Group 1-Pr2 Final

SOLAR POWERED AEROPONICS WITH WATER LOSS SENSING
TECHNOLOGY
A Project Study
Presented to the Senior High School Department of
Doña Carmen Denia National High School
Saavedra St., Toril, Davao City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Practical Research 2
STEM GROUP
CASSANDRA KATE C. ALCONTIN; ARMAND JAY, ESPLANADA;
CHRISTIN JOY S. CASTRO; ARLIE JEAN C. AMANCIO; TIFFANY JILL
T. OMALAY; JANNA CRIS M. SAUMAT; HAZEL MAE E. SUERTE;
LEAH LYN Q. COBELLO; ALDRIN A. ALEGADO; ANGELICA D. TATAD;
JOHN REY D. CABEL; ROS MAE E. LANOS
In Collaboration with
ICT GROUP
CHRISTOPHER BRYAN G. ROYO; JULIANA ALEXANDRA
BARET; JOHN CARLO J. MARANGUIT; KRYSTEL KATE L. DATOR;
LOUDY MERR TEJADA; JERRYME F. GALLANA; JOANNE P.
PULGADAS; IVANLEI VILLANUEVA; REALYN O. ANGCON; ANJO P.
BANCUERE; RIC JONEL EBOÑA; RICHARD DURON; DARYL V. LAÑA
EIM GROUP
CHRISTIAN SHANE A. ABEAR; ERICK JOHN G. GALLARDO; GRACE
ANN B. BALDESCO; ALEXANDRA ALAMPAYAN; CHEN-CHEN S.
LAUREÑO; JOHN REX P. PELENIO; JUBERT B. GARREDO; LORDY S.
CASILAO; ZIDANE A. TIGOL; DEVIN D. DAIG
January 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vi
Abstract vii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Existing or Traditional Solutions Made 3
Research or Literature Gap 3
Research Objectives 4
Significance of the Study 4
Scope and Limitations of the Study 5
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Related Literature 7
Synthesis 19
Theoretical Framework 19
Schematic Diagram 22
Definition of Terms 24
Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design 25
The Sample 25
The Instrument 26
Data Collection Procedure 27
Data Analysis Procedure 29
Chapter 4: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

The accuracy of the water sensor in determining when the
aeroponic system requires water
30
The Efficiency of Solar Powered Aeroponics
in Cultivating Crops 33
The Usability of Solar Powered Aeroponics in Agriculture.

37
Chapter 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION 42

Discussion 40
Recommendation
45
REFERENCES 46
APPENDICES 50
A. Survey Questionnaire 51
B. Letter to Conduct the study 56
C. Request Letters for Validators
57
D. Validation Sheets
61
E. Summary of Rating
65
F. Consolidated Raw Data
67
G. Manual Computation
71
H. Documentation
84
I. Curriculum Vitae 89
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram for the power source 22
Figure 2 Pictorial Diagram for water loss sensing
technology
22
Figure 3. Pictorial Diagram for Solar powered Aeroponis with
water loss sensing technology 23
Figure 4, Flowchart of the Data Collection Procedure
28
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. 5-point Likert Scale 26

Table 2. The Accuracy of the Water Sensor in Determining when the
Aeroponic System Needs Water. 30
Table 3. The Efficiency of Solar Powered Aeroponics 33
in Cultivating Crops
Table 4. The Usability of Solar Powered Aeroponics with Water Loss
Sensing Technology 37
Table 5. Summary of the Indicators of Solar Powered Aeroponics 40

with Water Loss Sensing Technology
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Nowadays, the food production and distribution systems seem
to be in a terrible state. Using too many pesticides, fertilizers, and
monoculture farming, which harm the Earth’s environment (Obluska
May 14, 2020). Traditional agriculture faces challenges due to climate
change, like deforestation, soil erosion, ecological disruption, and
biodiversity loss (TractorGyan August 23, 2023). However, Solar
powered Aeroponics with water loss sensing technology offers a great
solution as it saves water and reduce the need for fertilizers or even
pesticides. Additionally, it can give positive cause to the environment
by saving space, energy-efficiency and can fasten food production of
agriculture.
Lagomarsino (September 26, 2019) stated that, in the United
Nations (UN), an estimated 124 million people experienced serious
food shortages because of the climate events, like floods, not enough
rain, and hot temperatures. This is similar to the problems faced by
the farmers in the Deccan Plateau area of India, a hard time on
traditional farming due to abnormal climate changes, as well as
money troubles to spend a lot on fertilizers (Roy, Naumova, and Both
2017, 45).
In the Philippines, urbanization has reduced farming's economic
importance, caused fewer farming jobs, farmland reduction, and

transformed rural areas into cities, particularly impacting crop
production in Metropolitan Manila (Bravo January 20, 2017).
Additionally, as stated by Silang (2015, “Summary”), urbanization has
also contributed to food insecurity and unhealthy lifestyles. The
enlargement of urbanization leads to the agricultural land to reduce
which led to difficulties of maintaining traditional farming method
(Tality et al. 2022, 140).
In Davao City context, water scarcity is also one of the main
problems in terms of agriculture. According to Go (2019, 1) that the
connection between water supply and agricultural production are
highly important. Falkenmark (2013, 1) also supports the idea that
water is essential for life on Earth and solving water scarcity is
important for economic and social progress. This also connects to the
idea that water quality is important because it is responsible for the
plant growth.
In the context of agriculture, these problems caused negatively
to the environment. Traditional farming methods can harm the
environment. Moreover, this research project aims to explore a more
environmentally friendly way of growing food. In this study, the
researchers would want to investigate whether Solar powered
aeroponics with water loss sensing technology, a method that does not
use soil, uses energy from the sunlight, help manage resources like
water and chemicals, can help solve these problems.

Existing or traditional solutions made
In the context of this research, it is important to consider the
difference with traditional agricultural methods. Traditional solutions
often involve traditional irrigation practices, such as flood irrigation or
sprinkler systems, which may not be as efficient as aeroponics when it
comes to water usage. The use of chemical fertilizers in traditional is
farming can contribute to soil degradation and nutrient runoff, posing
risks to local ecosystems (Wang and Wong 2019, 1). Moreover, limited
environmental monitoring tools in traditional agriculture make it
challenging to optimize resource use and respond effectively to
changing plant needs. In this research, the innovative of this study
offers the potential for increased water efficiency, reduced
environmental impact, and more precise crop management,
highlighting the importance of embracing modern technology for
sustainable and efficient agriculture practices.
Research or literature gap
While this research focused more on the benefits of aeroponics
and the potential of solar power in agriculture, a noticeable gap exists
in the literature regarding the integration of solar energy with
aeroponics specifically designed for water loss sensing technology.
Limited studies have explored the practical implementation, efficiency,
and environmental implications of this innovative approach.

Research Objectives
The main objective of this study is to provide an alternative way
of cultivating crops that has the potential to be a sustainable way to
manage agriculture and produce food that benefits both people and
the environment. To achieve this, the researchers will integrate a solar
powered aeroponics with water loss sensing technology
Specifically, it aims to:
1. Design an aeroponic system that is powered by solar
2. Integrate an aeroponic system with water loss sensing technology
3. Determine the accuracy of water sensor in determining when the
aeroponic system needs water.
4. Evaluate the efficiency of solar powered aeroponics in cultivating
crops.
5. Assess the capability of solar energy in supporting the aeroponic
system.
Significance of the Study
Primarily, the study aims to demonstrate that solar powered
aeroponics with water loss sensing technology has the potential to be
a sustainable way to manage agriculture and produce food that
benefits both people and the environment. The following shall benefit
from the study.

Farmers. Farmers are the primary beneficiaries of the study since this
research offers efficiency and sustainability, thus this will help them
to limit the water usage and have a low energy consumption on their
farming.
Environment. This study will give emphasis on environmental-
friendly innovation. The study will not use chemical fertilizers which
will help reduce the soil and water contamination on our environment.
Future Researchers. Future researchers can use this research for
better analyst and it can be a help as a future reference for more
studies in the future. It will also help them to address gaps and
limitations on agriculture regarding the efficient and sustainable
farming.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This research aims to determine the significance of
implementing solar powered aeroponics with water loss sensing
technology for sustainable and efficient farming.
Scope
1. This study focuses on the solar powered aeroponics with water loss
sensing technology and its advantages to the agriculture.
The study will delve into the significance of implementing solar
powered aeroponics with water loss sensing technology in agriculture.

2. The data collection will be conducted to 30 respondents consist of
27 farmers from SEED Philippine Davao Campus, 2 engineers and IT
inside Davao City. Also, the study duration should only be valid for
10-15 weeks.
The study will only involve experienced individuals in agriculture
and the study is only valid for 10-15 weeks.
3. The prototype will examine the use of solar power as a source of
energy for the aeroponic and water loss sensing technology system.
The study will only use solar energy as a source of electricity for
the innovation.
4. The study will use lettuce plant as cultivated in the innovation.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a leafy green vegetable that grows
above the ground and is best suitable crop due to its capability to take
up less space and grow among flowers.
Limitations
5. The making of the whole prototype can be expensive, making it a
problem to the researchers due to the limited resources.
Due to the limited resources and budget given, the making of the
innovation can be expensive
6. The prototype might encounter many problems that will lead to
maintenance of the system which can contribute to the total cost of
the innovation.
The making process of the innovation might encounter problems like
materials defects that can lead to increased cost and time consumption
of the innovation.
7. The water loss sensing technology might not always give accurate
assessment of the water level within the innovation.
The technology might probably give misinterpretation of the water level.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Literatures discussed in this section are taken from recent
publications related to the field of hydroelectricity powered aeroponics
with water loss sensing technology. This section aims to provide a
comprehensive overview of existing knowledge and research findings
in this specific area.
Solar Power in Agriculture
The United Nations has prioritized the promotion of sustainable
agriculture as a key development goal to ensure food security in
response to the growing global population's food demands.
Recognizing the critical role of the agriculture sector, considerable
technological advancements have been made. These advancements,
such as the use of solar energy for machinery and irrigation, are
crucial for sustainable agriculture. Additionally, the adoption of new
technologies and climate-smart solutions with reduced carbon
footprints has effectively addressed rising fuel costs and changing
climate conditions (Tariq, Ashraf, and Hasnain June 16, 2021).
Additionaly, Solar powered systems in agriculture provide an
opportunity to address the competition, for land between farming and
sustainable energy generation aiming to meet future electricity
demands (Adeh et al., 2019). Food, fuel, fiber and energy markets
typically compete for land use while solar power in agriculture

combines food and energy production systems at the same physical
location. (Barron Gaffiord et al. 2019, 1-8).
The research conducted by Ghulam Hasnain Tariq and other
experts also emphasizes the importance of integrating power, in
agriculture. They highlight both methods like using greenhouses and
solar dryers well as indirect methods such as solar powered irrigation
pumps, tractors and lights. The study underscores the pressing need,
for awareness and strategic planning to leverage the advantages of
solar based technologies in agriculture, thus will contribute to food
production and promote sustainable development practices. (Ghulam
Hasnain Tariq, et al. 2021, "Abstract").
Touil et al (2021,281-296) found that some crops are efficiently
produced and have a better overall result using the solar powered
system. Other crops show no negative effect on productivity, and then
some crops showed significantly improved performance from the
shading effect of the solar powered systems.
In the study by Ahmed Ali Hussein, supports the idea about
using sunlight to help with farming. One idea had suggested is using
solar greenhouses in faraway places where there's not much land for
farming. The special greenhouses work with the power of the sun. The
study also mentions other ways solar energy can be helpful in
farming, The study shows that using solar energy in farming can be a
smart and helpful solution. (Ahmed Ali Hussein, 2022, " Abstract").
Moreover, the study of Torshizi and Mighani (2017) states that
one day fossil fuels will run out and thus, there is a need to find
alternative energy sources. Renewable energy is one of the alternative
fuels and solar is the most important because it is available
everywhere in the world. Using solar power is useful and helpful
especially in farming because it does not create pollution and helps in
growing crops for more people who needs food.
Furthermore, the study of Mekhilef, Faramarzi, Saidur, and
Salam (2013) states that the high demand in energy caused for many
countries to consider the use alternative energy sources. Solar energy
is one of the cleanest and accepted option for energy source due to its
application on many different fields in the industry. The different
types of solar energy such photovoltaic and solar thermal system have
been proven to be a suitable alternative in agriculture and in rural
areas.
Aeroponics in Agriculture
In the study of Kumari and Kumar (2019, 286), Aeroponics is a
good soilless farming method for solving future food crisis and is
based on a new way of growing plants that is getting increasingly
popular with many people because of the speed, cost and freshness.
Aeroponic farming is a form of hydroponic technique and a type of
vertical farming. The farming system empowered the producer to
correctly control root zone nutrients, water regimes, and
environmental conditions and have complete access to the roots

throughout the life of the crop. The aeroponic farming is higher-level
in terms of excellent aeration, water use efficiency, less time and
space requirement, seasonal independence, disease free plant
propagation, and large-scale plant production than the traditional
methods of farming.
Similarly, based on a study conducted by Gopinath, Vethamoni,
and Gomathi (2017, 838-849) that Aeroponics is a soilless cultivation
method that involves growing crops in the air or mist, completely
without using soil. Aeroponics is founded on the idea of growing
vegetables with roots placed not in soil but in containers filled with
nutrient-rich flowing liquid. Within the containers, roots can access
optimal conditions for oxygen and moisture, which are essential for
their growth.
Additionally, Miller (2020, "Body") also stated that aeroponics
requires very little space to create high levels of production. To
produce a high yield, aeroponic system does not require much space
at all. The design of the structure allows stacking plants on top of one
another, helping producers fully utilize their limited growing space.
This benefit means establishes farms in almost any location on Earth,
even in the most extreme geographic conditions. Furthermore, it
results in healthier root systems when compared to hydroponics.
Kerns and Lee (2017, 7-8) supports the idea that aeroponics
farming is an efficient and effective process for growing plants without
using soil. It is expected that there will be many improvements such

as decreasing water usage, increasing plant yield, minimizing rate of
growth and reducing the workforce, when Internet of Things (IoT)
technology applied to aeroponics system.
Moreover, AlShrouf (2017, 247) concluded that the primary
benefits of aeroponic systems are the conservation of water less or no
use of agrichemicals which are dangerous to the human body when
applying and especially when eating the food.
Water Scarcity in Agriculture
On the study conducted by Alrwis et al. (2021, 191-195) which
the study investigates the influence of water scarcity on agricultural
economic development and economic development indicators in Saudi
Arabia from 1995 to 2018. It assesses the current state of available
water resources and their utilization the impact of water scarcity on
agricultural economic development.
Another study of Vallino, Ridolfi and Laio (2020, 73-85), the use
of hydrological indicators for agricultural water utilization encounters
challenges, mainly due to economic water scarcity (EWS). Economic
water scarcity arises from a lack of both government resources and
physical means for effective water management and governance.
Measuring EWS poses a more complex problem compared to assessing
physical water scarcity.
Additionally, on the study of Winter et al. (2017, 15-26) begins
by highlighting the global significance of irrigated agriculture,

emphasizing its crucial role in food production, the need to assess the
sustainability of irrigated croplands in the face of climate variability
and change. One of the central issues the study identifies is the
inadequacy of current simulations of irrigated croplands, which often
overlook key interactions between elements such as water supply,
water distribution, and the demands of agriculture for water. The
primary focus in the reviews is on how the studies have represented
critical aspects like water supply, agricultural water demand.
Water scarcity presents a global challenge, particularly for small
holder farmers and their crops. This issue is further worsened by
factors such as population growth, agricultural development,
urbanization, and the impacts of climate change. As people moving
forward, it is anticipated that water scarcity will become even more
severe (Zobeidi, Yaghoubi and Yazdanpanah 2021). Water scarcity is a
big problem around the world, and it is hitting small-scale farmers
and their important crops the hardest. Furthermore, climate change is
also one of the most difficult challenges among the farmers. All of
these factors together are making the shortage of water even more
serious, and water is becoming even harder to find and use caused by
its scarcity.
Moreover, as stated by Falkenmark (2013, “Abstract”), water is
an essential component of the planetary life support system; a lack of
water constitutes an insecurity that has to be overcome in the process
of socio-economic development.
Water Loss Sensing Technology
In the study of Mohapatra and Rath (2019, 447-457), the
supply of water has been severely affected by both rapid population
growth and global climate change. The traditional water distribution
network (WDN), unable to effectively manage water distribution in
accordance with the amount of water consumed. In order to maintain
the supply of water throughout time, the existing scenario requires an
intelligent water management and treatment model. It is suggested to
use an ICT-based WDN to monitor excessive water use and stop water
loss. A smart tap that detects water loss and reports the information
to the service center forms the foundation of the planned architecture.
Zhang (2022, 718-721) also added that the goal of the
preservation of water and soil is to put an end to soil and water loss
brought on by human and environmental causes. It is a serious,
difficult, and planned project. Many issues, including strong
environmental conditions, measuring equipment mistakes,
disturbance by humans, and others, can quickly affect traditional soil
and water conservation measurement techniques.
Aeroponics, a soilless farming approach, has been heavily
affected by technology, providing advantages such as environmental
control, automated nutrient supply, and plant health monitoring.
According to a systematic evaluation of 47 studies, sensor technology

and Industry 4.0 are the most commonly used technologies in
aeroponics, providing sustainability and efficiency.
According to the TAISA model technology, specifically the water
loss sensing technology in agriculture is largely utilized to generate
new processes, implying that it has the potential to improve
sustainable agriculture (Garzón et al. 2023, 1).
Energy-Efficient Agriculture
Energy usage is prevalent in all phases of production, spanning
from the creation and application of chemicals to powering the
tractors responsible for sowing and reaping crops, as well as
supplying electricity to animal housing facilities. The substantial
energy consumption has exposed farmers to elevated energy expenses
and the instability of energy markets, which in turn affect fertilizer
costs. When implemented effectively, measures for conserving energy
can enable agricultural producers to reduce energy consumption
without compromising productivity (Levine 2014, 2).
In the study conducted by Abdelkader et al. (2023, "Abstract"),
indoor agriculture is emerging as a promising solution to enhance the
energy-efficiency and sustainability of agri-food production methods.
Transitioning from a small-scale horticultural practice to a large-scale
industry in response to growing demand. The shift has given rise to
plant factories, where agri-food production is automated and
continuous, and the plant environment is meticulously controlled.
While plant factories enhance productivity and sustainability, the

challenges encountered such as high energy consumption and the
complexity of maintaining the ideal plant environment. To address the
limitations, the article proposes the use of internet of things (IoT)
technologies and automatic control algorithms to establish an energy-
efficient remote-control system for monitoring grow lights in indoor
farming.
In the study of Sawlikar, Sao and Angadalwar (2023, 112-121)
also discusses about the importance of energy-efficient. Agriculture is
a crucial part of India's economy, and it needs to be updated. To
improve traditional farming, increase crop production, reduce the risk
of crop damage, and make better use of water resources, modern
technology like the Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming very
important.
Agriculture holds a primary position in India's economy,
providing employment for half of the country's workforce. However, its
economic contribution to India's GDP has been decreasing recently. A
significant issue is the lack of an efficient and dependable system to
monitor soil conditions in real-time. The study of Kumar et al. (2021,
1-3) suggests an intelligent alert and irrigation system with
continuous monitoring of soil conditions. The system can identify soil
moisture levels and temperature. The study highlights the importance
of the efficiency of the energy in agriculture.
Crop Yield and Quality in Aeroponics

Aeroponics is a new emerging growing technology that can be
described as a method of cultivating plants without using soil in
which their roots are suspended in air. Nutrients are delivered to the
roots through either misting a nutrient solution. Typically, these
systems use pumps, timers, and spray nozzles to supply well-
oxygenated mist containing water and nutrients to the roots of plants.
The mist is delivered at timed intervals, allowing the roots to absorb
nutrients and water and grow more healthier (Gurley 2020, 1-2).
Soilless farming is an alternative technology that can adapt well
in such situations. In aeroponics, the roots are allowed to hang
openly and freely in the environment. The technique is recommended
as the most effective, valuable, significant, inexpensive, and
convenient plant growth system over soil and other soil-less
approaches because it has demonstrated some encouraging results in
different parts of the world (Lakhiar et al. 2018, 338-352).
Aeroponics refers to a method of growing plants where the roots
are hanging in the air and the nutrient solution is sprayed on them in
the form of a fine mist. Aeroponic technology has proven to be quite
effective at enhancing plant growth in space studies conducted by
NASA. A hydro-aeroponic system was developed to grow spinach and
lettuce with the goal of combining the effectiveness of aeroponics with
the simplicity of hydroponics (Doll et al. 2019, 1).
Sustainability in Agriculture
Meena et al. (2022, 379) introduced the concept of vertical
farming, an innovative method of farming where plants are grown
vertically, in 1999. Vertical farming could assist in solving many
future issues caused by food scarcity. The result of the shows that
vertical farming has a lower carbon footprint and less environment
pollution.
According to the study conducted by Lakhiar et al. (2018, 338),
in the present time, the increase risk of repeated drought is expected
because of global climate change and agriculture is in a state of big
change and facing with serious problems. An innovative way of
farming without soil such as hydroponics and aeroponics are effective
as an alternative to traditional farming which could aid in producing
food supply for the fast-growing population.
In addition, Alsaleh (2023, “Abstract”) also explores the impact
of hydropower and economic growth on agriculture industry in EU27
nation from 1990-2021, and finds out that hydropower on agriculture
in emerging EU13 has more positive effect compared to EU14.
Additionally, the study recommends that agricultural growth in
European countries sustained through increasing hydropower
production contributes to sustainable development by 2030 and could
help lessen the pollution.
Furthermore, urban agriculture is the agricultural and livestock
production of goods within urban areas. Urban agriculture has
contributed to the waste recycling, effective water use, in conserving

energy and many other issues related to economic and environmental
aspects that urban areas deal with. Additionally, the vertical farming
is a large-scale method of farming in urban farming technology which
allows the crops to grow fast and produce while maintaining the
condition of nutrient solution. Crops are able to grow and produce
consistently, through vertical farming, and less affected by the climate
change which makes it advantageous than traditional farming
(Chatterjee, Debnath and Pal n.d., 157).
Synthesis
With the help of related literature, the researchers decided to
build an Aeroponic powered hydroelectricity with water loss sensing
technology, the researchers aim to explore a novel approach to
address multiple critical aspects within the field of agriculture and
technology. Based on the previous study about Hydroelectric power in
agriculture, it represents a sustainable energy source, especially in
water-intensive practices like aeroponics. By integrating water loss
sensing technology, the researchers seek to enhance water resource
management, mitigating the effects of water scarcity in agriculture.
Aeroponics, a method of cultivating plants without soil, is
central to this research. By employing hydroelectricity to power
aeroponic systems, the researchers of this study aim to improve crop
yield and quality, at the same time contributing to sustainability in
agriculture. This combination approach acknowledges the need to

address the challenges of resource scarcity and energy efficiency in
modern farming practices.
Theoretical framework
Precision Agriculture is one of the theories that proves that
technology in agriculture can be beneficial. This theory refers to the
application of technology to maximize crop yields and manage waste.
It helps in gathering information on crop growth, weather patterns,
and soil conditions using sensors, GPS, and other technologies. The
data generated will then be used to determine whether when to plant,
fertilize, and harvest crops, as well as identifying the areas of the field
that needs more attention or less attention. The use of precision
agriculture has been increasing in recent years, and it has been
adopted on between 5 and 25 percent of U.S. farms. Precision
agriculture has been shown to increase crop yields, reduce waste, and
improve environmental sustainability (McFadden, Njuki, and Griffin
2023, 38).
The Conservation model theory is also used in this inquiry. The
conservation model of agricultural development changed throughout
the advances in crop and livestock husbandry associated with the
English agricultural revolution and together with the concepts of soil
exhaustion suggested by the early German chemists and soil
scientists. This theory give emphasis on implementing a series of
progressively labor- and land-intensive cropping technique, the

production and use of organic manures and labor-intensive capital
formation in the form of physical facilities to more effectively use land
and water resources. Additionally, this model promotes
environmentally friendly farming practices. This focuses on the
importance of sustainable agriculture that will help in conserving
natural resources, minimizing environmental impact, and ensuring
the long-term balance of environment for future generations
(Udemezue and Osegbue, 2018).
The Schultz theory of Traditional agriculture is also the
foundation of this inquiry. Schultz theory of traditional agriculture
states that traditional agriculture existed around a very long time ago,
while modern ways in agriculture are more recent. In traditional way,
people tend to manage resources in a very efficient way but in modern
agriculture, people tend to make things easily because of emerging
new technologies. Traditional agriculture tends to stay the same and
not getting any enhancement while the modern farming keeps getting
bigger and better. In simple terms, traditional agriculture follows a
steady and balanced ride while modern agriculture follows a changing
and continuously evolving direction. Schultz theory of traditional
farming conveys the context of combining the idea of traditional
agriculture and modern agriculture where gaps can be fix (Wei and
Zou, 2004).
To sum it all up, by combining these theories of agricultural
development, we can develop a plan. The Conservation Model focuses

on promoting environmentally friendly agriculture while precision
agriculture offers the technology and data driven tools to enhance
productivity. Additionally incorporating elements of farming practices
where appropriate not preserves local wisdom but also allows for
adaptation, to modern challenges. This holistic approach has the
potential to foster growth and advancement in regions.

Schematic Diagram
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram for the power source
Figure 2: Pictorial Diagram for Water Loss Technology

Figure 3: Pictorial Diagram for The Whole Prototype

Definition of Terms
Aeroponics. It is a system of growing of plants without soil, using a
mist of nutrients.
Solar power. In this study, it refers to generating electricity from
sunlight, the sustainable energy source of solar power.
Environment. In this study, it refers to a natural surroundings and
ecosystem where the integrated agricultural system operates.
Agriculture. In this study, it refers to the practice of farming,
including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops.
Water Loss Sensing Technology. It is an advanced systems that
detect and measure water loss, used to improve water management.
Scarcity. In this study, it refers to a condition of limited essential
resources, particularly water in agriculture.
Energy. In this study, it refers to a power source for agricultural
system, mainly solar energy.
Efficiency. In this study, it refers of making the best use of resources
and energy in the system, reducing costs and environmental impact.
Sustainability. In this study, it refers on ensuring long-term viability
by balancing economic, environmental, and social aspects.

Chapter 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The methodology used by the study is covered in this chapter.
The areas of the study and the reasons behind their selection are
discussed in light of this. The population, sample, sampling
techniques, and data collection methods are all explained in this
chapter along with the research design and method. There are also
explanations of how data was gathered and as well as how
instruments were validated.
Research Design
This research used the Descriptive survey to determine the
effectiveness of implementing solar powered aeroponics with water
loss sensing technology in agriculture. Descriptive survey research is
a method within descriptive research that combines both quantitative
and qualitative data to provide relevant and precise information
(Survey Planet November 2, 2022). This research design helped the
researchers to collect data from a wide range of participants to better
understand how solar powered aeroponics with water loss sensing
technology is perceived and how it performs.
The Sample
The respondents to this research are the subset of the
population. The subset consists of farmers from School for
Experiential and the Entrepreneurial Development (SEED) Philippines

Davao Campus, engineers and IT in Davao. Moreover, to obtain the
needed data for the research, the research implemented the use of
multi- stage sampling method. It is method obtaining a sample from a
population by splitting it into smaller groups and taking samples of
individuals from each group. The sampless consist of 27 farmers, 2
engineers and 1 IT making it a total of 30 sample size that are found
in Davao City. The target sample must have enough knowledge about
the agricultural method used in the research and give their evaluation
on the efficiency of the research.
The Instrument
The research instrument to be used in the study will be a
survey questionnaire. The required data will be gathered through the
researcher-made questionnaires that helped to determine the
effectiveness of implementing solar powered aeroponics with water
loss sensing technology in agriculture. The researcher made
questionnaire will be using a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptions and
interpretation that correspond to each value are shown below.
Table 1. 5-Point Likert Scale
Scale Description Range Interpretation

4.50-5.00
Strongly When the respondents completely agree
5
agree with the statement.
3.50-4.49
When the respondents agree with the
4 Agree
statement.
2.50-3.49
When the respondents have no clear
3 Neutral
stance on the statement.
1.50-2.49
When the respondents disagree with
2 Disagree
the statement.
1.00-1.49
Strongly When the respondents completely
1
Disagree disagree with the statement.
In order to ensure the consistency, reliability and validity of this
study, the data collected by the researchers will be then analyzed
using various evidences. Researcher will use the Kuder Richardson
approaches in order to assess the degree to which the items are
internally consistent. This will help to determine whether a collection
of items consistently measures the same characteristic.
Data Collection Procedure
In the study of Solar powered aeroponics with water loss
sensing technology, the researchers will ask permission from the
principal of Doña Carmen Denia National High School to allow the
researchers to conduct the study outside the school premises. A
thorough data collection procedure will be implemented with ethical
approval secured, and permissions will be obtained to conduct the
study in authentic settings. Participants, including farmers in line in
agriculture, will be guided through the questionnaire and address any
confusion promptly to ensure clarity and authenticity in their
responses. After the data has been collected, researchers will use
statistical. This approach aims to provide comprehensive insights into
the solar powered aeroponics with water loss sensing technology
practical applications and user experiences.

Figure 4. Flowchart of Data Collection Procedure

Data Analysis procedure
The data gathered from the survey questionnaire will be
analyzed, measured, and processed using the following statistical
tools:
Standard Deviation. The standard deviation l will be used to measure
the variability in the data set; thus, this will also indicate how spread
out the data set from the mean or average.
Mean. The mean will serve as the tool that will help the researchers to
identify where do the data points usually grouped. Additionally,
this tool will determine if the solar powered aeroponics with water loss
sensing technology is effective in agriculture

Chapter 4
RESULTS
Presented in this section are the results and discussions of the
data generated from the respondents. The order of the presentation
and discussions is based on the major topics as follows: The accuracy
of the water sensor in determining when the aeroponic system
requires water, the efficiency of solar powered aeroponics in
cultivating crops, and the usability of solar powered aeroponics in
agriculture.
THE ACCURACY OF THE WATER S. D Mean

SENSOR IN DETERMINING WHEN Descriptive
THE AEROPONIC SYSTEM level
REQUIRES WATER
1. The water sensor accurately Strongly
determine when the aeroponic system 0.63 4.52 Agree
needs water.
2. The data provided by the water Strongly
sensor are reliable to manage the Agree
0.68 4.53
water needed for the aeroponic
system.
3. The water sensor gives accurate Strongly
data regarding the aeroponic system 0.63 4.5 Agree
water level.
4. The water sensor’s accuracy Strongly
significantly contributes to the overall 0.73 4.53 Agree
effectiveness of the aeroponic system.
5. The water sensor's precision Strongly
enhances the resource efficiency of 0.63 4.57 Agree
the aeroponic system.
0.66 4.53
Strongly
OVERALL
Agree
The Accuracy of the Water Sensor in Determining when the
Aeroponic System Needs Water.

Table 2 presents the accuracy of the water sensor in
determining when the aeroponic system needs water. In the first
statement, the claim that the water sensor accurately determines
when the aeroponic system needs water is supported by a mean score
of 4.52 and a standard deviation of 0.63, indicating a commendable
level of precision and consistency in discerning the moisture needs of
the system. This precision is further emphasized in the third
statement, where the sensors are perceived to provide accurate data
regarding the water level in the aeroponic system, supported by a
mean score of 4.5 and a standard deviation of 0.63.
The item no. 2 broadens the study to include the sensors'
broader applicability, tells that the data provided by the sensors is
dependable for regulating water in the aeroponic system. Although a
somewhat larger standard deviation of 0.68 introduces a degree of
uncertainty, the mean score of 4.53 emphasizes a high degree of
reliability in applying sensor-derived data for optimal water
management. The fourth claim extends the viewpoint by claiming that
the aeroponic system's total effectiveness is greatly influenced by the
accuracy of the sensor. An overall good impact on the system's
performance is shown by the consistent mean score of 4.53, even with
a slightly greater standard deviation of 0.73.
The item no. 5 presents the idea of precision in the context of
resource efficiency and claims that the aeroponic system's resource
efficiency is improved by the precision of the water sensor. With a

somewhat higher mean score of 4.57 and a standard deviation of 0.63,
this claim suggests that the sensor data are more accurate and
consistent, which benefits resource use.
Overall, consolidating these individual statements, reveals an
average mean descriptive level of 4.53 and an overall standard
deviation of 0.66. This synthesis underscores the reliability,
consistency, and commendable performance of water and soil
moisture sensors in managing the aeroponic system's water
requirements. In conclusion, this nuanced analysis affirms the pivotal
role of these sensors in optimizing aeroponic system performance,
ensuring accurate water management, and contributing to overall
resource efficiency.
The results above align with the existing literatures highlighting
the accuracy of water sensors in determining when the aeroponic
system requires water. According to Mohapatra and Rath (2019, 447-
457), the supply of water has been severely affected by both rapid
population growth and global climate change. The traditional water
distribution network (WDN), unable to effectively manage water
distribution in accordance with the amount of water consumed. In
order to maintain the supply of water throughout time, the existing
scenario requires an intelligent water management and treatment
model. It is suggested to use an ICT-based WDN to monitor excessive
water use and stop water loss. A smart tap that detects water loss and
reports the information to the service center forms the foundation of

the planned architecture. This literature is prevalent on all the
statements with a water sensors accuracy mean score of 4.53 and a
standard deviation of 0.66.
Additionally, according to the TAISA model technology,
specifically the water loss sensing technology in agriculture is largely
utilized to generate new processes, implying that it has the potential
to improve sustainable agriculture (Garzón et al. 2023, 1). This
existing literature is evident in the last statement with a mean of 4.6
and a standard deviation of 0.63.
The Efficiency of Solar Powered Aeroponics in Cultivating Crops.
Table 3. The Efficiency of Solar Powered Aeroponics in

Cultivating Crops
THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR S. D MEAN DESCRIPTIVE

POWERED AEROPONICS IN LEVEL
CULTIVATING CROPS.
1. The efficiency of the solar powered 0.63 4.53 Strongly
aeroponics system in crop cultivation Agree
is highly satisfactory.
2. The solar powered aeroponics 0.38 4.83 Strongly
system noticeably reduces energy Agree
consumption compared to traditional
methods.
3. The solar powered system 0.67 4.4 Strongly
consistently produces healthier crops Agree
in comparison to conventional
farming methods.
4. The solar powered aeroponics 0.60 4.7 Strongly
system significantly contributes to Agree
energy efficiency and environmental
sustainability in crop cultivation.
5. The system effectively prevents 0.68 4.57 Strongly
energy wastage while maintaining Agree
excellent crop growth.
OVERALL 0.59 4.61 Strongly
Agree
The data analysis of the efficiency of solar powered aeroponics
in cultivating crops reveals compelling insights. The study indicates
that the system is highly satisfactory, with a mean descriptive level of
4.53, signifying a strong positive perception of its effectiveness. This
suggests that the solar powered aeroponics system is well-received
and holds promise as a viable method for crop cultivation.
Furthermore, the noticeable reduction in water consumption
compared to traditional methods, with a mean descriptive level of
4.83, underscores the system's potential to address water scarcity
challenges in agriculture. This reduction in water usage aligns with
the growing need for sustainable farming practices, positioning solar
powered aeroponics as a valuable solution for resource-efficient crop
production.
The consistent production of healthier crops, as indicated by a
mean descriptive level of 4.4, highlights the system's ability to
positively impact crop quality. This finding is significant as it
underscores the potential of solar powered aeroponics to not only
enhance yield quantity but also improve the nutritional value and
overall quality of the crops produced.
Moreover, the system's significant contribution to energy
efficiency and environmental sustainability, with a mean descriptive
level of 4.7, emphasizes its potential to mitigate the environmental
impact of traditional farming practices. This aspect positions solar
powered aeroponics as an environmentally friendly and sustainable

approach to crop cultivation, aligning with the global shift towards
eco-conscious agricultural methods.
deviation of 0.59. This synthesis underscores the effectiveness and the
commendable performance of solar power in cultivating crops for
aeroponic system. In conclusion, this nuanced analysis affirms the
pivotal role of these solar power in optimizing aeroponic system
performance, ensuring crop management, and contributing to overall
resource efficiency.
the efficiency of solar powered aeroponics in cultivating crops.
According to Touil et al (2021,281-296), they found that some crops
are efficiently produced and have a better overall result using the
solar powered system, as indicated in the third statement with a mean
of 4.4 and a standard deviation of 0.67. Other crops show no negative
effect on productivity, and then some crops showed significantly
improved performance from the shading effect of the solar powered
systems.
Moreover, the study of Torshizi and Mighani (2017) states that
one day fossil fuels will run out and thus, there is a need to find
alternative energy sources. Renewable energy is one of the alternative
fuels and solar is the most important because it is available
everywhere in the world. Using solar power is useful and helpful

especially in farming because it does not create pollution and helps in
growing crops for more people who needs food. Furthermore, the
study of Mekhilef, Faramarzi, Saidur, and Salam (2013) supports the
notion by stating that the high demand in energy caused for many
countries to consider the use alternative energy sources. Solar energy
is one of the cleanest and accepted option for energy source due to its
application on many different fields in the industry.
The different types of solar energy such photovoltaic and solar
thermal system have been proven to be a suitable alternative in
agriculture and in rural areas. These literatures are evident in the
fourth statement which highlights the potential of solar power in
energy efficiency and environmental sustainability with a mean of 4.7
and a standard deviation of 0.60.
deviation of 0.59. This synthesis highlights the effectiveness of solar
power in aeroponic systems will last within a week which can
contribute to energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of this
innovation.
To support this notion, Adeh et al (2019) Solar powered systems in
agriculture provide an opportunity to address the competition, for
land between farming and sustainable energy generation aiming to
meet future electricity demands. Food, fuel, fiber and energy markets
typically compete for land use while solar power in agriculture

combines food and energy production systems at the same physical
location. (Barron Gaffiord et al. 2019, 1-8).
The Usability of Solar Powered Aeroponics in Agriculture.

Table 4. The Usability of Solar Powered Aeroponics with Water
Loss Sensing Technology
THE USABILITY OF SOLAR S. D MEAN DESCRIPTIVE
POWERED AEROPONICS WITH LEVEL
WATER LOSS SENSING
TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE.
1. The invention demonstrates a 0.4 4.7 Strongly
unique and innovative approach to Agree
solving agricultural challenge. 7
2.. The invention is easily accessible 0.7 4.4 Strongly

and usable by a diverse range of Agree
users, contributing to its widespread 2
applicability.
3. The potential economic benefits of 0.6 4.63 Strongly
the invention is evident. Agree
7
4. The invention can be easily 0.5 4.43 Strongly

operated, indicating a user-friendly Agree
design with intuitive controls. 7
5. The solar powered aeroponics is 0.4 4.8 Strongly

not only efficient but also eco- Agree
friendly for farmers. 8
OVERALL 0.5 4.59 Strongly

Agree
8
The analysis of the data reveals a favorable perspective on the
applicability of solar-powered aeroponics in agriculture. With an
overall mean of 4.59, participants strongly express agreement with the
provided statements, indicating a positive reception of the technology.
The invention is acknowledged for its distinctive and inventive
approach in addressing agricultural challenges, as indicated by a
mean score of 4.7. Across all statements, ranging from 4.4 to 4.8,
respondents consistently demonstrate consensus regarding various
facets of the technology's usability and advantages.
The data underscores that the solar-powered aeroponics system
is not just an innovative but is also easily accessible and user-friendly
across a diverse user base, contributing to its wide-reaching
applicability with a mean of 4.4. Moreover, the technology's design,
characterized by intuitive controls, is reflected in the 4.43 mean score
for item 4. This implies that the technology is well-regarded for its
approachability and simplicity of operation, fostering a positive user
experience.
Respondents strongly acknowledge the potential economic
benefits associated with solar-powered aeroponics in agriculture, as
evidenced by the mean score of 4.63 for item 3. This underscores a
widespread belief that the technology has the potential to enhance
economic outcomes in the agricultural sector. The recognition of
economic advantages adds another layer of support for the adoption of

this inventive approach, emphasizing its potential positive impact on
the farming community.
The data analysis underscores the perceived efficiency and
environmentally friendly nature of solar-powered aeroponics, with a
notable mean score of 4.8 for item 5. Farmers are not only expected to
benefit from the technology's efficiency but also appreciate its eco-
conscious attributes. This positive perception aligns with the
increasing emphasis on sustainable agricultural practices, positioning
solar-powered aeroponics as a promising option for modern farming.
The comprehensive data analysis strongly suggests that solar-
powered aeroponics is well-received and holds significant promise in
the realm of agriculture. The positive responses across various
dimensions, including innovation, accessibility, economic benefits,
user-friendliness, efficiency, and eco-friendliness, indicate a shared
viewpoint among respondents on the technology's practicality and
potential positive influence on agricultural practices. The consistent
agreement among participants emphasizes the potential significance
of this inventive approach in addressing contemporary challenges in
agriculture.
the usability of solar powered aeroponic with water loss sensing
technology in agriculture. According to the study conducted by
Lakhiar et al. (2018, 338), in the present time, the increase risk of
repeated drought is expected because of global climate change and

agriculture is in a state of big change and facing with serious
problems. An innovative way of farming without soil such as
hydroponics and aeroponics are effective as an alternative to
traditional farming which could aid in producing food supply for the
fast-growing population. To support this notion, In the study
conducted by Abdelkader et al. (2023, "Abstract"), indoor agriculture
is emerging as a promising solution to enhance the energy-efficiency
and sustainability of agri-food production methods. Transitioning from
a small-scale horticultural practice to a large-scale industry in
response to growing demand. The shift has given rise to plant
factories, where agri-food production is automated and continuous,
and the plant environment is meticulously controlled. While plant
factories enhance productivity and sustainability, the challenges
encountered such as high energy consumption and the complexity of
maintaining the ideal plant environment. To address the limitations,
the article proposes the use of internet of things (IoT) technologies and
automatic control algorithms to establish an energy-efficient remote-
control system for monitoring grow lights in indoor farming. These
related literatures are evident in all the statements with an average
mean of 4.58 and standard deviation of 0.58
Summary of the Indicators of Solar Powered Aeroponics with

Water Loss Sensing Technology
Table 5. Summary of the Indicators of Solar Powered Aeroponics

with Water Loss Sensing Technology
Indicator Mean Standard Descriptive

deviation equivalent
Efficiency 4.61 0.59 Strongly agree
Usability 4.59 0.58 Stronly agree
Accuracy 4.53 0.66 Strongly agree
Overall 4.58 0.61 Stronly agree
Table 5 present the overall findings on the quantitative study
entitled “Solar Powered Aeroponics with Water Loss Sensing
Technology” emphasizing the highest to lowest mean values for
efficiency, usability and accuracy. Usability, with the highest mean of
4.59, signifies strong approval, while accuracy, with the lowest mean
of 4.53, indicates slightly lower approval. Despite the differences, all
indicators are consistently classified as “strongly agree” which highly
defines strong positive perceptions towards the innovation. Standard
deviation ranges from 0.58 to 0.66, recommending average varation in
terms of perspectives. Overall, the study suggests favorable different
views on solar powered aeroponics with water loss sensing technology
capabilities, completely in line with the respondent’s unbiased
positive.
Chapter 5
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents conclusions derived from the data
analysis and offers insightful recommendations grounded in the
findings. Its aim is to direct future research and inform practical
interventions within the studied field.
The findings of the study are as follows:
1. The overwhelmingly positive responds on the survey, with
participants strongly agreed with the study's findings, underscore the
success and significance of the research on "Solar Powered Aeroponics
with Water Loss Sensing Technology." The high level of agreement
indicates that the innovative combination of solar power and advanced

water loss sensing technology has been well-received by the
participants.
2. One key aspect of the study that garnered strong agreement
is the effectiveness of the water loss sensing technology. The
participants seem to concur that the integration of sensors provides a
reliable and responsive means of managing water usage within the
aeroponic system. This is particularly noteworthy as water
conservation and efficient resource utilization are critical factors in
sustainable agriculture.
3. Furthermore, the positive responses suggest that the
discussion and conclusion sections of the study effectively conveyed
the potential benefits and applications of the technology. The
participants may appreciate the thorough exploration of scalability,
commercial viability, and energy storage solutions, as these aspects
are crucial for the real-world implementation and success of such
innovative agricultural technologies.
3. The strong agreement on the Likert scale may also indicate
that the study successfully addressed concerns related to
environmental impact and sustainability. The commitment to
minimizing the system's environmental footprint and aligning it with
sustainable practices likely resonated well with the participants,
showcasing the researchers' conscientious approach to agricultural
innovation.
4. Additionally, the positive responses could reflect a high level
of approval for the proposed community engagement and education
initiatives. Participants may agree that spreading awareness and
educating local communities about the benefits of solar-powered
aeroponics is a crucial step in ensuring the technology's successful
adoption and integration into diverse agricultural settings.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are
drawn;
1. In conclusion, the positive responses on the survey,
indicating a strong agreement among participants, underscore the
substantial success and significance of the research study on "Solar
Powered Aeroponics with Water Loss Sensing Technology." The
convergence of favorable opinions suggests that the innovative
combination of solar power and advanced water loss sensing
technology resonates well with stakeholders, affirming the study's
contribution to sustainable agriculture.
2. The study's primary strength lies in the effective integration
of water loss sensing technology within the solar-powered aeroponic
system. Participants strongly agree on the efficacy of this integration,
emphasizing its reliability and responsiveness in managing water
usage. This alignment with participants' perceptions underscores the
potential practical applicability and positive impact of the technology
on resource-efficient agriculture.
3. Moreover, the study's exploration of scalability, commercial
viability, and energy storage solutions received resounding support.
Participants evidently agree with the necessity of these considerations
for real-world implementation, emphasizing the study's practical
orientation and relevance to broader agricultural contexts.
4. The study's commitment to environmental impact assessment
and sustainability considerations aligns well with participants' values,
as indicated by the high survey ratings. The strong agreement
suggests that the researchers' efforts to minimize the environmental
footprint and promote sustainable practices have been well-received,
further enhancing the study's credibility and resonance.
5. Additionally, the positive responses regarding community
engagement and education initiatives reflect a collective
acknowledgment of the importance of disseminating knowledge about
the technology. Participants strongly agree that fostering awareness
and understanding within local communities is essential for the
successful adoption and integration of solar-powered aeroponics,
showcasing the study's broader societal impact.
Recommendations
1. Integration of Advanced Sensors and Machine Learning
Algorithms: Explore the possibility of incorporating more advanced
sensors and machine learning algorithms to enhance the water loss
sensing technology. This could lead to more precise and responsive
control of the aeroponic system, optimizing water usage and plant

growth. Investigate the potential of real-time data analysis to further
refine and adapt the system to changing environmental conditions.
2. Energy Storage Solutions for Uninterrupted Operation:
Implementing energy storage technologies helps effectively manage the
energy consumption, by storing excess energy during periods of low
solar availability and make it readily available during peak demand or
power disruptions, especially in nighttime and cloudy days. It is the
key to secure constant renewable energy supply to power systems.
Advanced batteries and other storage technologies would contribute to
the system's reliability and make it more suitable for regions with
variable sunlight patterns.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment and Sustainability
Considerations: Conduct a thorough environmental impact
assessment of the solar-powered aeroponics system. Evaluate its
overall sustainability, considering factors such as energy
consumption, material usage, and waste generation. Propose
strategies to minimize the environmental footprint, making the
technology more environmentally friendly and aligned with
sustainable agricultural practices.
4. Community Engagement and Education Initiatives: Develop
community engagement and education initiatives to promote
awareness and understanding of solar-powered aeroponics
technology. Collaborate with local communities, agricultural
organizations, and educational institutions to organize workshops,

training sessions, or demonstrations. By fostering knowledge and
acceptance, you can facilitate the successful adoption of the
technology among farmers and other stakeholders.
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Vallino, Elena., Ridolfi, Luca., and Laio, Francesco. "Measuring
economic water scarcity in agriculture: a cross-country
empirical investigation." ScienceDirect. December 2020.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S14629011
1931562X
Wang, Quan. and Wong, Jonathan. "Sustainable Composting and Its
Environmental Implications." sciencedirect. 2019.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-
sciences/chemical-fertiliser#:~:text=Agriculture%20and
%20Economic%20Benefits%20of,of%20soil%20productivity
%20%5B55%5D.
Water Science School. "Hydroelectric Power Water Use." USGS. June
8, 2018. https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-
school/science/hydroelectric-power-water-use
Winter, Jonathan., Lopez, Jose., Ruane, Alex., Young, Charles.,
Scanlon, Bridget., and Rosenzweig, Cynthia. "Representing
water scarcity in future agricultural assessments."
ScienceDirect. June 2017.
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YCP Solidance. "Food Resilience through Sustainable Hydroponic
Agribusiness in the Philippines." ycpsolidance. November 2022.
https://ycpsolidiance.com/white-paper/philippines-
agribusiness-industry-report
Zobeidi, Tahereh., Yaghoubi, Jafar., and Yazdanpanah, Masoud.
"Farmers’ incremental adaptation to water scarcity: An
application of the model of private proactive adaptation to
climate change (MPPACC). ScienceDirect. April 30, 2022.
377422000750
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Ma’am/Sir,
The researchers are presently conducting a project study
entitled ‘‘HYDROELECTRIC POWERED AEROPONICS WITH WATER
LOSS SENSING TECHNOLOGY” of which you have been chosen as
the respondent. This aligns with their project study in Practical
Research 2 at Doña Carmen Denia National High School Toril District,
Davao City.
We truly hope that you will participate in the survey and answer
the questions truthfully. It will assist in gathering the required data.
You may be certain that any response you give will be kept totally
private.
Thank you and God bless us all.
Respectfully yours,
THE RESEARCHERS
Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Age: ____________ Sex: ________
Direction: Please indicate your answer by means of checking (P) the
box after each question. Refer to the scale below.
Scale Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
5 Strongly agree When the respondents completely agree
with the statement.

4 Agree When the respondents agree with the
statement.
3 Neutral When the respondents have no clear
stance on the statement.
2 Disagree When the respondents disagree with the
statement.
1 Strongly When the respondents completely
disagree disagree with the statement.
THE ACCURACY OF THE WATER 5 4 3 2 1

SENSOR IN DETERMINING WHEN THE
AEROPONIC SYSTEM REQUIRES
WATER
1. The water sensor accurately determine
when the aeroponic system needs water.
2. The data provided by the water sensor
are reliable to manage the water needed
for the aeroponic system.
3. The water sensor gives accurate data
regarding the aeroponic system water
level.
4. The water sensor’s accuracy
significantly contributes to the overall
effectiveness of the aeroponic system.
5. The water sensor's precision enhances
the resource efficiency of the aeroponic
system.
THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR 5 4 3 2 1

POWERED AEROPONICS IN
CULTIVATING CROPS.
1. The efficiency of the solar powered
aeroponics system in crop cultivation is
highly satisfactory.
2. The solar powered aeroponics system
noticeably reduces water consumption
compared to traditional methods.
3. The solar powered system consistently
produces healthier crops in comparison
to conventional farming methods.
4. The solar powered aeroponics system
significantly contributes to energy
efficiency and environmental
sustainability in crop cultivation.
5. The system effectively prevents water

wastage while maintaining excellent crop
growth.
THE USABILITY OF SOLAR POWERED 5 4 3 2 1

AEROPONICS IN AGRICULTURE.
1. The invention demonstrates a unique

and innovative approach to solving
agricultural challenge.
2.. The invention is easily accessible and
usable by a diverse range of users,
contributing to its widespread
applicability.
3. The potential economic benefits of the
invention is evident.
4. The invention can be easily operated,
indicating a user-friendly design with
intuitive controls.
5. The solar powered aeroponics is not
only efficient but also eco-friendly for
farmers.
APPENDIX B
LETTER TO CONDUCT THE SUDY

APPENDIX C
REQUEST LETTER TO VALIDATORS

APPENDIX D
VALIDATION SHEETS
APPENDIX E
SUMMARY OF RATING
SUMMARY OF RATING
EDUCATION/
VALIDATORS RATING REMARKS
SPECIALIZATION
Bachelor of Secondary
MARJORIE U.
Education Major in Biological 4.71 PASSED
ASPILLA
Science
JOHN
DARYLL BSED-TLE 4.71 PASSED
ANTALAN
JEOVANI U.
MAED 3.86 PASSED
AMOLATA
MEAN 4.43 PASSED
Checked and Validated:
ALFIE D. TUBOG
Research Adviser
APPENDIX F
CONSOLIDATED RAW DATA

THE ACCURACY OF THE WATER SENSOR IN

DETERMINING WHEN THE AEROPONIC
SYSTEM REQUIRES WATER
QUESTION QUESTTION QUESTION QUESTION QUESTION TOTAL
RESPONDENTS 1 2 3 4 5
R1 5 5 4 5 4 4.5
R2 5 4 4 5 5 4.6
R3 5 5 5 4 5 4.8
R4 4 5 5 5 5 4.8
R5 5 4 4 5 5 4.6
R6 4 5 5 4 5 4.6
R7 5 4 4 5 5 4.6
R8 4 5 5 4 5 4.6
R9 3 4 4 5 5 4.2
R10 4 4 4 4 4 4
R11 5 5 4 5 4 4.6
R12 5 5 5 4 5 4.8
R13 5 4 5 4 5 4.6
R14 4 4 4 5 4 4.2
R15 5 5 5 5 5 5
R16 5 5 5 5 5 5
R17 4 5 5 4 3 4.2
R18 4 5 5 4 4 4.4
R19 5 5 5 5 5 5
R20 5 5 5 5 5 5
R21 5 5 4 5 5 4.8
R22 5 4 5 5 4 4.6
R23 4 4 4 3 4 4.8
R24 5 5 4 5 5 4.8
R25 4 5 5 5 4 4.6
R26 4 4 3 4 4 3.8
R27 5 5 5 5 5 5
R28 5 4 5 5 5 4.8
R29 3 2 3 2 3 2.6
R30 5 5 5 5 5 5
MEAN 4.52 4.53 4.5 4.53 4.57 4.53
S. D. 0.63 0.68 0.63 0.73 0.63 0.66
THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR POWERED

AEROPONICS IN CULTIVATING CROPS
QUESTION QUESTION QUESTION QUESTION TOTAL
RESPONDENTS 1 QUESTION 2 3 4 5
R1 5 5 4 5 5 4.8
R2 4 5 5 5 5 4.8
R3 5 5 4 5 5 4.8
R4 5 5 4 5 4 4.6
R5 4 5 5 5 5 4.8
R6 5 5 5 5 5 5
R7 4 5 5 5 5 4.8
R8 4 5 4 5 5 4.6
R9 5 5 5 3 4 4.4
R10 5 5 4 5 5 4.8
R11 5 5 5 4 5 4.8
R12 4 5 4 4 5 4.4
R13 5 5 5 5 4 4.8
R14 5 4 4 5 5 4.6
R15 5 5 4 5 5 4.8
R16 5 5 5 5 5 5
R17 4 4 5 5 4 4.4
R18 4 4 5 5 4 4.4
R19 4 5 5 5 5 4.8
R20 4 5 5 5 5 4.8
R21 5 5 4 4 5 4.6
R22 5 5 5 5 5 5
R23 3 5 3 5 3 3.8
R24 5 5 5 5 4 4.8
R25 5 5 4 5 4 4.6
R26 5 5 4 4 5 4.6
R27 5 5 4 5 5 4.8
R28 3 4 3 3 3 3.2
R29 4 4 3 4 3 3.6
R30 5 5 5 5 5 5
MEANS 4.53 4.83 4.4 4.7 4.57 4.61
S.D 0.63 0.38 0.67 0.60 0.68 0.59
THE USABILITY OF SOLAR POWERED

AEROPONICS WITH WATER LOSS SENSING
TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
QUESTION QUESTION QUESTION QUESTION
QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL
R1 5 5 5 5 5 5
R2 5 5 5 5 5 5
R3 5 5 5 5 5 5
R4 5 4 5 5 5 4.8
R5 5 5 5 5 5 5
R6 4 5 5 4 5 4.6
R7 5 5 5 5 5 5
R8 5 5 5 4 5 4.8
R9 5 5 5 5 5 5
R10 4 4 4 4 4 4
R11 5 5 4 3 5 4.4
R12 5 4 5 4 5 4.6
R13 5 5 5 4 3 4.4
R14 5 4 4 5 5 4.6
R15 4 4 5 5 5 4.6
R16 5 5 5 5 5 5
R17 4 4 3 4 5 4
R18 4 4 3 4 5 4
R19 5 3 5 4 5 4.4
R20 5 3 5 4 5 4.4
R21 5 5 5 4 5 4.8
R22 4 4 5 4 4 4.2
R23 4 5 3 4 4 4
R24 5 5 5 5 5 5
R25 5 4 4 4 5 4.4
R26 5 5 5 5 5 5
R27 5 4 5 5 5 4.8
R28 4 3 5 4 5 4.2
R29 4 3 4 4 4 3.8
R30 5 5 5 5 5 5
MEANS 4.7 4.4 4.63 4.43 4.8 4.59
S.D 0.47 0.72 0.67 0.57 0.48 0.58
APPENDIX G
MANUAL COMPUTATION
APPENDIX H
DOCUMENTATION
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
APPENDIX I
CURRICULUM VITAE
CURRICULUM VITAE
JOHN REY D. CABEL
Address: Gutierrez Village, Lizada, Toril,
Davao City
Number: 09558896792
Email: Johnreycabel987@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATION
Educational Background
Elementary : Ramon F. Magsaysay Elementary School ( S.Y.
2017-2018)
Junior High School : Doña Carmen Denia National High School (S.Y.
2021-2022)
Senior High School : Doña Carmen Denia National High School (S.Y.
2023-2023)
School Organizations
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
ALDRIN A. ALEGADO
Address: Baranagay, Lizada, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09558896792
Email: Takashigin14@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Don Juan Elementary School
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
CHRISTIN JOY S. CASTRO
Address: Lower Rapnaga Bago Aplaya Davao
City
Number: 09630549207
Email: christincastro166@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Dr. Jovito S. Francisco Elementary School
Junior High School : Erico T. Nograles National High School-B (S.Y.
2021-2022)
2022-2023)
NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
ARLIE JEAN AMANCIO
Adress: Rovical Village Daliao Toril Davao
City
Number: 09706083227
Amancioarliejean@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Ramon F. Magsaysay Elementary School
2021-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
LEAH LYN COBELLO
Address: Purok 7-B bangkas height kopay,
toril davao city.
Number: 09696249730
Email: leahlyncobello03@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Baliok elementary school
2021-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
ARMAND JAY ESPLANADA
Address: Lubogan, Toril, Davao CIty
Number: 09696249730
Email: armandesplanada@gmail.com
_________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : V.S Bangoy Elementary School
2021-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
TIFFANY JILL OMALAY
Address: Purok 10 Sirawan, Toril Davao City
Number: 09124058937
Email: jillomalay@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Francisco Bustamante Central Elementary
School
Junior High School : Francisco Bustamante Central High School (S.Y.
2021-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
CASSANDRA KATE ALCONTIN
Address: Purok Duha, Daliao, Toril Davao
city
Number: 09696249730
Email cassyalcontin791@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Sta. Clara Elementary School
2021-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
JANNA CRIS SAUMAT
Address: purok 4 Nalum Baliok Davao city
Number:09752122949
Email: Jancriscrisjan&gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Baliok elementary school
2021-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
HAZEL MAE E. SUERTE
Address: Purok 7-B bangkas height kopay,
toril davao city.
Number: 09696249730
Email: leahlyncobello03@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : N.R.D.P Elementary School
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
ROSE MAE E. LANOS
Address: Lizada Toril Davao City.
Num: 09267969963
Email: rosemaelanos09@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : M.L.G.R Elementary School
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
ANGELICA TATAD
Number: 09816314200
Email: atatad60@gmail.com
Address: Prudential Village, Daliao, Toril
Davao City
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Don Juan Dela Cruz National Highschool
Junior High School : Catigan National Highschool
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
GRACE ANN BALDESCO
Address: Rovical Village, Dalaio, Toril, Davao
City
Number: 09460519335
Email: baldescograyss@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
2021-2022)
2022-2024)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
JUBERT GARREDO
Address: Andaya Street, Dalia, Toril, Davao
City
Number: 09460419337
Email: garredojubert@gmail.com_
__________________________________________________________________________
Junior High School : Catigan National Highschool
2022-2024)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
LORDY CASILAO
Address: St Michael Mango Avenue, Toril,
Davao City
Number: 09460519335
Email: Lordypogz113@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Don Juan Elementary School (S.Y 2017-2018)
2021-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
CHEN CHEN LAURENO
Address: Lubogan, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09285668988
Email: marchenlaureno@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : San Miguel Integrated School (S.Y. 2017-2018)
Junior High School : Doña Carmen Denia National High School
(2011-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
DEVIN DAIG
Address: Upper Piedad Toril, Davao City
Number: 09461310283
Email: Devindaig03@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : R.C QUIMPO Elementary School (S.Y.
2017_2018)
(2011-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
ALEXANDRA ALAMPAYAN
Davao City
Number: 09460519335
Email:alexandraalampayan09@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Jose V. Ferriols Elementary School
(2011-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
CHRISTIAN SHANE ABEAR
Address: Dumoy Proper, Talomo District,
Davao City
Number: 09461239060
Email:abearxd@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Jose Bastida (S.Y. 2017;2018)
(2011-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
ERIK JOHN GALLARDO
Address: Mcleod Flores Compound, Dumoy,
Davao City
Number: 09368135546
Email: Gallardoerickjohn@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Sta. Clara Elementary School (S.Y. 2017-2018)
(2011-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
JHON REX PELENIO
Davao City
Number: 09368135546
Email: Gallardoerickjohn@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Sta. Clara Elementary School (S.Y. 2017-2018)
(2011-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
ZIDANE A. TIGOL
Address: Dunoy Proper, Talomo District,
Davao City
Number: 09368135546
Email: zeeduhknee18@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Jose Bastida Elementary School (S.Y. 2017-
2018)
(2011-2022)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
CHRISTOPHER BRYAN G. ROYO
Address: Guardian,Maligaya St., Lizada, Toril, Davao
City
Number: 09672467552
Email: royobryan8@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Don Juan Dela Cruz Central Elementary (S.Y.
2017-2018)
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Ric Jonel R. Eboña
Address: Andaya St. Daliao, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09568106303
Email: jonelrubino@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Chung Hua High School (S.Y. 2017-2018)
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Anjo F. Bancure
Address: Gutierrez Village, Lizada, Toril,
Davao City
Number:09679379737
Email: anjobancure@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : V.S Bangoy Elementary School (S.Y. 2017-2018)
2020-2021
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Realyn M. Angcon
Address: Tambakan, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09539542810
Email: Monterorealyn038gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : V.S Bangoy Elementary School (S.Y. 2017-2018)
Junior High School: Doña Carmen Denia National High School (S.Y.
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Jerryme F. Gallana
Address: Sto Niño Village, Dumoy, Davao City
Number: 09854396965
Email: Jerrymegallana7@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Jose Bastida Elementary School
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
JULIANA ALEXANDRA BARET
Address: Pantalan,Daliao, Davao City
Number: 09979444747
Email: baretjulianaalexandra@gmail.com
_________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Ramon F. Magsaysay Elementary school
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
John Carlo J. Maranguit
Address: Kalubin-an Daliao, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09094081369
Email: kademontenegro174@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Junior High School : Francisco Bustamante Central High School
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Joanne P. Pulgadas
Address: Kalubin-an, Daliao, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09105361545
Email: pulgadasjoanne@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Loudy Merr Tejada
Address: Kanipaan Daliao, Toril, Davao city
Number: 09301920473
Email: loudymerr@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : V.S Bangoy Elementary School
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Daryl V. Laña
Address: Prudential Vill Daliao, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09777012188
Email: daryllana825@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Sta. Clara Elementary School
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Krystel Kaye L. Dator
Address: Marapangi 2, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09266862475
Email: krystelkayedator06@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : C.B Bangoy Elementary School
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Richard Duron
Address: Purok Dacudao Lizada, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09456302344
Email: richardduron12@gmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________
Elementary : Doña Soledad Dolor Elementary School
Junior High School : Gov. Vicente Duterte National High School (S.Y.
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
 NONE
Work Experience
 NONE
CIVIL STATUS
 SINGLE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Ivanlei F. Villanueva
Address: Dacudao Lizada, Toril, Davao City
Number: 09169416807
Email: vhanixvillanueva@gmail.com
Elementary : JV Ferriols Elementary School
2020-2021)
2022-2023)
• NONE
Work Experience
• NONE
CIVIL STATUS
• SINGLE

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SOLAR POWERED AEROPONICS WITH WATER LOSS SENSING

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Background of the Study 1

Existing or Traditional Solutions Made 3

Research or Literature Gap 3

Significance of the Study 4

Scope and Limitations of the Study 5

Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data Analysis Procedure 29

Chapter 4: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

aeroponic system requires water

The Efficiency of Solar Powered Aeroponics

The Usability of Solar Powered Aeroponics in Agriculture.

Chapter 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION 42

B. Letter to Conduct the study 56

C. Request Letters for Validators

F. Consolidated Raw Data

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram for the power source 22

Figure 2 Pictorial Diagram for water loss sensing

Figure 3. Pictorial Diagram for Solar powered Aeroponis with

water loss sensing technology 23

Figure 4, Flowchart of the Data Collection Procedure

Table 1. 5-point Likert Scale 26

Aeroponic System Needs Water. 30

Table 3. The Efficiency of Solar Powered Aeroponics 33

Table 5. Summary of the Indicators of Solar Powered Aeroponics 40

Nowadays, the food production and distribution systems seem

to be in a terrible state. Using too many pesticides, fertilizers, and

monoculture farming, which harm the Earth’s environment (Obluska

May 14, 2020). Traditional agriculture faces challenges due to climate

change, like deforestation, soil erosion, ecological disruption, and

biodiversity loss (TractorGyan August 23, 2023). However, Solar

powered Aeroponics with water loss sensing technology offers a great

pesticides. Additionally, it can give positive cause to the environment

by saving space, energy-efficiency and can fasten food production of

Lagomarsino (September 26, 2019) stated that, in the United

Nations (UN), an estimated 124 million people experienced serious

rain, and hot temperatures. This is similar to the problems faced by

the farmers in the Deccan Plateau area of India, a hard time on

traditional farming due to abnormal climate changes, as well as

money troubles to spend a lot on fertilizers (Roy, Naumova, and Both

In the Philippines, urbanization has reduced farming's economic

importance, caused fewer farming jobs, farmland reduction, and

transformed rural areas into cities, particularly impacting crop

production in Metropolitan Manila (Bravo January 20, 2017).

Additionally, as stated by Silang (2015, “Summary”), urbanization has

also contributed to food insecurity and unhealthy lifestyles. The

enlargement of urbanization leads to the agricultural land to reduce

which led to difficulties of maintaining traditional farming method

(Tality et al. 2022, 140).

In Davao City context, water scarcity is also one of the main

problems in terms of agriculture. According to Go (2019, 1) that the

connection between water supply and agricultural production are

highly important. Falkenmark (2013, 1) also supports the idea that

water is essential for life on Earth and solving water scarcity is

idea that water quality is important because it is responsible for the

In the context of agriculture, these problems caused negatively

to the environment. Traditional farming methods can harm the

environment. Moreover, this research project aims to explore a more