Thomas L. Friedman, have highlighted how globalization can act as a catalyst for economic
advancement in these regions. Additionally, globalization has facilitated technology transfer from
developed to developing countries, enhancing productivity and innovation across various sectors. This
exchange of technology has improved industries, agriculture, and services, contributing to overall
development.
Culturally, globalization has increased global interactions, leading to a greater exchange of cultural
values, ideas, and knowledge. This cultural exchange fosters understanding and tolerance among
different cultures. In terms of social impact, many developing countries have seen improved living
standards, better access to healthcare, and enhanced education opportunities, driven by economic
growth and technological advancements.
However, the story of globalization isn't entirely positive. One significant downside is economic
dependency. Developing countries often become reliant on developed nations and global financial
institutions, limiting their economic sovereignty. This dependency makes them vulnerable to external
economic shocks and policy changes in the developed world. Globalization can also exacerbate income
inequality within developing countries. Scholars like Joseph Stiglitz have critiqued globalization for
widening the gap between the rich and the poor, both within and between countries.
Cultural erosion is another consequence, where the influx of foreign culture, often dominated by
Western influences, leads to the erosion of local cultures and traditions in developing countries, a
phenomenon some refer to as cultural imperialism. The rapid industrialization accompanying
globalization can also cause significant environmental degradation. Developing countries may
become destinations for environmentally harmful industries from developed nations due to lower
environmental regulations.
Labor exploitation is a further concern, where multinational corporations may exploit lower labor
costs and less stringent labor laws in developing countries. This leads to a scenario where workers in
these countries are often underpaid and overworked under substandard conditions.
The impact of globalization on developing countries is complex and layered. While it presents
significant opportunities for economic growth and development, it also brings challenges like
economic dependency, inequality, cultural erosion, environmental degradation, and labor
exploitation. Policymakers in developing countries face the crucial task of navigating these waters,
needing strategic planning, robust regulatory frameworks, and policies that ensure the equitable
distribution of globalization’s benefits. The goal is to maximize the positive aspects of globalization
while minimizing its negative impacts, ensuring sustainable and inclusive growth.
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4. (b) What do you mean by offensive and defensive realism? UPSC 2023, 15 Marks
Offensive and defensive realism are two significant theories in international relations, particularly
within the realist school of thought. These theories operate on the fundamental realist assumption
that states function in an anarchic international system and primarily act out of self-interest to ensure
their survival, but they diverge in their perspectives on how states should achieve security and what
motivates their behavior.
Defensive Realism posits that states are security maximizers. Advocated by scholars like Kenneth
Waltz, notably in his seminal work “Theory of International Politics,” defensive realism suggests that
the primary objective of states is to maintain their security and survival. States, according to this
theory, seek a sufficient amount of power to ensure their safety, aiming to maintain a balance of
power rather than seeking dominance over others. Defensive realism promotes a cautious foreign
policy approach, warning against excessive expansion, which could provoke other states and result in
increased insecurity.
Offensive Realism, conversely, argues that states are power maximizers. This theory, prominently
advanced by John Mearsheimer in “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics,” posits that in an anarchic
international system, states must continually seek to augment their power relative to others as a
means of ensuring security. Offensive realism views states as inherently aggressive entities that are
most secure when they are the most powerful. Therefore, the theory advocates for states to
consistently pursue opportunities to gain power and establish dominance.
The divergence in these theories is particularly evident in current global dynamics. For instance, the
behavior of major powers like the U.S., China, and Russia on the international stage can often be
analyzed through the lenses of offensive and defensive realism. The U.S. foreign policy in the post-
Cold War era, China’s rise and its assertive policies in the South China Sea, and Russia’s actions in
Eastern Europe and Syria provide real-world contexts where these theories are applicable.
While both theories underscore the importance of state survival and security, they offer differing
prescriptions: defensive realism advises maintaining a power equilibrium and avoiding overextension,
while offensive realism encourages states to seek power and dominance as a means of securing their
position in the international system.
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4 (c) Discuss the various constraints on American hegemony today. Which of these are likely to
become more prominent in the future? UPSC 2023, 15 Marks
The concept of American hegemony, or the United States' dominant position in international
relations, faces various constraints today. These constraints are multifaceted, encompassing
geopolitical, economic, and internal challenges.
One of the primary constraints on American hegemony is the rise of other powers, most notably
China. China’s economic and military growth poses a significant challenge to the US’s global influence.
Scholars like John Mearsheimer have long argued about the rise of China not just as an economic
competitor but as a potential military rival. The growing influence of Russia, particularly in Eastern
Europe and the Middle East, also challenges American geopolitical dominance.
The US faces economic challenges as well. The 2008 financial crisis exposed vulnerabilities in the
American economic system, and the ongoing repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic have further
strained the US economy. Additionally, the rise of emerging economies, such as India and Brazil,
contributes to a more multipolar world economy, diluting the US's economic dominance.
Domestic issues in the US also pose constraints on its global leadership. Political polarization, social
unrest, and debates over the role of the US in global affairs have led to questions about its willingness
and ability to maintain its hegemonic status. As Joseph Nye, a proponent of "soft power," suggests,
the US’s internal political stability and its global image are crucial for its ability to exert influence on
the world stage.
The US's technological edge, particularly in military and space technology, faces challenges from
countries like China and Russia. The cyber domain has emerged as a new frontier of competition,
where the US's technological superiority is not as clear-cut as it used to be.
Global environmental challenges, such as climate change, require cooperative international efforts,
which can limit unilateral actions by any single power, including the US. The US's ability to lead on
such issues is also constrained by domestic politics and international skepticism about its commitment
to global environmental initiatives.
Looking to the future, the rise of China and the challenges it poses to US hegemony in various domains
(economic, military, technological) are likely to become more prominent. The multipolarity of the
global economy will increasingly challenge the US's economic dominance. Additionally, internal
challenges such as political polarization and social issues could further limit the US's ability to project
power externally.
American hegemony today is constrained by a combination of geopolitical rivalries, economic

challenges, internal political and social issues, technological competition, and environmental
concerns. In the future, the rise of other global powers, particularly China, and the increasing
multipolarity of the world economy are likely to pose even greater challenges to the US's dominant
position in international affairs.
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Section B
5. (a) Explain the major features of India’s Foreign Policy in the 21st century. (10 Marks)
India's foreign policy in the 21st century is shaped by several significant features, as noted by scholars
and experts in the field. One prominent aspect is "Strategic Autonomy," a concept deeply ingrained
in India's foreign policy, emphasizing its ability to make independent decisions based on national
interests. This principle, as highlighted by scholars like C. Raja Mohan, allows India to avoid firm
alignments with global power blocs, enabling flexibility in its international relations.
"Economic Diplomacy" has emerged as a central focus in India's foreign policy, with scholars like Harsh
V. Pant emphasizing its importance. India actively fosters trade relations, attracts foreign investment,
and promotes exports, participating in international forums like the G20 and BRICS to strengthen its
economic ties globally.
The "Neighborhood First Policy" is another key feature, with Indian scholars like Shyam Saran
highlighting its significance. India prioritizes building stable and cooperative relations with its
immediate neighbors, aiming for deeper economic integration, dispute resolution, and countering the
influence of rival powers in South Asia.
The "Act East Policy" is a strategic shift from the previous 'Look East' policy. This policy extends India's
engagement to Southeast Asian and East Asian nations, focusing not only on economic ties but also
on strategic considerations to balance China's regional influence.
India's "Engagement with Major Powers" is noted by scholars like Ashley J. Tellis. The country actively
engages with major global players such as the United States, Russia, the European Union, and China,
managing these relationships bilaterally and focusing on mutual interests across various sectors.
"Multilateralism and Global Governance" are emphasized by scholars like Shashi Tharoor. India
advocates for reforming global governance institutions to better align with contemporary realities,
exemplified by its pursuit of a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council.
Counterterrorism and security concerns are increasingly integrated into India's foreign policy, with
collaborative efforts in intelligence sharing, counterterrorism training, and cybersecurity.
Recognizing the strategic importance of its diaspora, India actively engages with overseas
communities to enhance its soft power, attract investments, and advocate for favorable policies in
host countries.
In the realm of environmental diplomacy, India plays a pivotal role in international climate
negotiations, advocating for sustainable development and equitable climate agreements. Initiatives
like the International Solar Alliance, as highlighted by scholars, demonstrate India's commitment to
renewable energy and sustainability.
Modernizing its military capabilities and enhancing defense cooperation with other nations, as
underscored by scholars like C. Uday Bhaskar, are essential aspects of India's foreign policy, including
the acquisition of advanced defense technology and participation in joint military exercises.
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India's 21st-century foreign policy reflects a multifaceted approach, combining traditional principles
with contemporary priorities. It encompasses strategic autonomy, economic diplomacy,
neighborhood engagement, major power relations, multilateralism, counterterrorism, diaspora
engagement, climate change, and defense and security cooperation. These features demonstrate
India's aspiration to play a significant role in the evolving global order, as acknowledged by scholars
and experts in the field.
5. (b) What are the reasons for lack of 'regionness' in South Asia? (10 Marks)
The concept of 'regionness' in South Asia, referring to regional unity and integration, is hindered by
various interlinked factors. Political tensions, especially between India and Pakistan, including the
Kashmir dispute and historical rivalries, have impeded regional cooperation.
The asymmetric power dynamics, with India's dominance in geography and economy, lead to smaller
neighboring countries feeling overshadowed, as noted by scholars like Ayesha Jalal. Economic
disparities across the region also pose significant challenges in achieving cohesive economic policies.
Security concerns, including border disputes and terrorism, further impede regional collaboration.
These issues, coupled with the ineffectiveness of regional institutions like the South Asian Association
for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), as analyzed by S. D. Muni, weaken collective identity and
cooperation efforts. Additionally, the region's cultural and linguistic diversity complicates the forging
of a shared regional identity.
External powers like China and the United States, with their strategic interests in the region, add
complexity to intra-regional relations. Furthermore, limited intra-regional trade, due to trade barriers
and political obstacles, hampers the development of a strong economic union. Environmental and
resource management issues, such as water disputes and climate change, are not adequately
addressed at the regional level, limiting collective action in these areas.
Political rivalries, power imbalances, economic disparities, security issues, ineffective regional
cooperation, cultural diversity, external influences, limited trade, and environmental challenges all
contribute to the lack of 'regionness' in South Asia. Addressing these challenges necessitates
enhanced cooperation and concerted efforts from all regional actors.
5 (c) Why is the compromise reached at WTO regarding the Covid-19 vaccine manufacturing not
a Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) waiver ? (10 Marks)
The compromise reached at the World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding the Covid-19 vaccine
manufacturing is not a Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) waiver, primarily due to
several reasons that have been analyzed by scholars and experts.
One key factor is the limited scope of the compromise. Scholars like Shuaihua Cheng highlight that
the agreement reached at the WTO involves a "text-based" negotiation, which falls short of the
comprehensive TRIPS waiver that was proposed by several countries, including India and South Africa.
The compromise focuses on specific aspects of the TRIPS agreement rather than a broad waiver.
Unlike a traditional TRIPS waiver, which would involve the temporary suspension of intellectual
property (IP) rights related to Covid-19 vaccines, the compromise instead encourages voluntary
licensing and technology transfer agreements between vaccine manufacturers and developing
countries. Scholar Dean Baker emphasizes that the compromise does not waive IP rights but relies on
voluntary actions by pharmaceutical companies.
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Critics argue that the compromise's reliance on voluntary measures may not effectively address the
global vaccine supply shortage. While some vaccine manufacturers may cooperate, others may not be
willing to share their technology or engage in licensing agreements, hindering equitable vaccine
access.
The negotiations at the WTO have been prolonged and complex, reflecting the challenges of reaching
a consensus among member states. The compromise represents a middle-ground approach aimed at
appeasing both supporters and opponents of a TRIPS waiver, resulting in a less ambitious outcome.
The compromise does not fully resolve the debate over TRIPS waivers and intellectual property rights.
Discussions on intellectual property and vaccine access will continue, and there may be ongoing
efforts to push for a more comprehensive waiver.
The compromise reached at the WTO regarding Covid-19 vaccine manufacturing is not a TRIPS waiver
due to its limited scope, lack of a blanket waiver of IP rights, reliance on voluntary measures, and
ongoing debate surrounding the issue. While it represents a step toward addressing vaccine access
issues, it falls short of the comprehensive waiver proposed by some countries and scholars.
5 (d) Why do ethnic conflicts and insurgencies continue to remain major impediments to regional
co-operation in South Asia? (10 Marks)
Ethnic conflicts and insurgencies are significant impediments to regional cooperation in South Asia, a
region marked by a complex tapestry of diverse ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The persistence
of these conflicts is rooted in historical grievances, socio-political marginalization, and nationalistic
sentiments, which collectively hamper efforts toward regional unity and collaboration.
One of the primary reasons for the ongoing ethnic strife and insurgencies is the legacy of colonialism,
which, as scholars like Ayesha Jalal and Partha Chatterjee have noted, left behind arbitrarily drawn
borders and a patchwork of ethnicities within the newly formed nation-states. These artificial
boundaries often failed to align with the traditional territories of ethnic groups, leading to conflicts
over identity, autonomy, and resources.
Another contributing factor is the post-colonial nation-building processes in South Asian countries,
which, according to Christophe Jaffrelot’s works, often prioritized dominant ethnic and linguistic
groups, leading to the political and economic marginalization of minorities. This exclusion has fueled
separatist movements and insurgencies, as seen in the Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka, the Baloch struggle
in Pakistan, and the Naga insurgency in India.
Furthermore, the geopolitics of South Asia, characterized by rivalries and mistrust, particularly
between India and Pakistan, exacerbate these ethnic tensions. The interference of neighboring
countries in each other’s internal conflicts, either for strategic gains or due to shared ethnic ties across
borders, has been a recurrent theme, as highlighted in Stephen Cohen’s analysis of South Asian
security dynamics.
The region's economic disparities and uneven development also play a role, as economically
marginalized regions with distinct ethnic identities often become hotbeds for insurgent activities.
These regions struggle with underdevelopment, poor governance, and lack of access to basic services,
which insurgents can exploit to garner support.
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Examples of ethnic conflicts impacting regional cooperation are evident in the challenges faced by the
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The SAARC has been largely ineffective
in resolving regional disputes, partly due to the member states' preoccupation with internal ethnic
conflicts and the resulting mutual distrust.
Ethnic conflicts and insurgencies in South Asia, driven by historical grievances, socio-political
exclusion, geopolitical rivalries, and economic inequalities, continue to pose significant challenges to
regional cooperation. These conflicts not only strain relationships between countries but also divert
resources and attention away from collaborative efforts, thus hindering the region's potential for
collective progress and stability.
5 (e) What diplomatic steps has India taken to articulate the interests of the Global South in
International Politics? (10 Marks)
India has actively championed the interests of the Global South in international politics, aligning its
diplomatic efforts with its historical commitment to non-alignment and solidarity with developing
nations.
A pivotal aspect of this endeavor is India's role in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), where it has
voiced concerns on anti-colonialism and self-determination, resonating with the principles of leaders
like Jawaharlal Nehru. In economic forums like the WTO, India has been an advocate for fair trade
practices that consider the developmental needs of poorer countries, focusing on issues like
agricultural subsidies and intellectual property rights.
Additionally, India's involvement in the Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations showcases its efforts
to unite the voices of developing nations in seeking economic equity. This role has extended to global
governance, where India pushes for reforms in institutions like the UNSC to ensure greater
representation for developing countries. In the realm of climate change, India champions the principle
of "common but differentiated responsibilities," advocating for a nuanced approach that
acknowledges the different capacities and historical contributions of developed and developing
nations.
India's commitment to the Global South is further evident in its participation in South-South
Cooperation. Initiatives such as the India-Africa Forum Summit and the Indian Technical and
Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program underline India's role in fostering development partnerships
across Asia and Africa.
These diplomatic steps, characterized by active participation in multilateral organizations, advocacy

for equitable economic policies, efforts in global governance reform, leadership in climate
negotiations, and South-South cooperation, reflect India's broader foreign policy goals of supporting
the Global South and affirming its position as a significant player in international politics.
6. (a) Arms trade, economic ties and congruent geo-political interests are no longer the three
pillars of India - Russia relationship in the emerging strategic context. Comment. (20 Marks)
In the evolving strategic landscape, the traditional pillars of the India-Russia relationship—arms trade,
economic ties, and congruent geopolitical interests—are undergoing a transformation, reflecting both
global shifts and regional dynamics. Scholars such as C. Raja Mohan and Stephen P. Cohen have noted
the recalibration of this longstanding partnership, shaped by the changing contours of international
politics and emerging challenges.
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Historically, the arms trade has been a cornerstone of India-Russia relations, with Russia being a major
supplier of defense equipment to India. However, India's diversification of defense procurement,
turning to countries like the United States, Israel, and France, indicates a shift. Despite this, as Harsh
V. Pant points out, recent deals like the S-400 missile system purchase suggest that defense ties
remain significant but are no longer the exclusive anchor of the relationship.
Economic engagement between India and Russia, traditionally modest compared to their defense ties,
has shown new dynamics. The two countries aim to increase bilateral trade to $30 billion by 2025.
Energy cooperation, particularly in the oil and natural gas sector, is emerging as a key area, with Indian
investments in Russian oil fields and Russia's interest in Indian energy markets, as analyzed by Nandan
Unnikrishnan and Uma Purushothaman.
Geopolitical congruence, another traditional pillar, is also evolving. The changing international order,
marked by the rise of China and an assertive United States, presents both opportunities and challenges
for India-Russia relations. While both countries have historically opposed external intervention and
championed a multipolar world order, as noted by P. Stobdan in "India-Russia Strategic Partnership",
their respective relations with China and the U.S. are causing a realignment. Russia’s growing
closeness with China and India's deepening ties with the U.S., especially through the Quad, signal a
nuanced divergence in their geopolitical interests.
Furthermore, emerging areas like the Indo-Pacific strategy, cyber security, and space cooperation are
gaining prominence in the India-Russia dialogue, reflecting new dimensions of strategic collaboration.
The two countries are navigating these complex waters to find common ground, as seen in their joint
statements emphasizing the importance of a multipolar world and mutual respect for sovereign
decisions.
While arms trade, economic ties, and congruent geopolitical interests remain relevant, they are no
longer the sole pillars of the India-Russia relationship in the contemporary strategic context. This
partnership is adapting to the new realities of international relations, balancing traditional elements
with emerging strategic considerations. This evolution reflects a pragmatic approach to foreign policy,
acknowledging shifting alliances and the need for greater flexibility in diplomatic engagements.
6. (b) Discuss the importance of India's role in UN peacekeeping operations as a ground for its
claim to a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. (15 Marks)
India's role in United Nations peacekeeping operations is a crucial element in its claim for a permanent
seat in the UN Security Council. Historically, India has been one of the largest contributors to UN
peacekeeping missions, a commitment that showcases its dedication to global peace and security.
This extensive involvement provides a strong foundation for India's aspirations to play a more
influential role in international decision-making forums.
Scholars like Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu and Ruchita Beri have highlighted India's contributions in
their works, noting how India's peacekeeping efforts reflect its foreign policy ethos of 'Vasudhaiva
Kutumbakam' (the world is one family). India has contributed over 200,000 troops to various
missions since 1948, demonstrating its capacity and willingness to maintain international peace and
stability. This is further evidenced by its significant roles in missions in Congo, Sudan, and Lebanon.
India's participation in peacekeeping goes beyond mere troop contribution; it encompasses a nuanced
understanding of peacekeeping operations, often advocating for a comprehensive approach that
includes political, humanitarian, and development dimensions. The country's commitment to adhere
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to the principles of non-interference and respect for sovereignty, as part of its peacekeeping
philosophy, aligns with the core principles of the United Nations.
The theory of internationalism, as espoused by scholars like David Mitrany, provides a lens to view
India's peacekeeping contributions. India’s actions align with Mitrany’s idea of functional cooperation
in international politics, where states collaborate to achieve common goals, emphasizing India's
suitability for a more prominent role in the UN system.
Furthermore, the effectiveness of India's peacekeeping contingents in complex scenarios, such as in

Syria and South Sudan, underscores its capability to handle international crises. Such examples lend
credence to India's argument for a permanent seat in the Security Council, asserting that its
demonstrated commitment to UN objectives warrants a greater say in critical security decisions.
India's extensive and effective participation in UN peacekeeping operations is a testament to its

commitment to global peace and security. This track record, supported by scholarly analysis and
practical examples, forms a significant part of its argument for a permanent seat in the UN Security
Council, suggesting that India is not only capable but also deserving of a greater role in global
governance structures.
6 (c) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) performs an important role in India's strategic
balancing act to withstand the dominance of China in Asia. Discuss. (15 Marks)
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) has assumed a crucial role in India's strategic calculus as
it seeks to maintain a delicate balance in the face of China's growing dominance in Asia. This
collaborative forum involving India, the United States, Japan, and Australia has garnered attention
from scholars and experts for its potential to shape regional dynamics.
Scholars like C. Raja Mohan emphasize the strategic significance of QUAD for India. In an era where
China's influence in Asia is expanding rapidly, QUAD provides India with a platform to collaborate with
like-minded countries to counterbalance China's assertiveness in the region.
India's participation in QUAD aligns with its dual interests—economic and security. On one hand, India
seeks to protect its economic interests in the Indo-Pacific, a critical trade route. On the other hand, it
aims to strengthen security cooperation with partners to ensure regional stability. China's Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI) and its increasing naval presence in the Indian Ocean have raised concerns for
India. Experts like Harsh V. Pant point out that QUAD serves as a response to China's ambitions by
promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific region.
QUAD members engage in security and defense cooperation through joint military exercises and
intelligence sharing. The Malabar naval exercises, for instance, involve QUAD countries and reflect
their commitment to enhancing maritime security.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, QUAD members have come together to provide vaccines to
countries in the Indo-Pacific region. This collaborative effort, as noted by scholars, underscores the
humanitarian aspect of QUAD's engagement. QUAD is not solely a military alliance but also a
diplomatic forum. India, along with other QUAD members, engages in dialogue with regional countries
to promote shared interests in regional stability, infrastructure development, and economic growth.
While QUAD has gained momentum, it faces challenges and skepticism. Scholars like Constantino
Xavier highlight the need for the four nations to manage their individual priorities and expectations.
There are concerns about QUAD being perceived as an anti-China alliance, which India seeks to dispel.
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QUAD's role extends beyond the Indo-Pacific, as it impacts global geopolitics. India's participation in
QUAD aligns with its vision of a multipolar world order, where it seeks to play a significant role in
shaping regional and global affairs.
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) plays a pivotal role in India's strategic balancing act to
counter China's dominance in Asia. Scholars and experts recognize its significance in safeguarding
India's economic and security interests, countering China's influence, and promoting regional stability.
While challenges and skepticism exist, India's active participation in QUAD reflects its commitment to
shaping the evolving geopolitical landscape in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.
7. (a) "India's Nuclear policy is deeply influenced by its cultural beliefs and the pragmatic approach
of its foreign policy." (20 Marks)
India's nuclear policy, a complex interplay of cultural beliefs and pragmatic foreign policy
considerations, reflects a distinctive approach in the realm of international relations and nuclear
diplomacy. India's nuclear doctrine, characterized by a 'No First Use' (NFU) policy and a focus on
minimum credible deterrence, is deeply rooted in the country's cultural and historical ethos, which
emphasizes non-violence and moral principles.
This aspect of India's nuclear stance can be traced back to the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and the
Indian philosophical tradition that stresses restraint and ethical conduct, even in warfare. Scholars like
George Perkovich, in "India's Nuclear Bomb," discuss how these cultural underpinnings have shaped
India's cautious and defensive nuclear posture.
Simultaneously, India's nuclear policy is informed by a pragmatic approach to its foreign policy and
security needs. The geopolitical realities of the region, particularly the nuclear capabilities of
neighboring Pakistan and China, have been critical determinants in India’s decision to develop and
maintain a nuclear arsenal. This aspect of India's nuclear policy aligns with the realist perspective in
international relations theory, as discussed by scholars like John Mearsheimer, emphasizing the need
for states to ensure their security in an anarchic international system.
The evolution of India's nuclear policy also reflects its pragmatic approach to international norms and
treaties. India's decision to stay out of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
and its stance on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) are examples of how it
navigates global nuclear norms and rules, balancing its strategic interests with its commitment to
nuclear disarmament and global non-proliferation goals.
Recent developments, such as India's entry into the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and
its negotiations for membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), further illustrate this blend of
cultural principles and pragmatic foreign policy. These steps indicate India's efforts to integrate with
the global nuclear order while maintaining its strategic autonomy and unique nuclear doctrine.
India's nuclear policy is a product of its cultural beliefs, emphasizing ethical conduct and non-violence,
and its pragmatic approach to foreign policy and security concerns. This duality reflects India’s unique
position in the global nuclear landscape, balancing moral principles with realpolitik considerations.
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7. (b) What steps has India taken to regain its foothold in Afghanistan since the Taliban has taken
over the country in August 2021? (15 Marks)
Since the Taliban took over Afghanistan in August 2021, India's approach towards Afghanistan has
undergone significant changes, reflecting the complex dynamics of the region and the challenges
posed by the new regime in Kabul.
Initially, India's response to the Taliban takeover included a change in visa policies and a cautious
approach towards engaging with the new regime. This shift led to a reduction in the number of Afghan
refugees in India, as previously valid visas were revoked, impacting Afghan students and others who
sought refuge in India. The change in India's stance was marked by a sense of isolation felt by Afghans
who had traditionally seen India as a favorable destination.
Politically, India, which had historically supported the Afghan republic and anti-Taliban forces, found
itself in a new situation where it had to reassess its policy. The Narendra Modi government was initially
hopeful for a turnaround in Afghanistan but eventually had to face the reality of the Taliban's control.
This led to the closure of the Indian Embassy in Afghanistan, although it was later reopened in June
2022. However, since the reopening, there has been limited progress in advancing relations, with
major infrastructure projects and other initiatives remaining stalled.
The closure of the Afghan embassy in India in November 2023 further complicated matters. The
decision, influenced by pressures from both the Indian government and the Taliban, marked a
significant shift in the diplomatic landscape. The Taliban has since asserted control over Afghanistan's
diplomatic missions in India, planning to resume operations at the embassy in New Delhi and continue
consular services in Mumbai and Hyderabad.
These developments indicate a cautious and complex approach by India in dealing with the Taliban-
led Afghanistan. While India has historically maintained strong ties with various regimes in Kabul, the
current scenario poses unique challenges, particularly in balancing its policy of zero tolerance
towards terrorism with the realities of the Taliban's control in Afghanistan. The situation is further
complicated by regional dynamics, including Pakistan's relationship with the Taliban and the broader
geopolitical context involving other major powers.
Overall, India's steps to regain its foothold in Afghanistan post-Taliban takeover involve navigating a
delicate balance of diplomatic engagement, regional security concerns, and adherence to its principles
in foreign policy. The evolving situation requires careful and strategic policymaking, considering both
the immediate challenges and long-term implications for the region and India's interests.
7 (c) What are the challenges and limitations in India - Iran relations? (15 Marks)
India-Iran relations encounter several challenges and limitations in the current context, shaped by
regional complexities, international sanctions, and evolving geopolitics. Foremost among these
challenges is the impact of U.S. sanctions on Iran. With the United States imposing extensive sanctions
targeting Iran's oil exports and financial transactions, India, a significant oil importer, has had to
reduce its Iranian oil imports to comply with U.S. pressure. This has strained economic ties between
the two nations, illustrating the complexities of India's energy needs and diplomatic balancing act,
as noted by scholar K. V. Kesavan.
The development of the Chabahar Port in Iran, intended to serve as a strategic gateway for India's
access to Central Asia while bypassing Pakistan, faces hurdles related to funding and logistics. Progress
has been slow, and the port's potential as a trade route remains underutilized, impacting India's
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regional influence expansion. Furthermore, Iran's regional rivalry with Saudi Arabia and its
involvement in conflicts in the Middle East, such as Syria and Yemen, pose diplomatic challenges for
India. Navigating relations with Iran while maintaining ties with Gulf countries like Saudi Arabia and
the UAE requires adept diplomacy.
Security concerns in the Gulf region, particularly following attacks on oil tankers and infrastructure,
are a pressing issue for India. Ensuring the safety of Indian nationals working in the region and
safeguarding its energy interests are paramount challenges. Additionally, the evolving situation in
Afghanistan, including the resurgence of the Taliban, introduces uncertainty into regional dynamics.
Both India and Iran share interests in stabilizing Afghanistan, necessitating coordinated efforts, as
highlighted by scholar Meena Singh Roy.
Beyond economic and trade ties, India and Iran have diverse interests encompassing
counterterrorism, science and technology cooperation, and cultural exchanges. However, the full
potential of these collaborations remains untapped. Geopolitical shifts involving the roles of the
United States, Russia, and China in the region further complicate India-Iran relations. Balancing these
relationships to protect India's strategic interests poses an ongoing challenge.
The status of the Iran nuclear deal, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA),
remains uncertain, with negotiations ongoing. The outcome of these negotiations can significantly
impact India's relations with Iran and its energy security.
India-Iran relations confront challenges stemming from U.S. sanctions, slow progress on the Chabahar
Port, regional rivalries, security concerns, evolving geopolitics, diverse interests, and the uncertain
fate of the Iran nuclear deal. Successfully navigating these challenges requires careful diplomacy and
strategic decision-making by India to uphold its interests in the region.
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8. (a) What are the external determinants of the Foreign Policy of a State? (20 Marks)
The external determinants of a state's foreign policy are diverse and complex, shaped by a range of
factors including geopolitical dynamics, economic interests, and global challenges.
The geopolitical landscape plays a crucial role in shaping a state's foreign policy. The rise of China as
an economic powerhouse, for instance, has impacted the foreign policies of many nations, particularly
those in the Asia-Pacific region. The United States, historically a dominant force in global politics, has
also influenced the foreign policies of other nations through its military and economic power. The
concept of "soft containment" of China, for example, has been a strategy employed by the U.S. to
organize strategic partnerships with democracies at China's periphery.
Economic factors are significant determinants of foreign policy. States often align their foreign policies
with their economic interests, seeking to enhance trade relationships, secure energy resources, and
attract foreign investments. The Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) between India
and Australia is a recent example of such economic motivations driving foreign policy decisions.
Responses to global challenges like climate change, pandemics, and terrorism also shape foreign
policy. How a country addresses these issues can significantly influence its international relations.
Additionally, international law and treaties play a crucial role. For the United States, for example, the
process of negotiating and ratifying treaties involves a complex interplay between the President,
Congress, and international partners.
Cultural ties and ideological similarities or differences can also be influential. Shared cultural values or
political ideologies can lead to closer alliances, while differences can create friction. In the modern
world, technological advancements, particularly in communication and information technology, have
a growing impact on foreign policy. They influence diplomatic relations, intelligence gathering, and
even warfare.
While not strictly external, the influence of domestic politics on a country's foreign policy is significant.
The internal political dynamics, public opinion, and interest groups within a country can shape its
approach to international relations.
The foreign policy of a state is not shaped in isolation but is the result of its interactions with and
reactions to a multitude of external factors. These factors can range from geopolitical shifts and
economic interests to global challenges and technological advancements, all of which require a state
to constantly adapt its foreign policy to the changing international landscape.
8. (b) Discuss the significance of "West Asia Quad" in the light of India's 'Look West' policy. (15
Marks)
The significance of the "West Asia Quad" aligns closely with India's 'Look West' policy, marking a
strategic shift in India's foreign policy focus. The 'Look West' policy, a counterpart to India's 'Look East'
policy, emphasizes strengthening ties with nations in West Asia and the broader Middle East region.
The West Asia Quad, comprising India, Israel, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the United States,
is a key development in this context. This grouping, launched in October 2021, represents a significant
collaboration that is distinct from the Indo-Pacific Quad (comprising Australia, Japan, India, and the
United States). The West Asia Quad is driven by shared interests and complementary capabilities
among its members. According to columnists Husain Haqqani and Aparna Pande in The Hill, the West
47
Asian partnership is grounded in a realistic assessment of shared threats, contrasting the Indo-Pacific
Quad, where partners' contributions and needs are more diverse and less aligned.
The West Asia Quad is underpinned by the strategic and economic interests of its member states. For
instance, the United States brings its military prowess, while other partners like the UAE offer strategic
pragmatism, assuring India of energy supplies and employment opportunities. The UAE's recognition
of Israel and commitment to the Abraham Accords has also drawn it closer to Israel. India benefits
from this arrangement through access to the large market and manpower it can provide, alongside
Israel's technological and military-intelligence capabilities.
This Quad works because it brings together two key economies of the Middle East – Israel and the
UAE – with India, which is more assertive in its foreign policy, and the United States, the resident
external power. The collaboration within the West Asia Quad is seen as having greater cohesion and
clarity of purpose compared to the Indo-Pacific Quad, particularly in terms of the complementarities
among its members.
The West Asia Quad is an essential component of India's 'Look West' policy. It represents a strategic
alignment of interests among India, Israel, the UAE, and the United States, focusing on shared security
concerns, economic cooperation, and political collaboration. This quad arrangement not only
enhances India's position in the region but also contributes to the broader stability and security of
West Asia.
8 (c) Discuss the major drivers of India's interests in Africa. (15 Marks)
India's involvement in Africa is a nuanced and multi-layered strategy, reflecting its aspirations as a
burgeoning global power and its necessity to sustain economic growth. This engagement is driven by
various factors, intricately woven into the fabric of both economic and geopolitical frameworks.
Firstly, India's economic interests and resource acquisition play a pivotal role. Africa's abundance in
natural resources like oil, minerals, and agricultural products is crucial for India's growing economy.
Scholars like Ian Taylor in "India’s Rise in Africa" emphasize India's strategic investments in African
resources to bolster its industrial and energy sectors. Additionally, Africa offers a burgeoning market
for Indian goods and services, creating opportunities for Indian companies to expand globally.
Energy security is another significant driver. Africa, with its vast reserves of oil and natural gas, has
become increasingly important for India's energy needs. Countries like Nigeria and Angola are key
suppliers, and India's investments in African oil fields illustrate its commitment to securing a stable
energy supply. This aspect is highlighted in works like "Energy Security and Sustainable Development
in Asia and the Pacific" by the United Nations ESCAP.
The geopolitical and strategic interests of India in Africa are also noteworthy. Engaging with African
nations allows India to counterbalance China's influence, as discussed in Harsh V. Pant's "India’s
African Relations". This engagement is also crucial for India’s aspirations in international forums like
the United Nations Security Council.
Historical and cultural ties further enrich India-Africa relations. The long-standing connections, dating
back to ancient trade routes and manifested in a substantial Indian diaspora in Africa, facilitate deeper
diplomatic and economic relationships. These ties are explored in depth in "India and Africa's
Partnership: A Vision for a New Future".
48
Development cooperation and the exercise of soft power are key elements of India's strategy. By
positioning itself as a partner in Africa's development, providing aid in healthcare, education, and IT,
India distinguishes its approach from more infrastructure-focused investments by other countries.
This soft power diplomacy is analyzed in “India's Soft Power: A New Foreign Policy Strategy” by Daya
Kishan Thussu.
India's involvement in international collaboration and trade agreements, such as the India-Africa
Forum Summit, further underscores its commitment to enhancing cooperation. These platforms
facilitate the creation of trade agreements that boost mutual investment and trade opportunities.
Lastly, India's security and maritime interests, especially in safeguarding the Indian Ocean's strategic
and economic routes, play a crucial role. India's collaboration with African countries in maritime
security, including combating piracy off the coast of Somalia, is vital for protecting its shipping and
trade interests, as described in Gurpreet S. Khurana's "Maritime Security Cooperation in the Indian
Ocean Region".
India's multifaceted interests in Africa, spanning from economic and energy security to geopolitical
influence, historical connections, development cooperation, and maritime security, form an integral
part of its strategy to establish itself as a significant global player.
49

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PSIR SOLUTION

PSIR Solutio�s Fo� UPSC 2023

https://t.me/CivilsFront and for PSIR join https://t.me/PSIR_Civils_Front

1. Comment on the following in about 150 words each:

(a) Normative approach in Political Science. (10 Marks)

(b) Multicultural perspective on rights. (10 Marks)

(c) State of Nature as State of War (Hobbes). (10 Marks)

(d) Foucault's concept of power. (10 Marks)

Michel Foucault's conceptualization of power has profoundly transformed our understanding of

(e) Decline of Political theory. (10 Marks)

Interdisciplinary engagement is another dimension of the evolving landscape of political theory.

2. (c) 'Credo of Relevance' in post-behaviouralism advocates the importance of action sccience.

Fascism's relationship with parliamentary democracy is fundamentally ambivalent, characterized by a

Fascism’s ambivalent stance towards parliamentary democracy is characterized by initial engagement

Furthermore, the Buddhist perspective on interconnectedness underscores the global consequences

5. Comment on the following in about 150 words each: (10x5 = 50)

5. (a) Imprint of the British Constitution on the Indian Constitution

5. (c) Functions of District Planning Committee.

5. (d) Satyagraha and Indian Nationalism.

5. (e) National Commission for Minorities

As a grievance redressal mechanism, the NCM investigates complaints of discrimination and

The constitutional framework underpinning this transformation is anchored in the principles of

1. Comment on the following in about 150 words each:

International relations add another layer of complexity, as geopolitical influences, international

1. (c) How does democratic politics construct citizenship? 2023, 10 Marks

Democratic politics encourages active citizen participation in governance, exemplified by movements

Underpinned by social contract theory, democratic citizenship emphasizes mutual agreements

Structure of the UN Security Council:

• Membership: The UNSC consists of 15 members.

Functions of the UN Security Council:

Rapid environmental degradation is increasingly recognized as a grave threat to human security,

The multifaceted threats posed by rapid environmental degradation to human security —

American hegemony today is constrained by a combination of geopolitical rivalries, economic

5. Comment on the following in about 150 words each:

These diplomatic steps, characterized by active participation in multilateral organizations, advocacy

Furthermore, the effectiveness of India's peacekeeping contingents in complex scenarios, such as in

India's extensive and effective participation in UN peacekeeping operations is a testament to its

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