Sport and Biodiversity

International Union for Conservation of Nature

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Sport and Biodiversity
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Citation: IUCN (2018). Sport and Biodiversity. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. viii+24pp.

ISBN: 978-2-8317-1893-4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.04.en

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Table of Contents

Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Objectives and scope of this guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Biodiversity and ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Biodiversity and sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 The business case for sport and biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Managing the impacts of sports venues and sporting events on biodiversity . 5

2.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Impacts linked to sports venues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Impacts linked to the organisation of sporting events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Mitigating biodiversity impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Maximising opportunities for biodiversity conservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1 Enhance, restore, and reconnect natural habitats in urban environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Increase the area under protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 Generate funds for financing protected areas management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Raise public awareness about biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5 Increase the available biodiversity data and knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6 Generate biodiversity benefits through carbon offsets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 An action checklist to mitigate risk and leverage opportunity . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5 Glossary and resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.1 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Sport and Biodiversity iii

Foreword
With the world population expected to reach 9 Furthermore, collective action by the industry can
billion by 2030, our natural environment is facing contribute to global efforts to achieve the goals
unprecedented pressures due to human activity. set out in the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda, which
recognises sport as ‘an important enabler of
But let us be clear: we need nature. Today, we sustainable development’.
are in a race to safeguard the rich ecosystems
that provide us with food, water and shelter. And This guide is the first in a series of publications
there is growing evidence that suggests that just that will be produced under the IUCN-International
spending time in nature – including for outdoor Olympic Committee partnership. It provides an
sports activities – can significantly enhance our overview of the linkages between biodiversity and
health and well-being. sports for developers of sports infrastructure and
event organisers, outlining steps they can take to
The sport industry also needs nature. Whether it is reduce the negative impacts on nature, from their
skiing, canoeing, hiking or cycling, sports activities venue planning and construction to the actual
depend on a healthy environment. operations and the legacy they leave behind.
The guide also explains why ignoring biodiversity
At the same time, sport facilities such as football impacts can pose a number of business risks to
stadiums and ski resorts – and the sheer number of the industry.
spectators at mega sport events – have a significant
impact on the environment. The sport industry has IUCN is proud to team up with the International
a responsibility – as well as an interest – in ensuring Olympic Committee. We look forward to
that its operations are sustainable. strengthening the links between the sports and
conservation communities to address one of
This IUCN guide, Sport and Biodiversity, highlights our most important challenges of our time –
how sport federations, local organising committees, safeguarding our planet. This is a race we cannot
investors, athletes and fans can help reduce the afford to lose.
industry’s environmental footprint. From restoring
degraded land to supporting protected areas, Inger Andersen, Director General,
the industry can contribute to conservation and International Union for Conservation of Nature
raise awareness among its spectators about the
invaluable benefits that nature provides.

iv Sport and Biodiversity

Foreword
Sport takes place in all kinds of environments, from The IOC is therefore delighted to have formed a
marine and natural wetlands, to urban parklands, partnership with the International Union for the
forests, mountains and even deserts. In all these Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world’s premier
situations sport has a strong connection with organisation for biodiversity conservation. Our
biodiversity. Indeed, any natural site, or greenspace mutual goal is to work together to foster better
used for sport will have some interaction with understanding and protection of biodiversity
biodiversity, and with careful management these through sport.
sport places can potentially be even more valuable
as sanctuaries for many kinds of wild plants and This guide produced by IUCN is an example of
animals. our partnership in action. It provides an excellent
overview of the synergies between sport and
Sport parks in urban areas can also support a wide biodiversity and is a valuable complement to our
range of biodiversity, and they play a vital role as own Sustainability Strategy arising from Olympic
neighbourhood greenspaces, offering community Agenda 2020, the IOC’s strategic roadmap.
benefits beyond their sporting function. Sport
buildings – stadia and sports halls – can be part of We hope it will inform and inspire everyone in the
city greening initiatives, from green roofs and walls, sporting world to take a closer look at how their sport
to surrounding landscaping and drainage systems. activities interact with the natural environment, and
Some city centre sports facilities have gone to the what they can do to foster biodiversity conservation.
extent of having their own organic food growing
areas and beehives. Christophe de Kepper, Director General,
International Olympic Committee
Looking beyond the physical footprint of sport
places, the sport sector can have a considerable
impact on biodiversity through the goods and
materials it purchases and greenhouse gas
emissions from day-to-day activities.

Therefore, whatever the specific context, we

believe that everyone in the sporting community
has an important duty of care – or stewardship –
towards the natural environment and for protecting
biodiversity. It is part of our natural world and a vital
part of what makes sport so special.

Sport and Biodiversity v

Executive summary
Sport can have significant negative impacts on Sport can negatively impact biodiversity through
biodiversity, through the construction and use of land use to build permanent or temporary sports
sports venues and the staging of sporting events. venues and facilities, as well as through the pollu-
This guide is designed to help decision makers un- tion, noise, waste, lighting, traffic, and resource de-
derstand these potential impacts, and to present mand resulting from the staging of sporting events
options for mitigating them, as well as for maximis- attended by hundreds or thousands of spectators.
ing opportunities to use sport as a way to promote At the same time, sport, through its global reach,
and enhance biodiversity conservation. can be an important catalyst for raising awareness
about the need for biodiversity conservation, and
Biological diversity, or biodiversity in short, is de- promoting and supporting efforts to enhance bio-
fined by the Convention on Biological Diversity diversity.
as the ‘.. variability among living organisms from
all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, Understanding and managing the potential nega-
and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological tive impacts and opportunities for conservation is
complexes of which they are a part; this includes vital for ensuring that sports venues and sporting
diversity within species, between species, and of events deliver successfully both from the financial
ecosystems’. and operational standpoint. Unmanaged or poorly
managed biodiversity impacts can lead to finan-
Biodiversity supports valuable ecosystem services cial, regulatory, operational, and reputational risks.
that are essential for the survival and healthy func- On the other hand, timely and effective action to
tioning of human society and its economic activities. mitigate risks and enhance conservation can help
However, despite this, human activity is leading to venues and event planners and organisers increase
an alarming, and increasing, rate of biodiversity loss their social license to operate, more easily attract
across the world’s ecosystems. future sporting events, establish long-term positive
relationships with communities and the media, and
attract sponsors.

vi Sport and Biodiversity

Mitigating negative impacts on biodiversity

The construction of new sports venues, the instal- presence of large numbers of spectators, who in-
lation of temporary venues and associated facilities, crease noise, vibration, pollution, waste generation,
and the use and refurbishment of existing venues and traffic. Other risks to biodiversity from sporting
can all impact on biodiversity. The type of risks and events include oil or fuel spills, sewage discharge,
opportunities will vary, depending mainly on the light pollution, increased use of chemicals and fertil-
location of the venue (i.e. whether it is sited in an isers, and increased demand for natural resources.
urban area or in the natural environment, and the
importance of that environment for biodiversity) and To address these potential impacts, developers
on its size. While the impacts may be broader, more should first comply with all legal and statutory re-
severe, and more obvious in a natural, undeveloped quirements relating to biodiversity. Beyond com-
area, where it is often necessary to construct access pliance, the recommended way to manage biodi-
roads, power supply infrastructure, and water and versity impacts effectively is through the mitigation
sewer infrastructure (amongst others), there are also hierarchy of avoidance, minimisation, restoration,
risks to developing in urban areas, where many spe- and offsetting of residual impacts. Preventive mit-
cies make their homes within the built environment. igation measures (avoidance and minimisation) are
always preferable to corrective measures (restora-
The staging of sporting events in both urban and tion and offsets).
natural settings can impact biodiversity through the

Maximising opportunities for biodiversity conservation

Sporting events and their associated facilities can mountain biking, within or partially within pro-
leverage opportunities to promote and support bio- tected areas;
diversity conservation through a variety of activities
and initiatives, including: • raising public awareness about biodiversity
through the use of biodiversity elements as
• enhancing natural habitats in urban environ- mascots or as part of an event’s logo, and the
ments by restoring degraded sites, connecting creation of public exhibits and educational pro-
fragmented habitats, building ‘green’ rooftops grams, as well as through sports commenta-
and living walls, installing man-made habitats tors and individual, high-profile athletes;
for wildlife, increasing the diversity of plant spe-
cies, and incorporating plantings in their project • increasing available knowledge and data by
design that provide additional habitat and ben- sharing biodiversity inventories and baseline in-
efits to local fauna and flora; formation that may be required as part of venue
development with conservation organisations
• increasing the area under protection through and research institutions; and
on-site or off-site protection of natural features;
• generating biodiversity benefits through pro-
• generating funds and increasing awareness jects designed to offset the carbon footprint of
for protected area management by staging a venue or event.
low-impact sporting events, such as running or

View over a rainforest, El Yunque, Puerto Rico © iStock

Sport and Biodiversity vii

1
viii
Cross-Country Ski Racer © iStock

Sport and Biodiversity

1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives and scope of this guide

The objectives of this guide are to: bidding for sporting events, to planners, architects,
and engineers tasked with choosing the location
• explain what biodiversity is and how it can be and the design and construction or refurbishment
impacted by the construction of sports venues of sports venues; from venue owners/operators to
and the staging of sporting events; regional government officials; and from national and
international sports federations to Local Organising
• present ways of mitigating potential negative Committees (LOCs) responsible for the planning
impacts on biodiversity from sport; and and staging of events.

• highlight the biodiversity opportunities available The topics presented in this guide are relevant
to the sports community. to local and international events, small and me-
ga-events, indoor and outdoor sports, summer
The guide has been written for all sport-related de- and winter sports, temporary infrastructure, refur-
cision makers, from city authorities, who are key bishment of existing venues, and the construction
players in the development of new venues and of new, permanent venues.

1.2 Biodiversity and ecosystems

Biological diversity, or biodiversity in short, is de- Biodiversity, and the life-sustaining ecological pro-
fined by the Convention on Biological Diversity cesses it enables and maintains, is the basis of innu-
as the ‘.. variability among living organisms from merable ecosystem services that are essential for the
all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine survival of every individual and for the functioning of
and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological society and all its economic activities (see Figure 1).
complexes of which they are a part; this includes
diversity within species, between species and of Biodiversity loss is occurring at an alarming rate
ecosystems’. across the world’s terrestrial, freshwater, and ma-

Provisioning Regulating Supporting Cultural

Services Services Services Services
are the material benefits are the benefits obtained from are necessary for the are non-material benefits
people get from ecosystems the regulation of ecosystem production of all other people gain from ecosystems,
for e.g. supply of food, water, processes e.g. the regulation ecosystem services, for for e.g. aesthetic and
fibers, wood and fuels. of air quality and soil fertility, e.g. by providing plants and engineering inspiration,
control of floods or crop animals with living spaces, cultural identity and spiritual
pollination. allowing for diversity of well-being.
species, and maintaining
genetic diversity.

Figure 1: Biodiversity and life-sustaining biological processes

(Source: based on Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis and FAO on line information
http://www.fao.org/ecosystem-services-biodiversity/en/ )

Sport and Biodiversity 1

rine biomes. Much of Earth’s biodiversity is under change, directly and indirectly, is also profoundly
grave threat from the direct impacts of conversion impacting species and their habitats. Evidence is
of natural habitats, unsustainable extraction of nat- mounting that the loss of genes, species, and eco-
ural resources, unchecked spread of invasive al- systems jeopardises the delivery of critical services
ien species, and pollution (see Figure 2). Climate provided by biodiversity to human communities.

Habitat loss,
alteration and
fragmentation

Climate Over
change exploitation

Invasive
species
Pollution

Figure 2: Direct pressures on biodiversity and ecosystems

(Source: based on Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis)

1.3 Biodiversity and sport

Sport can have negative impacts on biodiversity Throughout the various phases of venue and event
through the need for land area to construct perma- planning and delivery (conception, site selection,
nent and/or temporary sports venues and support design and construction, staging, dismantling, and
facilities. Further adverse impacts on biodiversity closure and venue redeployment), decisions can be
can arise from the demand for natural resources made to conserve biodiversity, by both mitigating
such as water, the generation of high quantities of potential negative impacts and enhancing biodiver-
solid waste and water pollution linked to the use of sity resources. To do so successfully, it is critical to
chemicals and the generation of municipal waste- be aware of the interrelations between biodiversity
water, and high levels of noise and light pollution and sport, and to ask the right questions (see Sec-
triggered by the presence of hundreds to many tion 4) early enough, and continuously, so that iden-
thousands of athletes, spectators, and media, es- tified measures can be more easily and effectively
pecially if in natural areas. However, sport, through integrated in all the phases.
its mass appeal and ever-increasing global reach,
also has the potential to act as a positive force for
biodiversity conservation.

2 Sport and Biodiversity

1.4 The business case for sport and biodiversity

There are many reasons for taking timely action to On the other hand, taking timely and effective ac-
effectively mitigate impacts on biodiversity linked tion to mitigate negative impacts and maximise
to sport, as well as to maximise the opportunities conservation opportunities could lead to:
for biodiversity conservation. Unmanaged or poorly
managed biodiversity impacts can pose a number • accessing project finance and obtaining the
of risks to a sporting event, the most relevant being: necessary planning and environmental approv-
als easier and faster;
• Financial risks: A venue that may negatively
impact biodiversity could encounter problems • a region, city, venue, or federation attracting
accessing project finance. Furthermore, con- future sporting events more easily, due to na-
struction delays related to conflicts with local tional and/or international recognition of best
communities and civil society organisations practice in the sector;
over poor management of biodiversity values
can also lead to important financial costs for • establishing long-term positive engagements
the developers and the organising committee. with civil society organisations, the local com-
munity, and the media that could benefit the
• Regulatory risks: Biodiversity aspects play a overall sports sector and, specifically, the suc-
central role in environmental impact assess- cessful organisation of the event;
ment processes and environmental licensing
by relevant authorities. In addition, failure to • obtaining a social license to operate by ad-
comply with local regulations could lead to dressing civil society’s concerns about the bi-
large fines. odiversity impacts of the venue and sporting
events;
• Operational risks: Inadequately protected or
managed environments can jeopardise the • attracting sponsors that seek to promote sus-
health of athletes and diminish the attractive- tainable products and/or want to associate
ness of events and venues for the local com- their image with the environment and biodiver-
munity, spectators, and media. sity;

• Reputational risks: Poorly managed impacts • contributing to resilient cities and healthy life-
on biodiversity could result in criticism and styles; and
campaigns by the media and civil society. This
could impact an event through lower specta- • working to meet the Sustainable Development
tor attendance, difficulty in obtaining corporate Goals, in particular Goal 14 ‘Life below water’
sponsorships, and perception of a negative link and Goal 15 ‘Life on land’, as well as the Con-
between the biodiversity issue and the event/ vention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Biodiver-
sports federation. sity Targets.

Sport and Biodiversity 3

2
4
Rio 2016 OG, Basketball Men - Qualification, United States of America (USA)
1st - Serbia (SRB) 2nd. Nikola JOKIC (SRB) no 14, Marko SIMONOVIC (SRB),
Demar DEROZAN (USA) no 9.
© 2016 / Comité International Olympique
Sport(CIO)
and/ EVANS, Jason
Biodiversity
2. Managing the impacts of sports venues
and sporting events on biodiversity
2.1 Overview

Biodiversity loss, which is the decline in the diversity The construction of new sports venues and sup-
of plants and animals (at genetic, species, and eco- porting infrastructure such as access roads and
system levels), can be caused by: powerlines; the installation of temporary venues
and their associated facilities, including parking,
• degradation, fragmentation, and loss of habitat; spectator overpasses, temporary seating, public
• introduction of invasive species; toilets, view-points, fencing, communication infra-
• pollution; structure, commercial outlets, etc.; and the staging
• climate change; and of sporting events can all directly or indirectly con-
• over-exploitation of natural resources. tribute to these pressures.

2.2 Impacts linked to sports venues

The location and size of a venue will determine the the construction of new venues, especially when a
type of risks, as well as the opportunities, that will large land area and the construction of large and
be faced. Sports venues can be located in urban or complex facilities are involved. Critical habitats, giv-
natural environments, the key difference being that en their significance for biodiversity conservation,
urban environments are generally considered, from a are likely to be most sensitive to these changes. On
biodiversity point of view, as being largely ‘modified the other hand, sports venues in highly modified ar-
habitats’, while natural environments would generally eas may have an opportunity to restore degraded
qualify as either ‘natural habitats’ or ‘critical habitats’ areas as part of their development. Generally, the
(see Box 1). size of a new venue defines the level of impacts in
a particular environment, while the use of existing
Natural habitats are generally more sensitive than venues can avoid land-use-related impacts associ-
modified habitats to the changes associated with ated with the construction of a new facility.

Box 1. Modified, natural, critical habitats … What’s the difference?

Modified habitats are ‘Areas that may contain a large proportion of plant and/or animal species of
non-native origin, and/or where human activity has substantially modified an area’s primary ecological
functions and species composition’. Natural habitats, on the other hand, are defined as ‘Areas
composed of viable assemblages of plant and/or animal species of largely native origin and/or
where human activity has not essentially modified an area’s primary ecological functions and species
composition’. Critical habitats are a subset of either natural or modified habitats, and are defined as
‘… area[s] of the planet with high biodiversity conservation significance based on the existence of
habitat of significant importance to critically endangered or endangered species, restricted range or
endemic species, globally significant concentrations of migratory and/or congregatory species, highly
threatened and/or unique ecosystems and key evolutionary processes’.

Source: International Finance Corporation’s Performance Standard 6, 2012.

Sport and Biodiversity 5

When new venues – permanent or temporary – and When sports venues are developed in modified en-
their associated infrastructure are developed in nat- vironments, such as in urban settings, it might seem
ural or critical habitats, they can contribute to habi- on the surface that there is no risk to biodiversity,
tat degradation, fragmentation, and loss, especially since buildings and built features are not expected
if they have a large footprint. The magnitude of this to harbour much wildlife. However, with their variety
impact will also greatly depend on the biodiversity of construction, urban areas are important habitats
values of the area; developing sports venues in or for a wide range of species that use walls, bridg-
within close proximity to marine, coastal, and/ or es, rooftops, and other parts of built structures for
terrestrial protected areas, Key Biodiversity Areas, roosting, nesting, breeding, and colonising. Bats,
World Heritage Sites, Ramsar sites, or Important Bird birds, lichens, mosses, wildflowers, and many
and Biodiversity Areas would come with high risks mammals and invertebrates call urban buildings
to biodiversity. Although a natural habitat may not ‘home’. Disruptions to these locations from the
have a special designation, it will most certainly have demolition of old buildings to make way for new in-
a wide variety of plant and animal species that may frastructure; the refurbishment of existing buildings;
be affected. It is also important to recognise that, in the installation of temporary infrastructure needed
certain situations, even if the direct footprint impact for event operations; increased lighting, vibrations,
of the venue on biodiversity is minimal, it could make and dust; or other physical changes to their habi-
an already critical situation worse. New sports ven- tats can have a considerable impact on urban plant
ues, including the range of infrastructure such as and animal species. This, combined with the gener-
access roads, power lines, and pipelines needed to al lack of acknowledgement and information about
support them, may also fragment habitat and natu- the biodiversity aspects of the urban environment,
ral corridors in the landscape. These impacts add to means that managing biodiversity in these areas is
the footprint impacts and could result in a cumulative often not part of project planning. Therefore, im-
negative impact that would make it impossible for a pacts are often unknown and unintended.
natural community, habitat, or a species to persist.

2.3 Impacts linked to the organisation of sporting events

Sporting events held in urban venues or in natu- environments come from many sources, including
ral landscapes can negatively impact biodiversity oil or fuel spills; solid waste generation; the use of
through large numbers of spectators, who increase cleaning products, pesticides or herbicides; dis-
noise, vibration, and lighting, produce large quan- charge of sewage into the water or on land; the
tities of solid waste and wastewater, and generate introduction of invasive species; noise, lighting and
traffic that can increase pollution and road kills of vibration; traffic and road kills; and the need, even
wildlife. Furthermore, outdoor venues in or near ur- temporarily, to erect fencing and communication in-
ban areas that are used for recreation and leisure ac- frastructure, and expand and/or construct new start
tivities are frequently highly managed environments. and finish areas, viewing points, media points, med-
ical stations, refuelling stations, commercial outlets
When a sporting event is staged, there can be a to service the event, and water reserve ponds for
significant increase in management activities, such snowmaking.
as increased cutting of grass, brush, undergrowth,
or borders. The removal of this vegetation (e.g. Spectators can also damage natural habitats
cut grass, fallen leaves, dead wood) can disrupt through the sheer numbers of people trampling
or destroy biodiversity habitats. The application of the grounds. Littering, walking on non-designated
chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and mosquito con- paths and into sensitive areas, and car and bike
trol measures, can further affect, reduce, or limit the parking where not permitted can all have negative
opportunities for species survival in these intensively impacts on biodiversity, such as disturbing breed-
managed environments. ing, nesting, and feeding animals. These behav-
iours in fragile outdoor spaces can impact both
The risks to biodiversity from both summer and win- biodiversity and habitats negatively and, in some
ter sporting events conducted outdoors in natural cases, irreversibly.

6 Sport and Biodiversity

2.4 Mitigating biodiversity impacts

In most countries, environmental regulations gov- and offsets (see Figure 3 and Box 2). The mitigation
ern the development of new sports venues or the hierarchy comprises a sequence of actions to ad-
expansion and modification of existing venues. This dress negative impacts on biodiversity. According
guide does not address this topic, except to state to the mitigation hierarchy, wherever possible, im-
that sports organisers should comply with all legal pacts should be avoided. Where avoidance is not
requirements that relate to biodiversity. possible, impacts are to be minimised. These im-
pacts should then be mitigated through restoration
Within and beyond legal compliance, the recom- actions, and, where significant residual impacts still
mended way of effectively managing biodiversity remain, biodiversity offsets should be implemented.
impacts is through what is known as the ‘mitigation Mitigation measures that avoid and then minimise
hierarchy’ of avoidance, minimisation, restoration, impacts are prioritised over measures to correct or

Box 2: The IUCN policy on biodiversity offsets

The 2016 IUCN Policy on Biodiversity Offsets highlights a number of fundamental principles that
should be taken into consideration for effective implementation of the mitigation hierarchy. These
include:
1. Apply the hierarchy as early as possible in the project life cycle, to inform potential development
decisions.
2. Explicitly consider the project within a broader landscape or seascape context.
3. Identify and respect nationally and internationally recognised ‘no-go’ areas.
4. Examine lower-impact alternatives in the project design, including not proceeding with the project
at all, recognising that not all impacts can be offset to achieve no net loss.
5. Give priority to avoiding any damage to biodiversity.
6. Take full account of direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts, both geographically and over time.
7. Clearly distinguish impact avoidance, minimisation, and on-site restoration measures from offsets.
8. Design offsets to achieve at least no net loss and preferably a net gain of biodiversity.
9. Ensure any biodiversity offsets used as part of the mitigation hierarchy secure additional
conservation outcomes that would not have happened otherwise.
10. Use approaches that are science-based, transparent, and participatory, and that address the
effects of the project and mitigation actions on livelihoods.
11. Follow a rights-based approach, as defined by IUCN resolution WCC
-2012-Res-099.
12. Identify and put in place the legal, institutional, and financial measures needed to ensure long-
term governance of all mitigation actions (including any biodiversity offsets).
13. Apply a rigorous monitoring, evaluation, and enforcement system that includes independent
verification of all mitigation actions.
14. Apply the precautionary principle throughout all stages of the mitigation hierarchy.
15. Apply the ecosystem approach in all stages of the mitigation hierarchy.

IUCN’s Policy also recognises that there are limits to biodiversity offsetting, and that ‘In certain cir-
cumstances residual impacts on biodiversity (after completing the avoidance, minimisation and reha-
bilitation steps of the mitigation hierarchy) cannot be offset. Additionally, there are some components
of biodiversity for which impacts could theoretically be offset, but with a high risk of failure. Under
these circumstances, biodiversity offsets are not appropriate, and this means that the project as
designed should not proceed.’
Source: IUCN website

Sport and Biodiversity 7

 Anticipated AVOID MINIMISE RESTORE OFFSET
project
impact

Net gain
ACAs

Biodiversity breakeven point

(no net loss)

Residual impacts

Additional
conservation
actions (ACAs)

Offset

Restore

Minimise

Avoided impacts

Figure 3: The mitigation hierarchy

(Source: adapted from the Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP))

remedy impacts, given the risks associated with Finally, it is important to involve an ecologist in the
restoration and offsets. For this reason, the utmost planning team for new sports venues and sporting
care should be taken in choosing a suitable loca- events at an early stage, to help identify biodiversity
tion for a new sports venue and/or sporting event. risks and potentially significant impacts that would
Considering modified or degraded sites offers con- need to be mitigated. Failure to do so could result
siderable benefits: the risks of negative biodiversity in delays and eventually additional costs.
impacts are small and opportunities to benefit bio-
diversity conservation are greatest. The objective of
all mitigation measures can either be set to achieve
‘no net loss’ or, even better, a ‘net gain’ of biodi-
versity.

8 Sport and Biodiversity

3
Sport and Biodiversity
Mountain Bike Racer © iStock

9
3. Maximising opportunities for biodiversity
conservation
Sporting events and their associated facilities, in- developers and event organisers, and local com-
cluding access roads, parking areas, etc., can munities. Although a definitive list of opportunities
catalyse biodiversity conservation at a local and does not exist, this section discusses some availa-
global level. Identifying these opportunities can ble options.
help strengthen the relationship between venue

3.1 Enhance, restore, and reconnect natural habitats in urban

environments

Any sporting event can trigger urban enhancement reverse pre-existing trends that have been dam-
or renewal by restoring degraded sites, connecting aging to urban biodiversity and habitats. Sporting
natural sites and habitats that may have become events may also offer an opportunity to develop ur-
fragmented over time, building ‘green’ rooftops and ban ecological corridors; these open spaces have
living walls, and installing man-made habitats suita- the potential to provide multiple use benefits to ur-
ble for use by animals such as birds and bats. ban dwellers.

The construction of new permanent venues can There are many other options for improving the habitat
offer an opportunity to bring back to use an exist- in urban spaces, for example incorporating plantings
ing degraded area, such as former landfill sites or that attract pollinators and nectar-feeding insects,
abandoned industrial areas, instead of developing a and adding shelters for birds, bats, and invertebrates
‘green-field’ area (see Box 3). The use of degraded (see Box 4). Trees can be planted along roads to en-
land as a site for multiple new venues was a central courage biodiversity in the built environment. Spe-
part of the strategies for the Sydney 2000 Olympic cies-rich lawns, ornamental trees, and shrubberies
Games, the London 2012 Olympic Games, and the can be established using native species, together
Paris 2024 Olympic Games candidature. Through with plants that provide benefits to other local fauna
such a transformation process, organisers can help and flora. Wetlands can be re-established in areas

Box 3. Golf events restore industrial sites and native species

It took vision, in Rio de Janeiro, to look at a degraded old quarry site, overrun with 80 percent non-in-
digenous vegetation cover, and see the potential for redesign as a natural golf course with biodiversity
protection and enhancement at the core of its design. But this is just what happened at the Rio 2016
Olympic Games, where an unused quarry site was transformed into a ‘naturalised’ golf course. The
transformation led to a 167-percent increase in vegetation cover and a net increase in biodiversity,
from 118 species found on site before the project to 263 species afterwards. The site was also quickly
recolonized by rare and protected species, including burrowing owls, caiman, capybara, lapwings,
sandpipers, and egrets. To achieve this state, more than 15,000 native plants were transplanted to
the area, and an on-site plant nursery was developed to propagate more than 475,000 plants from
native seeds to stock the site.

Source: Julie Duffus (Interview, July 2017), Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic
Games Rio 2016

10 Sport and Biodiversity

 Box 4. Sport leading the Solent oyster revival
When the Land Rover BAR sailing team began to build their new home on the waterfront in Ports-
mouth, the team identified a threat to the natural ecosystem on their doorstep. The Solent, the strait
that separates mainland England from the Isle of Wight, had once supported an oyster trade worth
millions of pounds. However, in the last few years, a rapid decline in the native oyster population had
led to the subsequent collapse of the oyster fishery in the area.

With an opportunity to make a real impact on the ecosystem on their doorstep, the team were excited
to help make a difference. The concept was simple: Working with their partners, they would nurture
protected cages of adult oysters at the team base, replicated on pontoons to reproduce and ‘reseed’
the wider fishery.

The oyster cages are now installed, and oysters are successfully establishing themselves back in the
harbour. Dr Joanne Preston of the Institute of Marine Sciences, Portsmouth University, commented:
‘It’s fantastic to see stage one complete. The oysters are in, so we can now start collecting the data to
gain a better understanding into what is happening to the oysters and the ecosystem around them’.

Source: LandRover BAR

where they might previously have been drained, with fences, to benefit insects and other invertebrates.
drainage features and planting of reed beds and oth- All these are options that can serve the organisers’
er locally appropriate native wetland plants. purposes for their events while at the same time im-
proving urban environments and delivering biodiver-
Increasing the diversity of plant species, grasses, sity, as well as aesthetic, benefits.
and trees can increase the richness of a habitat.
For example, low-growing wildflowers can be in- There are many benefits of working with local con-
troduced into a green field to increase the species servation organisations, which can provide valuable
mix; a grassland habitat can be created around the contributions of knowledge on local biodiversity,
margins of a football pitch, hockey field, or tennis propose suggestions and mitigation recommenda-
courts; and buildings can be partially or completely tions, and take the lead in implementing conserva-
covered with vegetation to create living ‘green’ roofs tion projects (see Box 5). Ideally, these organisations
and/or walls. Instead of a water fountain, ponds should be contacted early in the planning stage, so
can be built; reed beds can be introduced in a water that their input can help shape the design of sports
body to clean the water and attract biodiversity; or venues, rather than later when damage may already
log walls can be used instead of cement walls and have been done.

Box 5: Reusing sports equipment for biodiversity

Since 2001, the Wildlife Trusts and The Championships, Wimbledon have worked together to prevent
it becoming ‘game, set, and match’ for Britain's smallest mammal, the harvest mouse (Micromys
minutus). Some 36,000 tennis balls used at the world-famous tournament are recycled every year as
homes for harvest mice, to help protect the endangered species from their many predators and the
loss of their habitat from intensive farming.

With a small hole cut into the side, the tennis balls make excellent, waterproof homes. They are at-
tached to poles about a metre off the ground, where the mice can make nests away from birds of prey
and ground predators.

Now, besides Wimbledon, many lawn tennis clubs around the United Kingdom regularly donate their
used tennis balls to local wildlife organisations to help them in their conservation efforts.

Source: Julie Duffus (Interview, July 2017), London Organising Committee for the Olympic and
Paralympic Games (LOCOG)

Sport and Biodiversity 11

3.2 Increase the area under protection

Sport and sporting events can result in an increase a long-term connection between the event and the
of protected areas, either by promoting the exten- newly created protected area, through funding as
sion of existing protected areas or by leading to the a percentage of the entrance fees or through com-
establishment of new protected areas. This increase mercial sponsorship agreements.
may come as a result of the mitigation hierarchy, if a
biodiversity offset is established, or through on-site On-site opportunities to increase protected areas
protection. The protection and management of an may arise when important habitats are identified
area as a biodiversity offset present opportunities to during the planning process and then formally pro-
ensure a long-term connection between the event tected within the scope of the event development.
and the newly created protected area, and associ- For example, the creation of the Athens 2004
ated positive publicity for the developer or sporting Olympic Rowing Centre provided the city with an
body. Contributions to the funding of ongoing man- opportunity to re-establish a wetland area that had
agement could be generated by using a percent- become severely degraded (see Box 6). The Local
age of the entrance fees for the venue, or through Organising Committee successfully worked with
commercial sponsorship agreements. the Ministry of Public Works to have a small airport
removed, restore the wetland and the adjacent for-
Whereas a biodiversity offset may be considered a est areas, and design and develop the venue as a
one-off action, there can be opportunities to ensure natural lake, rather than an artificial one.

Box 6. Re-instating wetlands: from degraded site to rowing centre

to national park
A degraded wetland near the coast on the outskirts of Athens was chosen as the ideal spot to create
a rowing centre for the 2004 Olympic Games. However, a multitude of anthropogenic pressures had
caused considerable environmental degradation, to the point where there was a high risk of extinction
for endemic freshwater fish and rare plant species in the area.

During the planning phase, the habitat and the project were treated as a single system, which was
studied from environmental-ecological, area planning, and social-financial points of view. The aim was
to optimise the design and operations of the project in relation to the habitat, while at the same time
determining measures and interventions for upgrading ecological functions and protecting the habitat.

The final layout of the rowing centre took into account all these parameters, and also met athletic
requirements, as determined by international specifications. The sensitive balance of groundwater,
two newly constructed semi-natural lakes, a wetland, and the maintenance of the sand dune pine tree
forest featured prominently in the design. The whole area, including the rowing centre, has since been
designated as the Shineas National Park, to promote environmental protection as well as recreation
and sports activities. This case is a clear example of how biodiversity enhancement can coexist with
sport and provide lasting positive benefits for all.

Source: George Kazantzopoulos (interview, July 2017), Athens Organising Committee for the Games
(ATHOC) 2004

12 Sport and Biodiversity

3.3 Generate funds for financing protected areas management

Low-impact sporting events in the natural land- structure, sport and biodiversity may be compati-
scape, such as running and mountain biking, of- ble, and the event could support the primary pur-
fer real opportunities for marketing and generating pose of the protected area, to ensure biodiversity
funding for conservation through the visibility and conservation.
exposure created by the event.
Because the event should comply with the appli-
With their natural beauty, clean water, and clean cable protection legislation and the zoning of the
air, protected areas offer attractive environments particular protected area, the events concerned
in which to conduct low-impact sporting events. will almost invariably be transient in nature, with no
Depending on the location, the type of habitat, the permanent sports venues or other dedicated sports
size of the event, and existing infrastructure or the infrastructure developed inside the protected areas.
possibility of setting up low-impact temporary infra-

3.4 Raise public awareness about biodiversity

Sporting events can provide a platform for raising Through the multitude of media platforms now
local awareness about the importance of biodiver- available, sporting events are powerful catalysts of
sity and biodiversity conservation (see Box 7 and public awareness and offer the possibility of raising
8). They can also raise global awareness when the the profile of biodiversity-related issues to a wide
event welcomes spectators from around the world. audience.

Box 7. Cycling sensitively through beauty spots

Box Hill is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in the
south of England. The area supports several nationally endangered species of plants and animals,
among them two iconic species, the Adonis blue butterfly and the dormouse, as well as their food
sources.

This area was part of the route for the London Surrey Cycle Classic and the cycling road races of the
London 2012 Olympic Games. During planning, it was identified that spectators along the cycle route
would be one of the major sources of potential impacts to the site.

Ecological surveys conducted with partners helped identify species sensitivity, created new knowl-
edge about the species and their food plants, and provided information for spectator management
planning, as well as for outdoor learning and environmental arts activities to raise awareness among
spectators. These activities included film making, projects to create boxes for dormouse hibernation,
and other initiatives to help spectators understand any restrictions on viewing the race and engage
them in the natural qualities of the sporting event venue.

Source: Julie Duffus (Interview, July 2017), London Organising Committee for the Olympic and
Paralympic Games (LOCOG)

Sport and Biodiversity 13

 Box 8: Swimming for conservation
Two invasive species of lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) are posing a growing threat to At-
lantic and Caribbean reefs. The fish, which are native to the Indo-Pacific, are thought to have first been
introduced along the south-eastern coast of Florida in the 1980s. Since then, the fish have spread
rapidly north and south and are now found as far north as the Carolinas and throughout the Caribbe-
an. They are now beginning to invade the Gulf of Mexico and the northern coast of South America.
Wherever they spread, lionfish pose a serious threat to indigenous reef fish and coral reef ecosystems.

With no natural predators around the Bahamas, populations of lionfish have exploded and, in some
areas, have decimated the reef ecosystem, leading to the collapse of fishing industries and significant-
ly damaging the tourism industry.

In an attempt to control these invasive species, local communities on the Bahamian island of Eleuthera
are using sport to help educate and raise awareness. An annual swimming event in which participants
compete to catch as many lionfish as possible brings together sport and conservation in an effort to
not only reduce the numbers of lionfish on the reefs, but also to educate people on the importance of
preserving the reefs for future generations.

The event then goes a step further by holding a cookery class for all athletes and spectators, so that
local community members can learn how to prepare and eat the fish, in the hopes that local fishermen
will start fishing for the destructive invasive lionfish.

Source. Cape Eleuthera Institute (web)

It is important that the biodiversity messaging is for its survival and the protection of its habitat.
relevant to the particular sport, sporting event, or Some examples include:
spectator constituency. It should be about biodi-
versity and the related threats, and linkages with • All 18 of Florida Atlantic University’s sports
other sustainability issues such as heathy living, teams are known as the Owls, and the bird,
with the aim of generating support and/or chang- which is traditionally associated with wisdom
ing behaviour and associated impacts. This is and determination, serves as the university’s
where partnerships with local conservation organi- mascot. Since 1971, the school’s campus in
sations and action groups can be beneficial. Boca Raton, Florida, has been the site of a
designated Burrowing Owl sanctuary. This par-
The use of biodiversity elements represented as ticular bird is listed as a ‘Species of Concern’
mascots, included on event tickets or staff uni- in Florida.
forms, or as part of the event’s logo, can have a
powerful impact when associated with the right • Karak was the mascot for the 2006 Common-
messaging. It is important to note, however, that wealth Games. He was modelled on a red-
the elements selected should be associated with tailed black cockatoo, a threatened species in
the actual site of the event, or the local area, so the host country, Australia.
that a real and logical communications narrative
can be developed. The mascot needs a relevant • Fuleco the Armadillo was the official mascot of
and simple conservation message to be effective. the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Fuleco is
Mascots appeal most when they evoke empathy a Brazilian three-banded armadillo, a species
by giving their characters human-like physical and of armadillo that is native to Brazil and catego-
behavioural features; empathy is essential to pro- rised as a Vulnerable Species in the IUCN Red
mote concern for animals and species. Beyond List of Threatened SpeciesTM. The name is a
being seen as representative of a team and bring- combination of Futebol (‘football’) and Ecologia
ing luck, a mascot should help teach more about (‘ecology’).
the species and its natural habitat and advocate

14 Sport and Biodiversity

From information panels and dedicated signs, to etc., to spectators and the reasons why. This can
smart phone apps that share videos and photo- make all the difference between biodiversity protec-
graphs of biodiversity on land or on water, commu- tion measures being respected or not.
nications efforts can build longer-term appreciation
in spectators of the value of biodiversity and how to In raising public awareness on the importance of bi-
help improve it. In addition, the same biodiversity odiversity conservation, athletes can be very effec-
information can be used to create curricula for local tive biodiversity ambassadors through their direct
schools to teach students about the importance of connection with their fan base. Sports stars can
biodiversity conservation in their local environment, positively influence attitudes and behaviours where
or, it could be used to create a museum exhibit they have a local link. For example, former basket-
about biodiversity in the sports venue. ball star Yao Ming, who is originally from Shanghai,
uses his position as a role model to reverse cen-
Sports commentators can also play a crucial role. turies-old Chinese traditions that have resulted in
They can enrich their event’s presentations with de- dwindling rhinoceros and elephant populations.
tails regarding the local biodiversity and any meas- World-renowned soccer star Cristiano Ronaldo is
ures implemented by the event organisers. In ad- an Ambassador of the Mangrove Care in Indonesia,
dition, volunteers, sports officials, and event staff through a forum that aims to raise awareness about
should also be briefed, so that they are able to ex- the importance of conserving biodiversity and man-
plain any viewing restrictions, out-of-bounds areas, grove ecosystems in Bali.

3.5 Increase the available biodiversity data and knowledge

When natural sites are selected for sporting events, that often do not have the means to collect such
it is rare to know in advance exactly what animal a wealth of data (i.e. universities, research centres,
and plant species exist in and around the area, and non-governmental organisations). Venue develop-
specifically where they are located. The biodiversity ers and local organising committees have a great
inventories and baselines often required as part of opportunity to support future conservation by mak-
the venue planning and development authorisation ing these data publicly available.
process are therefore sources of new knowledge on
an area for biodiversity conservation organisations

3.6 Generate biodiversity benefits through carbon offsets

As for any human activity, sporting events, even example, forest-based carbon offset projects offer
the best designed and well-managed, should strive good opportunities to achieve carbon neutrality by
to offset the greenhouse gas emissions generated addressing land degradation, a leading cause of
through the activities of the planning and staging global climate change, and also provide a suite of
phases. In selecting a carbon offset project, sports co-benefits, such as supporting local communities
organisers could prioritise projects that would also by ensuring the continued delivery of important eco-
generate biodiversity co-benefits. system services that intact forests provide. Forest
carbon projects also provide direct employment
Generally, land-management projects aim to deliv- for community members and generate income and
er net positive benefits for climate change mitiga- support for social and economic development initi-
tion, for local communities, and for biodiversity. For atives.

Sport and Biodiversity 15

4
16
Photo © iStock

Sport and Biodiversity

4. An action checklist to mitigate risk and
leverage opportunity
The following table presents a range of action areas and associated guiding questions to help developers,
organisers, and sponsors of sports venues and sporting events identify and address potential negative
impacts on biodiversity from their activities, as well as opportunities for enhancing biodiversity conservation.

Action area Suggested questions to ask

1. Determine if the • Is the event going to use existing venues or will new venues be
venue(s) and the built?
event(s) could have an • Has an ecologist (or biodiversity specialist) been appointed as part
impact on biodiversity of the planning and design team?
• In relation to new venues, is there a detailed map of the
distribution of the local biodiversity values, such as protected
areas, key biodiversity areas, or habitats of threatened species or
ecosystems?
• Are the venues located or being built in World Heritage Sites or
protected areas?
• Is the area to be affected likely to have any ‘critical habitat’ (see
Box 2)?
• Have the costs of these impacts on the community been
assessed?
• Have the costs of mitigating the impacts on biodiversity been
assessed?
• Have the benefits of mitigating the impacts on important
ecosystem services provided by the affected biodiversity been
assessed?

2. Connect with • Are there known conservation challenges in the area?

stakeholders • Have the local conservation organisations, and international where
relevant, been contacted?
• Have relevant research institutions been contacted?

3. Understand the • Has a detailed baseline survey of the biodiversity in the area been
biodiversity impacts conducted, to identify important biodiversity?
of the venue and • Have pre-existing threats to biodiversity, which may be made
sporting event worse by the venue or event, been identified?
• Has an environmental impact assessment been planned or
conducted for new venues and events, to identify potentially
significant negative impacts and ways to mitigate them?

Sport and Biodiversity 17

 4. Mitigate biodiversity • Have the impacts related to the venue and events been analysed
impacts in terms of the potential for avoidance and minimisation?
• Has the siting of new venues prioritised degraded sites?
• Where critical habitats in particular, or natural habitats, could be
negatively affected, have all feasible alternative sites for the venue
or event been investigated which would avoid these impacts?
• Have ways to avoid and minimise the impacts related to the venue
and events been addressed and included in implementation
plans?
• Has restoration of impacted habitat been assessed for its
feasibility and included in implementation plans?
• Have biodiversity offsets for impacts that remain after avoidance,
minimisation, and restoration efforts have been exhausted,
identified, and included in implementation plans?
• Has the need for joint conservation action been addressed
through the establishment of partnerships with conservation
organisations and research institutions?

5. Capture biodiversity • Have opportunities to enhance and/or restore local degraded

opportunities habitats, and/or reconnect fragmented habitats, been used?
• Have opportunities to extend or expand protected areas been
considered?
• Have the data collected during the biodiversity assessment been
shared with relevant conservation and research institutions?
• Have biodiversity awareness and information programmes
targeting the public been included in the staging of sporting
events?
• Have fundraising options for the management of protected areas
and local conservation initiatives been identified and planned?

18 Sport and Biodiversity

5
Sport and Biodiversity
Rio 2016 OG, Rowing, pair without coxswain (2-) Women -
Qualification, Genevieve BEHRENT and Rebecca SCOWN (NZL).
© 2016 / Comité International Olympique (CIO) / KASAPOGLU, Mine
19
5. Glossary and resources
5.1. Glossary

Biological diversity: The variability among living Direct impacts: An outcome directly attributable to
organisms from all sources including, inter alia, ter- a defined action or project activity (often also called
restrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and primary impact). (Glossary (2012), BBOP)
the ecological complexes of which they are part;
this includes diversity within species, between spe- Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal,
cies, and of ecosystems. (Convention on Biological and micro-organism communities and their non-liv-
Diversity, 1992) ing environment interacting as a functional unit.
(Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992)
Biodiversity loss: Biodiversity loss is usually ob-
served as one or all of: (1) reduced area occupied Ecosystem approach: The ecosystem approach
by populations, species, and community types, (2) is a strategy for the integrated management of land,
loss of populations and the genetic diversity they water, and living resources that promotes conser-
contribute to the whole species, and (3) reduced vation and sustainable use in an equitable way.
abundance (of populations and species) or condi- (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010)
tion (of communities and ecosystems). The likeli-
hood of any biodiversity component persisting (the Ecosystem services: The benefits people obtain
persistence probability) in the long term declines from ecosystems. These include provisioning ser-
with lower abundance and genetic diversity and re- vices such as food, water, timber, and fibre; regu-
duced habitat area. (Glossary (2012), BBOP) lating services that affect climate, floods, disease,
wastes, and water quality; cultural services that
Biodiversity offsets: Biodiversity offsets are meas- provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual ben-
urable conservation outcomes resulting from ac- efits; and supporting services such as soil forma-
tions designed to compensate for significant resid- tion, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling. (Glossary
ual adverse biodiversity impacts arising from project (2012), BBOP)
development after appropriate mitigation measures
have been taken. The goal of biodiversity offsets Habitat: The place or type of site where an organ-
is to achieve no net loss and preferably a net gain ism or population naturally occurs. (Convention on
of biodiversity on the ground, with respect to spe- Biological Diversity, 1992)
cies composition, habitat structure, and ecosystem
function, and people’s use and cultural values as- Indirect impacts: Impacts triggered in response
sociated with biodiversity. (Glossary (2012), BBOP) to the presence of the project, rather than being
directly caused by the project’s own operations;
Cumulative impact: The total impact arising from sometimes called secondary or induced impacts.
the project (under the control of the developer); oth- (Glossary (2012), BBOP)
er activities (that may be under the control of oth-
ers, including other developers, local communities, Invasive Alien Species: An invasive alien species
government); and other background pressures and (IAS) is a species that is established outside of its
trends which may be unregulated. The project’s im- natural past or present distribution, whose intro-
pact is therefore one part of the total cumulative im- duction and/or spread threaten biological diversity.
pact on the environment. The analysis of a project’s (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992)
incremental impacts combined with the effects
of other projects can often give a more accurate Key Biodiversity Areas: KBAs are sites contributing
understanding of the likely results of the project’s significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity.
presence than just considering its impacts in isola- (A global standard for the identification of Key Bio-
tion. (Glossary (2012), BBOP) diversity Areas: version 1.0, IUCN, 2016)

20 Sport and Biodiversity

Mitigation hierarchy: The mitigation hierarchy is Protected area: A protected area is a clearly de-
defined as: fined geographical space, recognised, dedicat-
ed, and managed, through legal or other effective
1. Avoidance: measures taken to avoid creating means, to achieve the long-term conservation of
impacts from the outset, such as careful spa- nature with associated ecosystem services and
tial or temporal placement of elements of infra- cultural values. (IUCN Definition 2008)
structure, in order to completely avoid impacts
on certain components of biodiversity. Restoration: The process of assisting the recovery
of an area or ecosystem that has been degraded,
2. Minimisation: measures taken to reduce the damaged, or destroyed. The aim of ecological res-
duration, intensity, and/or extent of impacts, toration is to re-establish the ecosystem’s compo-
including, as appropriate, direct, indirect, and sition, structure, and function, usually bringing it
cumulative impacts (including from climate back to its original (pre-disturbance) state or to a
change), that cannot be completely avoided, healthy state close to the original. An ecosystem is
as far as is practically feasible. restored when it contains sufficient biotic and abi-
otic resources to sustain itself structurally and func-
3. Rehabilitation/restoration: measures taken to tionally and can continue its development without
rehabilitate degraded ecosystems or restore further assistance or subsidy. It will demonstrate
cleared ecosystems following exposure to im- resilience to normal ranges of environmental stress
pacts that cannot be completely avoided and/ and disturbance and interact with contiguous eco-
or minimised. systems in terms of biotic and abiotic flows and
cultural interactions. Ecological restoration strives
4. Offset: measures taken to compensate for to alter the biota and physical conditions at a site,
any residual significant, adverse impacts that and is frequently confused with rehabilitation. While
cannot be avoided, minimised, and/or rehabil- restoration aims to return an ecosystem to a for-
itated or restored, in order to achieve no net mer natural condition, rehabilitation implies putting
loss or a net gain of biodiversity. Offsets can the landscape to a new or altered use to serve a
take the form of positive management interven- particular human purpose. Activities such as eco-
tions, such as restoration of degraded habitat; logical engineering and various kinds of resource
arrested degradation; or averted risk through management, including wildlife, fisheries and range
protection of areas where there is imminent or management, agroforestry, and forestry, may quali-
projected loss of biodiversity. (Glossary (2012), fy as ecological restoration if they satisfy the criteria
BBOP) set out by the Society for Ecological Restoration,
which lists nine attributes as a basis for determining
No Net Loss/Net Gain/Net Positive Impact: A when restoration has been accomplished. (Society
target for a development project in which the im- for Ecological Restoration)
pacts on biodiversity caused by the project are bal-
anced or outweighed by measures taken to avoid Rights-based approach: A rights-based approach
and minimise the project’s impacts, to undertake is an approach to conservation that respects, and
on-site restoration, and finally to offset the residual seeks to protect and promote, recognised human
impacts, so that no loss remains. Where the gain rights standards (IUCN).
exceeds the loss, the terms ‘net gain’ or ‘net posi-
tive impact’ may be used instead of no net loss. No Threatened species: These are species catego-
net loss (or net gain) of biodiversity is a policy goal in rized as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vul-
several countries, and is also the goal of voluntary nerable by The IUCN Red List of Threatened Spe-
biodiversity offsets. (Glossary (2012), BBOP) ciesTM. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
is widely recognized as the most comprehensive,
Precautionary Principle: Where there are threats objective global approach for evaluating the con-
of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full sci- servation status of plant and animal species. (IUCN
entific certainty shall not be used as a reason for Red List of Threatened Species™)
postponing cost-effective measures to prevent en-
vironmental degradation. (Rio Declaration, 1992,
Principle 15)

Sport and Biodiversity 21

5.2 Resources

A Cross-Sector Guide for Implementing the Mitigation Hierarchy (2015), Cross Sector Biodiversity
Initiative. http://www.csbi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/CSBI-Mitigation-Hierarchy-Guide-
Sept-2015-1.pdf

BBOP Standard on Biodiversity Offsets and associated material. http://bbop.forest-trends.org/pages/

guidelines

Biodiversity for Business: A guide to using knowledge products delivered through IUCN (2014), IUCN.
https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2014-004.pdf

Costanza, R, R de Groot, P Sutton, S van der Ploeg, S J. Anderson, I Kubiszewski, S Farber, R. K Turner
(2014), Changes in the global values of ecosystem services, Global Environmental Change 26 (2014)
152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002

Cultural and Spiritual Value of Biodiversity (1999), United Nations Environment Programme, http://staging.
unep.org/pdf/Cultural_Spiritual_thebible.pdf

Hardner, J, RE Gullison, S Anstee, and M Meyer. (2015), Good Practices for Biodiversity Inclusive Impact
Assessment and Management Planning, Prepared for the Multilateral Financing Institutions Biodiversity
Working Group. https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7094/Good_Practices_for_
Biodiversity_Inclusive_Impact_Assessment.pdf?sequence=1

Human Rights Indicators – A Guide to Measurement and Implementation (2012), Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/
Publications/Human_rights_indicators_en.pdf

IUCN Policy on Biodiversity Offsets (2016), IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/

resrecfiles/WCC_2016_RES_059_EN.pdf

IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability (2012). International Finance
Corporation. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/c8f524004a73daeca09afdf998895a12/IFC_
Performance_Standards.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

Cambridge Conservation Initiative (2015). Strengthening implementation of the mitigation hierarchy:

managing biodiversity risk for conservation gains.– Collaborative Fund Project Report compiled by:
BirdLife International, UNEP-WCMC, RSPB, FFI and the University of Cambridge. http://www.birdlife.
org/sites/default/files/attachments/cci_report_-_managing_risk_for_conservation_gains_-_final_-_
june_9th_2015.pdf

Conservation International. The value of carbon forest offset (2011),. http://www.conservation.org/

publications/Documents/2011_04_14_Value_of_Forest_Carbon_Offsets.pdf

22 Sport and Biodiversity

 London, England - July 26th, 2012: Wild flowers and plants growing in
preparation for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, London 2012,
with the Olympic Stadium in the background and a clear blue skyline © iStock
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