Link Title Abstract

https:// PLANNING FOR CHAOS: Abstract

www.sciencedirect.com/ DEVELOPING THE Objective
science/article/abs/pii/ CONCEPT OF EMERGENCY Emergency preparedness is a developing specialty with a limited evidence
S0099176721000404 PREPAREDNESS base. Published literature primarily offers a retrospective view of experience,
THROUGH THE EXPERIENCE OF with few studies examining and understanding the individual lived experience
THE of practitioners prospectively. This study explores paramedics’ lived
PARAMEDIC experience of emergency preparedness and applies that learning.
Methods
Thirteen paramedics were recruited through purposive sampling. Face-to-face
semi-structured interviews explored their individual experiences of
emergency preparedness, in line with the idiographic focus of Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis.
Results
Through data analysis, the following superordinate themes were identified for
further discussion: self-determination, control, and experience-based
practice. Participants appeared to value their role and the unpredictable
environment in which they worked. Personal resilience, an area that they
suggested is not covered effectively within individual preparation, was viewed
as important. The participants articulated that risk, threat, uncertainty, safety,
trust, and control were important concepts within individual preparedness.
These paramedics valued practice-based knowledge and education as credible
and transferrable to their clinical work.
Conclusion
Evidence from this study suggests that standard emergency preparedness,
with the focus at organizational level, is not sufficient for the individual
workers or for an overall effective response. Dimensions of individual
preparedness are presented, with the paramedic central to the experience
within a conceptual model (the DiEP model), creating a new form of
emergency preparedness that reflects the individual paramedic’s experience.
https:// Conceptual Framework for Abstract
www.sciencedirect.com/ Motivating Actions towards The potential of risk communication as tool for reducing the devastating

Page | 1
science/article/pii/ Disaster Preparedness Through impacts posited by disaster hazards on
S1877705818300419 Risk Communication human lives and property has been discussed extensively in literature. Most
risk communication studies and
strategies focus on awareness creation and education on disaster hazards.
However, awareness creation and
education on disaster hazards do not necessary translate into preparatory
attitude and behaviour towards disaster
hazards. Frantic efforts are required to persuade and motivate people at risk
to convert hazard awareness and
education into preparation towards disaster hazards. Against this backdrop,
this paper develops a conceptual model
through literature review to facilitate and enhance disaster preparedness
through risk communication.
https:// Towards local disaster risk Abstract
www.sciencedirect.com/ reduction in developing Disasters remain one of the main challenges facing nations of the developing
science/article/abs/pii/ countries: world, as they not only
S2212420914001034 Challenges from Jordan cause high mortality and suffering, but also damage local economies that are
in process of formation and
thwart development achievements. The Hyogo Framework for Action
emphasized the significance of
making disaster risk reduction a national and a local priority with a strong
institutional basis for implementation. However, local governments may not
have the capacity yet to address this need.
Therefore, this inquiry investigates the current status of disaster risk
reduction in a local Jordanian
municipality to understand the current limitations facing this approach. Such
an investigation will help
in understanding the challenges facing local governments in non-capital cities
of the region. The study
provides several recommendations for initiating disaster risk reduction on the
local level, stressing that
the political culture and governance style in the region creates many
obstacles. Further, the limited
capability of local governments, the serious social and economic problems,

Page | 2
 and misleading natural disaster cognition create handicaps should the
approach be implemented. The legal opaqueness in identification of
jurisdictions and responsibilities compounded by the status quo of high
dependency on the
central government, in addition to fixation on a para-military approach to
disaster management calls for
reassessment of disaster management policies and related laws in Jordan
https:// What is the value of health Abstract
www.sciencedirect.com/ emergency preparedness Emergency exercises involving the health community are considered an
science/article/pii/ exercises? A scoping important and integral part of
S2212420916304095 review study emergency preparedness activities. However, little is known about whether
these exercises are effective at
improving individual and/or organisational preparedness for responding to
emergencies. This paper reviews
and summarises published evidence on the effectiveness and benefits of
exercises to prepare health emergency
professionals for responding to emergencies and disasters. A literature search
strategy was designed to identify
the relevant publications from four major medical databases (Medline,
Embase, Global Health and CINAHL).
Studies meeting our inclusion criteria were analysed in detail (N=86). Both
qualitative and quantitative data
were reviewed. Data analysis involved a descriptive summary and a thematic
analysis.
Health emergency preparedness exercises were found to be effective (post
exercise) at improving
participants’ knowledge of emergency activities, policies and procedures and
improving overall competence
and confidence. Other immediate individual benefits included improved
perceptions of preparedness and
improved understanding of individual roles and roles of partners. Whether
these improvements persist over
time and translate into improved emergency response is not clear. The most
commonly reported post-exercise

Page | 3
 organisational benefits were: identifying gaps or limitations in plans, protocols
or procedures and providing
opportunities to share lessons. Only a few identified studies reported the
long-term impact of exercises on job
practices and on real emergency response. Published evidence of exercises
impact on individual and
organisational levels of emergency preparedness and response over the long
term is very limited. The majority
of the studies included (n=65, 76%) were US-based
https:// Measuring disaster Abstract
www.sciencedirect.com/ preparedness and response The study measured the extent of availability of disaster equipment with a
science/article/abs/pii/ practices in university view to ascertaining disaster preparedness and response practices in
S2212420918301614 libraries in Nigeria: The role of university libraries in Southwest Nigeria. The descriptive research was
disaster equipment adopted to situate the study. Questionnaire and observation checklist were
the instruments for data collection. While the research questions were
analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean(x), standard deviation (SD)
and ranking (R), responses obtained from the observation checklist were
analyzed using simple percentages. Inferential statistics (t-test) was employed
to test the hypothesis. The research discovered an adequate availability rate
of fire extinguishers, sand buckets, emergency exit doors, anti-virus software
and thunder arrestors. Other core disaster equipment like dehumidifiers,
dryers, dust extractors, plastic sheet covers, warning alarms etc. are lacking in
the libraries. The study equally found that the disaster preparedness and
response practices primarily carried out in the studied libraries include:
regular inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment, ensuring disaster
equipment are in their rightful positions and timely replacement of fire
extinguishers on expiration. The result of the hypothesis tested revealed a t-
value of 3.094 at p<0.05 level, indicating that there is a significant relationship
between availability of disaster equipment and disaster preparedness and
response practices in university libraries in Southwest Nigerian. Consequently,
the study recommended the procurement of core disaster equipment,
deployment of technology for the deterrence of library misconduct as well as
benchmarking existing equipment and activities with world class
counterparts.

Page | 4
https:// University employees' ABSTRACT
www.sciencedirect.com/ preparedness for natural The objective of this study was to examine previous disaster impact, threat
science/article/abs/pii/ hazards and incidents of perception, self-efficacy, and gender
S2212420918304023 mass violence: An application of as predictors of university employees’ preparedness for natural hazards and
the extended parallel process incidents of mass violence. A crosssectional survey was conducted with
model faculty and staff members (N = 410) at a medium-sized university located
in the southern United States. Drawing from the Extended Parallel Process
Model (EPPM), a moderated mediation model was hypothesized and partially
supported. For natural hazards, past experience and gender had
direct effects on perceived susceptibility, but perceived susceptibility did not
mediate the effect of past disaster
experience on preparedness behavior, nor did past disaster experience have a
significant direct effect. However,
both self-efficacy and disaster impact had direct effects on preparedness
behavior, and self-efficacy further
moderated the effect of disaster impact. For incidents of mass violence,
perceived susceptibility significantly
mediated the effect of past experience on preparedness behavior, when self-
efficacy was high and employees
were female. As with natural hazards, past experience and gender had
significant direct effects on perceived
susceptibility. Self-efficacy also had a significant direct effect on preparedness
behavior. These results support
EPPM theory in that threat messages and perceptions correspond to
increased preparedness behavior when
paired with self-efficacy for responding to disasters. Therefore, it is
recommended that educational institutions
employ disaster preparedness programs that focus on educating employees
about cultivating accurate threat
perceptions and building their confidence in responding to disasters.
https:// Disaster preparedness for better Abstract
www.sciencedirect.com/ response: Logistics perspectives Disaster occurs frequently around the world and is no more considered an
science/article/abs/pii/ isolated event. Thus, disaster management has become a hot issue in urban
S2212420918305806 development and human security. However, selecting suitable measures in

Page | 5
 disaster preparedness is a complex task. Some mitigation measures, which
include making dams and updating building codes, prove ineffective and can
themselves become a source of added vulnerability. Therefore, the
importance of preparedness cannot be ignored, and the relief distribution
aspect needs to be appraised as a measure of disaster preparedness. This
study integrates disaster preparedness and response. Many parameters
cannot be known before a disaster, while relief demand is a key parameter in
disaster preparedness modelling. A decision maker needs to identify the
properties of relief demand. Seven influencing factors of relief demand are
identified. Then, a facility location model is proposed, and the model results
are analysed. The results show that the hub-and-spoke distribution system
brings higher social benefits.
https:// Fire þ water þ bombs: Disaster Abstract
repository.seafdec.org.ph/ management among academic The academic libraries in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, Philippines are
handle/10862/3517 libraries in vulnerable to disasters. In the last ten years, the majority of the 13
Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, respondent libraries have sustained at least one disaster that may have been
Philippines caused by civil unrest, war or terrorism, flood, earthquake, or fire. The
majority were unprepared to face such disasters, may it be small-scale or
catastrophic, and only one library has a disaster management plan. The lack of
significant holdings of rare books, shortage of financial resources, no
perceived risk, and the unavailability of staff to write a disaster management
plan, are the reasons why most libraries do not have a plan. Moreover, the
majority lacked staff that has undergone training in disaster preparedness and
management. On the other hand, all of the libraries have disaster
management practices that although not enough, will still enable them to
lessen the effects of the disaster and save their library and parts of their
collection when necessary. The respondents identified management support
as an essential factor in their success in disaster management. The results of
the study provide valuable information on the current state of the libraries in
the Philippines with regards to disaster preparedness and management.
Therefore, it is an essential addition to the literature on disaster management
in the Philippines, which is very scarce as of the moment.
https:// Research on Fire Safety ABSTRACT
www.researchgate.net/ Management System in Colleges The smooth implementation of the fire safety management system in

Page | 6
publication/ and colleges and universities can not only further regulate the fire safety
330549290_Research_on_Fi Universities management of colleges and universities, but also prevent and reduce re
re_Safety_Management_Sys hazards and ensure the safety of life and property of teachers, students and
tem_in_Colleges_and_Unive employees in higher education institutions. This paper starts with the current
rsities situation of re safety management in colleges and universities, combined
with the laws and regulations of the Higher Education Institutions of
Higher Education. The paper introduces the key points of the construction
of re safety management system in colleges and universities, and makes
a simple exploration of the fire safety management system of colleges
and universities from the aspects of innovative safety publicity and
education mode, perfecting safety management platform and strengthening
enforcement control.
https://www.cdc.gov/ Slip, Trip, and Fall Prevention for Slip, Trip, and Fall (STF) Prevention for Healthcare Workers
niosh/docs/2011-123/ Healthcare Workers Work-related slip, trip, and fall incidents can frequently result in serious
default.html disabling injuries that impact a healthcare employee’s ability to do his or her
job, often resulting in
■ lost workdays,
■ reduced productivity,
■ expensive worker compensation claims, and
■ diminished ability to care for patients.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
[2009], the incidence rate of lost-workday injuries
from slips, trips, and falls (STFs) on the same level
in hospitals was 38.2 per 10,000 employees, which
was 90% greater than the average rate for all other
private industries combined (20.1 per 10,000 employees). STFs as a whole are
the second most common cause of lost-workday injuries in hospitals
https:// Illuminating the Effects of Abstract
journals.sagepub.com/doi/ Dynamic Lighting on Student Light is universally understood as essential to the human condition. Yet light
full/ Learning quality varies substantially in nature and in controlled environments leading
10.1177/215824401244558 to questions of which artificial light characteristics facilitate maximum
5 learning. Recent research has examined lighting variables of color
temperature, and illumination for affecting sleep, mood, focus, motivation,
concentration, and work and school performance. This has resulted in

Page | 7
 artificial light systems intended to support human beings in their actualization
through dynamic lighting technology allowing for different lighting conditions
per task. A total of 84 third graders were exposed to either focus (6000K-
100fc average maintained) or normal lighting. Focus lighting led to a higher
percentage increase in oral reading fluency performance (36%) than did
control lighting (17%). No lighting effects were found for motivation or
concentration, possibly attributable to the younger age level of respondents
as compared with European studies. These findings illuminate the need for
further research on artificial light and learning
https://iopscience.iop.org/ A fire safety control system of Abstract
article/10.1088/1742- educational institutions The article describes the software system that allows to evaluate the state of
6596/1399/3/033065 fire safety of educational objects. The estimation is based on the analysis of
the integral information on all factors influencing a condition of fire safety
taking into account specificity of object. The value of fire risk is used as an
evaluation indicator. It is calculated in accordance with the methodology
approved by the Ministry of Emergency Situations. To facilitate the decision-
making process, the system generates a set of recommendations for the
decision-maker aimed at improving the level of fire safety of the object of
education.
https:// ROLES OF THE UNIVERSITY IN
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ DISASTER MANAGEMENT
pmc/articles/PMC3442620/
https:// The Engagement of Academic Abstract
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Institutions Objective
pmc/articles/PMC4187311/ in Community Disaster Using comparative analysis, we examined the factors that influence the
Response: engagement of academic institutions in community disaster response.
A Comparative Analysis Methods
We identified colleges and universities located in counties affected by four
Federal Emergency Management Agency-declared disasters (Kentucky ice
storms, Hurricanes Ike and Gustav, California wildfires, and the Columbia
space shuttle disintegration) and performed key informant interviews with
officials from public health, emergency management, and academic
institutions in those counties. We used a comparative case study approach to
explore particular resources provided by academic institutions, processes for

Page | 8
 engagement, and reasons for engagement or lack thereof in the community
disaster response.
Results
Academic institutions contribute a broad range of resources to community
disaster response. Their involvement and the extent of their engagement is
variable and influenced by (1) their resources, (2) preexisting relationships
with public health and emergency management organizations, (3) the
structure and organizational placement of the school's disaster planning and
response office, and (4) perceptions of liability and lines of authority.
Facilitators of engagement include (1) the availability of faculty expertise or
special training programs, (2) academic staff presence on public health and
emergency management planning boards, (3) faculty contracts and student
practica, (4) incident command system or emergency operations training of
academic staff, and (5) the existence of mutual aid or memoranda of
agreements.
Conclusion
While a range of relationships exist between academic institutions that
engage with public health and emergency management agencies in
community disaster response, recurrent win-win themes include co-
appointed faculty and staff; field experience opportunities for students; and
shared planning and training for academic, public health, and emergency
management personnel.
https:// Handbook of Disaster and
www.researchgate.net/ Emergency Management (First
publication/ Edition).
316622206_Handbook_of_D
isaster_and_Emergency_Ma
nagement_First_Edition
https://www.mdpi.com/ Measuring the Lighting Quality Abstract
2076-3417/10/23/8345 in Academic This article analyzes the current status of the lighting quality at the Escuela
Institutions: The UPM Faculty of Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio (ETSIAE), the
Aerospace aerospace engineering faculty at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Engineering (Spain) (UPM), and evaluates possible improvement actions based on the use of
DIALux® lighting simulation software together with measured data. The

Page | 9
 results show rather low levels of measured illuminance on classroom desks
and blackboards in one of the buildings comprising the faculty. The
improvements proposed (a new coat of paint on the walls and replacement of
luminaires) were simulated in four individual classrooms representing all
rooms in two of the ETSIAE buildings (where the lower illuminance levels
were measured). In order to study these improvements, the current situation
of the four selected classrooms was simulated using DIALux® and fine-tuning
attenuation of the luminaires to take into account their wear and tear. The
correlation between the DIALux® simulation and the test results was analyzed
with quite good results. The results clearly reveal a need to fully replace the
classroom lighting systems in ETSIAE building A (the oldest building, dating
back to 1955). According to the results from the selected classrooms, the
average lighting over the desks can be greatly improved by using LED
technology in order to meet UNE 12464-1 standard (that is, 500 lx, from an
initial situation with much lower illuminance values: 129 lx to 295 lx). This
article represents an innovative way to perform lighting improvement
projects as real measured lighting data is used as initial input for the lighting
simulations.
https:// Assessing knowledge and Abstract
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ application of emergency risk Objective: Since 2003, the Chinese National Health and Family Planning
24785302/ communication principles Commission (formerly the Ministry of Health) has implemented changes to
among public health workers in more effectively communicate risk during public health emergencies. In spite
China of ongoing improvements, provincial and sub-provincial leaders face barriers,
such as established modes of operation, lack of training, shortage of trained
risk communicators, and limited understanding and willingness of recipients
to mitigate risks.

Methods: We assessed the current status of and barriers to risk

communication knowledge and practice among public health practitioners in
China. We designed the survey questionnaire to capture information related
to the risk communication core capacities required by international health
regulations and common risk communication principles.

Results: Our findings showed that risk communication training has

Page | 10
 successfully developed an awareness of risk communication principles and
the ability to implement those principles in practice in China.

Conclusions: Future efforts should focus on areas such as a dedicated risk

communication workforce, requirements that public health agencies develop
a risk communication plan, and additional training for public health
practitioners and their partners. It is critical that the infectious diseases
prevention and control law be amended to grant provincial and local public
health agencies more autonomy to release information.
https://www.cdc.gov/orr/ Public Health
readiness/capabilities/ Emergency
index.htm Preparedness
and Response
Capabilities
https://emergency.cdc.gov/ Crisis and The purpose of this course is to introduce the reader to communication
cerc/ Emergency principles and tools as they relate
Risk Communication to what we have called emergency risk communication. The principles in this
course borrow from (1) font
of classical rhetoricians, (2) wealth of modern crisis, issues management,
communication and
psychological theory and, (3) lessons learned form the real and often painful
world of experience, old-
fashioned trial and error.
Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication is an introductory course that
addresses a number of topics
critical to successful public, partner and stakeholder communication during an
emergency situation. This
is not an in depth course on risk communication, issues management, crisis or
disaster communication. It
is an amalgamation of all of these incorporating from their theory and
practical applications. It draws on
the work of many professionals in these fields including Dr. Peter Sandman
and Dr.Vincent Covello.
Therefore, no one module is a complete source for a specific discipline such as

Page | 11
 media relations or risk
communication. In fact, they are an introduction to the basics of that
discipline and meant to help those
who are charged with these responsibilities, and who may not be steeped in
these subjects, to manage the
tasks of planning and implementing crisis and emergency risk communication.
When possible, we have
provided resource sites that offer more in depth materials on a particular
subject.
Crisis and emergency risk communication is the attempt by science- or public
health professionals to
provide information that allows an individual, stakeholders, or an entire
community to make the best
possible decisions during a crisis emergency about their well being, and
communicate those decisions,
within nearly impossible time constraints, and ultimately, to accept the
imperfect nature of choices as the
situation evolves.
Contents
https://emergency.cdc.gov/ Crisis and Emergency Risk
cerc/ppt/ Communication 2014 Edition
cerc_2014edition_Copy.pdf
https:// CERC: Crisis Communication Abstract
www.sciencedirect.com/ Plans Public relations is an important element in almost all successful crisis mana
science/article/abs/pii/ ment efforts. Newly developed theory in crisis public relations, though,
S0363811199801118 suggests a shift is necessary in the way practitioners view crises. The well-
accepted tactics and techniques advocated by practitioners need to be
replaced with strategies and beliefs from a new perspective—a perspective or
paradigm that defines excellent crisis public relations practice very differently
from the literature of the past 20 years.
https://iris.who.int/ Communicating risk
bitstream/handle/ in public health
10665/259807/9789241550 emergencies
208-eng.pdf

Page | 12
https:// Emergency Preparedness and Abstract
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Risk Communication The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has disproportionately
33301390/ Among African American affected the African American population. To mitigate the disparities, we
Churches: Leveraging a deployed an emergency preparedness strategy within an existing community-
Community-Based Participatory based participatory research (CBPR) partnership among African American
Research churches to disseminate accurate COVID-19 information. We used the Centers
Partnership COVID-19 Initiative for Disease Control and Prevention Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication
framework to conduct a needs assessment, distribute emergency
preparedness manuals, and deliver COVID-19-related messaging among
African American churches via electronic communication platforms. A needs
assessment showed that the top 3 church emergency resource needs were
financial support, food and utilities, and COVID-19 health information. During
an 8-week period (April 3-May 31, 2020), we equipped 120 churches with
emergency preparedness manuals and delivered 230 messages via social
media (Facebook) and email. For reach, we estimated that 6,539 unique
persons viewed content on the Facebook page, and for engagement, we
found 1,260 interactions (eg, likes, loves, comments, shares, video views, post
clicks). Emails from community communication leaders reached an estimated
12,000 church members. CBPR partnerships can be effectively leveraged to
promote emergency preparedness and communicate risk among under-
resourced communities during a pandemic
https://www.undrr.org/ Report of the open-ended The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the
publication/report-open- intergovernmental expert open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and
ended-intergovernmental- working group on indicators and terminology
expert-working-group- terminology relating to relating to disaster risk reduction established by the General Assembly in its
indicators-and-terminology disaster risk reduction resolution 69/284 for the development of a set of possible indicators to
measure
global progress in the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk
Reduction 2015-2030, coherent with the work of the Inter-Agency and Expert
Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, and the update of the
publication entitled “2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction”.
https:// Illuminating the Effects of Abstract
journals.sagepub.com/doi/ Dynamic Lighting on Student Light is universally understood as essential to the human condition. Yet light

Page | 13
full/ Learning quality varies substantially in nature and in controlled environments leading
10.1177/215824401244558 to questions of which artificial light characteristics facilitate maximum
5 learning. Recent research has examined lighting variables of color
temperature, and illumination for affecting sleep, mood, focus, motivation,
concentration, and work and school performance. This has resulted in
artificial light systems intended to support human beings in their actualization
through dynamic lighting technology allowing for different lighting conditions
per task. A total of 84 third graders were exposed to either focus (6000K-
100fc average maintained) or normal lighting. Focus lighting led to a higher
percentage increase in oral reading fluency performance (36%) than did
control lighting (17%). No lighting effects were found for motivation or
concentration, possibly attributable to the younger age level of respondents
as compared with European studies. These findings illuminate the need for
further research on artificial light and learning.
https://iopscience.iop.org/ A fire safety control system of Abstract
article/10.1088/1742- educational institutions The article describes the software system that allows to evaluate the state of
6596/1399/3/033065 fire safety of educational objects. The estimation is based on the analysis of
the integral information on all factors influencing a condition of fire safety
taking into account specificity of object. The value of fire risk is used as an
evaluation indicator. It is calculated in accordance with the methodology
approved by the Ministry of Emergency Situations. To facilitate the decision-
making process, the system generates a set of recommendations for the
decision-maker aimed at improving the level of fire safety of the object of
education.
https:// Roles of the University in
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Disaster Management
pmc/articles/PMC3442620/
https:// The Engagement of Academic ABSTRACT
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Institutions Objective. Using comparative analysis, we examined the factors that influence
pmc/articles/PMC4187311/ in Community Disaster the engagement of academic institutions in community disaster response.
Response: Methods. We identified colleges and universities located in counties affected
A Comparative Analysis by four Federal Emergency Management Agency-declared disasters (Kentucky
ice storms, Hurricanes Ike and Gustav, California wildfires, and the Columbia
space shuttle disintegration) and performed key informant interviews with

Page | 14
 officials from public health, emergency management, and academic
institutions in those counties. We used a comparative case study approach to
explore particular resources provided by academic institutions, processes for
engagement, and reasons for engagement or lack thereof in the community
disaster response.
Results. Academic institutions contribute a broad range of resources to
community disaster response. Their involvement and the extent of their
engagement is variable and influenced by (1) their resources, (2) preexisting
relationships with public health and emergency management organizations,
(3) the
structure and organizational placement of the school’s disaster planning and
response office, and (4) perceptions of liability and lines of authority.
Facilitators of engagement include (1) the availability of faculty expertise or
special
training programs, (2) academic staff presence on public health and
emergency
management planning boards, (3) faculty contracts and student practica, (4)
incident command system or emergency operations training of academic
staff,
and (5) the existence of mutual aid or memoranda of agreements.
Conclusion. While a range of relationships exist between academic
institutions that engage with public health and emergency management
agencies in
community disaster response, recurrent win-win themes include co-
appointed
faculty and staff; field experience opportunities for students; and shared
planning and training for academic, public health, and emergency
management
personnel.
https:// Handbook of Disaster and
www.researchgate.net/ Emergency Management (First
publication/ Edition)
316622206_Handbook_of_D
isaster_and_Emergency_Ma

Page | 15
nagement_First_Edition
https://www.mdpi.com/ Measuring the Lighting Quality Abstract
2076-3417/10/23/8345 in Academic This article analyzes the current status of the lighting quality at the Escuela
Institutions: The UPM Faculty of Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio (ETSIAE), the
Aerospace aerospace engineering faculty at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Engineering (Spain) (UPM), and evaluates possible improvement actions based on the use of
DIALux® lighting simulation software together with measured data. The
results show rather low levels of measured illuminance on classroom desks
and blackboards in one of the buildings comprising the faculty. The
improvements proposed (a new coat of paint on the walls and replacement of
luminaires) were simulated in four individual classrooms representing all
rooms in two of the ETSIAE buildings (where the lower illuminance levels
were measured). In order to study these improvements, the current situation
of the four selected classrooms was simulated using DIALux® and fine-tuning
attenuation of the luminaires to take into account their wear and tear. The
correlation between the DIALux® simulation and the test results was analyzed
with quite good results. The results clearly reveal a need to fully replace the
classroom lighting systems in ETSIAE building A (the oldest building, dating
back to 1955). According to the results from the selected classrooms, the
average lighting over the desks can be greatly improved by using LED
technology in order to meet UNE 12464-1 standard (that is, 500 lx, from an
initial situation with much lower illuminance values: 129 lx to 295 lx). This
article represents an innovative way to perform lighting improvement
projects as real measured lighting data is used as initial input for the lighting
simulations.
https:// Assessing Knowledge and Abstract
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Application of Emergency Risk Objective: Since 2003, the Chinese National Health and Family Planning
24785302/ Communication Principles Commission (formerly the Ministry of Health) has implemented changes to
Among Public Health Workers in more effectively communicate risk during public health emergencies. In spite
China of ongoing improvements, provincial and sub-provincial leaders face barriers,
such as established modes of operation, lack of training, shortage of trained
risk communicators, and limited understanding and willingness of recipients
to mitigate risks.

Page | 16
 Methods: We assessed the current status of and barriers to risk
communication knowledge and practice among public health practitioners in
China. We designed the survey questionnaire to capture information related
to the risk communication core capacities required by international health
regulations and common risk communication principles.

Results: Our findings showed that risk communication training has

successfully developed an awareness of risk communication principles and
the ability to implement those principles in practice in China.

Conclusions: Future efforts should focus on areas such as a dedicated risk

communication workforce, requirements that public health agencies develop
a risk communication plan, and additional training for public health
practitioners and their partners. It is critical that the infectious diseases
prevention and control law be amended to grant provincial and local public
health agencies more autonomy to release information.
https://emergency.cdc.gov/ CERC: Crisis Communication This chapter will promote understanding in the following areas:
cerc/ Plans Crisis phases
A seat at the table for communication
Developing the plan
Applying the plan during the first 24–48 hours
Applying the crisis plan throughout the response
Planning is probably the most important step that ensures effective actions.
While a plan cannot
guarantee successful management, it can create a template and process for
initial actions and
decisions. The process of planning may be more important than the resulting
plans themselves, as
the relationships and trust built during the process become invaluable in a
crisis situation.
file:///C:/Users/Altmyoz/ COMMUNITY
Downloads/Community Disaster
%20Disaster Preparedness
%20Preparedness%20Guide

Page | 17
%20(3).pdf
https://emergency.cdc.gov/ CRISIS AND EMERGENCY RISK
cerc/ COMMUNICATION (CERC):
https:// Development of Crisis and Abstract
www.researchgate.net/ Emergency Risk Recently, the recognition of Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC)
publication/ Communication (CERC) activities tools in natural hazard management and disaster reduction has gained
294420704_Development_o and an prominence. A successful CERC will ensure the relevant stakeholders are
f_Crisis_and_Emergency_Ris Evaluation of their Impact on effective communicating with each other. This requires a clear plan and set of
k_Communication_CERC_ac Learning: principles that enables the stakeholders to function effectively in a crisis.
tivities_and_an_Evaluation_ Geoscience students’ Students hoping to work in the emergency and natural hazard management
of_their_Impact_on_Learnin perceptions field need to develop these skills. This paper outlines the development of a
g_Geoscience_students'_per range of risk communicating activities including simulation exercises for
ceptions undergraduate Geoscience students. Progress in the development of the
students risk communication skill through the series of activities is tracked
and evaluated. Results indicate that 87% of the students perceived their risk
communication skills were good or excellent after undertaking the exercises
compared to 26% before. This paper also evaluates the impact of the activities
and if they motivated them to learn more about the subject as a whole.
Students generally indicated that the exercises motivated them to learn more
about natural hazard management and they felt that they have become
better risk communicators. They also indicate that they gained a more in-
depth understanding of the requirements of effective and timely
communications should they need to develop a CERC strategy during a crisis
https://www.st- Preventing slip and trip incidents
andrews.ac.uk/media/ in the education sector
environmental-health-and-
safety-services/health-and-
safety/slips-trips-falls/
edis2.pdf
https://reliefweb.int/ A Strategic Framework for The purpose of this document is to provide a high level, strategic, unifying
report/world/strategic- Emergencv framework that outlines what is needed for emergency preparedness. This
framework-emergency- Preparedness framework builds on previous efforts, capitalizes on current opportunities,
preparedness? and gives direction for stronger investment in emergency preparedness
gclid=CjwKCAjwkNOpBhBEEi across relevant sectors and at all levels. It also responds to a number of post-

Page | 18
wAb3MvvW64nLvRPWkSx4Jj event reviews that have concluded that the world is inadequately prepared
2S6Wt2kJUfrscfvBHE8Zlw- for different types of emergencies, and which have recommended
gHLbVtzMTD_PDthoCzCUQA strengthening emergency preparedness in countries and communities
vD_BwE worldwide.
https:// A Conceptual Framework for the Abstract
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Evaluation of Objectives. To articulate a conceptual framework in support of evaluation
pmc/articles/PMC5594401/ Emergency Risk activities in emergency risk communications (ERC).
Communications
Methods. The framework proposed is based on a systematic review of the
scientific literature (2001–2016) combined with data derived from a series of
semistructured interviews with experts and practitioners in ERC, and it is
designed to support local, national, and international public health
organizations in implementing evaluation studies in ERC.

Results. We identified a list of ERC outcomes from the full-text review of 152
articles and categorized these into 3 groups, depending upon the level at
which the outcome was measured: (1) information environment, (2)
population, and (3) public health system. We analyzed interviewees’ data
from 18 interviews to identify practices and processes related to the
effectiveness of ERC and included these as key structural components and
processes in the developed evaluation framework.

Conclusions. Researchers and public health practitioners interested in the

evaluation of ERC can use the conceptual framework described in this article
to guide the development of evaluation studies and methods for assessing
communication outcomes related to public health emergencies.
https:// Emergency risk communication ABSTRACT
api.healthsecuritynet.org/ – early lessons learned during Background: Emergency risk communication (ERC) is one of the eight core
get/file/php-4-1-51-57- the pilot public health capacities that WHO Member States must fulfil as as States
eng.pdf?id=1940 phase of a five-step capacity- Parties to the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005). A pilot five-step
building package ERC capacity-building package was launched by the Health Emergencies
Programme of the WHO Regional Office for Europe in February 2017 under
the IHR (2005) as a unique, sustained and country-tailored capacity-building
project.

Page | 19
 Approach: The five-step package engages Member States in an iterative
process to develop, test, adopt and implement national health ERC plans
and integrate them into new or existing national action plans for emergency
preparedness and response under the IHR (2005). Thirteen countries of the
European Region and Kosovo1
started implementation between March 2017
and February 2018.
Observations: Challenges to improving ERC have been identified in the pilot
countries, including: coordination among response agencies; sustained
human and financial resources; and stronger engagement with communities.
Opportunities for improved ERC lie in developing or updating regulations and
in
better use of existing systems and capacities.
https://www.jstor.org/ Emergency Management
stable/3135000 Strategies for Communicating
Hazard Information
https://www.ccohs.ca/ Emergency Objectives
products/publications/pdf/ Response This booklet serves as a guide for developing a comprehensive
emergResponse.pdf (Revised) emergency response plan. It will help you to:
Planning Guide • conduct a risk assessment;
• evaluate potential losses;
• identify potential emergencies;
• develop a comprehensive emergency preparedness
policy and response program;
• develop a business continuity and business recovery
plan;
• design, conduct and evaluate drills and exercises;
• follow-up on and learn from incidents; and
• continuously improve the response capability.
https://iopscience.iop.org/ Communicating Risk in Abstract. Communicating risk has been widely accepted as a key strategy in
article/10.1088/1755- Enhancing Disaster mitigating the the
1315/273/1/012040 Preparedness: A Pragmatic impact of disasters. The concepts and practices of risk communication have
Example of Disaster Risk been evolving
Communication Approach from since the 1980s due to the complexity and diversity of risk, developments in

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 the Case of Smong Story the
communication sciences, and the complex nature of stakeholders and media.
Failure to
communicate risk may lead to an increase in the number of fatalities in future
events. In this
study, disaster risk communication (DRC) is proposed based on Lasswell's
communication
model and seen as an interactive process of exchanging information and
opinions about risk
among individuals, groups, and institutions to help them reduce uncertainty
and undertake
appropriate decisions and actions in the event of disaster. This study also
describes the case
study of the Smong story, which was successfully used to convey a simple
tsunami risk
message and help people make appropriate decisions, undertake appropriate
actions, and save
lives during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It involves multiple factors, such
as messages
about the nature of risk and other messages, not strictly about risk, that
express concerns,
opinions, or reactions to risk or to legal or institutional arrangements for risk
management in
strengthening community preparedness before, during, and after disasters.
Fire protection
in universities
Detection, alarming,
evacuation, extinguishing
https:// Fire disaster preparedness and Abstract
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ situational analysis Fire disasters are accompanied with devastating impact affecting both lives
pmc/articles/PMC6014058/ in higher learning institutions of and properties. The magnitude of the impacts has been severe in places with
Tanzania low levels of fire disaster preparedness. A study was conducted in Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania, to investigate the level of fire disaster preparedness
considering the availability and condition of firefighting facilities as well as the

Page | 21
 knowledge on fire management among the selected 10 higher learning
institutions. Information for the buildings was obtained from the interviews
with the managers of the buildings and field observations; information on the
user’s preparedness was obtained from interviews using structured
questionnaire conducted with the users of the buildings including the visitors.
Results from the studied buildings indicated that 60% of the firefighting
facilities were not regularly serviced; 50% stored some hazardous materials;
70% of them had not enough water storage for firefighting purposes; 60% had
no identifiable fire assembly points; and 90% of the sessions conducted in the
buildings involved more than 100 people in a single venue. Further results
indicated that 51% of the respondents were not able to operate the installed
firefighting facilities; 80.7% of the respondents had never received any
training on firefighting and prevention; 95.6% of the respondents had never
participated in any fire drills; and 81.5% of them were not aware of the fire
responder’s contacts. General situation indicated that higher learning
institutions are not well prepared to manage fire outbreaks suggesting that
plans to rectify the situation are imperative.
https:// Emergency management in Abstract and Figures
www.researchgate.net/ higher education during COVID- Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are facing more enormous challenges due
publication/ 19 pandemic: A phenomenology to the quick spread of NOVEL COVID-19, which carried lockdown in the lives
348381373_Emergency_ma inquiry comparing a developed of people across the world. Countries are preparing to face the challenge as
nagement_in_higher_educa and developing country the pandemic may run for several months. A large number of academic
tion_during_COVID- institutions had shut their campuses and went online. In terms of e-education,
19_pandemic_A_phenomen developing countries are facing more challenges comparatively. The current
ology_inquiry_comparing_a study is designed to investigate the phenomena from the lens of emergency
_developed_and_developin management theory, with a purpose to come up with a viable framework for
g_country taking proper actions. Another objective of the study was to examine
commonalities and differences between a developed and a developing
country in terms of preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery. The
study was conducted under the philosophy of social constructivism, following
qualitative research design, applying phenomenology research method, with
the help of interviews as a data collection technique. Thematic analysis was
applied for data analysis with the help of NVivo 12. The results show there are
significant differences in terms of 'preparedness', a considerable difference in

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 terms of 'response' and 'recovery' and a minor difference in terms of
'mitigation' between developed and developing countries. The study is
conducted during COVID-19 emergency and provides useful insights to
understand faculty point of view and suggestions for improving the quality of
e-learning and emergency preparedness.
https://ssem.eku.edu/sites/ An examination of fire safety
ssem.eku.edu/files/grant_- perceptions and behaviors
_an_examination_of_fire_sa among students at regional
fety_perceptions_and_beha Midwestern university
viors.pdf
https:// Communicating radiation risks
19january2021snapshot.epa
.gov/sites/static/files/2017-
07/documents/
epa_communicating_radiati
on_risks.pdf
National Disaster
Management Guidelines
https://reliefweb.int/ Information management and Many specialists from the fields of communication and disaster management
report/world/information- communication in emergencies from Latin America and the Caribbean participated in developing this manual.
management-and- and disasters The contents were tested and adapted under actual emergency and disaster
communication- conditions. The final product reflects consensus among the experts about the
emergencies-and-disasters- most important uses of information and communication in emergency
manual-disaster situations.

This manual focuses on operational aspects of disaster and emergency

response as well as preparing for disasters. It addresses plans for
communicating with the public during emergencies and techniques for
producing, exchanging, and distributing information for humanitarian
organizations. Experiences from many emergency situations show that
communication is most effective when information management is linked to
information exchange and social communication techniques and processes.
https:// INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER Abstract
www.witpress.com/ EDUCATION IN

Page | 23
elibrary/wit-transactions-on- COVID-19 RISK This case study research aimed to explore risk communication processes and
the-built-environment/ COMMUNICATIONS: TEXAS strategies adopted by Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs) in the state of
207/38181 STUDY Texas during COVID-19. Because higher learning and interactions with
students during the initial stages of the pandemic resided predominantly in
virtual space, the study design considered website content analysis as
appropriate in addressing risk communications chosen by universities.
Markedly, website content analysis was conducted among 43 IHEs accredited
by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges
and part of a Texas University System. This sampling replicates previous IHE
research in the state. The conceptual model entitled “Conceptual Model for
Evaluating Emergency Risk Communication (EERC)” developed in public health
was used to ground focused risk communication dimensions to (a) review
whether or to what degree messaging from IHEs aligned with the components
used by experts; (b) record the types of patterns that are found in messaging
as well as characteristics that foster a Disaster Resilient University (DRU); and
(c) provide insights on areas that may need more focus to ensure greater
efficacy in the future. The ERC model yielded the following dimensions used
for analysis: (a) accurate/reliable; (b) open/transparent; (c) clear; (d) tailored
messages; (e) consistent/ timely; (f) sufficient; and (g) actionable. In addition
to ERC, content regarding technological solutions was assessed from websites
of chosen universities to gauge how universities have responded to tools
needed during the pandemic to make informed judgments for the campus
and to share information openly for the community. Our findings point to
various components that IHEs in Texas targeted when communicating COVID-
19 related information. For example, less than 60% of IHE in our sample
defined terms, reviewed general COVID-19 information, and identified at risk
groups on their respective campuses and only 6% provided an option for
translating information. Meanwhile, IHEs fared generally better at providing
timely updates regarding campus operations (i.e., 80%). Implications for our
finding are discussed within the lens of Disaster Resilient University (DRU).
https://www.who.int/ An Introduction to Risk
publications/i/item/an- Communication
introduction-to-risk-
communication

Page | 24
https:// Health, safety, and education Abstract
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ measures Fire buildings is considered as one of the most common and the most
pmc/articles/PMC7325754/ for fire in schools: A review devastating disasters and emergencies. Saving school buildings against
article incidents such as fire is very important since students are so vulnerable to
incidents especially fire. The most school classes were devoid of safety
conditions and oil-burning heaters were used. Such a condition has increased
the risk of disaster and is considered as a serious menace for students' lives.
The present study conducted with aim of review the Health, Safety and
Education Measures for Fire in Schools. To this purpose, we selected suitable
keywords some articles published in Scientific Information Database of
PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest were searched. The search
was limited to reviewed articles in English and Persian language published
between 1970 and 2019, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Furthermore, the selected articles were reviewed for relevant citations. The
reviewing of articles was conducted by two member of research team
independently. The primary search found 194 relevant studies. After
eliminating the duplicates and articles which were not related to the review of
the abstract, 51 references were identified for inclusion. Finally, 13 articles
were selected after screening and evaluated by two authors to final review
main factors and dimensions of schools' health, safety and education include
the rules and laws, allocating sufficient budgets, education the teachers,
students and their families, exercise, risk analysis, intersectional relations, fire
extinguishing equipment, early warning system, and also optimization and
reformation of heating system. Applying these new approaches prevents
disasters and increases the level of preparedness in case of fire occurrence
https:// Lightning safety for schools: An
www.researchgate.net/ update
publication/
237333315_Lightning_safety
_for_schools_An_update
https://www.osha.gov/ HAZARD COMMUNICATION
sites/default/files/ Hazard Classification Guidance
publications/OSHA3844.pdf for Manufacturers, Importers,
and Employers

Page | 25
https:// The current status of lightning Abstract
www.researchgate.net/ safety knowledge and the Lightning is a natural hazard occurring frequently within the United States
publication/ effects of lightning education causing injury, damage, and death. To avoid this hazard, citizens need to self-
259635494_The_current_sta modes on college students mitigate their risk by taking action. The level of lightning safety knowledge
tus_of_lightning_safety_kno must be known to determine if citizens have the tools to mitigate their risk.
wledge_and_the_effects_of No studies have previously explored the status of lightning safety knowledge
_lightning_education_mode or the best way to educate about lightning safety. Therefore, the research
s_on_college_students community is unaware if citizens understand their risk and have the
knowledge to mitigate their risk, or if current safety programs are effectively
educating citizens. This study distributed two surveys to college students in
Florida, Ohio, and Colorado. Following the pre-mode survey, students were
shown videos, given brochures, or both with lightning safety information. A
follow-up survey was then distributed. Participants were found to have a
moderate level of lightning safety knowledge. Study areas of variable risk as
well as past death rates were not found to affect the rate of knowledge. The
presence of education programs were not affected by the variable risk.
Misunderstood areas of lightning safety knowledge were associated mostly
with the lightning and thunder relationship as well as safety before and after a
thunderstorm. The education modes involving a video were the most
effective at increasing knowledge. Gender displayed minor differences in
gaining of lightning safety knowledge.
https://pdf.usaid.gov/ PUBLIC HEALTH GUIDE FOR
pdf_docs/pnacu086.pdf EMERGENCIES
https:// Research and Practice of Fire ABSTRACT
www.researchgate.net/ Safety Education for Fire is one of the most serious disasters that threaten the public security.
publication/ Electrical Major Students in Especially the electrical fire is more
341332039_Research_and_ Higher Vocational Colleges prominent, which is more than 100,000 each year, and it accounts for about
Practice_of_Fire_Safety_Edu 30% of the total number of fires.
cation_for_Electrical_Major The casualties and property losses caused by electric fire are also the highest
_Students_in_Higher_Vocati among all kinds of fire causes.
onal_Colleges As a group of college students, students' fire knowledge level, attitude and
behavior towards fire safety
directly affect the fire safety of college campus. According to the professional
characteristics and technical

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 characteristics of electrical major in higher vocational colleges, this paper
carries out systematic research and
practice from the aspects of students' fire safety awareness, fire safety
technology management, fire fighting
and alarm, escape and evacuation drill, etc. Next research, the college will
further strengthen the training of
professional fire teachers and fire drill in Whole campus.
https://www.nature.com/ Risk Communication Strategies Abstract
articles/5201037 The objective of this paper is first to describe the different strategies used to
communicate risks to patients in the field of cancer or genetics, to review
their effectiveness, and to summarise the state of the art of this practice in
particular, in cancer genetics. The target audience is health care professionals
involved in the communication of cancer risks, and genetic risks of
breast/ovarian or colorectal cancer in particular. The methods include a
review of the literature (Medline, Pascal, PsycInfo, Embase) by a panel of
researchers and clinicians (cancer geneticists, epidemiologists, health
psychologists, sociologists) in the context of a European Project on risk
communication. We highlight practices that have been shown to be effective
in the context of health psychology research and those being still under
consideration for use in routine practice. In conclusion, this paper adds clinical
relevance to the research evidence. We propose specific steps that could be
integrated in standard clinical practice based on current evidence for their
usefulness/effectiveness.
https:// Risk Communication Emergency Abstract
www.researchgate.net/ Response Preparedness: Studies are continuously performed to improve risk communication campaign
publication/ Contextual Assessment of the designs to better prepare residents to act in the safest manner during an
317623709_Risk_Communic Protective Action emergency. To that end, this article investigates the predictive ability of the
ation_Emergency_Response Decision Model protective action decision model (PADM), which links environmental and
_Preparedness_Contextual_ social cues, predecision processes (attention, exposure, and comprehension),
Assessment_of_the_Protecti and risk decision perceptions (threat, alternative protective actions, and
ve_Action_Decision_Model stakeholder norms) with protective action decision making. This current
quasi-longitudinal study of residents (N = 400 for each year) in a high-risk
(chemical release) petrochemical manufacturing community investigated
whether PADM core risk perceptions predict protective action decision

Page | 27
 making. Telephone survey data collected at four intervals (1995, 1998, 2002,
2012) reveal that perceptions of protective actions and stakeholder norms,
but not of threat, currently predict protective action decision making
(intention to shelter in place). Of significance, rather than threat perceptions,
perception of Wally Wise Guy (a spokes-character who advocates shelter in
place) correlates with perceptions of protective action, stakeholder norms,
and protective action decision making. Wally's response-efficacy advice
predicts residents' behavioral intentions to shelter in place, thereby offering
contextually sensitive support and refinement for PADM.
https:// Risk Communication Risk Communication
www.researchgate.net/ in preparing and
publication/ responding to Health
317623709_Risk_Communic Emergencies
ation_Emergency_Response
_Preparedness_Contextual_
Assessment_of_the_Protecti
ve_Action_Decision_Model
https://www.cdc.gov/ Slips, trips
niosh/topics/retail/ and falls
slips.html prevention
https:// The Effectiveness of Disaster Abstract
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Risk A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community that
pmc/articles/PMC4172473/ Communication: A Systematic exceeds its
Review of capacity to cope within its own resources. Risk communication in disasters
Intervention Studies aims to prevent and
mitigate harm from disasters, prepare the population before a disaster,
disseminate information
during disasters and aid subsequent recovery. The aim of this systematic
review is to identify,
appraise and synthesise the findings of studies of the effects of risk
communication interventions
during four stages of the disaster cycle.
Methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,
Embase, MEDLINE,

Page | 28
 PsycInfo, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science and grey literature sources
for randomised trials,
cluster randomised trials, controlled and uncontrolled before and after
studies, interrupted time
series studies and qualitative studies of any method of disaster risk
communication to at-risk
populations. Outcome criteria were disaster-related knowledge and
behaviour, and health
outcomes.
Results: Searches yielded 5,224 unique articles, of which 100 were judged to
be potentially
relevant. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, and two additional
studies were identified
from other searching. The studies evaluated interventions in all four stages of
the disaster cycle,
included a variety of man-made, natural and infectious disease disasters, and
were conducted in
many disparate settings. Only one randomised trial and one cluster
randomised trial were identified,
with less robust designs used in the other studies. Several studies reported
improvements in
disaster-related knowledge and behaviour.
https://journals.plos.org/ Integrating emergency risk Abstract
plosone/article? communication The World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned a systematic review of
id=10.1371/ (ERC) into the public health literature to
journal.pone.0205555 system response: facilitate evidence syntheses for the development of emergency risk
Systematic review of literature communication (ERC)
to aid guidelines for its member states. The goal of this review was to integrate ERC
formulation of the 2017 WHO best practices
Guideline for into governmental and non-governmental health systems for all emergencies
ERC policy and practice of public
health concern, by addressing three questions: (1) to identify best practices
for the integration of ERC into national and international public health
preparedness; (2) to identify mechanisms to establish effective intra-agency,

Page | 29
 inter-agency, and/or cross-jurisdictional
information sharing; and (3) to identify methods to coordinate risk
communication activities
between responding agencies across organizations and levels of response.
The review covered scientific and grey literature publications between
January 2003 and February 2016,
and searches were conducted in 17 English language electronic libraries
besides Chinese,
Portuguese and Spanish language databases. A mixed deductive-inductive
process was
used to synthesize findings across studies through identifying thematic areas.
While 8,215
articles were initially retrieved, after a sequential screening process, the final
evidence syntheses comprised of 21 articles for question (1) and 24 for
questions (2) and (3) combined
(due to overlap of themes). The confidence in findings was assessed by the
Qualitative Evidence Syntheses (GRADE-CERQual) tool. PRISMA guidelines
were followed to the extent
possible given the limitations inherent to a review largely based on qualitative
studies. The
identified literature was very context-specific and referred to mechanisms,
practices from
the field, and recommendations that were derived from planning or response
efforts implemented at the national or local levels in specific countries.
Integration of ERC functions into
public health emergency preparedness, planning and response activities was
influenced by
reforming components of the leadership structure when needed, modifying
organizationa
factors, and nullifying restrictions (including amending laws/ regulations) that
might have
been an obstacle to the timely release of information. Exercises and trainings
were recognized as effective strategies to identify the barriers and successes
in this process of integration. Key elements to enhance information sharing

Page | 30
 and coordination across organizations
included the creation of networks, task-forces and committees across
disciplines, organizations and geographic areas. Engagement of local
stakeholders was also important to guarantee the flow of information up and
down the incident command system. On the whole, few
empirical studies, especially from low- and middle-income countries, related
to the WHO
research questions, demonstrating the need for research in these areas. To
facilitate an
accurate identification of the gaps, the authors suggest integrating current
findings with
case studies across the WHO regions to better understand the specific
evidence that is
needed in practice across the multitude of ERC functions
https:// A Systematic Review of Although disaster preparedness training is regularly conducted for a range of
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Literature on Effectiveness of health-related professions, little evidence-based guidance is
28682192/ Training in available about how best to actually develop capacity in staff for conducting
Emergency Risk Communication emergency risk communication. This article presents results of a
systematic review undertaken to inform the development of World Health
Organization guidelines for risk communication during public health
and humanitarian emergencies. A total of 6,720 articles were screened, with
24 articles identified for final analysis. The majority of research
studies identified were conducted in the United States, were either disaster
general or focused on infectious disease outbreak, involved in-service
training, and used uncontrolled quantitative or mixed method research
designs. Synthesized findings suggest that risk communication training
should include a focus on collaboration across agencies, training in working
with media, and emphasis on designing messages for specific
audience needs. However, certainty of findings was at best moderate due to
lack of methodological rigor in most studies.
https:// Understanding Risk Abstract:
www.start.umd.edu/ Communication Theory: A Effective risk communication requires the alignment of complex factors
publication/understanding- Guide for Emergency Managers including trust between the communicator and the audience(s), audience
risk-communication-best- and Communicators involvement, and emotional responses to risk. Risk communication is

Page | 31
practices-guide-emergency- especially challenging now as new media changes the landscape for both
managers-and communicators and their audiences. Viewed as a discussion of the most
important findings for risk communicators and managers, this report delves
into research driven recommendations for effective risk communication
practices. Paired with Understanding Risk Communication Theory: A Guide for
Emergency Managers and Communicators, this report reveals the complexity
of developing and disseminating effective risk messages. Trust in institutions
and organizations, risk related emotions, public proximity to risk, the severity
of risk faced, overall tolerance of risk, and public experience with past risks
and threats all should be considered in developing risk communication
messages and are explored here. The need to reach out effectively to special
needs populations is discussed to provide insight on crafting messages for and
understanding the behavior of children, the elderly and disabled, those with
literacy difficulties, activists, and minority racial and ethnic groups. Other
important populations discussed are activist groups and white males. The
report also examines the direct and indirect roles of the media both
traditional and new media on official communication efforts, and concludes
with a discussion of communication considerations relevant to specific phases
of a threat or risk. Throughout, the report offers explicit information on key
implications of all these factors for effective risk communication.
https://www.who.int/ A Strategic Framework for
publications/i/item/a- Emergencv
strategic-framework-for- Preparedness
emergency-preparedness
https://cdn.who.int/ How Best to Develop and Although training for emergency risk communication (ERC) has been
media/docs/default- Sustain Emergency Risk developed and used in the
source/meeting-reports/ Communication Staff Capacity field, little is known about factors that make such training more (or less)
who-executive- for Preparedness and Response effective. Relevant
summary.pdf? existing reviews on the topic are of low quality. Systematic reviews of the
sfvrsn=92ffdb94_2&downlo broader literature on
ad=true training in disaster preparedness and response conclude that evaluation of
disaster
preparedness efforts is usually not scientifically rigorous; methods used for
evaluation are

Page | 32
 heterogeneous and often not well-described; and published evaluations of
disaster
preparedness training and staff development are very much confined to the
United States,
meaning that even if research designs were more robust, findings might not
necessarily be
applicable to other national contexts.

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