CHEM 104 – FUNDAMENTALS OF

CHEMISTRY

LESSON 2: Atomic
Structure and the
Periodic Table
MR. RUSSEL D. JIMENEZ, RChT, LPT
ISO/ISA/QAM Coordinator
Faculty, College of Arts and Sciences ,Pablo Borbon Campus
Batangas State University – The National Engineering University
 TOPIC OUTLINE
o The Atomic Theory
o The Structure of the Atom
o Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
o The Periodic Table
 A Look Ahead
o The modern version of atomic theory was laid by John Dalton in the
nineteenth century, who postulated that elements are composed of
extremely small particles, called atoms. All atoms of a given element
are identical, but they are different from atoms of all other elements.

o We note that, through experimentation, scientists have learned that

an atom is composed of three elementary particles: proton, electron,
and neutron. The proton has a positive charge, the electron has a
negative charge, and the neutron has no charge. Protons and
neutrons are located in a small region at the center of the atom,
called the nucleus, while electrons are spread out about the nucleus
at some distance from it.
o We will learn the following ways to identify atoms. Atomic
number is the number of protons in a nucleus; atoms of different
elements have different atomic numbers. Isotopes are atoms of
the same element having a different number of neutrons. Mass
number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an
atom. Because an atom is electrically neutral, the number of
protons is equal to the number of electrons in it.

o Next we will see how elements can be grouped together

according to their chemical and physical properties in a chart
called the periodic table. The periodic table enables us to classify
elements (as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals) and correlate
their properties in a systematic way.
 The Atomic Theory
In the fifth century B.C. the Greek philosopher Democritus
expressed the belief that all matter consists of very small,
indivisible particles, which he named Atomos (meaning
uncuttable or indivisible).

Later, however, Plato and Aristotle formulated the notion that

there can be no ultimately indivisible particles, and the “atomic”
view of matter faded for many centuries during which
Aristotelean philosophy dominated Western culture.

In 1808 an English scientist and school teacher, John Dalton,

formulated a precise definition of the indivisible building blocks
of matter that we call atoms.
 The Atomic Theory
Dalton’s work marked the beginning of the modern era of
chemistry. The hypotheses about the nature of matter on which
Dalton’s atomic theory is based can be summarized as follows:
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called
atoms.

2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same

size, mass, and chemical properties. The atoms of one element
are different from the atoms of all other elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one
element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of
atoms of any two of the elements present is an integer
( fixed whole-number ratios).
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation,
combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in
their creation or destruction.
It also explains the law of conservation of mass
“The total mass of materials present after a chemical
reaction is the same as the total mass present before the
reaction”
Dalton’s fourth hypothesis is another way of stating the law
of conservation of mass, which is that matter can be
neither created nor destroyed.
SUMMARY
JOHN DALTON ATOMIC THEORY
 The Structure of the
Atom/ Atomic Structure
On the basis of Dalton’s atomic theory, we can define an atom
as the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical
combination. Dalton imagined an atom that was both extremely
small and indivisible.
However, a series of investigations that began in the 1850s and
extended into the twentieth century clearly demonstrated that
atoms actually possess internal structure; that is, they are
made up of even smaller particles, which are called subatomic
particles. This research led to the discovery of three such
particles—electrons, protons, and neutrons.
The Structure of the Atom/
Atomic Structure
❑ The Electron
❑ The Proton and the (Nucleus)
❑ The Neutron
 The Structure of an Atom
o An electron is a subatomic particle that possesses a
negative (-) electrical charge. It is the smallest, in terms
of mass, of the three types of subatomic particles.

o A proton is a subatomic particle that possesses a positive

(+) electrical charge.

o A neutron is a subatomic particle that has no charge

associated with it; that is, it is neutral.
General features of the atom
General features of the atom
 General features of the atom
o Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940). British physicist who received the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for discovering the electron. Using
Cathode Ray tube Experiment

o Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953). American physicist who was

awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923 for determining the charge
of the electron. Using Oil drop Experiment.

o Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937). New Zealand physicist. Rutherford did

most of his work in England (Manchester and Cambridge Universities).
He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his investigations
into the structure of the atomic nucleus.Protons were discovered in
1919 by Rutherford. Using Gold Foil Experiment.

o James Chadwick (1891–1972). British physicist. In 1935 he received

the Nobel Prize in Physics for proving the existence of neutrons. When
Bombarded a thin sheet of beryllium with alpha particles
SUMMARY OF SUB-ATOMIC
PARTICLES
Atomic Number, Mass Number (Atomic Mass),
and Isotopes
All atoms can be identified by the number of protons and neutrons they contain.

Atomic Number (Z) - is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element.
In a neutral atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons,
so the atomic number also indicates the number of electrons present in the atom.

A mass number (A) - is the sum of the number of protons and the number of
neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom. Thus the mass number gives the number of subatomic
particles present in the nucleus.
Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Symbol
Atomic Symbol (or element symbol).
Every element has a symbol based on
its English, Latin, or Greek name.
Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Symbol
EXAMPLES:
LEARNING CHECK
LEARNING CHECK
 ISOTOPES
Atoms of a given element do not all have the same mass.
Most elements have two or more isotopes, atoms that have
the same atomic number but different mass
numbers.
ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES
Most elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes.
We can determine the average atomic mass of an
element, usually called the element’s atomic weight, by
using the masses of its isotopes and their relative
abundances:
EXAMPLE:
Naturally occurring carbon, for example, is composed of
98.93% 12 C and 1.07% 13 C . The masses of these isotopes
are 12 amu (exactly) and 13.00335 amu, respectively,
making the atomic weight of carbon.

(0.9893)(12 amu) + (0.0107)(13.00335 amu) = 12.01 amu

 Sample Problems:
1. Calculating the Atomic Mass of an Element Silver (Ag; Z= 47) has 46 known
isotopes, but only two occur naturally, 107Ag and 109Ag. Given the following mass
spectrometric data, calculate the atomic mass of Ag:
3.
4.
 The Periodic Law and the
Periodic Table
During the mid-nineteenth century, scientists began to look for order in the increasing
amount of chemical information that had become available. They knew that certain
elements had properties that were very similar to those of other elements, and they
sought reasons for these similarities in the hope that these similarities would suggest a
method for arranging or classifying the elements.

The periodic law states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing
atomic number, elements with similar chemical properties occur at periodic. A periodic
table is a visual representation of the behavior described by the periodic law.

A periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the elements in order of

increasing atomic number such that elements having similar chemical properties are
positioned in vertical columns.
Within the table, each element is represented by a rectangular box that contains the
symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass of the element. Elements within any given
column of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior.
Highlight on the History of the Periodic
Table
John Dobereiner (triads) 1829
Highlight on the History of the Periodic
Table
John Newlands(octaves) 1863
Highlight on the History of the Periodic
Table
Lothar Meyer (table)
1864
In 1864, he published The Modern
Theory of Chemistry in which he
published the use of atomic weights
to group elements. In the work, he
arranged 28 elements into 6 families
that had similar chemical and
physical traits.

He Discovered the period law

 The Periodic Table
In 1871, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (1836–
1907) published the most successful of these organizing
schemes as a table of the elements listed by increasing
atomic mass and arranged so that elements with similar
chemical properties fell in the same column.

The modern periodic table of the elements, based on

Mendeleev’s earlier version (but arranged by atomic
number, not mass), is one
of the great classifying schemes in science.

Periodic table, a chart in which elements having similar

chemical and physical properties are grouped together.
 Organization of the Periodic Table
It is formatted as follows:

1. Each element has a box

that contains its atomic
number, atomic symbol, and
atomic mass. The boxes lie
in order of increasing
atomic number (number of
protons) as you move from
left to right.
 Organization of the Periodic Table
2. The boxes are arranged into a grid
of periods (horizontal rows) and
groups (vertical columns). Each
period has a number from 1 to 7. Each
group has a number from 1 to 8 and
either the letter A or B.
A new system, with group numbers
from 1 to 18 but no letters, appears in
parentheses under the number letter
designations.

A period is a horizontal row of elements

in the periodic table.

A group is a vertical column of elements in the

periodic table.
 Organization of the Periodic Table

3. The eight A groups (two on the left and six

on the right) contain the main group, or
representative, elements. The ten B groups,
located between Groups 2A(2) and 3A(13),
contain the transition elements. Two
horizontal series of inner transition elements,
the lanthanides and the actinides, fit between
the elements in Group 3B(3) and Group
4B(4) and are usually placed below the main
body of the table.
The Modern
Periodic Table
 Organization of the Periodic Table
It is important to learn some of the group (family) names.
• Group 1A(1), except for hydrogen, consists of the alkali
metals, and Group 2A(2) consists of the alkaline earth
metals.
• Both groups consist of highly reactive elements.
• The halogens, Group 7A(17), are highly reactive nonmetals,
whereas the noble gases, Group 8A(18), are relatively
unreactive nonmetals.
• Other main groups [3A(13) to 6A(16)] are often named for
the first element in the group; for example, Group 6A is the
oxygen family.
Organization of the Periodic Table
 Organization of the Periodic Table
In general, elements in a group have similar chemical
properties and elements in a period have different chemical
properties.

the clearest distinction among the elements is their

classification as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.
 Organization of the Periodic Table

main-group metals ( purple-blue)

transition elements (blue),
inner transition elements ( gray-blue).
Nonmetals (yellow) lie to the right
of the line.
Metalloids ( green) lie along the line
 Organization of the Periodic Table
• The metals (three shades of blue) appear in
the large lower-left portion of the table.
• About three-quarters of the elements are
metals, including many main-group elements
and all the transition and inner transition
elements.
• They are generally shiny solids at room
temperature (mercury is the only liquid) that
conduct heat and electricity well and can be
tooled into sheets (malleable) and wires
(ductile).
 Organization of the Periodic Table

• The nonmetals (yellow) appear in the small

upper-right portion of the table. They are
generally gases or dull, brittle solids at room
temperature (bromine is the only liquid) and
conduct heat and electricity poorly.
• Along the staircase line lie the metalloids
(green; also called semimetals), elements that
have properties between those of metals and
nonmetals.
Organization of the Periodic Table
Organization of the Periodic Table
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
REFERENCES:
Chang, Raymond, Kenneth A. Goldsby, (2017). Chemistry, (12th International
Edition), New York: McGraw-Hill.

"Silberberg, M.S. (2013). Principles of General Chemistry (3rd edition).

New York:McGraw-Hill."

Zumdahl, S.S., and Zumdahl, S.A. (2012). Chemistry, An Atoms First

Approach (International Edition), Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.