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    ORGANS

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    Chelsea Sebastian
    The document discusses the organization of the human body. It describes the major organ systems like the respiratory, lymphatic, urinary, integumentary, nervous, digestive, muscular, endocrine, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems. It also discusses anatomical terminology used to describe body position, orientation, landmarks, planes of sectioning, and the major body cavities including the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

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    ORGANS

    Uploaded by

    Chelsea Sebastian
    11 views3 pages
    The document discusses the organization of the human body. It describes the major organ systems like the respiratory, lymphatic, urinary, integumentary, nervous, digestive, muscular, endocrine, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems. It also discusses anatomical terminology used to describe body position, orientation, landmarks, planes of sectioning, and the major body cavities including the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

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    The document discusses the organization of the human body. It describes the major organ systems like the respiratory, lymphatic, urinary, integumentary, nervous, digestive, muscular, endocrine, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems. It also discusses anatomical terminology used to describe body position, orientation, landmarks, planes of sectioning, and the major body cavities including the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views3 pages

    ORGANS

    Uploaded by

    Chelsea Sebastian
    The document discusses the organization of the human body. It describes the major organ systems like the respiratory, lymphatic, urinary, integumentary, nervous, digestive, muscular, endocrine, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems. It also discusses anatomical terminology used to describe body position, orientation, landmarks, planes of sectioning, and the major body cavities including the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ORGANS, SYSTEMS, AND ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY

    Science is the study of natural phenomena and follows specific guidelines that make it
    unique from other disciplines. Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of the human body,
    and physiology is the study of the function of the body. Anatomy and physiology are two closely
    related fields, and they are well suited for study together.

    ORGAN SYSTEMS

    Anatomy can be studied in many ways. Regional anatomy is the study of particular areas
    of the body, such as the head or leg. It also involves systemic anatomy, which is the study of
    organ systems, such as skeletal system and the nervous system.

    The respiratory system takes oxygen to the body and releases carbon dioxide. The nose,
    pharynx, trachea, and lungs are the organs of the respiratory. The lymphatic system cleanses
    and returns tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and assists the body in protecting itself from
    foreign organisms. The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels along with such organs as
    the thymus, spleen, and tonsils. The urinary system rids the body of waste products; it consists
    of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. The integument system provides the
    protective covering of the body and is mostly formed by the skin. The nervous system is well
    developed in humans, allowing us to interact and interpret our environment. The brain, spinal
    cord, and peripheral nerve make up the system. The digestive system is responsible in providing
    nutrition to the tissues. The mouth and salivary glands, along with the esophagus, stomach,
    intestines, and associated organs, such as liver, are part of the digestive system. The muscular
    system moves the body and consists of the individual muscles, such as the biceps brachii and
    gluteus maximus muscles. In the endocrine system, the individual organs produce hormones.
    Organs such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, and gonads are endocrine organs.
    The reproductive system is responsible for the maintenance of species. The sex cells
    from the male join with the sex cells of the female and produce offspring. The main organs in the
    system are the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and the testes, ductus
    deferens, glands producing seminal fluid, and penis in males. The cardiovascular system is one
    primarily of transport. The heart and blood vessels are organs of this system. The skeletal
    system provides a framework for movement and a mechanism for protecting the body. The
    individual bone of the body, such as the humerus and femur, are the organs of the system.

    ANATOMIC POSITION
    BODY ORIENTATION AND DIRECTION

    Superior/Inferior (above/below): These terms refer to the location of a structure along the long
    axis of the body. Superior structures appear above other structures, and inferior structures are
    always below other body parts.

    Anterior/Posterior (front/back): In humans the most anterior structures are


    those that are most forward- the face, chest, and abdomen. Posterior structures
    are those towards the backside of the body.

    Medial/lateral (toward the midline/away from the midline or median plane):


    medial structures are closer to the body midline than are lateral structures.

    BODY LANDMARKS

    ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

    Abdominal: The anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs


    Antecubital: The anterior surface of the elbow
    Axillary: The armpit
    Brachial: The arm
    Buccal: The cheek
    Carpal: The wrist
    Cervical: The neck region
    Coxal: The hip
    Deltoid: The roundness of the shoulder caused by the underlying deltoid muscle
    Digital: The fingers and toes
    Femoral: The thigh
    Fibular: The side of the leg
    Inguinal: The groin
    Mammary: The breast
    Manus: The hand
    Nasal: the nose
    Oral: The mouth
    Orbital: The bony eye socket
    Patellar: The anterior knee (kneecap) region
    Pelvic: The pelvis region
    Pubic: the genital region
    Sternal: The region of the breastbone
    Tarsal: The ankle
    Thoracic: the chest
    Umbilical: The navel

    POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS

    Cephalic: The head


    Gluteal: The buttocks or rump
    Lumbar: The area of the back between the ribs and hips, the loin
    Occipital: The posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
    Popliteal: the back of the knee
    Sacral: the area between the hips
    Scapular: The scapula or shoulder blade area
    Sural: The calf or posterior surface of the leg
    Vertebral: The area of the spinal column

    PLANES OF SECTIONING

    A cut that divides or organs into superior and inferior parts is in transverse, or horizontal
    plane. A cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is in the frontal, or coronal
    plane. A cut that divides the body into left and right portions is in the sagittal plane. A cut that
    divides the body into left and right halve is in the midsagittal (or median), whereas one that
    divides the body into unequal left and right parts is in the para -sagittal plane.

    MAJOR BODY CAVITIES

    A cavity is an enclosed space inside the body. The brain is in the cranial cavity, the tongue
    is in the oral cavity, and the stomach is found in the abdominal cavity. The three largest cavities
    that do not open to the exterior environments are the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and
    the pelvic cavity.

    The thoracic cavity is located directly superior to the diaphragm and is further divided into
    the mediastinum and the pleural cavities. The mediastinum is medial to the lungs; it contains,
    among other things, the heart (in the pericardial cavity), esophagus, and trachea. The pleural
    cavities are laterals to the mediastinum and contain the lungs.

    Below the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity, which can be subdivided into the
    abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, the small
    intestine, most of the large intestine, and various digestive organs, such as the liver and pancreas.
    The pelvic cavity begins at the region of the hips and contains the lower part of the large intestine
    and some of the reproductive organs (such as the uterus and the ovaries) of the female
    reproductive system. These cavities are lined with serous membranes.

    ABDOMINAL REGIONS

    The abdomen can be further divided into four quadrants or nine regions. In
    clinical practice, the abdomen is divided into quadrants. In anatomic studies the
    nine- region approach is often used.

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