RMO–1990

1. Two boxes contain between them 65 balls of several different sizes. Each ball is white, black,
red or yellow. If you take any 5 balls of the same colour at least two of them will always be
of the same size (radius). Prove that there are at least 3 balls which lie in the same box have
the same colour and have the same size (radius).
2. For all positive real numbers a, b, c prove that
a b c 3
+ + ≥ .
b+c c+a a+b 2

3. A square sheet of paper ABCD is so folded that B falls on the mid-point M of CD. Prove
that the crease will divide BC in the ratio 5 : 3.
4. Find the remainder when 21990 is divided by 1990.
5. P is any point inside a triangle ABC. The perimeter of the triangle AB + BC + CA = 2s.
Prove that
s < AP + BP + CP < 2s.

6. N is a 50 digit number (in the decimal scale). All digits except the 26th digit (from the left)
are 1. If N is divisible by 13, find the 26th digit.
7. A censusman on duty visited a house which the lady inmates declined to reveal their individual
ages, but said — “we do not mind giving you the sum of the ages of any two ladies you may
choose”. Thereupon the censusman said — “In that case please give me the sum of the ages of
every possible pair of you”. The gave the sums as follows : 30, 33, 41, 58, 66, 69. The censusman
took these figures and happily went away. How did he calculate the individual ages of the ladies
from these figures.
8. If the circumcenter and centroid of a triangle coincide, prove that the triangle must be equi-
lateral.

1
 RMO–1991
1. Let P be an interior point of a triangle ABC and AP , BP , CP meet the sides BC, CA, AB
in D, E, F respectively. Show that
AP AF AE
= + .
PD FB EC

2. If a, b, c and d are any 4 positive real numbers, then prove that

a b c d
+ + + ≥ 4.
b c d a

3. A four-digit number has the following properties :

(a) it is a perfect square,
(b) its first two digits are equal to each other,
(c) its last two digits are equal to each other.

Find all such four-digit numbers.

4. There are two urns each containing an arbitrary number of balls. Both are non-empty to begin
with. We are allowed two types of operations:
(a) remove an equal number of balls simultaneously from the urns, and
(b) double the number of balls in any one of them.
Show that after performing these operations finitely many times, both the urns can be made
empty.
5. Take any point P1 on the side BC of a triangle ABC and draw the following chain of lines :
P1 P2 parallel to AC (P2 on AB), P2 P3 parallel to BC, P3 P4 parallel to AB, P4 P5 parallel to
CA, and P5 P6 parallel to BC. Here P2 , P5 lie on AB; P3 , P6 lie on CA; and P4 on BC. Show
that P6 P1 is parallel to AB.
6. Find all integer values of a such that the quadratic expression

(x + a)(x + 1991) + 1

can be factored as a product (x + b)(x + c) where b and c are integers.

7. Prove that n4 + 4n is composite for all integer values of n greater than 1.
8. The 64 squares of an 8 × 8 chessboard are filled with positive integers in such a way that each
integer is the average of the integers on the neighbouring squares. (Two squares are neighbours
if they share a common edge or a common vertex. Thus a square can have 8, 5 or 3 neighbours
depending on its position). Show that all the 64 integer entries are in fact equal.

1
 RMO–1992
1. Determine the set of integers n for which n2 + 19n + 92 is a square of an integer.
1 1 1
2. If + = , where a, b, c are positive integers with no common factor, prove that (a + b) is
a b c
the square of an integer.
2000
3. Determine the largest 3-digit prime factor of the integer C1000 .
4. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with AC⊥BD; AC meets BD at E. Prove that

EA2 + EB 2 + EC 2 + ED2 = 4R2 ,

where R is the radius of the circumscribing circle.

5. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral; x, y, z are the distances of A from the lines BD, BC, CD
respectively. Prove that
BD BC CD
= + .
x y z
6. ABCD is a quadrilateral and P , Q are mid-points of CD, AB respectively. Let AP , DQ meet
at X, and BP , CQ meet at Y . Prove that

area of ADX + area of BCY = area of quadrilateral P XQY .

7. Prove that
1 1 1 1 1
1< + + + ... + <1 .
1001 1002 1003 3001 3
8. Solve the system

(x + y)(x + y + z) = 18
(y + z)(x + y + z) = 30
(z + x)(x + y + z) = 2A

in terms of the parameter A.

9. The cyclic octagon ABCDEF GH has sides a, a, a, a, b, b, b, b respectively. Find the radius
of the circle that circumscribes ABCDEF GH in terms of a and b.

1
 RMO–1993
1. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and CD be the altitude through C. If AB = 8 and
CD = 6, find the distance between the mid-points of AD and BC.
2. Prove that the ten’s digit of any power of 3 is even. [e.g. the ten’s digit of 36 = 729 is 2].
3. Suppose A1 A2 . . . A20 is a 20-sided regular polygon. How many non-isosceles (scalene) triangles
can be formed whose vertices are among the vertices of the polygon but whose sides are not
the sides of the polygon?
4. Let ABCD be a rectangle with AB = a and BC = b. Suppose r1 is the radius of the circle
passing through A and B and touching CD; and similarly r2 is the radius of the circle passing
through B and C and touching AD. Show that
5
r1 + r2 ≥ (a + b).
8

5. Show that 1993 − 1399 is a positive integer divisible by 162.

6. If a, b, c, d are four positive real numbers such that abcd = 1, prove that

(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c)(1 + d) ≥ 16.

7. In a group of ten persons, each person is asked to write the sum of the ages of all the other
9 persons. If all the ten sums form the 9-element set {82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92} find the
individual ages of the persons (assuming them to be whole numbers of years).
8. I have 6 friends and during a vacation I met them during several dinners. I found that I dined
with all the 6 exactly on 1 day; with every 5 of them on 2 days; with every 4 of them on 3
days; with every 3 of them on 4 days; with every 2 of them on 5 days. Further every friend
was present at 7 dinners and every friend was absent at 7 dinners. How many dinners did I
have alone?

1
 RMO–1994
1. A leaf is torn from a paperback novel. The sum of the numbers on the remaining pages is
15000. What are the page numbers on the torn leaf.
2. In the triangle ABC, the incircle touches the sides BC, CA and AB respectively at D, E and
F . If the radius of the incircle is 4 units and if BD, CE and AF are consecutive integers, find
the sides of the triangle ABC.
3. Find all 6-digit natural numbers a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, once
each such that the number a1 a2 . . . ak is divisible by k, for 1 ≤ k ≤ 6.
4. Solve the system of equations for real x and y :
 
1
5x 1 + 2 = 12
x + y2
 
1
5y 1 − 2 = 4.
x + y2

5. Let A be a set of 16 positive integers with the property that the product of any two distinct
numbers of A will not exceed 1994. Show that there are two numbers a and b in A which are
not relatively prime.
6. Let AC and BD be two chords of a circle with center O such that they intersect at right angles
inside the circle at the point M . Suppose K and L are the mid-points of the chord AB and
CD respectively. Prove that OKM L is a parallelogram.
7. Find the number of all rational numbers m/n such that
(a) 0 < m/n < 1
(b) m and n are relatively prime
(c) mn = 25!
8. If a, b and c are positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 1, prove that

(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c) ≥ 8(1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c).

1
 RMO–1995
1. In triangle ABC, K and L are points on the side BC (K being closer to B than L) such that
BC · KL = BK · CL and AL bisects 6 KAC. Show that AL is perpendicular to AB.
2. Call a positive integer n good if there are n integers, positive or negative, and not necessarily
distinct, such that their sum and product are both equal to n (e.g. 8 is good since

8 = 4 · 2 · 1 · 1 · 1 · 1(−1)(−1) = 4 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + (−1) + (−1)).

Show that integers of the form 4k + 1 (k ≥ 0) and 4l (l ≥ 2) are good.

3. Prove that among any 18 consecutive 3-digit numbers there is at least one number which is
divisible by the sum of its digits.
4. Show that the quadratic expression

x2 + 7x − 14(q 2 + 1) = 0,

where q is an integer, has no integer root.

5. Show that for any triangle ABC, the following inequality is true :
√
a2 + b2 + c2 > 3 max{|a2 − b2 |, |b2 − c2 |, |c2 − a2 |},

where a, b, c are, as usual, the sides of the triangle.

6. Let A1 A2 A3 . . . A21 be a 21-sided regular polygon inscribed in a circle with center O. How
many triangles Ai Aj Ak , 1 ≤ i < j < k ≤ 21, contain the point O in their interior.
7. Show that for any real number x,
1
x2 sin x + x cos x + x2 + > 0.
2

1
 RMO–1996
1. The sides of a triangle are three consecutive integers and its inradius is four units. Determine
the circumradius.
2. Find all triples (a, b, c) of positive integers such that
1 1 1
(1 + )(1 + )(1 + ) = 3.
a b c

3. Solve for real number x and y:

xy 2 = 15x2 + 17xy + 15y 2

x2 y = 20x2 + 3y 2 .

4. Suppose N is an n-digit positive integer such that

(a) all the n-digits are distinct; and

(b) the sum of any three consecutive digits is divisible by 5.

Prove that n is at most 6. Further, show that starting with any digit one can find a six-digit
number with these properties.
5. Let ABC be a triangle and ha the altitude through A. Prove that

(b + c)2 ≥ a2 + 4h2a .

(As usual a, b, c denote the sides BC, CA, AB respectively.)

6. Given any positive integer n show that there are two positive rational numbers a and b, a 6= b,
which are not integers and which are such that a − b, a2 − b2 , a3 − b3 , . . . , an − bn are all
integers.
7. If A is a fifty-element subset of the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 100} such that no two numbers from A add
up to 100 show that A contains a square.

1
 RMO–1997
1. Let P be an interior point of a triangle ABC and let BP and CP meet AC and AB in E and
F respectively. If [BP F ] = 4, [BP C] = 8 and [CP E] = 13, find [AF P E]. (Here [·] denotes
the area of a triangle or a quadrilateral, as the case may be.)
2. For each positive integer n, define an = 20 + n2 , and dn = gcd(an , an+1 ). Find the set of all
values that are taken by dn and show by examples that each of these values are attained.
3. Solve for real x:
1 1 1
+ = 9x) + ,
[x] [2x] 3
where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x and (x) = x − [x], [e.g. [3.4] = 3 and
(3.4) = 0.4].
4. In a quadrilateral ABCD, it is given that AB is parallel to CD and the diagonals AC and
BD are perpendicular to each other.
Show that

(a) AD.BC ≥ AB.CD;

(b) AD + BC ≥ AB + CD.

5. Let x, y and z be three distinct real positive numbers. Determine with proof whether or not
the three real numbers
x y y z z x
| − |, | − |, | − |
y x z y x z
can be the lengths of the sides of a triangle.
6. Find the number of unordered pairs {A, B} (i.e., the pairs {A, B}and{B, A} are considered to
be the same) of subsets of an n-element set X which satisfy the conditions:

(a) A 6= B;
(b) A ∪ B = X

[e.g., if X = {a, b, c, d}, then {{a, b}, {b, c, d}}, {{a}, {b, c, d}}, {φ, {a, b, c, d}} are some of the
admissible pairs.]

1
 RMO–1998
1. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral in which 6 BAC = 50◦ , 6 CAD = 60◦ , 6 CBD = 30◦ ,
and 6 BDC = 25◦ . If E is the point of intersection of AC and BD, find 6 AEB.
2. Let n be a positive integer and p1 , p2 , ·pn be n prime numbers all larger than 5 such that 6
divides p21 + p22 + ·p2n . Prove that 6 divides n.
3. Prove the following inequality for every natural number n:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1 + + + · ) > ( + + + · ).
n+1 3 5 2n − 1 n 2 4 6 2n

4. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = BC and 6 BAC = 30◦ . Let A0 be the reflection of A in the
line BC; B 0 be the reflection of B in the line CA; C 0 be the reflection of C in the line AB.
Show that A0 , B 0 , C 0 form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
5. Find the minimum possible least common multiple (lcm) of twenty (not necessarily distinct)
natural numbers whose sum is 801.
6. Given the 7-element set A = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, find a collection T of 3-element subsets of A
such that each pair of elements from A occurs exactly in one of the subsets of T .

1
 RMO–1999
1. Prove that the inradius of a right-angled triangle with integer sides is an integer.
2. Find the number of positive integers which divide 10999 but not 10998 .
3. Let ABCD be a square and M, N points on sides AB, BC, respectably, such that 6 M DN =
45◦ . If R is the midpoint of M N show that RP = RQ where P, Q are the points of intersection
of AC with the lines M D, N D.
4. If p, q, r are the roots of the cubic equation x3 − 3px2 + 3q 2 x − r3 = 0, show that p = q = r.
5. If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle prove the following inequality:
a b c
+ + ≥ 3.
c+a−b a+b−c b+c−a

6. Find all solutions in integers m, n of the equation

4mn
(m − n)2 =
m + n − 1.

7. Find the number of quadratic polynomials, ax2 + bx + c, which satisfy the following conditions:
(a) a, b, c are distinct;
(b) a, b, c ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . 1999} and
(c) x + 1 divides ax2 + bx + c.

1
 Regional Mathematical Olympiad-2000
Problems and Solutions

1. Let AC be a line segment in the plane and B a point between A and C. Construct isosceles
triangles P AB and QBC on one side of the segment AC such that ∠AP B = ∠BQC = 120◦
and an isosceles triangle RAC on the otherside of AC such that ∠ARC = 120◦ . Show
that P QR is an equilateral triangle.

Solution: We give here 2 different solutions.

1. Drop perpendiculars from P and Q to AC and extend them to meet AR, RC in K, L

respectively. Join KB, P B, QB, LB, KL.(Fig.1.)
P K

Q P
Q
B
A C
A B C
L

K
R R
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Observe that K, B, Q are collinear and so are P, B, L. ( This is because ∠QBC =
∠P BA = ∠KBA and similarly ∠P BA = ∠CBL.) By symmetry we see that
∠KP Q = ∠P KL and ∠KP B = ∠P KB. It follows that ∠LP Q = ∠LKQ and hence
K, L, Q, P are concyclic. We also note that ∠KP L + ∠KRL = 60◦ + 120◦ = 180◦ .
This implies that P, K, R, L are concyclic. We conclude that P, K, R, L, Q are con-
cyclic. This gives

∠P RQ = ∠P KQ = 60◦ , ∠RP Q = ∠RKQ = ∠RAP = 60◦ .

2. Produce AP and CQ to meet at K. Observe that AKCR is a rhombus and BQKP

is a parallelogram.(See Fig.2.) Put AP = x, CQ = y. Then P K = BQ = y,
KQ = P B = x and AR = RC = CK = KA = x + y. Using cosine rule in triangle
P KQ, we get P Q2 = x2 + y 2 − 2xy cos 120◦ = x2 + y 2 + xy. Similarly cosine rule in
triangle QCR gives QR2 = y 2 + (x + y)2 − 2xy cos 60◦ = x2 + y 2 + xy and cosine rule
in triangle P AR gives RP 2 = x2 + (x + y)2 − 2xy cos 60◦ = x2 + y 2 + xy. It follows
that P Q = QR = RP .

2. Solve the equation y 3 = x3 + 8x2 − 6x + 8, for positive integers x and y.

1
 Solution: We have

y 3 − (x + 1)3 = x3 + 8x2 − 6x + 8 − (x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1) = 5x2 − 9x + 7.

Consider the quadratic equation 5x2 − 9x + 7 = 0. The discriminant of this equation is

D = 92 − 4 × 5 × 7 = −59 < 0 and hence the expression 5x2 − 9x + 7 is positive for all real
values of x. We conclude that (x + 1)3 < y 3 and hence x + 1 < y.
On the other hand we have

(x + 3)3 − y 3 = x3 + 9x2 + 27x + 27 − (x3 + 8x2 − 6x + 8) = x2 + 33x + 19 > 0

for all positive x. We conclude that y < x + 3. Thus we must have y = x + 2. Putting
this value of y, we get

0 = y 3 − (x + 2)3 = x3 + 8x2 − 6x + 8 − (x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8) = 2x2 − 18x.

We conclude that x = 0 and y = 2 or x = 9 and y = 11.

3. Suppose hx1 , x2 , . . . , xn , . . .i is a sequence of positive real numbers such that x1 ≥ x2 ≥

x3 ≥ · · · ≥ xn · · · , and for all n
x1 x4 x9 x 2
+ + + · · · + n ≤ 1.
1 2 3 n
Show that for all k the following inequality is satisfied:
x1 x2 x3 xk
+ + + ··· + ≤ 3.
1 2 3 k

Solution: Let k be a natural number and n be the unique integer such that (n − 1)2 ≤
k < n2 . Then we see that
k
X xr x
1 x2 x3   x4 x5 x8 
≤ + + + + + ··· +
r=1
r 1 2 3 4 5 8
x(n−1)2
 
xk xn2 −1
+··· + + ··· + + ··· + 2
(n − 1)2 k n −1
x x1 x1   x4 x4 x4 
1
≤ + + + + + ··· +
1 1 1 4 4  4
x(n−1)2 x(n−1)2

+··· + + ··· +
(n − 1)2 (n − 1)2
3x1 5x2 (2n − 1)x(n−1)2
= + + ··· +
1 4 (n − 1)2
n−1
X (2r + 1)xr2
=
r2
r=1

2
 n−1
X 3r
≤ x2
r=1
r2 r
n−1
X xr2
= 3 ≤ 3,
r
r=1
where the last inequality follows from the given hypothesis.
4. All the 7-digit numbers containing each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 exactly once, and not
divisible by 5, are arranged in the increasing order. Find the 2000-th number in this list.
Solution: The number of 7-digit numbers with 1 in the left most place and containing
each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 exactly once is 6! = 720. But 120 of these end in 5 and
hence are divisible by 5. Thus the number of 7-digit numbers with 1 in the left most place
and containing each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 exactly once but not divisible by 5 is 600.
Similarly the number of 7-digit numbers with 2 and 3 in the left most place and containing
each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 exactly once but not divisible by 5 is also 600 each. These
account for 1800 numbers. Hence 2000-th number must have 4 in the left most place.
Again the number of such 7-digit numbers beginning with 41,42 and not divisible by 5 is
120 − 24 = 96 each and these account for 192 numbers. This shows that 2000-th number
in the list must begin with 43.
The next 8 numbers in the list are: 4312567, 4312576, 4312657, 4312756, 4315267, 4315276,
4315627 and 4315672. Thus 2000-th number in the list is 4315672.
5. The internal bisector of angle A in a triangle ABC with AC > AB, meets the circumcircle
Γ of the triangle in D. Join D to the centre O of the circle Γ and suppose DO meets AC
in E, possibly when extended. Given that BE is perpendicular to AD, show that AO is
parallel to BD.
Solution: We consider here the case when ABC is an acute-angled triangle; the cases
when ∠A is obtuse or one of the angles ∠B and ∠C is obtuse may be handled similarly.

N O
B C
M

3
 Let M be the point of intersection of DE and BC; let AD intersect BE in N . Since M E
is the perpendicular bisector of BC, we have BE = CE. Since AN is the internal bisector
of ∠A, and is perpendicular to BE, it must bisect BE; i.e., BN = N E. This in turn
implies that DN bisects ∠BDE. But ∠BDA = ∠BCA = ∠C. Thus ∠ODA = ∠C. Since
OD = OA, we get ∠OAD = ∠C. It follows that ∠BDA = ∠C = ∠OAD. This implies
that OA is parallel to BD.

6. (i) Consider two positive integers a and b which are such that aabb is divisible by 2000.
What is the least possible value of the product ab?
(ii) Consider two positive integers a and b which are such that abba is divisible by 2000.
What is the least possible value of the product ab?

Solution: We have 2000 = 24 53 .

(i) Since 2000 divides aa bb , it follows that 2 divides a or b and similarly 5 divides a or b.
In any case 10 divides ab. Thus the least possible value of ab for which 2000|aa bb must
be a multiple of 10. Since 2000 divides 1010 11 , we can take a = 10, b = 1 to get the least
value of ab equal to 10.
(ii) As in (i) we conclude that 10 divides ab. Thus the least value of ab for which
2000|ab ba is again a multiple of 10. If ab = 10, then the possibilities are (a, b) =
(1, 10), (2, 5), (5, 2), (10, 1). But in all these cases it is easy to verify that 2000 does not
divide ab ba . The next multiple of 10 is 20. In this case we can take (a, b) = (4, 5) and
verify that 2000 divides 45 54 . Thus the least value here is 20.

7. Find all real values of a for which the equation x4 − 2ax2 + x + a2 − a = 0 has all its roots
real.

Solution: Let us consider x4 − 2ax2 + x + a2 − a = 0 as a quadratic equation in a. We

see that thee roots are
a = x2 + x, a = x2 − x + 1.
Thus we get a factorisation

(a − x2 − x)(a − x2 + x − 1) = 0.

It follows that x2 + x = a or x2 − x + 1 = a. Solving these we get

√ √
−1 ± 1 + 4a −1 ± 4a − 3
x= , or x = .
2 2
Thus all the four roots are real if and only if a ≥ 3/4.

4
 Solutions for problems of CRMO-2001

1. Let BE and CF be the altitudes of an acute triangle ABC, with E on AC and F on AB.
Let O be the point of intersection of BE and CF . Take any line KL through O with K on
AB and L on AC. Suppose M and N are located on BE and CF respectively, such that
KM is perpendicular to BE and LN is perpendicular to CF . Prove that F M is parallel to
EN .

Solution: Observe that KM OF and ON LE are cyclic quadrilaterals. Hence

∠F M O = ∠F KO, and ∠OEN = ∠OLN.

E
F
O L
K

M N

B C

However we see that

π π
∠OLN = − ∠N OL = − ∠KOF = ∠OKF.
2 2
It follows that ∠F M O = ∠OEN . This forces that F M is parallel to EN .

2. Find all primes p and q such that p2 + 7pq + q 2 is the square of an integer.

Solution: Let p, q be primes such that p2 + 7pq + q 2 = m2 for some positive integer m. We
write
5pq = m2 − (p + q)2 = (m + p + q)(m − p − q).
We can immediately rule out the possibilities m + p + q = p, m + p + q = q and m + p + q = 5
(In the last case m > p, m > q and p, q are at least 2).
Consider the case m+p+q = 5p and m−p−q = q. Eliminating m, we obtain 2(p+q) = 5p−q.
It follows that p = q. Similarly, m + p + q = 5q and m − p − q = p leads to p = q. Finally
taking m + p + q = pq, m − p − q = 5 and eliminating m, we obtain 2(p + q) = pq − 5. This
can be reduced to (p − 2)(q − 2) = 9. Thus p = q = 5 or (p, q) = (3, 11), (11, 3). Thus the
set of solutions is
{(p, p) : p is a prime } ∪ {(3, 11), (11, 3)}.
3. Find the number of positive integers x which satisfy the condition
hxi h x i
= .
99 101
(Here [z] denotes, for any real z, the largest integer not exceeding z; e.g. [7/4] = 1.)
hxi h x i
Solution: We observe that = = 0 if and only if x ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , 98}, and
99 101
hxi h x i
there are 98 such numbers. If we want = = 1, then x should lie in the set
99 101 hxi h x i
{101, 102, . . . , 197}, which accounts for 97 numbers. In general, if we require = =
99 101
k, where k ≥ 1, then x must be in the set {101k, 101k + 1, . . . , 99(k + 1) − 1}, and there
are 99 − 2k such numbers. Observe that this set is not empty only if 99(k + 1) − 1 ≥ 101k
and this
h xrequirement
i h x i is met only if k ≤ 49. Thus the total number of positive integers x for
which = is given by
99 101
49
X
98 + (99 − 2k) = 2499.
k=1
– » – »
x x
[Remark: For any m ≥ 2 the number of positive integers x such that =
m−1 m+1
2 2
m −4 m −5
is if m is even and if m is odd.]
4 4
4. Consider an n × n array of numbers:
0 1
a11 a12 a13 ··· a1n
Ba
B 21 a22 a23 ··· a2n C
C
B . .. C
B . C
@ . . A
an1 an2 an3 ··· ann

Suppose each row consists of the n numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . , n in some order and aij = aji for
i = 1, 2, . . . , n and j = 1, 2, . . . , n. If n is odd, prove that the numbers a11 , a22 , a33 , . . . , ann
are 1, 2, 3, . . . , n in some order.

Solution: Let us see how many times a specific term, say 1, occurs in the matrix. Since
1 occurs once in each row, it occurs n times in the matrix. Now consider its occurrence off
the main diagonal. For each occurrence of 1 below the diagonal, there is a corresponding
occurrence above it, by the symmetry of the array. This accounts for an even number of
occurrences of 1 off the diagonal. But 1 occurs exactly n times and n is odd. Thus 1 must
occur at least once on the main diagonal. This is true of each of the numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . , n.
But there are only n numbers on the diagonal. Thus each of 1, 2, 3, . . . , n occurs exactly once
on the main diagonal. This implies that a11 , a22 , a33 , . . . , ann is a permutation of 1, 2, 3, . . . , n.

5. In a triangle ABC, D is a point on BC such that AD is the internal bisector of ∠A. Suppose
∠B = 2∠C and CD = AB. Prove that ∠A = 72◦ .

Solution 1.: Draw the angle bisector BE of ∠ABC to meet AC in E. Join ED. Since
∠B = 2∠C, it follows that ∠EBC = ∠ECB. We obtain EB = EC.
 A

β β

E
2β

α β
α α

B D C
Consider the triangles BEA and CED. We observe that BA = CD, BE = CE and
∠EBA = ∠ECD. Hence BEA ≡ CED giving EA = ED. If ∠DAC = β, then we obtain
∠ADE = β. Let I be the point of intersection of AD and BE. Now consider the triangles
AIB and DIE. They are similar since ∠BAI = β = ∠IDE and ∠AIB = ∠DIE. It follows
that ∠DEI = ∠ABI = ∠DBI. Thus BDE is isoceles and DB = DE = EA. We also
observe that ∠CED = ∠EAD + ∠EDA = 2β = ∠A. This implies that ED is parallel to
AB. Since BD = AE, we conclude that BC = AC. In particular ∠A = 2∠C. Thus the
total angle of ABC is 5∠C giving ∠C = 36◦ . We obtain ∠A = 72◦ .
Solution 2. We make use of the charectarisation: in a triangle ABC, ∠B = 2∠C if and
only if b2 = c(c + a). Note that CD = c and BD = a − c. Since AD is the angle bisector,
we also have
a−c c
= .
c b
This gives c2 = ab − bc and hence b2 = ca + ab − bc. It follows that b(b + c) = a(b + c) so
that a = b. Hence ∠A = 2∠C as well and we get ∠C = 36◦ . In turn ∠A = 72◦ .

6. If x, y, z are the sides of a triangle, then prove that

|x2 (y − z) + y 2 (z − x) + z 2 (x − y)| < xyz.

Solution: The given inequality may be written in the form

|(x − y)(y − z)(z − x)| < xyz.

Since x, y, z are the sides of a triangle, we know that |x − y| < z, |y − z| < x and |z − x| < y.
Multiplying these, we obtain the required inequality.

7. Prove that the product of the first 200 positive even integers differs from the product of the
first 200 positive odd integers by a multiple of 401.
Solution: We have to prove that

401 divides 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · 400 − 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · 399.

Write x = 401. Then this difference is equal to

(x − 1)(x − 3) · · · (x − 399) − 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · 399.

If we expand this as a polynomial in x, the constant terms get canceled as there are even
number of odd factors ((−1)200 = 1). The remaining terms are integral multiples of x and
hence the difference is a multiple of x. Thus 401 divides the above difference.
 Problems and Solutions. . . CRMO-2002
1. In an acute triangle ABC, points D, E, F are located on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively
such that
CD CA AE AB BF BC
= , = , = .
CE CB AF AC BD BA
Prove that AD, BE, CF are the altitudes of ABC.

Solution: Put CD = x. Then with usual notations we get

CD · CB ax
CE = = .
CA b
Since AE = AC − CE = b − CE, we obtain

b2 − ax AE · AC b2 − ax
AE = , AF = = .
b AB c

A A

α E E
β

α β
α
F F

B D C B D C

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

This in turn gives

c2 − b2 + ax
BF = AB − AF = .
c
Finally we obtain
c2 − b2 + ax
BD = .
a
Using BD = a − x, we get
a 2 − c2 + b 2
x= .
2a
However, if L is the foot of perpendicular from A on to BC then, using Pythagoras theorem
in triangles ALB and ALC we get

b2 − LC 2 = c2 − (a − LC)2

which reduces to LC = (a2 − c2 + b2 )/2a. We conclude that LC = DC proving L = D. Or, we

can also infer that x = b cos C from cosine rule in triangle ABC. This implies that CD = CL,
since CL = b cos C from right triangle ALC. Thus AD is altitude on to BC. Similar proof
works for the remaining altitudes.
 Alternately, we see that CD ·CB = CE ·CA, so that ABDE is a cyclic quadrilateral. Similarly
we infer that BCEF and CAF D are also cyclic quadrilaterals. (See Fig. 2.) Thus ∠AEF =
∠B = ∠CED. Moreover ∠BED = ∠DAF = ∠DCF = ∠BCF = ∠BEF . It follows that
∠BEA = ∠BEC and hence each is a right angle thus proving that BE is an altitude. Similarly
we prove that CF and AD are altitudes. (Note that the concurrence of the lines AD, BE,
CF are not required.)
2. Solve the following equation for real x:

(x2 + x − 2)3 + (2x2 − x − 1)3 = 27(x2 − 1)3 .

Solution: By setting u = x2 + x − 2 and v = 2x2 − x − 1, we observe that the equation reduces

to u3 + v 3 = (u + v)3 . Since (u + v)3 = u3 + v 3 + 3uv(u + v), it follows that uv(u + v) = 0.
Hence u = 0 or v = 0 or u + v = 0. Thus we obtain x2 + x − 2 = 0 or 2x2 − x − 1 = 0 or
x2 − 1 = 0. Solving each of them we get x = 1, −2 or x = 1, −1/2 or x = 1, −1. Thus x = 1 is
a root of multiplicity 3 and the other roots are −1, −2, −1/2.

(Alternately, it can be seen that x − 1 is a factor of x2 + x − 2, 2x2 − x − 1 and x2 − 1. Thus

we can write the equation in the form

(x − 1)3 (x + 2)3 + (x − 1)3 (2x + 1)3 = 27(x − 1)3 (x + 1)3 .

Thus it is sufficient to solve the cubic equation

(x + 2)3 + (2x + 1)3 = 27(x + 1)3 .

This can be solved as earlier or expanding every thing and simplifying the relation.)
3. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a divides b2 , b divides c2 and c divides a2 . Prove that
abc divides (a + b + c)7 .

Solution: Consider the expansion of (a + b + c)7 . We show that each term here is divisible
by abc. It contains terms of the form rklm ak bl cm , where rklm is a constant( some binomial
coefficient) and k, l, m are nonnegative integers such that k + l + m = 7. If k ≥ 1, l ≥ 1, m ≥ 1,
then abc divides ak bl cm . Hence we have to consider terms in which one or two of k, l, m are
zero. Suppose for example k = l = 0 and consider c7 . Since b divides c2 and a divides c4 ,
it follows that abc divides c7 . A similar argument gives the result for a7 or b7 . Consider the
case in which two indices are nonzero, say for example, bc6 . Since a divides c4 , here again abc
divides bc6 . If we take b2 c5 , then also using a divides c4 we obtain the result. For b3 c4 , we use
the fact that a divides b2 . Similar argument works for b4 c3 , b5 c2 and b6 c. Thus each of the
terms in the expansion of (a + b + c)7 is divisible by abc.
4. Suppose the integers 1, 2, 3, . . . , 10 are split into two disjoint collections a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 and
b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 , b5 such that
a1 < a2 < a3 < a4 < a5 ,
b1 > b2 > b3 > b4 > b5 .
(i) Show that the larger number in any pair {aj , bj }, 1 ≤ j ≤ 5, is at least 6.
(ii) Show that |a1 − b1 | + |a2 − b2 | + |a3 − b3 | + |a4 − b4 | + |a5 − b5 | = 25 for every such partition.

2
 Solution:
(i) Fix any pair {aj , bj }. We have a1 < a2 < · · · < aj−1 < aj and bj > bj+1 > · · · > b5 . Thus
there are j − 1 numbers smaller than aj and 5 − j numbers smaller than bj . Together
they account for j − 1 + 5 − j = 4 distinct numbers smaller than aj as well as bj . Hence
the larger of aj and bj is at least 6.
(ii) The first part shows that the larger numbers in the pairs {aj , bj }, 1 ≤ j ≤ 5, are
6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and the smaller numbers are1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This implies that

|a1 − b1 | + |a2 − b2 | + |a3 − b3 | + |a4 − b4 | + |a5 − b5 |

= 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 − (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 25.

5. The circumference of a circle is divided into eight arcs by a convex quadrilateral ABCD, with
four arcs lying inside the quadrilateral and the remaining four lying outside it. The lengths of
the arcs lying inside the quadrilateral are denoted by p, q, r, s in counter-clockwise direction
starting from some arc. Suppose p + r = q + s. Prove that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Solution: Let the lengths of the arcs XY , U V , EF , GH be respectively p, q, r, s. We also

the following notations: (See figure)

D G
δ_1
F
C
δ_4
γ_2 γ_1

δ_2 γ_4 E
H
δ_3 γ_3

P β_3
α_3

β_2 V
β_4
β_1
α_4
X U B
α_2
α_1

A Y
Fig. 3

∠XAY = α1 , ∠AY P = α2 , ∠Y P X = α3 , ∠P XA = α4 , ∠U BY = β1 , ∠BV P = β2 , ∠V P U =

β3 , ∠P U B = β4 , ∠ECF = γ1 , ∠CF P = γ2 , ∠F P E = γ3 , ∠P EC = γ4 , ∠GDH = δ1 ,
∠DHP = δ2 , ∠HP G = δ3 , ∠P GD = δ4 .
We observe that X X X X
αj = βj = γj = δj = 2π.
It follows that X X
(αj + γj ) = (βj + δj ).
On the other hand, we also have α2 = β4 since P Y = P U . Similarly we have other relations:
β2 = γ4 , γ2 = δ4 and δ2 = α4 . It follows that

α1 + α3 + γ1 + γ3 = β1 + β3 + δ1 + δ3 .

3
 But p + r = q + s implies that α3 + γ3 = β3 + δ3 . We thus obtain

α1 + γ1 = β1 + δ1 .

Since α1 + γ1 + β1 + δ1 = 360◦ , it follows that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

6. For any natural number n > 1, prove the inequality:
1 1 2 3 n 1 1
< 2 + + + ··· + 2 < + .
2 n + 1 n2 + 2 n2 + 3 n +n 2 2n

Solution: We have n2 < n2 + 1 < n2 + 2 < n2 + 3 · · · < n2 + n. Hence we see that

1 2 n 1 2 n
+ + ··· + 2 > + + ···+ 2
n2 + 1 n2 + 2 n +n n2 + n n2 + n n +n
1 1
= 2
(1 + 2 + 3 + · · · n) = .
n +n 2
Similarly, we see that
1 2 n 1 2 n
+ + ···+ 2 < + 2 + ···+ 2
n2 + 1 n2 + 2 n +n n2 n n
1 1 1
= 2
(1 + 2 + 3 + · · · n) = + .
n 2 2n

7. Find all integers a, b, c, d satisfying the following relations:

(i) 1 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d;
(ii) ab + cd = a + b + c + d + 3.

Solution: We may write (ii) in the form

ab − a − b + 1 + cd − c − d + 1 = 5.

Thus we obtain the equation (a − 1)(b − 1) + (c − 1)(d − 1) = 5. If a − 1 ≥ 2, then (i) shows

that b − 1 ≥ 2, c − 1 ≥ 2 and d − 1 ≥ 2 so that (a − 1)(b − 1) + (c − 1)(d − 1) ≥ 8. It follows
that a − 1 = 0 or 1.
If a − 1 = 0, then the contribution from (a − 1)(b − 1) to the sum is zero for any choice of b.
But then (c − 1)(d − 1) = 5 implies that c − 1 = 1 and d − 1 = 5 by (i). Again (i) shows that
b − 1 = 0 or 1 since b ≤ c. Taking b − 1 = 0, c − 1 = 1 and d − 1 = 5 we get the solution
(a, b, c, d) = (1, 1, 2, 6). Similarly, b−1 = 1, c−1 = 1 and d−1 = 5 gives (a, b, c, d) = (1, 2, 2, 6).
In the other case a − 1 = 1, we see that b − 1 = 2 is not possible for then c − 1 ≥ 2 and
d − 1 ≥ 2. Thus b − 1 = 1 and this gives (c − 1)(d − 1) = 4. It follows that c − 1 = 1,
d − 1 = 4 or c − 1 = 2, d − 1 = 2. Considering each of these, we get two more solutions:
(a, b, c, d) = (2, 2, 2, 5), (2, 2, 3, 3).
It is easy to verify all these four quadruples are indeed solutions to our problem.

4
 Solutions to CRMO-2003

1. Let ABC be a triangle in which AB = AC and ∠CAB = 90◦ . Suppose M and

N are points on the hypotenuse BC such that BM 2 + CN 2 = M N 2 . Prove that
∠M AN = 45◦ .

Solution:
Draw CP perpendicular to CB and BQ perpendicular to CB such that CP = BM ,
BQ = CN . Join P A, P M , P N , QA, QM , QN . (See Fig. 1.)

C
2α

P N

α
α

M
α 2β

A B

α
Q
Fig. 1.

In triangles CP A and BM A, we have ∠P CA = 45◦ = ∠M BA; P C = M B, CA =

BA. So △CP A ≡ △BM A. Hence ∠P AC = ∠BAM = α, say. Consequently,
∠M AP = ∠BAC = 90◦ , whence P AM C is a cyclic quadrilateral. Therefore ∠P M C =
∠P AC = α. Again P N 2 = P C 2 + CN 2 = BM 2 + CN 2 = M N 2 . So P N = M N , giv-
ing ∠N P M = ∠N M P = α, in △P M N . Hence ∠P N C = 2α. Likewise ∠QM B = 2β,
where β = ∠CAN . Also △N CP ≡ △QBM , as CP = BM, N C = BQ and
∠N CP = 90◦ = ∠QBM . Therefore, ∠CP N = ∠BM Q = 2β, whence 2α + 2β = 90◦ ;
α + β = 45◦ ; finally ∠M AN = 90◦ − (α + β) = 45◦ .
√
Aliter: Let AB = AC = a, so that BC = 2a; and ∠M AB = α, ∠CAN = β.(See
Fig. 2.)
By the Sine Law, we have from △ABM that
BM AB
= .
sin α sin(α + 45◦ )
 √ √
a 2 sin α a 2u
So BM = = , where u = tan α.
cos α + sin α 1+u

N
π/4

a
β
M

π/4
α

A a B

Fig. 2.
√
a 2v
Similarly CN = , where v = tan β. But
1+v

BM 2 + CN 2 = M N 2 = (BC − M B − N C)2
= BC 2 + BM 2 + CN 2
− 2BC · M B − 2BC · N C + M B · N C.

So
BC 2 − 2BC · M B − 2BC · N C + 2M B · N C = 0.
This reduces to
√ √
2
√ a 2u √ a 2v 4a2 uv
2a − 2 2a − 2 2a + = 0.
1+u 1+v (1 + u)(1 + v)

Multiplying by (1 + u)(1 + v)/2a2 , we obtain

(1 + u)(1 + v) − 2u(1 + v) − 2v(1 + u) + 2uv = 0.

Simplification gives 1 − u − v − uv = 0. So
u+v
tan(α + β) = = 1.
1 − uv
This gives α + β = 45◦ ,whence ∠M AN = 45◦ , as well.

2
   h i  
n n  n
2. If n is an integer greater than 7, prove that − is divisible by 7. Here
7 7 7
denotes the number of ways of choosing 7 objects from among nobjects; also, for any
real number x, [x] denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x.

Solution: We have  
n n(n − 1)(n − 2) . . . (n − 6)
= .
7 7!
In the numerator, there is a factor divisible by 7, and the other six factors leave the
remainders 1,2,3,4,5,6 in some order when divided by 7.
Hence the numerator may be written as

7k · (7k1 + 1) · (7k2 + 2) · · · (7k6 + 6).

hni 
Also we conclude that = k, as in the set n, n − 1, . . . n − 6 , 7k is the only
p
number which is a multiple of 7. If the given number is called Q, then
(7k1 + 1)(7k2 + 2) . . . (7k6 + 6)
Q = 7k · −k
 7! 
(7k1 + 1) . . . (7k6 + 6) − 6!
= k
6!
k[7t + 6! − 6!]
=
6!
7tk
= .
6!
We know that Q is an integer, and so 6! divides 7tk. Since gcd(7, 6!) = 1, even after
cancellation there is a factor of 7 still left in the numerator. Hence 7 divides Q, as
desired.

3. Let a, b, c be three positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 1. Prove that among
the three numbers a − ab, b − bc, c − ca there is one which is at most 1/4 and there
is one which is at least 2/9.
Solution: By AM-GM inequality, we have

a+1−a 2 1
 
a(1 − a) ≤ = .
2 4
Similarly we also have
1 1
b(1 − b) ≤ and c(1 − c) ≤ .
4 4
Multiplying these we obtain
1
abc(1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c) ≤ .
43

3
 We may rewrite this in the form
1
a(1 − b) · b(1 − c) · c(1 − a) ≤ .
43


Hence one factor at least among a(1 − b), b(1 − c), c(1 − a) has to be less than or
1 1
equal to ; otherwise lhs would exceed 3 .
4 4
Again consider the sum a(1−b)+b(1−c)+c(1−a). This is equal to a+b+c−ab−bc−ca.
We observe that

2
3 ab + bc + ca ≤ a + b + c ,
which, in fact, is equivalent to (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ≥ 0. This leads to the
inequality
1 1 2
a + b + c − ab − bc − ca ≥ (a + b + c) − (a + b + c)2 = 1 − = .
3 3 3


Hence one summand at least among a(1 − b), b(1 − c), c(1 − a) has to be greater
2 2

than or equal to ; otherwise lhs would be less than .
9 3
4. Find the number of ordered triples (x, y, z) of nonnegative integers satisfying the
conditions:

(i) x ≤ y ≤ z;
(ii) x + y + z ≤ 100.

Solution: We count by brute force considering the cases x = 0, x = 1, . . . , x = 33.

Observe that the least value x can take is zero, and its largest value is 33.
 
x = 0 If y = 0, then z ∈ 0, 1, 2, . . . , 100 ; if y=1, then z ∈ 1, 2, . . . , 99 ; if y = 2,
then z ∈ 2, 3, . . . , 98 ; and so on. Finally if y = 50, then z ∈ {50}. Thus there are
altogether 101 + 99 + 97 + · · · + 1 = 512 possibilities.

x
 = 1. Observe that y ≥ 1. If y =
 1, then z ∈ 1, 2, . . . , 98 ; if y = 2, then z ∈
2, 3,
 . . . , 97 ; if y = 3, then z ∈ 3, 4, . . . , 96 ; and so on. Finally if y = 49, then
z ∈ 49, 50 . Thus there are altogether 98 + 96 + 94 + · · · + 2 = 49 · 50 possibilities.
General
 case. Let x be even, say, x = 2k, 0 ≤ k ≤ 16. If y = 2k, then z ∈
2k, 2k + 1, . . . , 100 − 4k ; if y = 2k + 1, then z ∈ 2k + 1, 2k + 2, . . . , 99 − 4k ; if
y = 2k + 2, then z ∈ 2k + 2, 2k + 3, . . . , 99 − 4k ; and so on.

Finally, if y = 50 − k, then z ∈ 50 − k . There are altogether

(101 − 6k) + (99 − 6k) + (97 − 6k) + · · · + 1 = (51 − 3k)2

possibilities.

4
 
Let x be odd, say, x = 2k + 1, 0 ≤ k ≤16. If y = 2k + 1, then z ∈ 2k + 1, 2k +
2, . . . , 98 −
 4k ; if y = 2k + 2, then z ∈ 2k + 2, 2k + 3, . . . , 97 − 4k ; if y = 2k + 3,
then z ∈ 2k + 3, 2k + 4, . . . , 96 − 4k ; and so on.

Finally, if y = 49 − k, then z ∈ 49 − k, 50 − k . There are altogether

(98 − 6k) + (96 − 6k) + (94 − 6k) + · · · + 2 = (49 − 3k)(50 − 3k)

possibilities.
The last two cases would be as follows:
 
x = 32: if y = 32, then z ∈ 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 ; if y = 33, then z ∈ 33, 34, 35 ; if
2

y = 34, then z ∈ 34 ; altogether 5 + 3 + 1 = 9 = 3 possibilities.

x = 33: if y = 33, then z ∈ 33, 34 ; only 2=1.2 possibilities.
Thus the total number of triples, say T, is given by,
16
X 16
X
2
T = (51 − 3k) + (49 − 3k)(50 − 3k).
k=0 k=0

Writing this in the reverse order, we obtain

17
X 17
X
T = (3k)2 + (3k − 2)(3k − 1)
k=1 k=0
17
X X17
= 18 k2 − 9 k + 34
k=1 k=1
   
17 · 18 · 35 17 · 18
= 18 −9 + 34
6 2
= 30, 787.

Thus the answer is 30787.

Aliter
It is known that the number of ways in which a given positive integer n ≥ 3 can be
expressed as a sum of three positive
 2  integers x, y, z (that is, x + y + z = n), subject
n
to the condition x ≤ y ≤ z is , where {a} represents the integer closest to a. If
12
(n + 3)2
 
zero values are allowed for x, y, z then the corresponding count is , where
12
now n ≥ 0.

Since in our problem n = x + y + z ∈ 0, 1, 2, . . . , 100 , the desired answer is
100 
(n + 3)2
X 
.
n=0
12

5
 For n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 11, the corrections for {} to get the nearest integers are
3 −4 −1 −1 −4 3 −4 −1 −1 −4
, , , 0, , , , , , 0, , .
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
So, for 12 consecutive integer values of n, the sum of the corrections is equal to
 
3−4−1−0−1−4−3 −7
×2= .
12 6

101 5 
Since = 8 + , there are 8 sets of 12 consecutive integers in 3,4,5, ... ,103
12 12
with 99,100,101,102,103 still remaining. Hence the total correction is
 
−7 3−4−1−0−1 −28 1 −115
×8+ = − = .
6 12 3 4 12

So the desired number T of triples (x, y, z) is equal to

100
X (n + 3)2 115
T = −
12 12
n=0
12
+ 22 + 32 + · · · + 1032 − 12 + 22



115
= −
12 12
103 · 104 · 207 5 115
= − −
6 · 12 12 12
= 30787.

5. Suppose P is an interior point of a triangle ABC such that the ratios

d(A, BC) d(B, CA)d(C, AB)

, ,
d(P, BC) d(P, CA)d(P, AB)

are all equal. Find the common value of these ratios. Here d(X, Y Z) denotes the
perpendicular distance from a point X to the line Y Z.
Solution: Let AP, BP, CP when extended, meet the sides BC, CA, AB in D, E, F
respectively. Draw AK, P L perpendicular to BC with K, L on BC.(See Fig. 3.)

6
 y

A A (h,k)

F E
P
P(u,v)

x
B (0,0) C (a,0)
B K L D C

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

Now
d(A, BC) AK AD
= = .
d(P, BC) PL PD
Similarly,
d(B, CA) BE d(C, AB) CF
= and = .
d(P, CA) PE d(P, AB) PF
So, we obtain
AD BE CF AP BP CP
= = , and hence = = .
PD PE PF PD PE PF
AP BP
From = and ∠AP B = ∠DP E, it follows that triangles AP B and DP E are
PD PE
similar. So ∠ABP = ∠DEP and hence AB is parallel to DE.
Similarly, BC is parallel to EF and CA is parallel to DF . Using these we obtain
BD AE AF DC
= = = ,
DC EC FB BD
whence BD2 = CD2 or which is same as BD = CD. Thus D is the midpoint of BC.
Similarly E, F are the midpoints of CA and AB respectively.
We infer that AD, BE, CF are indeed the medians of the triangle ABC and hence P
is the centroid of the triangle. So
AD BE CF
= = = 3,
PD PE PF
and consequently each of the given ratios is also equal to 3.

Aliter

7
 Let ABC, the given triangle be placed in the xy-plane so that B = (0, 0), C = (a, 0)
(on the x- axis). (See Fig. 4.)
Let A = (h, k) and P = (u, v). Clearly d(A, BC) = k and d(P, BC) = v, so that
d(A, BC) k
= .
d(P, BC) v
The equation to CA is kx − (h − a)y − ka = 0. So
,
d(B, CA) −ka (ku − (h − a)v − ka)
= p p
d(P, CA) 2
k + (h − a)2 k2 + (h − a)2
−ka
= .
ku − (h − a)v − ka
Again the equation to AB is kx − hy = 0. Therefore
,
d(C, AB) ka (ku − hv)
= √ √
d(P, AB) 2
h +k 2 h2 + k2
ka
= .
ku − hv
From the equality of these ratios, we get
k −ka ka
= = .
v ku − (h − a)v − ka ku − hv
The equality of the first and third ratios gives ku−(h+a)v = 0. Similarly the equality
of second and third ratios gives 2ku − (2h − a)v = ka. Solving for u and v, we get
h+a k
u= , v= .
3 3
k
Thus P is the centroid of the triangle and each of the ratios is equal to = 3.
v
6. Find all real numbers a for which the equation
x2 + (a − 2)x + 1 = 3|x|
has exactly three distinct real solutions in x.

Solution: If x ≥ 0, then the given equation assumes the form,

x2 + (a − 5)x + 1 = 0. · · ·(1)
If x < 0, then it takes the form
x2 + (a + 1)x + 1 = 0. · · ·(2)
For these two equations to have exactly three distinct real solutions we should have

8
 (I) either (a − 5)2 > 4 and (a + 1)2 = 4;
(II) or (a − 5)2 = 4 and (a + 1)2 > 4.
Case (I) From (a+1)2 = 4, we have a = 1 or -3. But only a = 1 satisfies (a−5)2 > 4.
√
Thus a = 1. Also when a = 1,√equation (1) has solutions x = 2 + 3; and (2) has
solutions x = −1, −1. As 2 ± 3 > 0 and −1 < 0, we see that a = 1 is indeed a
solution.
Case (II) From (a − 5)2 = 4, we have a=3 or 7. Both these values of a satisfy the
inequality (a + 1)2 > 4.√When a = 3, equation (1)
√ has solutions x = 1, 1 and (2) has
the solutions x = −2 ± 3. As 1 > 0 and −2 ± 3 < 0, we see that a = 3 is in fact a
solution.
When a = 7, equation (1) has solutions x = −1, −1, which are negative contradicting
x ≥ 0.
Thus a = 1, a = 3 are the two desired values.

7. Consider the set X = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 9, 10 . Find two disjoint nonempty subsets A and
B of X such that
(a) A ∪ B = X;
(b) prod(A) is divisible by prod(B), where for any finite set of numbers C, prod(C)
denotes the product of all numbers in C ;
(c) the quotient prod(A)/prod(B) is as small as possible.

Solution: The prime factors of the numbers in set 1,2,3, . . . , 9,10 are 2,3,5,7. Also
only 7 ∈ X has the prime factor 7. Hence it cannot appear in B. For otherwise, 7 in
the denominator would not get canceled. Thus 7 ∈ A.
Hence
prod(A)/prod(B) ≥ 7.
The numbers having prime factor 3 are 3,6,9. So 3 and 6 should belong to one of A
and B, and 9 belongs to the other. We may take 3, 6 ∈ A, 9 ∈ B.
Also 5 divides 5 and 10. We take 5 ∈ A, 10 ∈ B. Finally we take 1, 2, 4 ∈ A, 8 ∈ B.
Thus  
A = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , B = 8, 9, 10 ,
so that
prod(A) 1·2·3·4·5·6·7
= = 7.
prod(B) 8 · 9 · 10
prod(A)
Thus 7 is the minimum value of . There are other possibilities for A and
prod(B) 
B:
 e.g., 1 may belong to either A or B. We may take A = 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 , B =
1, 2, 4, 9, 10 .

9
 
 
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 Regional Mathematical Olympiad-2009
Problems and Solutions

1. Let ABC be a triangle in which AB = AC and let I be its in-centre. Suppose

BC = AB + AI. Find ∠BAC.
Solution:

A B

We observe that ∠AIB = 90◦ + (C/2). Extend CA to D such that AD = AI.

Then CD = CB by the hypothesis. Hence ∠CDB = ∠CBD = 90◦ − (C/2). Thus

∠AIB + ∠ADB = 90◦ + (C/2) + 90◦ − (C/2) = 180◦ .

Hence ADBI is a cyclic quadrilateral. This implies that

B
∠ADI = ∠ABI = .
2
But ADI is isosceles, since AD = AI. This gives

∠DAI = 180◦ − 2(∠ADI) = 180◦ − B.

Thus ∠CAI = B and this gives A = 2B. Since C = B, we obtain 4B = 180◦ and
hence B = 45◦ . We thus get A = 2B = 90◦ .

2. Show that there is no integer a such that a2 − 3a − 19 is divisible by 289.

Solution: We write

a2 − 3a − 19 = a2 − 3a − 70 + 51 = (a − 10)(a + 7) + 51.

Suppose 289 divides a2 − 3a − 19 for some integer a. Then 17 divides it and hence
17 divides (a − 10)(a + 7). Since 17 is a prime, it must divide (a − 10) or (a + 7).
But (a + 7) − (a − 10) = 17. Hence whenever 17 divides one of (a − 10) and (a + 7),
it must divide the other also. Thus 172 = 289 divides (a − 10)(a + 7). It follows
that 289 divides 51, which is impossible. Thus, there is no integer a for which 289
divides a2 − 3a − 19.
3. Show that 32008 + 42009 can be wriiten as product of two positive integers each of
which is larger than 2009182 .
Solution: We use the standard factorisation:

x4 + 4y 4 = (x2 + 2xy + 2y 2)(x2 − 2xy + 2y 2 ).

We observe that for any integers x, y,

x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 = (x + y)2 + y 2 ≥ y 2 ,

and
x2 − 2xy + 2y 2 = (x − y)2 + y 2 ≥ y 2.
We write
4
4
32008 + 42009 = 32008 + 4 42008 ) = 3502 + 4 4502 .
Taking x = 3502 and y = 4502 , we se that 32008 + 42009 = ab, where

2
2
a ≥ 4502 , b ≥ 4502 .

But we have
2
182

4502 = 22008 > 22002 = 211 > (2009)182 ,
since 211 = 2048 > 2009.

4. Find the sum of all 3-digit natural numbers which contain at least one odd digit
and at least one even digit.
Solution: Let X denote the set of all 3-digit natural numbers; let O be those
numbers in X having only odd digits; and E be those numbers in X having only
even digits. Then X \ (O ∪ E) is the set of all 3-digit natural numbers having at
least one odd digit and at least one even digit.The desired sum is therefore
X X X
x− y− z.
x∈X y∈O z∈E

It is easy to compute the first sum;

X 999
X 99
X
x = j− k
x∈X j=1 k=1
999 × 1000 99 × 100
= −
2 2
= 50 × 9891 = 494550.

Consider the set O. Each number in O has its digits from the set {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
Suppose the digit in unit’s place is 1. We can fill the digit in ten’s place in 5 ways
and the digit in hundred’s place in 5 ways. Thus there are 25 numbers in the set
O each of which has 1 in its unit’s place. Similarly, there are 25 numbers whose
digit in unit’s place is 3; 25 having its digit in unit’s place as 5; 25 with 7 and 25
with 9. Thus the sum of the digits in unit’s place of all the numbers in O is

25(1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9) = 25 × 25 = 625.

2
 A similar argument shows that the sum of digits in ten’s place of all the numbers in
O is 625 and that in hundred’s place is also 625. Thus the sum of all the numbers
in O is
625(102 + 10 + 1) = 625 × 111 = 69375.
Consider the set E. The digits of numbers in E are from the set {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}, but
the digit in hundred’s place is never 0. Suppose the digit in unit’s place is 0. There
are 4 × 5 = 20 such numbers. Similarly, 20 numbers each having digits 2,4,6,8 in
their unit’s place. Thus the sum of the digits in unit’s place of all the numbers in
E is
20(0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8) = 20 × 20 = 400.
A similar reasoning shows that the sum of the digits in ten’s place of all the numbers
in E is 400, but the sum of the digits in hundred’s place of all the numbers in E
is 25 × 20 = 500. Thus the sum of all the numbers in E is

500 × 102 + 400 × 10 + 400 = 54400.

The required sum is

494550 − 69375 − 54400 = 370775.

5. A convex polygon Γ is such that the distance between any two vertices of Γ does
not exceed 1.

(i) Prove that the distance between any two points on the boundary of Γ does
not exceed 1.
(ii) If X and Y are two distinct points inside Γ, prove that there exists a point
Z on the boundary of Γ such that XZ + Y Z ≤ 1.

Solution:

(i) Let S and T be two points on the boundary of Γ, with S lying on the side
AB and T lying on the side P Q of Γ. (See Fig. 1.) Join T A, T B, T S. Now
ST lies between T A and T B in triangle T AB. One of ∠AST and ∠BST is
at least 90◦ , say ∠AST ≥ 90◦ . Hence AT ≥ T S. But AT lies inside triangle
AP Q and one of ∠AT P and ∠AT Q is at least 90◦ , say ∠AT P ≥ 90◦ . Then
AP ≥ AT . Thus we get T S ≤ AT ≤ AP ≤ 1.
Q F
T Z2
P E

A S B C Z1 D

Fig. 2
Fig. 1

3
 (ii) Let X and Y be points in the interior Γ. Join XY and produce them on
either side to meet the sides CD and EF of Γ at Z1 and Z2 respectively. WE
have

(XZ1 + Y Z1 ) + (XZ2 + Y Z2 ) = (XZ1 + XZ2 ) + (Y Z1 + Y Z2 )

= 2Z1 Z2 ≤ 2,

by the first part. Therefore one of the sums XZ1 + Y Z1 and XZ2 + Y Z2 is
at most 1. We may choose Z accordingly as Z1 or Z2 .

6. In a book with page numbers from 1 to 100, some pages are torn off. The sum of
the numbers on the remaining pages is 4949. How many pages are torn off?
Solution: Suppose r pages of the book are torn off. Note that the page numbers
on both the sides of a page are of the form 2k − 1 and 2k, and their sum is 4k − 1.
The sum of the numbers on the torn pages must be of the form

4k1 − 1 + 4k2 − 1 + · · · + 4kr − 1 = 4(k1 + k2 + · · · + kr ) − r.

The sum of the numbers of all the pages in the untorn book is

1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100 = 5050.

Hence the sum of the numbers on the torn pages is

5050 − 4949 = 101.

We therefore have
4(k1 + k2 + · · · + kr ) − r = 101.
This shows that r ≡ 3 (mod 4). Thus r = 4l + 3 for some l ≥ 0.
Suppose r ≥ 7, and suppose k1 < k2 < k3 < · · · < kr . Then we see that

4(k1 + k2 + · · · + kr ) − r ≥ 4(k1 + k2 + · · · + k7 ) − 7
≥ 4(1 + 2 + · · · + 7) − 7
= 4 × 28 − 7 = 105 > 101.

Hence r = 3. This leads to k1 + k2 + k3 = 26 and one can choose distinct positive

integers k1 , k2 , k3 in several ways.

———-00———-

4
 Regional Mathematical Olympiad-2010
Problems and Solutions

1. Let ABCDEF be a convex hexagon in which the diagonals AD, BE, CF are concurrent
at O. Suppose the area of traingle OAF is the geometric mean of those of OAB and
OEF ; and the area of triangle OBC is the geometric mean of those of OAB and OCD.
Prove that the area of triangle OED is the geometric mean of those of OCD and OEF .

D Solution: Let OA = a, OB = b, OC = c,
E OD = d, OE = e, OF = f , [OAB] =
u x, [OCD] = y, [OEF ] = z, [ODE] = u,
d [OF A] = v and [OBC] = w. We are given
e
z y that v 2 = zx, w2 = xy and we have to
f O prove that u2 = yz.
F c C Since ∠AOB = ∠DOE, we have
v a w
b 1
u de sin ∠DOE de
x = 2 = .
x 1 ab
A B ab sin ∠AOB
2
Similarly, we obtain
v fa w bc
= , = .
y cd z ef
Multiplying, these three equalities, we get uvw = xyz. Hence

x2 y 2 z 2 = u2 v 2 w2 = u2 (zx)(xy).

This gives u2 = yz, as desired.

2. Let P1 (x) = ax2 − bx − c, P2 (x) = bx2 − cx − a, P3 (x) = cx2 − ax − b be three quadratic

polynomials where a, b, c are non-zero real numbers. Suppose there exists a real number
α such that P1 (α) = P2 (α) = P3 (α). Prove that a = b = c.

Solution: We have three relations:

aα2 − bα − c = λ,
bα2 − cα − a = λ,
cα2 − aα − b = λ,

where λ is the common value. Eliminating α2 from these, taking these equations pair-
wise,we get three relations:

(ca − b2 )α − (bc − a2 ) = λ(b − a), (ab − c2 )α − (ca − b2 ) = λ(c − b),

(bc − a2 ) − (ab − c2 ) = λ(a − c).

Adding these three, we get

(ab + bc + ca − a2 − b2 − c2 )(α − 1) = 0.

(Alternatively, multiplying above relations respectively by b − c, c − a and a − b, and

adding also leads to this.) Thus either ab + bc + ca − a2 − b2 − c2 = 0 or α = 1. In the
first case
1 
0 = ab + bc + ca − a2 − b2 − c2 = (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2
2

1
 shows that a = b = c. If α = 1, then we obtain

a − b − c = b − c − a = c − a − b,

and once again we obtain a = b = c.

3. Find the number of 4-digit numbers(in base 10) having non-zero digits and which are
divisible by 4 but not by 8.

Solution: We divide the even 4-digit numbers having non-zero digits into 4 classes:
those ending in 2,4,6,8.

(A) Suppose a 4-digit number ends in 2. Then the second right digit must be odd in
order to be divisible by 4. Thus the last 2 digits must be of the form 12, 32,52,72
or 92. If a number ends in 12, 52 or 92, then the previous digit must be even in
order not to be divisible by 8 and we have 4 admissible even digits. Now the left
most digit of such a 4-digit number can be any non-zero digit and there are 9 such
ways, and we get 9 × 4 × 3 = 108 such numbers. If a number ends in 32 or 72,
then the previous digit must be odd in order not to be divisible by 8 and we have
5 admissible odd digits. Here again the left most digit of such a 4-digit number can
be any non-zero digit and there are 9 such ways, and we get 9 × 5 × 2 = 90 such
numbers. Thus the number of 4-digit numbers having non-zero digits, ending in 2,
divisible by 4 but not by 8 is 108 + 90 = 198.
(B) If the number ends in 4, then the previous digit must be even for divisibility by 4.
Thus the last two digits must be of the form 24, 44, 54, 84. If we take numbers
ending with 24 and 64, then the previous digit must be odd for non-divisibility by
8 and the left most digit can be any non-zero digit. Here we get 9 × 5 × 2 = 90 such
numbers. If the last two digits are of the form 44 and 84, then previous digit must
be even for non-divisibility by 8. And the left most digit can take 9 possible values.
We thus get 9 × 4 × 2 = 72 numbers. Thus the admissible numbers ending in 4 is
90 + 72 = 162.
(C) If a number ends with 6, then the last two digits must be of the form 16,36,56,76,96.
For numbers ending with 16, 56,76, the previous digit must be odd. For numbers
ending with 36, 76, the previous digit must be even. Thus we get here (9 × 5 × 3) +
(9 × 4 × 2) = 135 + 72 = 207 numbers.
(D) If a number ends with 8, then the last two digits must be of the form 28,48,68,88. For
numbers ending with 28, 68, the previous digit must be even. For numbers ending
with 48, 88, the previous digit must be odd. Thus we get (9 × 4 × 2) + (9 × 5 × 2) =
72 + 90 = 162 numbers.

Thus the number of 4-digit numbers, having non-zero digits, and divisible by 4 but not
by 8 is
198 + 162 + 207 + 162 = 729.

Alternative Solution:. If we take any four consecutive even numbers and divide them
by 8, we get remainders 0,2,4,6 in some order. Thus there is only one number of the
form 8k + 4 among them which is divisible by 4 but not by 8. Hence if we take four even
consecutive numbers

1000a + 100b + 10c + 2, 1000a + 100b + 10c + 4,

1000a + 100b + 10c + 6, 1000a + 100b + 10c + 8,

there is exactly one among these four which is divisible by 4 but not by 8. Now we
can divide the set of all 4-digit even numbers with non-zero digits into groups of 4 such

2
 consecutive even numbers with a, b, c nonzero. And in each group, there is exactly one
number which is divisible by 4 but not by 8. The number of such groups is precisely
equal to 9 × 9 × 9 = 729, since we can vary a, b.c in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

4. Find three distinct positive integers with the least possible sum such that the sum of the
reciprocals of any two integers among them is an integral multiple of the reciprocal of
the third integer.

Solution: Let x, y, z be three distinct positive integers satisfying the given conditions.
We may assume that x < y < z. Thus we have three relations:
1 1 a 1 1 b 1 1 c
+ = , + = , + = ,
y z x z x y x y z
for some positive integers a, b, c. Thus
1 1 1 a+1 b+1 c+1
+ + = = = = r,
x y z x y z
say. Since x < y < z, we observe that a < b < c. We also get
1 r 1 r 1 r
= , = , = .
x a+1 y b+1 z c+1
Adding these, we obtain
1 1 1 r r r
r= + + = + + ,
x y z a+1 b+1 c+1
or
1 1 1
+ + = 1. (1)
a+1 b+1 c+1
Using a < b < c, we get
1 1 1 3
1= + + < .
a+1 b+1 c+1 a+1
Thus a < 2. We conclude that a = 1. Putting this in the relation (1), we get
1 1 1 1
+ =1− = .
b+1 c+1 2 2
Hence b < c gives
1 2
< .
2 b+1
Thus b + 1 < 4 or b < 3. Since b > a = 1, we must have b = 2. This gives
1 1 1 1
= − = ,
c+1 2 3 6
or c = 5. Thus x : y : z = a + 1 : b + 1 : c + 1 = 2 : 3 : 6. Thus the required numbers
with the least sum are 2,3,6.

Alternative Solution: We first observe that (1, a, b) is not a solution whenever 1 <
1 1 l
a < b. Otherwise we should have + = = l for some integer l. Hence we obtain
a b 1
a+b
= l showing that a b and b a. Thus a = b contradicting a 6= b. Thus the least
ab
number should be 2. It is easy to verify that (2, 3, 4) and (2, 3, 5) are not solutions and
(2, 3, 6) satisfies all the conditions.(We may observe (2, 4, 5) is also not a solution.) Since
3 + 4 + 5 = 12 > 11 = 2 + 3 + 6, it follows that (2, 3, 6) has the required minimality.

3
5. Let ABC be a triangle in which ∠A = 60◦ . Let BE and CF be the bisectors of the
angles ∠B and ∠C with E on AC and F on AB. Let M be the reflection of A in the
line EF . Prove that M lies on BC.

A Solution: Draw AL ⊥ EF and extend

it to meet AB in M . We show that AL =
LM . First we show that A, F, I, E are con-
cyclic. We have
L E ∠A
F ∠BIC = 90◦ + = 90◦ + 30◦ = 120◦ .
2
I
Hence ∠F IE = ∠BIC = 120◦ . Since
∠A = 60◦ , it follows that A, F, I, E are
concyclic. Hence ∠BEF = ∠IEF =
∠IAF = ∠A/2. This gives
B M C
∠B ∠A
∠AF E = ∠ABE + ∠BEF = + .
2 2
Since ∠ALF = 90◦ , we see that
∠B ∠A ∠C
∠F AM = 90◦ − ∠AF E = 90◦ − − = = ∠F CM.
2 2 2
This implies that F, M, C, A are concyclic. It follows that
∠C
∠F M A = ∠F CA = = ∠F AM.
2
Hence F M A is an isosceles triangle. But F L ⊥ AM . Hence L is the mid-point of AM
or AL = LM .
" #
n
6. For each integer n ≥ 1, define an = √  , where [x] denotes the largest integer not
n
exceeding x, for any real number x. Find the number of all n in the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 2010}
for which an > an+1 .

Solution: Let us examine the first few natural numbers: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Here we see
that an = 1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3. We observe that an ≤ an+1 for all n except when n + 1
is a square in which case an > an+1 . We prove that this observation is valid in general.
Consider the range
m2 , m2 + 1, m2 + 2, . . . , m2 + m, m2 + m + 1, . . . , m2 + 2m.
Let n take values in this range so that n = m2 + r, where 0 ≤ r ≤ 2m. Then we see that
√
[ n] = m and hence " #  
n m2 + r hri
√  = =m+ .
n m m
Thus an takes the values m, m, m, . . . , m, m + 1, m + 1, m + 1, . . . , m + 1, m + 2, in this
| {z } | {z }
m times m times
range. But when n = (m + 1)2 , we see that an = m + 1. This shows that an−1 > an
whenever n = (m + 1)2 . When we take n in the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 2010}, we see that the
only squares are 12 , 22 , . . . , 442 (since 442 = 1936 and 452 = 2025) and n = (m + 1)2 is
possible for only 43 values of m. Thus an > an+1 for 43 values of n. (These are 22 − 1,
32 − 1, . . ., 442 − 1.)

———-00———-

4
 Problems and Solutions: CRMO-2011

1. Let ABC be a triangle. Let D, E, F be points respectively on the segments BC,

CA, AB such that AD, BE, CF concur at the point K. Suppose BD/DC =
BF/F A and ∠ADB = ∠AF C. Prove that ∠ABE = ∠CAD.
Solution: Since BD/DC = BF/F A,
the lines DF and CA are parallel. We
also have ∠BDK = ∠ADB = ∠AF C =
180◦ − ∠BF K, so that BDKF is a cyclic
quadrilateral. Hence ∠F BK = ∠F DK.
Finally, we get

∠ABE = ∠F BK = ∠F DK
= ∠F DA = ∠DAC,

since F D k AC.
2. Let (a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , a2011 ) be a permutation (that is a rearrangement) of the num-
bers 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2011. Show that there exist two numbers j, k such that 1 ≤ j <
k ≤ 2011 and aj − j = ak − k .
Solution: Observe that 2011
P

j=1 aj − j = 0, since (a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , a2011 ) is a permu-
tation of 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2011. Hence 2011
P
j=1 aj −

j is even. Suppose aj − j 6= ak − k
for all j 6= k. This means the collection |aj − j| : 1 ≤ j ≤ 2011 is the same
as the collection {0, 1, 2, . . . , 2010} as the maximum difference is 2011-1=2010.
Hence
2011
X 2010 × 2011
aj − j = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 2010 = = 2011 × 1005,
2
j=1

which is odd. This shows that |aj − j| = |ak − k| for some j 6= k.

3. A natural number n is chosen strictly between two consecutive perfect squares.

The smaller of these two squares is obtained by subtracting k from n and the
larger one is obtained by adding l to n. Prove that n − kl is a perfect square.
Solution: Let u be a natural number such that u2 < n < (u + 1)2 . Then
n − k = u2 and n + l = (u + 1)2 . Thus

n − kl = n − n − u2 (u + 1)2 − n

= n − n(u + 1)2 + n2 + u2 (u + 1)2 − nu2

 
= n2 + n 1 − (u + 1)2 − u2 + u2 (u + 1)2
= n2 + n 1 − 2u2 − 2u − 1 + u2 (u + 1)2



2
= n2 − 2nu(u + 1) + u(u + 1)

2
= n − u(u + 1) .
4. Consider a 20-sided convex polygon K, with vertices A1 , A2 , . . . , A20 in that
order. Find the number of ways in which three sides of K can be chosen so
that every pair among them has at least two sides of K between them. (For
example (A1 A2 , A4 A5 , A11 A12 ) is an admissible triple while (A1 A2 , A4 A5 , A19 A20 )
is not.)
Solution: First let us count all
A 18 the admissible triples having A1 A2
as one of the sides. Having cho-
K A4 sen A1 A2 , we cannot choose A2 A3 ,
A3 A4 , A20 A1 nor A19 A20 . Thus we
A 19
have to choose two sides sepa-
rated by 2 sides among 15 sides
A 20 A3
A4 A5 , A5 A6 , . . ., A18 A19 . If A4 A5 is
A1 A2 one of them, the choice for the re-
maining side is only from 12 sides

A7 A8 , A8 A9 , . . ., A18 A19 . If we choose A5 A6 after A1 A2 , the choice for the third

side is now only from A8 A9 , A9 A10 , . . ., A18 A19 (11 sides). Thus the number
of choices progressively decreases and finally for the side A15 A16 there is only
one choice, namely, A18 A19 . Hence the number of triples with A1 A2 as one of
the sides is
12 × 13
12 + 11 + 10 + · · · + 1 = = 78.
2
Hence the number of triples then would be (78 × 20)/3 = 520.
n(n − 7)(n − 8)
Remark: For an n-sided polygon, the number of such triples is ,
6
for n ≥ 9. We may check that for n = 20, this gives (20 × 13 × 12)/6 = 520.

5. Let ABC be a triangle and let BB1 , CC1 be respectively the bisectors of ∠B,
∠C with B1 on AC and C1 on AB. Let E, F be the feet of perpendiculars
drawn from A onto BB1 , CC1 respectively. Suppose D is the point at which
the incircle of ABC touches AB. Prove that AD = EF .
Solution: Observe that ∠ADI =
∠AF I = ∠AEI = 90◦ . Hence
A, F, D, I, E all lie on the circle
with AI as diameter. We also
know
∠A
∠BIC = 90◦ + = ∠F IE.
2
This gives
 
∠A
∠F AE = 180◦ − 90◦ +
2
∠A
= 90◦ − .
2
∠A
We also have ∠AID = 90◦ − . Thus ∠F AE = ∠AID. This shows the chords
2
F E and AD subtend equal angles at the circumference of the same circle.
Hence they have equal lengths, i.e., F E = AD.
6. Find all pairs (x, y) of real numbers such that
2 +y 2
16x + 16x+y = 1.

Solution: Observe that

1 2 1 2
   
2 1 2
x +y+x+y + = x+ + y+ ≥ 0.
2 2 2

This shows that x2 + y + x + y 2 ≥ (−1/2). Hence we have

2 1/2
2 +y 2
 2 
1 = 16x + 16x+y ≥ 2 16x +y · 16x+y , (by AM-GM inequality)
2 1/2
 2 
= 2 16x +y+x+y
≥ 2(16)−1/4 = 1.

Thus equality holds every where. We conclude that

 2  2
1 1
x+ + y+ = 0.
2 2

This shows that (x, y) = (−1/2, −1/2) is the only solution, as can easily be
verified.

———-00000———-
 Problems and Solutions: CRMO-2012, Paper 1
1. Let ABC be a triangle and D be a point on the segment BC such that DC = 2BD.
Let E be the mid-point of AC. Let AD and BE intersect in P . Determine the ratios
BP/P E and AP/P D.

Solution: Let F be the midpoint of DC,

so that D, F are points of trisection of BC.
Now in triangle CAD, F is the mid-point of
CD and E is that of CA. Hence CF/F D =
1 = CE/EA. Thus EF k AD. Hence we find
that EF k P D. Hence BP/P E = BD/DF .
But BD = DF . We obtain BP/P E = 1.

In triangle ACD, since EF k AD we get EF/AD = CF/CD = 1/2. Thus AD = 2EF .

But P D/EF = BD/BF = 1/2. Hence EF = 2P D. Therefore A
This gives
AP = AD − P D = 3P D.
We obtain AP/P D = 3.
(Coordinate geometry proof is also possible.)

2. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a divides b3 , b divides c3 and c divides a3 .

Prove that abc divides (a + b + c)13 .
Solution: If a prime p divides a, then p | b3 and hence p | b. This implies that p | c3
and hence p | c. Thus every prime dividing a also divides b and c. By symmetry,
this is true for b and c as well. We conclude that a, b, c have the same set of prime
divisors.
Let px || a, py || b and pz || c. (Here we write px || a to mean px | a and px+1 6| a.) We may
assume min{x, y, z} = x. Now b | c3 implies that y ≤ 3z; c | a3 implies that z ≤ 3x. We
obtain
y ≤ 3z ≤ 9x.
Thus x + y + z ≤ x + 3x + 9x = 13x. Hence the maximum power of p that divides abc
is x + y + z ≤ 13x. Since x is the minimum among x, y, z, whence px divides each of
a, b, c. Hence px divides a + b + c. This implies that p13x divides (a + b + c)13 . Since
x + y + z ≤ 13x, it follows that px+y+z divides (a + b + c)13 . This is true of any prime p
dividing a, b, c. Hence abc divides (a + b + c)13 .

3. Let a and b be positive real numbers such that a + b = 1. Prove that

aa bb + ab ba ≤ 1.

Solution: Observe
1 = a + b = aa+b ba+b = aa bb + ba bb .
Hence
1 − aa bb − ab ba = aa bb + ba bb − aa bb − ab ba = (aa − ba )(ab − bb )
Now if a ≤ b, then aa ≤ ba and ab ≤ bb . If a ≥ b, then aa ≥ ba and ab ≥ bb . Hence the
product is nonnegative for all positive a and b. It follows that

aa bb + ab ba ≤ 1.
4. Let X = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 10}. Find the the number of pairs {A, B} such that A ⊆ X,
B ⊆ X, A 6= B and A ∩ B = {2, 3, 5, 7}.

Solution: Let A ∪ B = Y , B \ A = M , A \ B = N and X \ Y = L. Then X is the

disjoint union of M , N , L and A ∩ B. Now A ∩ B = {2, 3, 5, 7} is fixed. The remaining
six elements 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 can be distributed in any of the remaining sets M , N , L.
This can be done in 36 ways. Of these if all the elements are in the set L, then
A = B = {2, 3, 5, 7} and which this case has to be deleted. Hence the total number
of pairs {A, B} such that A ⊆ X, B ⊆ X, A 6= B and A ∩ B = {2, 3, 5, 7} is 36 − 1.

5. Let ABC be a triangle. Let BE and CF be internal angle bisectors of ∠B and ∠C

respectively with E on AC and F on AB. Suppose X is a point on the segment CF
such that AX ⊥ CF ; and Y is a point on the segment BE such that AY ⊥ BE. Prove
that XY = (b + c − a)/2 where BC = a, CA = b and AB = c.

Solution: Produce AX and AY to meet

BC is X 0 and Y 0 respectively. Since BY
bisects ∠ABY 0 and BY ⊥ AY 0 it follows
that BA = BY 0 and AY = Y Y 0 . Similarly,
CA = CX 0 and AX = XX 0 . Thus X and
Y are mid-points of AX 0 and AY 0 respec-
tively. By mid-point theorem XY = X 0 Y 0 /2.
But

X 0 Y 0 = X 0 C + Y 0 B − BC = AC + AB − BC = b + c − a.
Hence XY = (b + c − a)/2.

6. Let a and b be real numbers such that a 6= 0. Prove that not all the roots of ax4 +
bx3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 can be real.

Solution: Let α1 , α2 , α3 , α4 be the roots of ax4 + bx3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0. Observe none of

these is zero since their product is 1/a. Then the roots of x4 + x3 + x2 + bx + a = 0 are
1 1 1 1
β1 = , β2 = , β3 = , β4 = .
α1 α2 α3 α4
We have
4
X X
βj = −1, 1 ≤ j < k ≤ 4βj βk = 1.
j=1

Hence  2  
4
X 4
X X
βj2 =  βj  − 2  βj βk  = 1 − 2 = −1.
j=1 j=1 1≤j<k≤4

This shows that not all βj can be real. Hence not all αj ’s can be real.

———-00000———-
 Problems and Solutions: CRMO-2012, Paper 2
1. Let ABCD be a unit square. Draw a quadrant of a circle with A as centre and B, D
as end points of the arc. Similarly, draw a quadrant of a circle with B as centre and
A, C as end points of the arc. Inscribe a circle Γ touching the arc AC internally, the
arc BD internally and also touching the side AB. Find the radius of the circle Γ.
Solution: Let O be the centre of Γ. By
symmetry O is on the perpendicular bi-
sector of AB. Draw OE ⊥ AB. Then
BE = AB/2 = 1/2. If r is the radius of Γ,
we see that OB = 1 − r, and OE = r. Using
Pythagoras’ theorem

2
(1 − r)2 = r2 + 21 .
Simplification gives r = 3/8.
2. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a divides b4 , b divides c4 and c divides a4 .
Prove that abc divides (a + b + c)21 .
Solution: If a prime p divides a, then p | b4 and hence p | b. This implies that p | c4
and hence p | c. Thus every prime dividing a also divides b and c. By symmetry,
this is true for b and c as well. We conclude that a, b, c have the same set of prime
divisors.
Let px || a, py || b and pz || c. (Here we write px || a to mean px | a and px+1 6| a.) We may
assume min{x, y, z} = x. Now b | c4 implies that y ≤ 4z; c | a4 implies that z ≤ 4x. We
obtain
y ≤ 4z ≤ 16x.
Thus x + y + z ≤ x + 4x + 16x = 21x. Hence the maximum power of p that divides abc
is x + y + z ≤ 21x. Since x is the minimum among x, y, z, px divides a, b, c. Hence px
divides a + b + c. This implies that p21x divides (a + b + c)21 . Since x + y + z ≤ 21x,
it follows that px+y+z divides (a + b + c)21 . This is true of any prime p dividing a, b, c.
Hence abc divides (a + b + c)21 .

3. Let a and b be positive real numbers such that a + b = 1. Prove that

aa bb + ab ba ≤ 1.

Solution: Observe
1 = a + b = aa+b ba+b = aa bb + ba bb .
Hence
1 − aa bb − ab ba = aa bb + ba bb − aa bb − ab ba = (aa − ba )(ab − bb )
Now if a ≤ b, then aa ≤ ba and ab ≤ bb . If a ≥ b, then aa ≥ ba and ab ≥ bb . Hence the
product is nonnegative for all positive a and b. It follows that

aa bb + ab ba ≤ 1.

4. Let X = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 12}. Find the the number of pairs {A, B} such that A ⊆ X,
B ⊆ X, A 6= B and A ∩ B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 8}.

Solution: Let A ∪ B = Y , B \ A = M , A \ B = N and X \ Y = L. Then X is the disjoint

union of M , N , L and A ∩ B. Now A ∩ B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 8} is fixed. The remaining seven
elements 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12 can be distributed in any of the remaining sets M , N , L.
 This can be done in 37 ways. Of these if all the elements are in the set L, then
A = B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 8} and this case has to be omitted. Hence the total number of
pairs {A, B} such that A ⊆ X, B ⊆ X, A 6= B and A ∩ B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 8} is 37 − 1.

5. Let ABC be a triangle. Let D, E be a points on the segment BC such that BD =

DE = EC. Let F be the mid-point of AC. Let BF intersect AD in P and AE in Q
respectively. Determine BP/P Q.
Solution: Let D be the mid-point of BE.
Join AD and let it intersect BF in P . Ex-
tend CQ and EP to meet AB in S and T
respectively. Now

BS [BQC] [BQC]/[AQB]
= =
SA [AQC] [AQC]/[AQB]
CF/F A 1
= = = 2.
EC/BE 1/2
Similarly,
AQ [ABQ] [ACQ] [ABQ] + [ACQ] [ABQ] [ACQ] AF AS 1 3
= = = = + = + =1+ = .
QE [EBQ] [ECQ] [BCQ] [BCQ] [BCQ] FC SB 2 2
And
AT [AP E] [AP E] [AP B] DE AQ 3 3
= = · = · =1· = .
TB [BP E] [AP B] [BP E] DB QE 2 2
Finally,
BP [BP E] [BP A] [BP E] + [BP A] [BP E] [BP A] BT BD 2 5
= = = = + = + = +1 = .
PQ [QP E] [AP E] [AP E] [AP E] [AP E] T A DE 3 3

(Note: BS/SA, AT /T B can also be obtained using Ceva’s theorem. A solution can
also be obtained using coordinate geometry.)

6. Show that for all real numbers x, y, z such that x + y + z = 0 and xy + yz + zx = −3,
the expression x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x is a constant.
Solution: Consider the equation whose roots are x, y, z:
(t − x)(t − y)(t − z) = 0.
This gives t3 − 3t − λ = 0, where λ = xyz. Since x, y, z are roots of this equation, we
have
x3 − 3x − λ = 0, y 3 − 3y − λ = 0, z 3 − 3z − λ = 0.
Multiplying the first by y, the second by z and the third by x, we obtain
x3 y − 3xy − λy = 0,
y 3 z − 3yz − λz = 0,
z 3 x − 3zx − λx = 0.
Adding we obtain
x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x − 3(xy + yz + zx) − λ(x + y + z) = 0.
This simplifies to
x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x = −9.
(Here one may also solve for y and z in terms of x and substitute these values in
x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x to get −9.)

———-00000———-
 Problems and Solutions: CRMO-2012, Paper 3
1. Let ABCD be a unit square. Draw a quadrant of a circle with A as centre and B, D
as end points of the arc. Similarly, draw a quadrant of a circle with B as centre
and A, C as end points of the arc. Inscribe a circle Γ touching the arcs AC and BD
both externally and also touching the side CD. Find the radius of the circle Γ.
Solution: Let O be the centre of Γ. By sym-
metry O is on the perpendicular bisector of
CD. Draw OL ⊥ CD and OK ⊥ BC. Then
OK = CL = CD/2 = 1/2. If r is the radius
of Γ, we see that BK = 1 − r, and OE = r.
Using Pythagoras’ theorem

2
(1 + r)2 = (1 − r)2 + 12 .
Simplification gives r = 1/16.
2. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a divides b5 , b divides c5 and c divides a5 .
Prove that abc divides (a + b + c)31 .
Solution: If a prime p divides a, then p | b5 and hence p | b. This implies that p | c4
and hence p | c. Thus every prime dividing a also divides b and c. By symmetry,
this is true for b and c as well. We conclude that a, b, c have the same set of prime
divisors.
Let px || a, py || b and pz || c. (Here we write px || a to mean px | a and px+1 6| a.) We may
assume min{x, y, z} = x. Now b | c5 implies that y ≤ 5z; c | a5 implies that z ≤ 5x. We
obtain
y ≤ 5z ≤ 25x.
Thus x + y + z ≤ x + 5x + 25x = 31x. Hence the maximum power of p that divides abc
is x + y + z ≤ 31x. Since x is the minimum among x, y, z, px divides a, b, c. Hence px
divides a + b + c. This implies that p31x divides (a + b + c)21 . Since x + y + z ≤ 31x,
it follows that px+y+z divides (a + b + c)31 . This is true of any prime p dividing a, b, c.
Hence abc divides (a + b + c)31 .

3. Let a and b be positive real numbers such that a + b = 1. Prove that

aa bb + ab ba ≤ 1.

Solution: Observe
1 = a + b = aa+b ba+b = aa bb + ba bb .
Hence
1 − aa bb − ab ba = aa bb + ba bb − aa bb − ab ba = (aa − ba )(ab − bb )
Now if a ≤ b, then aa ≤ ba and ab ≤ bb . If a ≥ b, then aa ≥ ba and ab ≥ bb . Hence the
product is nonnegative for all poitive a and b. It follows that

aa bb + ab ba ≤ 1.

4. Let X = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 10}. Find the the number of pairs {A, B} such that A ⊆ X,
B ⊆ X, A 6= B and A ∩ B = {5, 7, 8}.

Solution: Let A ∪ B = Y , B \ A = M , A \ B = N and X \ Y = L. Then X is the

disjoint union of M , N , L and A ∩ B. Now A ∩ B = {5, 7, 8} is fixed. The remaining
seven elements 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10 can be distributed in any of the remaining sets M ,
 N , L. This can be done in 37 ways. Of these if all the elements are in the set L, then
A = B = {5, 7, 8} and this case has to be omitted. Hence the total number of pairs
{A, B} such that A ⊆ X, B ⊆ X, A 6= B and A ∩ B = {5, 7, 8} is 37 − 1.

5. Let ABC be a triangle. Let D, E be a points on the segment BC such that BD =

DE = EC. Let F be the mid-point of AC. Let BF intersect AD in P and AE in
Q respectively. Determine the ratio of the area of the triangle AP Q to that of the
quadrilateral P DEQ.
Solution: If we can find [AP Q]/[ADE],
then we can get the required ratio as

[AP Q] [AP Q]
=
[P DEQ] [ADE] − [AP Q]
1
=
.
[ADE]/[AP Q] − 1

Now draw P M ⊥ AE and DL ⊥ AE. Ob-

serve
[AP Q] = 12 AQ · P M , [ADE] = 12 AE · DL.

Further, since P M k DL, we also get P M/DL = AP/AD. Using these we obtain

[AP Q] AP AQ
= · .
[ADE] AD AE
We have
AQ [ABQ] [ACQ] [ABQ] + [ACQ] [ABQ] [ACQ] AF AS
= = = = + = + .
QE [EBQ] [ECQ] [BCQ] [BCQ] [BCQ] FC SB
However
BS [BQC] [BQC]/[AQB] CF/F A 1
= = = = = 2.
SA [AQC] [AQC]/[AQB] EC/BE 1/2
Besides AF/F C = 1. We obtain
AQ AF AS 1 3 AE 3 5 AQ 3
= + =1+ = , =1+ = , = .
QE FC SB 2 2 QE 2 2 AE 5
Since EF k AD (since DE/EC = AF/F C = 1), we get AD = 2EF . Since EF k P D, we
also have P D/EF = BD/DE = 1/2. Hence EF = 2P D. Thus AD = 4P D. This gives
and AP/P D = 3 and AP/AD = 3/4. Thus

[AP Q] AP AQ 3 3 9
= · = · = .
[ADE] AD AE 4 5 20
Finally,
[AP Q] 1 1 9
=
= = .
[P DEQ] [ADE]/[AP Q] − 1 (20/9) − 1 11
(Note: BS/SA can also be obtained using Ceva’s theorem. Coordinate geometry
solution can also be obtained.)

6. Find all positive integers n such that 32n + 3n2 + 7 is a perfect square.
Solution: If 32n + 3n2 + 7 = b2 for some natural number b, then b2 > 32n so that
b > 3n . This implies that b ≥ 3n + 1. Thus
 32n + 3n2 + 7 = b2 ≥ (3n + 1)2 = 32n + 2 · 3n + 1.
This shows that 2 · 3n≤ 3n2 + 6. If n ≥ 3, this cannot hold. One can prove this eithe
by induction or by direct argument:
If n ≥ 3, then
 
2 · 3n = 2(1 + 2)n = 2 1 + 2n + n(n − 1)/2) · 22 + · · · > 2 + 4n + 4n2 − 4n
= 3n2 + (n2 + 2) ≥ 3n2 + 11 > 3n2 + 6.

Hence n = 1 or 2.
If n = 1, then 32n + 3n2 + 7 = 19 and this is not a perfect square. If n = 2, we obtain
32n + 3n2 + 7 = 81 + 12 + 7 = 100 = 102 . Hence n = 2 is the only solution.

———-00000———-
 Problems and Solutions: CRMO-2012, Paper 4
1. Let ABCD be a unit square. Draw a quadrant of a circle with A as centre and B, D
as end points of the arc. Similarly, draw a quadrant of a circle with B as centre and
A, C as end points of the arc. Inscribe a circle Γ touching the arc AC externally, the
arc BD internally and also touching the side AD. Find the radius of the circle Γ.
Solution: Let O be the centre of Γ and r
its radius. Draw OP ⊥ AD and OQ ⊥ AB.
Then OP = r, OQ2 = OA2 − r2 = (1 − r)2 −
r2 = 1 − 2r. We also have OB = 1 + r and
BQ = 1 − r. Using Pythagoras’ theorem we
get
(1 + r)2 = (1 − r)2 + 1 − 2r.
Simplification gives r = 1/6.
2. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a divides b2 , b divides c2 and c divides a2 .
Prove that abc divides (a + b + c)7 .
Solution: If a prime p divides a, then p | b2 and hence p | b. This implies that p | c2
and hence p | c. Thus every prime dividing a also divides b and c. By symmetry,
this is true for b and c as well. We conclude that a, b, c have the same set of prime
divisors.
Let px || a, py || b and pz || c. (Here we write px || a to mean px | a and px+1 6| a.) We may
assume min{x, y, z} = x. Now b | c2 implies that y ≤ 2z; c | a2 implies that z ≤ 2x. We
obtain
y ≤ 2z ≤ 4x.
Thus x + y + z ≤ x + 2x + 4x = 7x. Hence the maximum power of p that divides abc
is x + y + z ≤ 7x. Since x is the minimum among x, y, z, px divides a, b, c. Hence px
divides a + b + c. This implies that p7x divides (a + b + c)7 . Since x + y + z ≤ 7x, it
follows that px+y+z divides (a + b + c)7 . This is true of any prime p dividing a, b, c.
Hence abc divides (a + b + c)7 .

3. Let a and b be positive real numbers such that a + b = 1. Prove that

aa bb + ab ba ≤ 1.

Solution: Observe
1 = a + b = aa+b ba+b = aa bb + ba bb .
Hence
1 − aa bb − ab ba = aa bb + ba bb − aa bb − ab ba = (aa − ba )(ab − bb )
Now if a ≤ b, then aa ≤ ba and ab ≤ bb . If a ≥ b, then aa ≥ ba and ab ≥ bb . Hence the
product is nonnegative for all positive a and b. It follows that

aa bb + ab ba ≤ 1.

4. Let X = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 11}. Find the the number of pairs {A, B} such that A ⊆ X,
B ⊆ X, A 6= B and A ∩ B = {4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}.

Solution: Let A ∪ B = Y , B \ A = M , A \ B = N and X \ Y = L. Then X is the

disjoint union of M , N , L and A ∩ B. Now A ∩ B = {4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10} is fixed. The
remaining 5 elements 1, 2, 3, 6, 11 can be distributed in any of the remaining sets M ,
 N , L. This can be done in 35 ways. Of these if all the elements are in the set L, then
A = B = {4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10} and this case has to be omitted. Hence the total number of
pairs {A, B} such that A ⊆ X, B ⊆ X, A 6= B and A ∩ B = {4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10} is 35 − 1.

5. Let ABC be a triangle. Let E be a point on the segment BC such that BE = 2EC.
Let F be the mid-point of AC. Let BF intersect AE in Q. Determine BQ/QF .
Solution: Let CQ and ET meet AB in S
and T respectively. We have

[SBC] BS [SBQ]
= = .
[ASC] SA [ASQ]

Using componendo by dividendo, we ob-

tain
BS [SBC] − [SBQ] [BQC]
= = .
SA [ASC] − [ASQ] [AQC]
Similarly, We can prove

BE [BQA] CF [CQB]
= , = .
EC [CQA] FA [AQB]

But BD = DE = EC implies that BE/EC = 2; CF = F A gives CF/F A = 1. Thus

BS [BQC] [BQC]/[AQB] CF/F A 1

= = = = = 2.
SA [AQC] [AQC]/[AQB] EC/BE 1/2

Now
BQ [BQC] [BQA] [BQC] + [BQA] [BQC] + [BQA]
= = = = .
QF [F QC] [F QA] [F QC] + [F QA] [AQC]
This gives

BQ [BQC] + [BQA] [BQC] [BQA] BS BE

= = + = + = 2 + 2 = 4.
QF [AQC] [AQC] [AQC] SA EC

(Note: BS/SA can also be obtained using Ceva’s theorem. One can also obtain the
result by coordinate geometry.)

6. Solve the system of equations for positive real numbers:

1 x 1 y 1 z
= + 1, = + 1, = + 1.
xy z yz x zx y

Solution: The given system reduces to

z = x2 y + xyz, x = y z + xyz, y = z 2 x + xyz.
Hence
z − x2 y = x − y 2 z = y − z 2 x.
If x = y, then y 2 z = z 2 x and hence x2 z = z 2 x. This implies that z = x = y. Similarly,
x = z implies that x = z = y. Hence if any two of x, y, z are equal, then all are equal.
Suppose no two of x, y, z are equal. We may take x is the largest among x, y, z so
that x > y and x > z. Here we have two possibilities: y > z and z > y.
Suppose x > y > z. Now z − x2 y = x − y 2 z = y − z 2 x shows that
y 2 z > z 2 x > x2 y.
But y 2 z > z 2 x and z 2 x > x2 y give y 2 > zx and z 2 > xy. Hence
(y 2 )(z 2 ) > (zx)(xy).
This gives yz > x . Thus x < xyz = (xz)y < (y 2 )y = y 3 . This forces x < y contradict-
2 3

ing x > y.
Similarly, we arrive at a contradiction if x > z > y. The only possibility is x = y = z.
√
For x = y = z, we get only one equation x2 = 1/2. Since x > 0, x = 1/ 2 = y = z.

———-0000———-
 Model solutions of RMO 2012 (Mumbai region)

1. Let α be the common zero of the three given polynomials. Then

α2 + aα + b = 0; (1)

α2 + α + ab = 0; (2)
2
aα + α + b = 0. (3)
(1)-(2) yields
(a − 1)(α − b) = 0. (4)
(3)-(2) yields
(a − 1)(α2 − b) = 0. (5)
From (4) we conclude that a = 1 or α = b and from (5) we see that a = 1 or α2 = b. But
if a = 1 then the three polynomials are same as x2 + x + b, contradicting the fact that they
are different. Therefore we must have α = b and α2 = b. Thus α = α2 i.e α = 0 or α = 1. If
α = 0 then b = 0 and this is not a feasible solution since we need to find b 6= 0. Hence α = 1,
which yields b = 1 and from (1), a = −2.
Thus a = −2, b = 1 and the polynomials are x2 − 2x + 1, x2 + x − 2 and −2x2 + x + 1.
2. Observe that n2 + 3n + 51 = (n − 5)(n + 8) + 91. If 13|n2 + 3n + 51, then 13|(n − 5)(n + 8).
Therefore 13|n − 5 or 13|n + 8. Observe that

13|n − 5 ⇔ 13|(n + 8) − 13 ⇔ 13|n + 8;

Now, 21n2 + 89n + 44 = (7n + 4)(3n + 11) = {(3(n + 8) + 4(n − 5)}{2(n + 8) + (n − 5)}.
Writing n + 8 = 13m1 and n − 5 = 13m2 , where m1 and m2 are positive integers we get

21n2 + 89n + 44 = 169(3m1 + 4m2 )(2m1 + m2 ).

Therefore 169 divides 21n2 + 89n + 44.

Comments:

There were different solutions to this problem by the students. We present two such solutions.

First solution:

Observe that n2 + 3n + 51 ≡ 0 ≡ {(n − 5)2 + 26}(mod 13) ⇒ n ≡ 5(mod 13). Now

21n2 + 89n + 44 = (7n + 4)(3n + 11) ≡ 0(mod169) because 7n + 4 ≡ 39 ≡ 0(mod13) and
3n + 11 ≡ 26 ≡ 0(mod13).

Second solution:

13|n2 + 3n + 51 ⇒ 13|(n + 8)(n − 5) ⇒ n ≡ 5(mod13). Let nk = 13k + 5, k an integer, and

f (nk ) = 21n2k + 89nk + 44. Then

f (nk+1 ) − f (nk ) = 169(44 + 42k) ≡ 0(mod169) ⇒ f (nk ) ≡ f (n0 )(mod 169).

As f (n0 ) = 1014 ≡ 0(mod169) we conclude that f (nk ) ≡ 0( mod169).

 5.22[x]
3. Writing x = [x] + {x} in the given equation and simplifying we obtain 25{x} = .
22[x] − 11
5{x}
As 0 ≤ {x} < 1, 1 ≤ 2 < 32 and hence the right hand side is positive. Therefore
5.22[x]
22[x] − 11 > 0, i.e [x] ≥ 2. Also, 5 < 2[x] ≤ 16. Hence there is a solution for every real
2 − 11
x with [x] ≥ 2 of which only one is rational, namely x = 14/5.
4. Since AEB = 90◦ and ED is perpendicular to AB, ED2 = AD.DB. Now

[ABE]2 = [ABC][ABH] ⇔ ED2 = HD.CD ⇔ AD.DB = HD.CD.

But triangles ADH and CDB are similar because 6 DAH = 6 BCD, 6 ADH = 6 CDB.

A B
D

Therefore, AD/CD = HD/DB, i.e AD.DB = HD.CD. Thus [ABE]2 = [ABC][ABH].

1 2 3
5. We have + + = 1 and 1 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ c. Therefore 1/a ≥ 1/b ≥ 1/c and
a b c
1 2 3 1 2 3 6
1= + + ≤ + + = ⇒ a ≤ 6.
a b c a a a a
Since a is a prime and 1 ≤ a ≤ 6, the possible values of a are 2, 3 and 5.

Case 1: a = 2.
2 3 1 2 1 1 2 3 5
a=2⇒ + = . Now < ⇒ b ≥ 5 and 1/b ≥ 1/c ⇒ = + ≤ ⇒ b ≤ 10.
b c 2 b 2 2 b c b
2 3 1
Hence 5 ≤ b ≤ 10. Substituting the possible values of b in the equation + = we obtain
b c 2
(b, c) = (5, 30), (6, 18), (7, 14), (8, 12), (10, 10) as the admissible pairs. Therefore the solutions
in this case are (a, b, c) = (2, 5, 30), (2, 6, 18), (2, 7, 14), (2, 8, 12), (2, 10, 10).

Case 2: a = 3.

Emulating the method outlined in the analysis of Case 1 we find that 4 ≤ b ≤ 7 and the
solutions in this case are (a, b, c) = (3, 4, 18), (3, 6, 9).

Case 3: a = 5.

There is no solution in this case.

In summary, the solutions are (a, b, c) = (2, 5, 30), (2, 6, 18), (2, 7, 14), (2, 8, 12), (2, 10, 10), (3, 4, 18), (3, 6, 9).
6. WSUM = 70656. Partition the set of all subsets of S into two sets -T1- consisting of those
subsets which contain the element 1 and T2 those which do not contain 1. For every subset
S2 belonging to T2, there is a unique subset S1 belonging to T1 which is {1} ∪ S2. Consider
any element a ≥ 2 of S. Let S2 be such that the element a occupies an even numbered position
in it. It will occupy an odd numbered position in S1 . The total contribution to WSUM by a
from both these subsets is 5a. The same is true if a occpies an odd numbered position in S2 .
Therefore, the total contribution of the element a to WSUM is 5a multiplied by the number
of subsets of T2 that contain a. The number of these subsets is 28 . The contribution of the
element 1 to WSUM is clearly 3 × 29 . Therefore the sum of all WSUMs is
P10
T = 3 × 29 + 5 × 28 × j=2 j = 276 × 28 = 70656.
Pa−1
Aliter: The total contribution of the element a ≥ 2 over all subsets is t = j=0 a−1


j (2 +
ξ(j))210−a a = 0. Here ξ(j) = 0 if j is odd and ξ(j) = 1 if j is even. a−1


j is the number of
10−a
j-element subsets of {1, 2, ..., a − 1} and 2 is the total number of subsets of {a + 1, a +
2, ..., 10}. Simplifying, we get t = 2.29 a + 28 a = 5.28 a.

7. O, E, and X are collinear. Join O with A, B and C. Triangles OCX and CEX are similar.

O
E
B
A
X
D

Therefore XC/XO = XE/XC, i.e XC 2 = XO.XE. But XC 2 = XB.XA. Hence

XB.XA = XE.XO implying B, A, O, E are concyclic. Therefore 6 OAB = 180◦ − 6 OEB =
40◦ . So, 6 AOB = 180◦ − 26 OAB = 100◦ .
8. Put x = 2a, y = 2b and z = 2c. The problem reduces to showing

1 8 1
+ ≤
(a − 1)(b − 1)(c − 1) (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 4
 
1 1 2a
subject to 1/a+1/b+1/c = 1. Observe that a > 1, b > 1, c > 1 and a−1 = a + ≥√
b c bc
2b 2c
(by A.M-G.M inequality). Similarly we get b − 1 ≥ √ and c − 1 ≥ √ . Multiplying these
ca ab
and taking the reciprocal we obtain

1 1
≤ . . . . (I)
(a − 1)(b − 1)(c − 1) 8
√
a+1 2 2 2 p
Next observe that = 1+ ≥ √ whence a + 1 ≥ 2 2(a − 1). Similarly we
p a−1 a − 1 pa − 1
obtain b + 1 ≥ 2 2(b − 1) and c + 1 ≥ 2 2(c − 1). Multiplying these yields
p √
(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) ≥ 16 2(a − 1)(b − 1)(c − 1) ≥ 16 2.8 = 64.
Therefore
8 1
≤ . . . . (II)
(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 8

By adding (I) and (II) we get

1 8 1
+ ≤ .
(a − 1)(b − 1)(c − 1) (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 4

Comments:

We present another method which many students had adopted. By the A.M-G.M-H.M
inequality,

a+b+c √ 3
≥ 3 abc ≥ = 3.
3 1/a + 1/b + 1/c

Thus a + b + c ≥ 9 and abc ≥ 27. Using these two inequalities we obtain

(a − 1)(b − 1)(c − 1) = abc − (ab + bc + ca) + (a + b + c) − 1 ≥ 8,

(a+1)(b+1)(c+1) = abc+(ab+bc+ca)+(a+b+c)+1 = 2abc+(a+b+c)+1 ≥ 2(27)+9+1 = 64.

From these two inequalities we get

1 8 1
+ ≤ .
(a − 1)(b − 1)(c − 1) (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 4
Paper 1 Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

1. Let ABC be an acute angled triangle. The circle Γ with BC as diameter intersects AB and
AC again at P and Q, respectively. Determine ∠BAC given that the orthocenter of triangle
AP Q lies on Γ.

Solution. Let K denote the orthocenter of triangle AP Q. Since triangles ABC and AQP
are similar it follows that K lies in the interior of triangle AP Q.
Note that ∠KP A = ∠KQA = 90◦ −∠A. Since BP KQ is a cyclic quadrilateral it follows that
∠BQK = 180◦ − ∠BP K = 90◦ − ∠A, while on the other hand ∠BQK = ∠BQA − ∠KQA =
∠A since BQ is perpendicular to AC. This shows that 90◦ − ∠A = ∠A, so ∠A = 45◦ .

2. Let f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c and g(x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + a, where a, b, c are integers with
c 6= 0. Suppose that the following conditions hold:

(a) f (1) = 0;
(b) the roots of g(x) are squares of the roots of f (x).

Find the value of a2013 + b2013 + c2013 .

Solution. Note that g(1) = f (1) = 0, so 1 is a root of both f (x) and g(x). Let p and q be the
other two roots of f (x), so p2 and q 2 are the other two roots of g(x). We then get pq = −c and
p2 q 2 = −a, so a = −c2 . Also, (−a)2 = (p + q + 1)2 = p2 + q 2 + 1 + 2(pq + p + q) = −b + 2b = b.
Therefore b = c4 . Since f (1) = 0 we therefore get 1 + c − c2 + c4 = 0. Factorising, we
get (c + 1)(c3 − c2 + 1) = 0. Note that c3 − c2 + 1 = 0 has no integer root and hence
c = −1, b = 1, a = −1. Therefore a2013 + b2013 + c2013 = −1.

3. Find all primes p and q such that p divides q 2 − 4 and q divides p2 − 1.

Solution. Suppose that p ≤ q. Since q divides (p − 1)(p + 1) and q > p − 1 it follows that q
divides p + 1 and hence q = p + 1. Therefore p = 2 and q = 3.
On the other hand, if p > q then p divides (q − 2)(q + 2) implies that p divides q + 2 or
q − 2 = 0. This gives either p = q + 2 or q = 2. In the former case it follows that that q
divides (q +2)2 −1, so q divides 3. This gives the solutions p > 2, q = 2 and (p, q) = (5, 3).

4. Find the number of 10-tuples (a1 , a2 , . . . , a10 ) of integers such that |a1 | ≤ 1 and

a21 + a22 + a23 + · · · + a210 − a1 a2 − a2 a3 − a3 a4 − · · · − a9 a10 − a10 a1 = 2 .

Solution. Let a11 = a1 . Multiplying the given equation by 2 we get

(a1 − a2 )2 + (a2 − a3 )2 + · · · (a10 − a1 )2 = 4 .

Note that if ai − ai+1 =P ±2 for some i = 1, . . . , 10, then aj − aj+1 = 0 for all j 6= i which
contradicts the equality 10 i=1 (ai − ai+1 ) = 0. Therefore ai − ai+1 = 1 for exactly two values
of i in {1, 2, . . . , 10}, ai − a
i+1 =
−1 for two other values of i and ai − ai+1 = 0 for all other
values of i. There are 10 8
2 × 2 = 45 × 28 possible ways of choosing these values. Note
that a1 = −1, 0 or 1, so in total there are 3 × 45 × 28 possible integer solutions to the given
equation.

1
Paper 1 Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

5. Let ABC be a triangle with ∠A = 90◦ and AB = AC. Let D and E be points on the segment
BC such that BD : DE : EC = 3 : 5 : 4. Prove that ∠DAE = 45◦ .

Solution. Rotating the configuraiton about A by 90◦ , the point B goes to the point C. Let
P denote the image of the point D under this rotation. Then CP = BD and ∠ACP =
∠ABC = 45◦ , so ECP is a right-angled triangle with CE : CP = 4 : 3. Hence P E = ED.
It follows that ADEP is a kite with AP = AD and P E = ED. Therefore AE is the angular
bisector of ∠P AD. This implies that ∠DAE = ∠P AD/2 = 45◦ .

6. Suppose that m and n are integers such that both the quadratic equations x2 + mx − n = 0
and x2 − mx + n = 0 have integer roots. Prove that n is divisible by 6.

Solution. Let a be an integer. If a is not divisible by 3 then a2 ≡ 1 (mod 3), i.e., 3 divides
a2 − 1, and if a is odd then a2 ≡ 1 (mod 8), i.e., 8 divides a2 − 1.
Note that the discriminants of the two quadratic polynomials are both squares of integers.
Let a and b be integers such that m2 − 4n = a2 and m2 + 4n = b2 . Therefore 8n = b2 − a2
and 2m2 = a2 + b2 . If 3 divides m then 3 divides both a and b, so 3 divides n. On the other
hand if 3 does not divide m then 3 does not divide a or b. Therefore 3 divides b2 − a2 and
hence 3 divides n.
If m is odd, then so is a, and therefore 4n = m2 − a2 is divisible by 8, so n is even. On
the other hand, if m is even then both a and b are even. Further (m/2)2 − n = (a/2)2 and
(m/2)2 + n = (b/2)2 , so (b − a)/2 is even. In particular, n = (b2 − a2 )/4 is even.

——— ? ———

2
Paper 2 Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

1. Prove that there do not exist natural numbers x and y, with x > 1, such that

x7 − 1
= y5 + 1 .
x−1

Solution. Simple factorisation gives y 5 = x(x3 + 1)(x2 + x + 1). The three factors on the
right are mutually coprime and hence they all have to be fifth powers. In particular, x = r5
for some integer r. This implies x3 + 1 = r15 + 1, which is not a fifth power unless r = −1 or
r = 0. This implies there are no solutions to the given equation.

2. In a triangle ABC, AD is the altitude from A, and H is the orthocentre. Let K be the centre
of the circle passing through D and tangent to BH at H. Prove that the line DK bisects AC.

Solution. Note that ∠KHB = 90◦ . Therefore ∠KDA = ∠KHD = 90◦ − ∠BHD =
∠HBD = ∠HAC. On the other hand, if M is the midpoint of AC then it is the circumcenter
of triangle ADC and therefore ∠M DA = ∠M AD. This proves that D, K, M are collinear
and hence DK bisects AC.

3. Consider the expression

20132 + 20142 + 20152 + · · · + n2 .
Prove that there exists a natural number n > 2013 for which one can change a suitable
number of plus signs to minus signs in the above expression to make the resulting expression
equal 9999.

Solution. For any integer k we have

−k 2 + (k + 1)2 + (k + 2)2 − (k + 3)2 = −4 .

Note that 9999 − (20132 + 20142 + 20152 + 20162 + 20172 ) = −4m for some positive integer
m. Therefore, it follows that

9999 =(20132 + 20142 + 20152 + 20162 + 20172 )

m
X
−(4r + 2014)2 + (4r + 2015)2 + (4r + 2016)2 − (4r + 2017)2 .


+
r=1

4. Let ABC be a triangle with ∠A = 90◦ and

√ AB = AC. Let D and E be points on the segment
BC such that BD : DE : EC = 1 : 2 : 3. Prove that ∠DAE = 45◦ .

Solution. Rotating the configuraiton about A by 90◦ , the point B goes to the point C. Let
P denote the image of the point D under this rotation. Then CP √ = BD and ∠ACP =
◦
∠ABC = 45 , so ECP is a right-angled triangle with CE : CP = 3 : 1. Hence P E = ED.
It follows that ADEP is a kite with AP = AD and P E = ED. Therefore AE is the angular
bisector of ∠P AD. This implies that ∠DAE = ∠P AD/2 = 45◦ .

1
Paper 2 Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

5. Let n ≥ 3 be a natural number and let P be a polygon with n sides. Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be the
lengths of the sides of P and let p be its perimeter. Prove that
a1 a2 an
+ + ··· + < 2.
p − a1 p − a2 p − an

Solution. If r and s are positive real numbers such that r < s then r/s < (r + x)/(s + x)
for any positive real x. Note that, by triangle inequality, ai < p − ai , so
ai 2ai
< ,
p − ai p
for all i = 1, , 2 . . . , n. Summing this inequality over i we get the desired inequality.

6. For a natural number n, let T (n) denote the number of ways we can place n objects of weights
1, 2, . . . , n on a balance such that the sum of the weights in each pan is the same. Prove that
T (100) > T (99).

Solution. Let S(n) denote the collection of subsets A of X(n) = {1, 2, . . . , n} such that
the sum of the elements of A equals n(n + 1)/4. Then the given inequality is equivalent to
|S(100)| > |S(99)|. We shall give a map f : S(99) → S(100) which is one-to-one but not
onto. Note that this will prove the required inequality.
Suppose that A is an element of S(99). If 50 ∈ A then define f (A) = (A \ {50}) ∪ {100}.
Otherwise, define f (A) = A ∪ {50}. If A and B are elements of S(99) such that f (A) = f (B)
then either 50 belongs to both these sets or neither of these sets. In either of the cases we
have A = B. Therefore f is a one-to-one function.
Note that every element in the range of f contains exactly one of 50 and 100. Let Bi =
{i, 101 − i}. Then B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · B24 ∪ B50 is an element of S(100). Clearly, this is not in the
range of f . Thus f is not an onto function.

——— ?? ———

2
Paper 3 Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

1. Find the number of eight-digit numbers the sum of whose digits is 4.

Solution. We need to find the number of 8-tuples (a1 , a2 , . . . , a8 ) of non-negative integers

such that a1 ≥ 1 and a1 + a2 + · · · + a8 = 4. If a1 = 1, then there are three possibilities: either
exactly three among a2 , a3 , . . . , a7 equal 1 and the rest equal zero, or five of them are zero
and the other two
equal 1 and 2, or six of them are zero and the other
equals 3. In the first
case, there are 73 = 35 such 8-tuples, in the second case there are 72 × 2 = 42 such 8-tuples
and in the third case there are 7 such 8-tuples. If a1 = 2 then either six of a2 , a3 , . . . , a7 are
zero and the other equals two, or five of them are zero and the remaining two both
equal 1.
In the former case, there are 7 such 8-tuples and in the latter case there are 72 = 21 such
8-tuples. If a1 = 3 then exactly six of a2 , a3 , . . . , a7 are zero and the other equals one. There
are 7 such 8-tuples. Finally, there is one 8-tuple in which a1 = 4. Thus, in total, there are
120 such 8-tuples.

2. Find all 4-tuples (a, b, c, d) of natural numbers with a ≤ b ≤ c and a! + b! + c! = 3d .

Solution. Note that if a > 1 then the left-hand side is even, and therefore a = 1. If b > 2
then 3 divides b! + c! and hence 3 does not divide the left-hand side. Therefore b = 1 or b = 2.
If b = 1 then c! + 2 = 3d , so c < 2 and hence d = 1. If b = 2 then c! = 3d − 3. Note that
d = 1 does not give any solution. If d > 1 then 9 does not divide c!, so c < 6. By checking
the values for c = 2, 3, 4, 5 we see that c = 3 and c = 4 are the only two solutions. Thus
(a, b, c, d) = (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3, 2) or (1, 2, 4, 3).

3. In an acute-angled triangle ABC with AB < AC, the circle Γ touches AB at B and passes
through C intersecting AC again at D. Prove that the orthocentre of triangle ABD lies on
Γ if and only if it lies on the perpendicular bisector of BC.

Solution. Note that ∠ADB = ∠B and hence triangles ADB and ABC are similar. In
particular, ABD is an acute-angled triangle. Let H denote the orthocenter of triangle ABD.
Then ∠BHD = 180◦ − ∠A.
Suppose that H lies on Γ. Since AB < AC the point D lies on the segment AC and
∠C = 180◦ − ∠BHD = ∠A. Therefore BH is the perpendicular bisector of AC. Hence
∠HBC = ∠ABC = ∠HCB, so H lies on the perpendicular bisector of BC.
Conversely, suppose that H lies on the perpendicular bisector of BC. Then ∠HCB =
∠HBC = 90◦ − ∠C. Since ∠ABD = ∠C it follows that ∠HDB = 90◦ − ∠C. Since
∠HCB = ∠HDB we have that H lies on Γ.

4. A polynomial is called a Fermat polynomial if it can be written as the sum of the squares
of two polynomials with integer coefficients. Suppose that f (x) is a Fermat polynomial such
that f (0) = 1000. Prove that f (x) + 2x is not a Fermat polynomial.

Solution. Let p(x) be a Fermat polynomial such that p(0) is divisible by 4. Suppose that
p(x) = g(x)2 + h(x)2 where g(x) and h(x) are polynomials with integer coefficients. Therefore
g(0)2 + h(0)2 is divisble by 4. Since g(0) and h(0) are integers, their squares are either
1 (mod 4) or 0 (mod 4). It therefore follows that g(0) and h(0) are even. Therefore the

1
Paper 3 Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

coefficents of x in g(x)2 and in h(x)2 are both divisible by 4. In particular, the coefficient of
x in a Fermat polynomial p(x), with p(0) divisible by 4, is divisible by 4. Thus if f (x) is a
Fermat polynomial with f (0) = 1000 then f (x) + 2x cannot be a Fermat polynomial.

5. Let ABC be a triangle which it not right-angled. Define a sequence of triangles Ai Bi Ci ,

with i ≥ 0, as follows: A0 B0 C0 is the triangle ABC; and, for i ≥ 0, Ai+1 , Bi+1 , Ci+1 are the
reflections of the orthocentre of triangle Ai Bi Ci in the sides Bi Ci , Ci Ai , Ai Bi , respectively.
Assume that ∠Am = ∠An for some distinct natural numbers m, n. Prove that ∠A = 60◦ .

Solution. The statement of the problem as stated is not correct. We give below the reason,
and we shall also give the condition under which the statement becomes true.
Let P, Q, R denote the reflections of H with respect BC, CA, AB, respectively. Then P, Q, R
lie on the circumcircle of the triangle. If ABC is an acute-angled triangle then ∠QP R =
∠QP A + ∠RP A = ∠QCA + ∠RBA = 180◦ − 2∠A. Similarly, if ∠A is obtuse then we get
∠QP R = 2∠A − 180◦ . Therefore, for example, if ∠A = 180◦ /7 and ∠B∠C = 540◦ /7 then we
get that ∠A3 = 180◦ /7 = ∠A0 . Therefore the statement of the problem is not correct.
However, the statement is correct provided all the triangles Ai Bi Ci are acute-angled. Under
this assumption we give below a proof of the statement.
Let α, β, γ denote the angles of T0 . Let fk (x) = (−2)k x − ((−2)k − 1)60◦ . We claim that the
angles of Tk are fk (α), fk (β) and fk (γ). Note that this claim is true for k = 0 and k = 1. It
is easy to check that fk+1 (x) = 180◦ − 2fk (x), so the claim follows by induction.
If Tm = Tn , then fm (α) = fn (α), so α((−2)m − (−2)n ) = 60◦ ((−2)m − (−2)n ). Therefore,
since m 6= n, it follows that α = 60◦ .

6. Let n ≥ 4 be a natural number. Let A1 A2 · · · An be a regular polygon and X = {1, 2, . . . , n}.

A subset {i1 , i2 , . . . , ik } of X, with k ≥ 3 and i1 < i2 < · · · < ik , is called a good subset
if the angles of the polygon Ai1 Ai2 · · · Aik , when arranged in the increasing order, are in an
arithmetic progression. If n is a prime, show that a proper good subset of X contains exactly
four elements.

Solution. We note that every angle of Ai1 Ai2 · · · Aik is a multiple of π/n. Suppose that these
angles are in an arithmetic progression. Let r and s be non-negative integers such that πr/n
is the smallest angle in this progression and πs/n is the common difference. Then we have
π
(rk + sk(k − 1)/2) = (k − 2)π .
n
Therefore rk + sk(k − 1)/2 = (k − 2)n. Suppose that k is odd. Then k divides the left-hand
side and k is coprime to k − 2. Therefore k divides n. On the other hand if k is even then
k/2 is coprime to (k − 2)/2 and hence k divides 4n. If n is prime and k < n then it follows
that k divides 4. Since k > 2, we have proved that k = 4.

——— ? ? ? ———

2
Paper 4 Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

1. Let Γ be a circle with centre O. Let Λ be another circle passing through O and intersecting
Γ at points A and B. A diameter CD of Γ intersects Λ at a point P different from O. Prove
that
∠AP C = ∠BP D .

Solution. Suppose that A0 is a point on Λ such that ∠A0 P C = ∠BP D. Then the segments
OA0 and OB subtends same angle in the respective minor arcs, so OA0 = OB. This shows
that A lies on Γ and hence A0 = A. This proves that ∠AP C = ∠BP D.

2. Determine the smallest prime that does not divide any five-digit number whose digits are in
a strictly increasing order.

Solution. Note that 12346 is even, 3 and 5 divide 12345, and 7 divides 12348. Consider a 5
digit number n = abcde with 0 < a < b < c < d < e < 10. Let S = (a + c + e) − (b + d). Then
S = a + (c − b) + (e − d) > a > 0 and S = e − (d − c) − (b − a) < e ≤ 10, so S is not divisible
by 11 and hence n is not divisible by 11. Thus 11 is the smallest prime that does not divide
any five-digit number whose digits are in a strictly increasing order.

3. Given real numbers a, b, c, d, e > 1 prove that

a2 b2 c2 d2 e2
+ + + + ≥ 20 .
c−1 d−1 e−1 a−1 b−1

a2
Solution. Note that (a − 2)2 ≥ 0 and hence a2 ≥ 4(a − 1). Since a > 1 we have ≥ 4.
a−1
By applying AM-GM inequality we get
s
a2 b2 c2 d2 e2 a2 b2 c2 d2 e2
+ + + + ≥55 ≥ 20 .
c−1 d−1 e−1 a−1 b−1 (a − 1)(b − 1)(c − 1)(d − 1)(e − 1)

1 1
4. Let x be a non-zero real number such that x4 + 4 and x5 + 5 are both rational numbers.
x x
1
Prove that x + is a rational number.
x

Solution. For a natural number k let Tk = xk + 1/xk . Note that T4 T2 = T2 + T6 and

T8 T2 = T10 + T6 . Therefore T2 (T8 − T4 + 1) = T10 . Since T2k = Tk2 + 2 it follows that T8 , T10
are rational numbers and hence T2 , T6 are also rational numbers. Since T5 T1 = T4 + T6 it
follows that T1 is a rational number.

5. In a triangle ABC, let H denote its orthocentre. Let P be the reflection of A with respect to
BC. The circumcircle of triangle ABP intersects the line BH again at Q, and the circumcircle
of triangle ACP intersects the line CH again at R. Prove that H is the incentre of triangle
P QR.

1
Paper 4 Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

Solution. Since RACP is a cyclic quadrilateral it follows that ∠RP A = ∠RCA = 90◦ − ∠A.
Similarly, from cyclic quadrilateral BAQP we get ∠QP A = 90◦ − ∠A. This shows that P H
is the angular bisector of ∠RP Q.
We next show that R, A, Q are collinear. For this, note that ∠BP C = ∠A. Since ∠BHC =
180◦ − ∠A it follows that BHCP is a cyclic quadrilateral. Therefore ∠RAP + ∠QAP =
∠RCP + ∠QBP = 180◦ . This proves that R, A, Q are collinear.
Now ∠QRC = ∠ARC = ∠AP C = ∠P AC = ∠P RC. This proves that RC is the angular
bisector of ∠P RQ and hence H is the incenter of triangle P QR.

6. Suppose that the vertices of a regular polygon of 20 sides are coloured with three colours –
red, blue and green – such that there are exactly three red vertices. Prove that there are three
vertices A, B, C of the polygon having the same colour such that triangle ABC is isosceles.

Solution. Since there are exactly three vertices, among the remaining 17 vertices there are
nine of them of the same colour, say blue. We can divide the vertices of the regular 20-gon
into four disjoint sets such that each set consists of vertices that form a regular pentagon.
Since there are nine blue points, at least one of these sets will have three blue points. Since
any three points on a pentagon form an isosceles triangle, the statement follows.

2
Mumbai region Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

1. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = AC and let Γ denote its circumcircle. A point
D is on the arc AB of Γ not containing C and a point E is on the arc AC of Γ not containing
B such that AD = CE. Prove that BE is parallel to AD.

Solution. We note that triangle AEC and triangle BDA are congruent. Therefore AE =
BD and hence ∠ABE = ∠DAB. This proves that AD is parallel to BE.

2. Find all triples (p, q, r) of primes such that pq = r + 1 and 2(p2 + q 2 ) = r2 + 1.

Solution. If p and q are both odd, then r = pq − 1 is even so r = 2. But in this case
pq ≥ 3 × 3 = 9 and hence there are no solutions. This proves that either p = 2 or q = 2. If
p = 2 then we have 2q = r + 1 and 8 + 2q 2 = r2 + 1. Multiplying the second equation by 2 we
get 2r2 + 2 = 16 + (2q)2 = 16 + (r + 1)2 . Rearranging the terms, we have r2 − 2r − 15 = 0,
or equivalently (r + 3)(r − 5) = 0. This proves that r = 5 and hence q = 3. Similarly,
if q = 2 then r = 5 and p = 3. Thus the only two solutions are (p, q, r) = (2, 3, 5) and
(p, q, r) = (3, 2, 5).

3. A finite non-empty set S of integers is called 3-good if the the sum of the elements of S is
divisble by 3. Find the number of 3-good non-empty subsets of {0, 1, 2, . . . , 9}.

Solution. Let A be a 3-good subset of {0, 1, . . . , 9}. Let A1 = A∩{0, 3, 6, 9}, A2 = A∩{1, 4, 7}
and A3 = A ∩ {2, 5, 8}. Then there are three possibilities:
• |A2 | = 3, |A3 | = 0;
• |A2 | = 0, |A3 | = 3;
• |A2 | = |A3 |.
Note that there are 16 possibilities for A1 . Therefore the first two cases correspond to a total of
32 subsets that are 3-good. The number of subsets in the last case is 16(12 +32 +32 +12 ) = 320.
Note that this also includes the empty set. Therefore there are a total of 351 non-empty 3-
good subsets of {0, 1, 2, . . . , 9}.

4. In a triangle ABC, points D and E are on segments BC and AC such that BD = 3DC and
AE = 4EC. Point P is on line ED such that D is the midpoint of segment EP . Lines AP
and BC intersect at point S. Find the ratio BS/SD.

Solution. Let F denote the midpoint of the segment AE. Then it follows that DF is parallel
to AP . Therefore, in triangle ASC we have CD/SD = CF/F A = 3/2. But DC = BD/3 =
(BS + SD)/3. Therefore BS/SD = 7/2.

5. Let a1 , b1 , c1 be natural numbers. We define

a2 = gcd(b1 , c1 ) , b2 = gcd(c1 , a1 ) , c2 = gcd(a1 , b1 ) ,

and
a3 = lcm(b2 , c2 ) , b3 = lcm(c2 , a2 ) , c3 = lcm(a2 , b2 ) .
Show that gcd(b3 , c3 ) = a2 .

1
Mumbai region Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2013 December 1, 2013

Solution. For a prime p and a natural number n we shall denote by vp (n) the power of p
dividing n. Then it is enough to show that vp (a2 ) = vp (gcd(b3 , c3 )) for all primes p. Let p
be a prime and let α = vp (a1 ), β = vp (b1 ) and γ = vp (c1 ). Because of symmetry, we may
assume that α ≤ β ≤ γ. Therefore, vp (a2 ) = min{β, γ} = β and similarly vp (b2 ) = vp (c2 ) =
α. Therefore vp (b3 ) = max{α, β} = β and similarly vp (c3 ) = max{α, β} = β. Therefore
vp (gcd(b3 , c3 )) = vp (a2 ) = β. This completes the solution.

6. Let a, b be real numbers and, let P (x) = x3 + ax2 + b and Q(x) = x3 + bx + a. Suppose that
the roots of the equation P (x) = 0 are the reciprocals of the roots of the equation Q(x) = 0.
Find the greatest common divisor of P (2013! + 1) and Q(2013! + 1).

Solution. Note that P (0) 6= 0. Let R(x) = x3 P (1/x) = bx3 + ax + 1. Then the equations
Q(x) = 0 and R(x) = 0 have the same roots. This implies that R(x) = bQ(x) and equating
the coefficients we get a = b2 and ab = 1. This implies that b3 = 1, so a = b = 1. Thus
P (x) = x3 + x2 + 1 and Q(x) = x3 + x + 1. For any integer n we have

(P (n), Q(n)) = (P (n), P (n) − Q(n)) = (n3 + n2 + 1, n2 − n) = (n3 + n2 + 1, n − 1) = (3, n − 1) .

Thus (P (n), Q(n)) = 3 if n − 1 is divisible by 3. In particular, since 3 divides 2013! it follows

that (P (2013! + 1), Q(2013! + 1)) = 3.

2
 Solutions to RMO-2014 problems
1. Let ABC be a triangle and let AD be the
perpendicular from A on to BC. Let K, L, M
be points on AD such that AK = KL =
LM = M D. If the sum of the areas of
the shaded regions is equal to the sum of
the areas of the unshaded regions, prove that
BD = DC.
Solution: let BD = 4x, DC = 4y and AD = 4h. Then the sum of the areas of the
shaded regions is
1
h(6x + 10y)
h x + (y + 2y) + (2x + 3x) + (3y + 4y) = .
2 2
The sum of the areas of the unshaded regions is
1
h(10x + 6y)
h y + (x + 2x) + (2y + 3y) + (3x + 4x) = .
2 2
Therefore the given condition implies that

6x + 10y = 10x + 6y.

This gives x = y. Hence BD = DC.

2. Let a1 , a2 , . . . , a2n be an arithmetic progression of positive real numbers with com-

mon difference d. Let
(i) a21 + a23 + · · · + a22n−1 = x, (ii) a22 + a24 + · · · + a22n = y, and
(iii) an + an+1 = z.
Express d in terms of x, y, z, n.

Solution: Observe that

y − x = (a22 − a21 ) + (a24 − a23 ) + · · · + (a22n − a22n−1 ).

The general difference is

  

a22k − a22k−1 = a2k + a2k−1 d = 2a1 + (2k − 1) + (2k − 2) d d.

Therefore



y − x = 2na1 + (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · (2n − 1))d d = nd 2a1 + (2n − 1)d .

We also observe that

z = an + an+1 = 2a1 + (2n − 1)d.

It follows that y − x = ndz. Hence d = (y − x)/nz.

3. Suppose for some positive integers r and s, the digits of 2r is obtained by permuting
the digits of 2s in decimal expansion. Prove that r = s.
Solution: Suppose s ≤ r. If s < r then 2s < 2r . Since the number of digits in 2s
and 2r are the same, we have 2r < 10 × 2s < 2s+4 . Thus we have 2s < 2r < 2s+4
which gives r = s + 1 or s + 2 or s + 3. Since 2r is obtained from 2s by permuting
its digits, 2r − 2s is divisible by 9. If r = s + 1, we see that 2r − 2s = 2s and it is
clearly not divisible by 9. Similarly, 2s+2 − 2s = 3 × 2s and 2s+3 − 2s = 7 × 2s and
none of these is divisible by 9. We conclude that s < r is not possible. Hence r = s.
4. Is it possible to write the numbers
17, 18, 19, . . . , 32 in a 4 × 4 grid of unit
squares, with one number in each square,
such that the product of the numbers in each
2×2 sub-grids AM RG, GRN D, M BHR and
RHCN is divisible by 16?
Solution: NO! If the product in each 2 × 2 sub-square is divisible by 16, then the
product of all the numbers is divisible by 16 × 16 × 16 × 16 = 216 . But it is easy to
see that
17 × 18 × 19 × · · · × 32 = 215 k,
where k is an odd number. Hence the product of all the numbers in the grid is not
divisible by 216 .
5. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and let H be its ortho-centre. For any point
P on the circum-circle of triangle ABC, let Q be the point of intersection of the line
BH with the line AP . Show that there is a unique point X on the circum-circle of
ABC such that for every point P 6= A, B, the circum-circle of HQP pass through
X.
Solution: We consider two possibilities: Q lying between A and P ; and P lying
between A and Q. (See the figures.)
In the first case, we observe that
∠HXC = ∠HXP + ∠P XC = ∠AQB + ∠P AC,
since Q, H, X, P are concyclic and P, A, X, C are also concyclic. Thus we get
∠HXC = ∠AQE + ∠QAE = 90◦
because BE ⊥ AC.

2
 In the second case, we have

∠HXC = ∠HXP + ∠P XC = ∠HQP + ∠P AC;

the first follows from H, X, Q, P are concyclic; the second follows from the concyclic-
ity of A, X, C, P . Again BE ⊥ AC shows that ∠HXC = 90◦ .
Thus for any point P 6= A, B on the circumcircle of ABC, the point X of intersection
of the circumcircles of ABC and HP Q is such that ∠HXC = 90◦ . This means X
is precisely the point of intersection of the circumcircles of HEC and ABC, which
is independent of P .

6. Let x1 , x2 , . . . , x2014 be positive real numbers such that 2014

P
j=1 xj = 1. Determine
with proof the smallest constant K such that
2014
X x2j
K ≥ 1.
1 − xj
j=1

Solution:PLet us take the general case: {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } are positive real numbers
such that nk=1 xk = 1. Then
n n n n n
X x2k X x2k − 1 X 1 X X 1
= + = (−1 − xk ) + .
1 − xk 1 − xk 1 − xk 1 − xk
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

Now the first sum is −n − 1. We can estimate the second sum using AM-HM
inequality:
n
X 1 n2 n2
≥ Pn = .
1 − xk k=1 (1 − xk ) n−1
k=1
Thus we obtain
n
X x2k n2 1
≥ −(1 + n) + = .
1 − xk n−1 n−1
k=1
Here equality holds if and only if all xj ’s are equal. Thus we get the smallest
constant K such that
X x2j
2014
K ≥1
1 − xj
j=1
to be 2014 − 1 = 2013.
———-0———-

3
 Solutions to RMO-2014 problems
1. In an acute-angled triangle ABC, ∠ABC is the largest angle. The perpendicu-
lar bisectors of BC and BA intersect AC at X and Y respectively. Prove that
circumcentre of triangle ABC is incentre of triangle BXY .

Solution: Let D and E be the mid-points of BC and AB respectively. Since X

lies on the perpendicular bisector of BC, we have XB = XC. Since XD ⊥ BC
and XB = XC, it follows that XD bisects ∠BXC. Similarly, Y E bisects ∠BY A.
Hence the point of intersection of XD and Y E is the incentre of 4BXY . But
this point of intersection is also the circumcentre of 4ABC, being the point of
intersection of perpendicular bisectors of BC and AB.

2. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers. Prove that

y 2 + z 2 z 2 + x2 x2 + y 2
+ + ≥ 2(x + y + z).
x y z

Solution: We write the inequality in the form

x2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x2
+ + + + + ≥ 2(x + y + z).
y x z y x z

We observe that x2 + y 2 ≥ 2xy. Hence x2 + y 2 − xy ≥ xy. Multiplying both sides

by (x + y), we get

x3 + y 3 = (x + y)(x2 − xy + y 2 ) ≥ (x + y)xy.

Thus
x2 y 2
+ ≥ x + y.
y x
Similarly, we obtain

y2 z2 z 2 x2
+ ≥ y + z, + ≥ x + y.
z y x z
Adding three inequalities, we get the required result.

3. Find all pairs of (x, y) of positive integers such that 2x + 7y divides 7x + 2y.

Solution: Let d = gcd(x, y). Then x = dx1 and y = dy1 . We observe that 2x + 7y
divides 7x + 2y if and only if 2x1 + 7y1 divides 7x1 + 2y1 . This means 2x1 + 7y1
should divide 49x1 + 14y1 . But 2x1 + 7y1 divides 4x1 + 14y1 . Hence 2x1 + 7y1
divides 45x1 . Similarly, we can show that 2x1 + 7y1 divides 45y1 . Hence 2x1 + 7y1
divides gcd(45x1 , 45y1 ) = 45 gcd(x1 , y1 ) = 45. Hence

2x1 + 7y1 = 9, 15 or 45.

 If 2x1 + 7y1 = 9, then x1 = 1, y1 = 1. Similarly, 2x1 + 7y1 = 15 gives x1 = 4,
y1 = 1. If 2x1 + 7y1 = 45, then we get
(x1 , y1 ) = (19, 1), (12, 3), (5, 5).
Thus all solutions are of the form
(x, y) = (d, d), (4d, d), (19d, d), (12d, 3d), (5d, 5d).

4. For any positive integer n > 1, let P (n) denote the largest prime not exceeding n.
Let N (n) denote the next prime larger than P (n). (For example P (10) = 7 and
N (10) = 11, while P (11) = 11 and N (11) = 13.) If n + 1 is a prime number, prove
that the value of the sum
1 1 1 1 n−1
+ + + ··· + = .
P (2)N (2) P (3)N (3) P (4)N (4) P (n)N (n) 2n + 2

Solution: Let p and q be two consecutive primes, p < q. If we take any n such that
p ≤ n < q, we see that P (n) = p and N (n) = q. Hence the term pq 1 occurs in the

sum q − p times. The contribution from such terms is q−p 1 1

pq = p − q . Since n + 1 is
prime, we obtain
1 1 1 1
+ + + ··· +
P (2)N (2) P (3)N (3) P (4)N (4) P (n)N (n)
     
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n−1
= − + − + ··· + − = − = .
2 3 3 5 p n+1 2 n+1 2n + 2
Here p is used for the prime preceeding n + 1.
5. Let ABC be a triangale with AB > AC. Let P be a point on the line AB beyond
A such that AP + P C = AB. Let M be the mid-point of BC and let Q be the
point on the side AB such that CQ ⊥ AM . Prove that BQ = 2AP .
Solution: Extend BP to F such P F =
P C. Then AF = AP + P F = AP + P C =
AB. Hence A is the mid-point of BF .
Since M is the mid-point of BC, it fol-
lows that AM k F C. But AM ⊥ CQ.
Hence F C ⊥ CQ at C. Therefore QCF
is a rigt-angled triangle. Since P C = P F ,
it follows that ∠P CF = ∠P F C. Hence
∠P QC = ∠P CQ which gives P Q = P C =
P F . This implies that P is the mid-point
of QF .
Thus we have AP + AQ = P F and BQ + QA = AP + P F . This gives
2AP + AQ = P F + AP = BQ + QA.
We conclude that BQ = 2AP .

2
6. Suppose n is odd and each square of an n × n grid is arbitrarily filled with either by
1 or by −1. Let rj and ck denote the product of all numbers in j-th row and k-th
column respectively, 1 ≤ j, k ≤ n. Prove that
n
X n
X
rj + ck 6= 0.
j=1 k=1

Solution: Suppose we change +1 to −1 in a square. Then the product of the

numbers in that row changes sign. Similarly, the product of numbers in the column
also changes sign. Hence the sum
n
X n
X
S= rj + ck
j=1 k=1

decreases by 4 or increases by 4 or remains same. Hence the new sum is congruent

to the old sum modulo 4. Let us consider the situation when all the squares have
+1. Then S = n + n = 2n = 2(2m + 1) = 4m + 2. This means the sum S is is
always of the form 4l + 2 for any configuration. Therefore the sum is not equal to 0.

———-00———-

3
 Solutions to RMO-2014 problems
1. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and suppose ∠ABC is the largest angle of the
triangle. Let R be its circumcentre. Suppose the circumcircle of triangle ARB cuts
AC again in X. Prove that RX is pependicular to BC.

Solution: Extend RX to meet BC in E.

We show that ∠XEC = 90◦ . Join RA,
RB and BX. Observe that ∠AXB =
∠ARB = 2∠C and ∠BXR = ∠BAR =
90◦ − ∠C. Hence ∠EXC = 180◦ − 2∠C −
(90◦ − ∠C) = 90◦ − ∠C. This shows that
∠CEX = 90◦ .

2. Find all real numbers x and y such that

1
x2 + 2y 2 + ≤ x(2y + 1).
2
Solution: We write the inequality in the form

2x2 + 4y 2 + 1 − 4xy − 2x ≤ 0.

Thus (x2 − 4xy + 4y 2 ) + (x2 − 2x + 1) ≤ 0. Hence

(x − 2y)2 + (x − 1)2 ≤ 0.

Since x, y are real, we know that (x − 2y)2 ≥ 0 and (x − 1)2 ≥ 0. Hence it follows
that (x − 2y)2 = 0 and (x − 1)2 = 0. Therefore x = 1 and y = 1/2.

3. Prove that there does not exist any positive integer n < 2310 such that n(2310 − n)
is a multiple of 2310.
Solution: Suppose there exists n such that 0 < n < 2310 and n(2310 − n) = 2310k.
Then n2 = 2310(n − k). But 2310 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11, the product of primes.
Hence n − k = 2310l2 for some l. But n < 2310 and hence n − k < 2310. Hence
l = 0. This forces n = k and hence n2 = 2310(n − k) = 0. Thus n = 0 and we have
a contradiction.

4. Find all positive real numbers x, y, z such that

1 1 1 1 1 1
2x − 2y + = , 2y − 2z + = , 2z − 2x + = .
z 2014 x 2014 y 2014

Solution: Adding the three equations, we get

1 1 1 3
+ + = .
x y z 2014
 We can also write the equations in the form
z x y
2zx − 2zy + 1 = , 2xy − 2xz + 1 = , 2yz − 2yx + 1 = .
2014 2014 2014
Adding these, we also get
2014 × 3 = x + y + z.
Therefore  
1 1 1 3
+ + (x + y + z) = × (2014 × 3) = 9.
x y z 2014
Using AM-GM inequality, we therefore obtain

1 1/3
   
1 1 1
9= + + (x + y + z) ≥ 9 × (xyz)1/3 = 9.
x y z xyz

Hence equality holds in AM-GM inequality and we conclude x = y = z. Thus

1 1
=
x 2014
which gives x = 2014. We conclude

x = 2014, y = 2014, z = 2014.

5. Let ABC be a triangle. Let X be on the segment BC such that AB = AX. Let AX
meet the circumcircle Γ of triangle ABC again at D. Show that the circumcentre
of 4BDX lies on Γ.

Solution: Draw perpendicular from A to BC

and extend it to meet Γ in F . We show
that F is the circumcentre of 4BDX. Since
AB = AX, we observe that F lies on the
perpendicular bisector of BX. Join CF and
CD. We observe that ∠ABX = ∠CDX and
∠AXB = ∠CXD. Hence 4ABX is similar
to 4CDX. In particular 4CDX is isosceles.

Moreover, ∠BCF = ∠BAF and ∠DCF = ∠DAF . Since AF is the perpendicular

bisector of BX, it also bisects ∠BAX. It follows that CF bisects ∠DCX and
hence F lies on the perpendicular bisector of DX. Together F is the circumcentre
of 4BXD.

6. For any natural number n, let S(n) denote the sum of the digits of n. Find the
number of all 3-digit numbers n such that S(S(n)) = 2.

Solution: Observe that S(S(n)) = 2 implies that S(n) = 2, 11 or 20. Hence we

have to find the number of all all 3 digit numbers abc such that a + b + c = 2, 11

2
and 20. In fact we can enumerate all these:
a + b + c = 2: abc = 101, 110, 200;
a + b + c = 11; abc = 902, 920, 290, 209, 911, 191, 119, 803, 830, 308, 380,
812, 821, 182, 128, 218, 281, 731, 713, 317, 371, 137, 173, 722, 272, 227, 740, 704,
407, 470, 650, 605, 560, 506, 641, 614, 416, 461, 164, 146, 623, 632, 362, 326, 263, 236;
a + b + c = 20; abc = 992, 929, 299, 983, 938, 398, 389, 839, 893, 974, 947, 794, 749,
479, 497, 965, 956, 659, 695, 596, 569, 884, 848, 488,
875, 875, 785, 758, 578, 587, 866, 686, 668, 776, 767, 677.
There are totally 85 three digit numbers having second digital sum equal to 2.

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3
 Solutions to RMO-2014 problems
1. Let ABCD be an isosceles trapezium having an incircle; let AB and CD be the
parallel sides and let CE be the perpendicular from C on to AB. Prove that CE is
equal to the geometric mean of AB and CD.

Solution: Since ABCD has incircle, we have AB + CD = AD + BC. We alos

know that AD = BC and ∠A = ∠B. Draw DF ⊥ AB. Then 4DF C ∼ = 4CEB.
Hence F E = CD, and AF = EB. Now

CE 2 = BC 2 − BE 2 .

Observe 2BC = BC + AD = AB + CD = 2F E + 2EB. Hence BC = F E + EB.

Thus
CE 2 = (F E + EB)2 − BE 2 = (F E + 2EB)F E = AB · CD.
This shows that CE is the geometric mean of AB and CD.

2. If x and y are positive real numbers, prove that

4x4 + 4y 3 + 5x2 + y + 1 ≥ 12xy.

Solution: We have from AM-GM inequality,

4x4 + 1 ≥ 4x2 , 4y 3 + y = y(4y 2 + 1) ≥ 4y 2 .

Hence

4x4 + 4y 3 + 5x2 + y + 1 ≥ 4x2 + 4y 2 + 5x2

= 9x2 + 4y 2
√
≥ 2( 9 × 4)xy
= 12xy.

3. Determine all pairs m > n of positive integers such that

1 = gcd(n + 1, m + 1) = gcd(n + 2, m + 2) = · · · = gcd(m, 2m − n).

Solution: Observe that 1 = gcd(n + r, m + r) = gcd(n + r, m − n). Thus each of the

m − n consecutive positive integers n + 1, n + 2, . . . , m is coprime to m − n. Since
one of these is necessarily a multiple of m − n, this is possible only when m − n = 1.
Hence each pair is of the form (n, n + 1), where n ∈ N.

4. What is the minimal area of a right-angled triangle whose inradius is 1 unit?

 Solution: Let ABC be the right-angled tri-
angle with ∠B = 90◦ . Let I be its incentre
and D be the point where the incircle touches
AB. Then s − b = AD = r = 1. We also
know that [ABC] = rs = r(a + b + c)/2 and
[ABC] = ac/2. Thus

ac a+b+c a+c−b
= = (a+c)− = (a+c)−1.
2 2 2
Using AM-GM inequality, we get
ac √
= a + c − 1 ≥ 2 ac − 1.
2
√
Taking ac = x, we get x2 − 4x + 2 ≥ 0. Hence
√
4+2 2 √
x≥ = 2 + 2.
2
Finally, √
ac (2 + 2)2 √
[ABC] = ≥ = 3 + 2 2.
2 2
√
Thus the least area of such a triangle is 3 + 2 2.

5. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and let I be its incentre. Let the incircle of
triangle ABC touch BC in D. The incircle of the triangle ABD touches AB in
E; the incircle of the triangle ACD touches BC in F . Prove that B, E, I, F are
concyclic.
Solution: We know BD = s − b and DC =
s−c, where s is the semiperimeter of 4ABC.
Let the incircle of 4ABD touch BC in P and
let AD = l. Then
l + BD − c l+s−c−b
DP = = .
2 2
Similarly, we can compute DF =
l+s−c−b
. Therefore DP = DF .
2
But ID ⊥ BC. Hence I is on the per-
pendicular bisector of P F . This gives
IP = IF .
Draw IQ ⊥ AB. Then B, Q, I, D are concyclic so that ∠QID = 180◦ − ∠B.
Since DP = DF and IP = IF , the triangles IDP and IDF are congruent. But
IDP is congruent to IQE. It follows that 4IDF ∼ = 4IQE. This shows that
∠QIE = ∠DIF . Therefore ∠QID = ∠EIF . But ∠QID = 180◦ − ∠B. Hence
∠EIF = 180◦ − ∠B. Therefore B, E, I, F are concyclic.

2
6. In the adjacent figure, can the num-
bers 1, 2, 3, 4, · · · , 18 be placed, one on
each line segment, such that the sum of
the numbers on the three line segments
meeting at each point is divisible by 3?

Solution: We group the numbers 1 to 18 in to 3 groups: those leaving remainder 0

when divided by 3; those leaving remainder 1; and those leaving remainder 2. Thus
the groups are:
{3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}, {1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16}, {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17}
Now we put the numbers in such a way that each of the three line segments con-
verging to a vertex gets one number from each set. For example, here is one such
arrangement:

———-00———-

3
 Solutions to problems of RMO 2014 (Mumbai region)

1. Three positive real numbers a, b, c are such that a2 + 5b2 + 4c2 − 4ab − 4bc = 0. Can
a, b, c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle? Justify your answer.

Solution

No. Note that a2 + 5b2 + 4c2 − 4ab − 4bc = (a − 2b)2 + (b − 2c)2 = 0 ⇒ a : b : c = 4 : 2 : 1 ⇒

b + c : a = 3 : 4. The triangle inequality is violated.

2. The roots of the equation

x3 − 3ax2 + bx + 18c = 0

form a non-constant arithmetic progression and the roots of the equation

x3 + bx2 + x − c3 = 0

form a non-constant geometric progression. Given that a, b, c are real numbers,

find all positive integral values a and b.

Solution

Let α − d, α, α + d (d 6= 0) be the roots of the first equation and let β/r, β, βr (r > 0 and
r 6= 1) be the roots of the second equation. It follows that α = a , β = c and

a3 − ad2 = −18c; 3a2 − d2 = b, (1)

c(1/r + 1 + r) = −b; c2 (1/r + 1 + r) = 1. (2)

Eliminating d, r and c yields
ab2 − 2a3 b − 18 = 0, (3)
2
√
whence b = a ± (1/a) a6 + 18a. For positive integral values of a and b it must be that
a6 + 18a is a perfect square. Let x2 = a6 + 18a. Then a3 < x2 < a3 + 1 for a > 2 and hence
no solution. For a = 1 there is no solution. For a = 2, x = 10 and b = 9. Thus the admissible
pair is (a, b) = (2, 9).
3. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle in which ∠ABC is the largest angle. Let O
be its circumcentre. The perpendicular bisectors of BC and AB meet AC at X
and Y respectively. The internal bisectors of ∠AXB and ∠BY C meet AB and BC
at D and E respectively. Prove that BO is perpendicular to AC if DE is parallel
to AC.

Solution

Observe that triangles AY B and BXC are isosceles (AY = BY and BX = CX). This
implies ∠BY C = 2∠BAC and ∠AXB = 2∠ACB. Since XD and Y E are angle bisectors
we have ∠AXD = ∠ACB and ∠CY E = ∠CAB. Hence XD is parallel to BC and Y E is
parallel to AB. Therefore
CE CY
= (4)
EB AY
and
AD AX
= . (5)
DB CX

1
 CE AD
Now, if DE is parallel to AC then = . Therefore we must have
EB DB
CY AX
= . (6)
AY CX
But then
CY AX AC AC
+1= +1⇒ = ⇒ AY = CX. (7)
AY CX AY CX
Hence BY = AY = CX = BX. Thus ∠BXY = ∠BY X i.e ∠AXB = ∠BY C or ∠ACB =
∠BAC i.e triangle ABC is isosceles with AB = CB. Hence BO is the perpendicular bisector
of AC.
4. A person moves in the x − y plane moving along points with integer co-ordinates
x and y only. When she is at point (x, y), she takes a step based on the following
rules:

(a) if x + y is even she moves to either (x + 1, y) or (x + 1, y + 1);

(b) if x + y is odd she moves to either (x, y + 1) or (x + 1, y + 1).
How many distinct paths can she take to go from (0, 0) to (8, 8) given that she
took exactly three steps to the right ((x, y) to (x + 1, y))?

Solution

We note that she must also take three up steps and five diagonal steps. Now, a step to the
right or an upstep changes the parity of the co-ordinate sum, and a diagonal step does not
change it. Therefore, between two right steps there must be an upstep and similarly between
two upsteps there must be a right step. We may, therefore write

HV HV HV

The diagonal steps may be distributed in any fashion before, in between and after the HV
sequence. The required number is nothing but the
number of ways of distributing 5 identical
objects into 7 distinct boxes and is equal to 11
6 .

5. Let a, b, c be positive numbers such that

1 1 1
+ + ≤ 1.
1+a 1+b 1+c

Prove that (1 + a2 )(1 + b2 )(1 + c2 ) ≥ 125. When does the equality hold?

Solution
1 1 1 a 1 1
+ + ≤1⇒ ≥ + . (8)
1+a 1+b 1+c 1+a 1+b 1+c
Similarly,
b 1 1 c 1 1
≥ + , ≥ + . (9)
1+b 1+a 1+c 1+c 1+a 1+c
Apply AM-GM to get that
a 2 b 2 c 2
≥p , ≥p , ≥p . (10)
1+a (1 + b)(1 + c) 1+b (1 + a)(1 + c) 1+c (1 + a)(1 + b)

2
 Multiplying these results we get
abc ≥ 8. (11)
Now take

F = (1 + a2 )(1 + b2 )(1 + c2 ) ≥ 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 + a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 + a2 b2 c2 (12)

and apply AM-GM to a2 , b2 , c2 and to a2 b2 , b2 c2 , c2 a2 to get

F ≥ 1 + 3(a2 b2 c2 )1/3 + 3(a4 b4 c4 )1/3 + a2 b2 c2 = [1 + (a2 b2 c2 )1/3 ]3 ≥ [1 + 82/3 ]3 = 125. (13)

Wherein the equality holds when a = b = c = 2.

6. Let D, E, F be the points of contact of the incircle of an acute-angled triangle
ABC with BC, CA, AB respectively. Let I1 , I2 , I3 be the incentres of the triangles
AF E, BDF , CED, respectively. Prove that the lines I1 D, I2 E, I3 F are concurrent.

Solution

Observe that ∠AF E = ∠AEF = 90◦ − A/2 and ∠F DE = ∠AEF = 90◦ − A/2. Again
∠EI1 F = 90◦ + A/2. Thus

∠EI1 F + ∠F DE = 180◦ .

Hence I1 lies on the incircle. Also

∠I1 F E = (1/2)∠AF E = (1/2)∠AEF = ∠I1 EF. (14)

Thus I1 E = I1 F . But then they are equal chords of a circle and so they must subtend equal
angles at the circumference. Therefore ∠I1 DF = ∠I1 DE and so I1 D is the internal bisector
of ∠F DE. Similarly we can show that I2 E and I3 F are internal bisectors of ∠DEF and
∠DF E respectively. Thus the three lines I1 D, I2 E, I3 F are concurrent at the incentre of
triangle DEF .

3
 CRMO-2015 questions and solutions
1. In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, let the diagonals AC and BD intersect at X. Let the
circumcircles of triangles AXD and BXC intersect again at Y . If X is the incentre of
triangle ABY , show that ∠CAD = 90◦ .
Solution: Given that X is the incentre of tri-
angle ABY , we have ∠BAX = ∠XAY . There-
fore, ∠BDC = ∠BAC = ∠BAX = ∠XAY =
∠XDY = ∠BDY . This shows that C, D, Y are
collinear. Therefore, ∠CY X + ∠XY D = 180◦ .
But the left-hand side equals (180◦ − ∠CBD) +
(180◦ − ∠CAD). Since ∠CBD = ∠CAD, we ob-
tain 180◦ = 360◦ − 2∠CAD. This shows that
∠CAD = 90◦ .
2. Let P1 (x) = x2 + a1 x + b1 and P2 (x) = x2 + a2 x + b2 be two quadratic polynomials with
integer coefficients. Suppose a1 6= a2 and there exist integers m 6= n such that P1 (m) = P2 (n),
P2 (m) = P1 (n). Prove that a1 − a2 is even.

Solution: We have

m2 + a1 m + b1 = n2 + a2 n + b2
2
n + a1 n + b1 = m2 + a2 m + b2 .

Hence
(a1 − a2 )(m + n) = 2(b2 − b1 ), (a1 + a2 )(m − n) = 2(n2 − m2 ).
This shows that a1 + a2 = −2(n + m). Hence

4(b2 − b1 ) = a22 − a21 .

Since a1 + a2 and a1 − a2 have same parity, it follows that a1 − a2 is even.

7k − 5 6l − 1
3. Find all fractions which can be written simultaneously in the forms and , for
5k − 3 4l − 3
some integers k, l.
7k − 5 6l − 1
Solution: If a fraction is simultaneously in the forms and , we must have
5k − 3 4l − 3
7k − 5 6l − 1
= .
5k − 3 4l − 3
This simplifies to kl + 8k + l − 6 = 0. We can write this in the form

(k + 1)(l + 8) = 14.

Now 14 can be factored in 8 ways: 1 × 14, 2 × 7, 7 × 2, 14 × 1, (−1) × (−14), (−2) × (−7),

(−7) × (−2) and (−14) × (−1). Thus we get 8 pairs:

(k, l) = (13, −7), (6, −6), (1, −1), (0, 6), (−15, −9), (−8, −10), (−3, −15), (−2, −22).

These lead respectively to 8 fractions:

43 31 55 5 61 19 13
, , 1, , , , , .
31 27 39 3 43 13 9
4. Suppose 28 objects are placed along a circle at equal distances. In how many ways can 3
objects be chosen from among them so that no two of the three chosen objects are adjacent
nor diametrically opposite?

Solution: One can choose 3 objects out of 28 objects in 28

3 ways. Among these choices
all would be together in 28 cases; exactly two will be
together in 28 × 24 cases. Thus three
objects can be chosen such that no two adjacent in 28 3 − 28 − (28 × 24) ways. Among these,
furthrer, two objects will be diametrically opposite in 14 ways and the third would be on
either semicircle in a non adjacent portion in 28 − 6 = 22 ways. Thus required number is
 
28
− 28 − (28 × 24) − (14 × 22) = 2268.
3

5. Let ABC be a right triangle with ∠B = 90◦ . Let E and F be respectively the mid-points
of AB and AC. Suppose the incentre I of triangle ABC lies on the circumcircle of triangle
AEF . Find the ratio BC/AB.

Solution: Draw ID ⊥ AC. Then ID = r, the inradius of 4ABC. Observe EF k BC and

hence ∠AEF = ∠ABC = 90◦ . Hence ∠AIF = 90◦ . Therefore ID2 = F D · DA. If a > c,
then F A > DA and we have
b
DA = s − a, and F D = F A − DA = − (s − a).
2
Thus we obtain
(b + c − a)(a − c)
r2 = .
4
But r = (c + a − b)/2. Thus we obtain

(c + a − b)2 = (b + c − a)(a − c).

Simplification gives 3b = 3a + c. Squaring both sides and using b2 = c2 + a2 , we obtian

4c = 3a. Hence BC/BA = a/c = 4/3.
(If a ≤ c, then I lies outside the circumcircle of AEF .)
6. Find all real numbers a such that 3 < a < 4 and a(a − 3{a}) is an integer. (Here {a} denotes
the fractional part of a. For example {1.5} = 0.5; {−3.4} = 0.6.)

Solution: Let a = 3 + f , where 0 < f < 1. We are given that (3 + f )(3 − 2f ) is an integer.
This implies that 2f 2 + 3f is an integer. Since 0 < f < 1, we have 0 < 2f 2 + 3f < 5.
Therefore 2f 2 + 3f can take 1, 2, 3 or 4. Equating 2f 2 + 3f to each one of them and using
f > 0, we get √ √ √
−3 + 17 1 −3 + 33 −3 + 41
f= , , , .
4 2 4 4
Therefore a takes the values:
√ √ √
−3 + 17 1 −3 + 33 −3 + 41
a=3+ , 3 , 3+ , 3+ .
4 2 4 4

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2
 CRMO-2015 questions and solutions
1. Let ABC be a triangle. Let B 0 and C 0 denote respectively the reflection of B and C in
the internal angle bisector of ∠A. Show that the triangles ABC and AB 0 C 0 have the same
incentre.
Solution: Join BB 0 and CC 0 . Let the internal angle
bisector ` of ∠A meet BB 0 in E and CC 0 in F . Since
B 0 is the reflection of B in `, we observe that BB 0 ⊥ `
and BE = EB 0 . Hence B 0 lies on AC. Similarly, C 0 lies
on the line AB.
Let D be the point of intersection of BC and B 0 C 0 .
Observe that BB 0 k C 0 C. Moreover the triangles ABC
is congruent to AB 0 C 0 : this follows from the observation
that AB = AB 0 and AC = AC 0 and the included angle
∠A is common. Hence BC 0 = B 0 C so that C 0 CB 0 B is
an isosceles trapezium. This means that the intesection
point D of its diagonal lies on the perpendicular bisector
of its parallel sides. Thus ` passes through D. We also
observe that CD = C 0 D.
Let I be the incentre of 4ABC. This means that CI bisects ∠C. Hence AI/ID = AC/CD.
But AC = AC 0 and CD = C 0 D. Hence we also get that AI/ID = AC 0 /C 0 D. This implies
that C 0 I bisects ∠AC 0 B 0 . Therefore the two angle bisectors of 4AC 0 B 0 meet at I. This
shows that I is also the incentre of 4AC 0 B 0 .

2. Let P (x) = x2 + ax + b be a quadratic polynomial with real coefficients. Suppose there are
real numbers s 6= t such that P (s) = t and P (t) = s. Prove that b − st is a root of the
equation x2 + ax + b − st = 0.

Solution: We have

s2 + as + b = t,
t2 + at + b = s.

This gives
(s2 − t2 ) + a(s − t) = (t − s).
Since s 6= t, we obtain s + t + a = −1. Adding the equations, we obtain

s2 + t2 + a(s + t) + 2b = (s + t).

Therefore
(s + t)2 − 2st + a(s + t) + 2b = (s + t).
Using s + t = −(1 + a), we obtain

(1 + a)2 − 2st − a(1 + a) + 2b = −1 − a.

Simplification gives st = 1+a+b = P (1). This shows that x = 1 is a root of x2 +ax+b−st = 0.

Since the product of roots is b − st, the other root is b − st.
3. Find all integers a, b, c such that
a2 = bc + 1, b2 = ca + 1.

Solution: Suppose a = b. Then we get one equation: a2 = ac + 1. This reduces to

a(a − c) = 1. Therefore a = 1, a − c = 1; and a = −1, a − c = −1. Thus we get
(a, b, c) = (1, 1, 0) and (−1, −1, 0).
If a 6= b, subtracting the second relation from the first we get
a2 − b2 = c(b − a).
This gives a + b = −c. Substituting this in the first equation, we get
a2 = b(−a − b) + 1.
Thus a2 + b2 + ab = 1. Multiplication by 2 gives
(a + b)2 + a2 + b2 = 2.
Thus (a, b) = (1, −1), (−1, 1), (1, 0), (−1, 0), (0, 1), (0, −1). We get respectively c =
0, 0, −1, 1, −1, 1. Thus we get the triples:
(a, b, c) = (1, 1, 0), (−1, −1, 0), (1, −1, 0), (−1, 1, 0), (1, 0, −1), (−1, 0, 1), (0, 1, −1), (0, −1, 1).

4. Suppose 32 objects are placed along a circle at equal distances. In how many ways can 3
objects be chosen from among them so that no two of the three chosen objects are adjacent
nor diametrically opposite?

Solution: One can choose 3 objects out of 32 objects in 32

3 ways. Among these choices
all would be together in 32 cases; exactly two will be
together in 32 × 28 cases. Thus three
objects can be chosen such that no two adjacent in 32 3 − 32 − (32 × 28) ways. Among these,
furthrer, two objects will be diametrically opposite in 16 ways and the third would be on
either semicircle in a non adjacent portion in 32 − 6 = 26 ways. Thus required number is
 
32
− 32 − (32 × 28) − (16 × 26) = 3616.
3

5. Two circles Γ and Σ in the plane intersect at two distinct points A and B, and the centre
of Σ lies on Γ. Let points C and D be on Γ and Σ, respectively, such that C, B and D are
collinear. Let point E on Σ be such that DE is parallel to AC. Show that AE = AB.

Solution: If O is the centre of Σ, then we have

1 1
∠AEB = ∠AOB = (180◦ − ∠ACB)
2 2
1 1 1
= ∠EDB = 180 − ∠EAB = 90◦ − ∠EAB .
◦


2 2 2
But we know that ∠AEB + ∠EAB + ∠EBA = 180◦ .
Therefore
1 1
∠EBA = 180◦ − ∠AEB − ∠EAB = 180◦ − 90◦ + ∠EAB − ∠EAB = 90◦ − ∠EAB.
2 2
This shows that ∠AEB = ∠EBA and hence AE = AB.

2
6. Find all real numbers a such that 4 < a < 5 and a(a − 3{a}) is an integer. (Here {a} denotes
the fractional part of a. For example {1.5} = 0.5; {−3.4} = 0.6.)

Solution: Let a = 4 + f , where 0 < f < 1. We are given that (4 + f )(4 − 2f ) is an integer.
This implies that 2f 2 + 4f is an integer. Since 0 < f < 1, we have 0 < 2f 2 + 4f < 6.
Therefore 2f 2 + 4f can take 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Equating 2f 2 + 4f to each one of them and using
f > 0, we get
√ √ √ √ √
−2 + 6 −2 + 8 −2 + 10 −2 + 12 −2 + 14
f= , , , , .
2 2 2 2 2
Therefore a takes the values:
√ √ √ √ √
6 8 10 12 14
a=3+ , 3+ , 3+ , 3+ , 3+ .
2 2 2 2 2

———-00———-

3
 CRMO-2015 questions and solutions
1. Two circles Γ and Σ, with centres O and O0 , respectively, are such that O0 lies on Γ. Let A
be a point on Σ and M the midpoint of the segment AO0 . If B is a point on Σ different from
A such that AB is parallel to OM , show that the midpoint of AB lies on Γ.
Solution: Let C be the reflection of O0 with re-
spect to O. Then in triangle O0 AC, the midpoints
of the segments O0 A and O0 C are M and O, re-
spectively. This implies AC is parallel to OM ,
and hence B lies on AC. Let the line AC inter-
sect Γ again at N . Since O0 C is a diameter of Γ
it follows that ∠O0 N C = 90◦ . Since O0 A = O0 B,
we can now conclude that N is the midpoint of
the segment AB.
2. Let P (x) = x2 + ax + b be a quadratic polynomial where a and b are real numbers. Suppose
hP (−1)2 , P (0)2 , P (1)2 i is an arithmetic progression of integers. Prove that a and b are
integers.
Solution: Observe that

P (−1) = 1 − a + b, P (0) = b, P (1) = 1 + a + b.

The given condition gives

2b2 = (1 − a + b)2 + (1 + a + b)2 = 2(1 + b)2 + 2a2 = 2 + 4b + 2b2 + 2a2 .

Hence a2 + 2b + 1 = 0. Observe

1 + a2 + b2 + 2a + 2b + 2ab = (1 + a + b)2 ∈ Z.

But 1, b2 , 2a2 + 4b are all integers. Hence 4a + 4ab ∈ Z. This gives 16a2 (1 + b)2 is an integer.
But a2 = −(2b + 1). Hence 16(2b + 1)(1 + b)2 is an integer. But

16(2b + 1)(1 + b)2 = 16(1 + 4b + 5b2 + 2b3 ).

Hence 16b(4 + 2b2 ) is an integer. If b = 0, then b is an integer. Otherwise, this shows that b
is a rational number. Because b2 ∈ Z, it follows that b is an integer. Since a2 = −(2b + 1),
we get that a2 is an integer. Now 4a(1 + b) ∈ Z. If b 6= −1, then a is rational and hence a is
an integer. If b = −1, then we see that P (−1) = −a, P (0) = b = −1 and P (1) = a. Hence
a2 , 1, a2 is an AP. This implies that a2 = 1 and hence a = ±1.
3. Show that there are infinitely many triples (x, y, z) of integers such that x3 + y 4 = z 31 .

Solution: Choose x = 24r and y = 23r . Then the left side is 212r+1 . If we take z = 2k ,
then we get 212r+1 = 231k . Thus it is sufficient to prove that the equation 12r + 1 = 31k
has infinitely many solutions in integers. Observe that (12 × 18) + 1 = 31 × 7. If we choose
r = 31l + 18 and k = 12l + 7, we get

12(31l + 18) + 1 = 31(12l + 7),

for all l. Choosing l ∈ N, we get infinitely many r = 31l + 18 and k = 12l + 7 such that
12r + 1 = 31k. Going back we have infinitely many (x, y, z) of integers satisfying the given
equation.
4. Suppose 36 objects are placed along a circle at equal distances. In how many ways can 3
objects be chosen from among them so that no two of the three chosen objects are adjacent
nor diametrically opposite?

Solution: One can choose 3 objects out of 36 objects in 36

3 ways. Among these choices
all would be together in 36 cases; exactly two will be
together in 36 × 32 cases. Thus three
objects can be chosen such that no two adjacent in 36 3 − 36 − (36 × 32) ways. Among these,
furthrer, two objects will be diametrically opposite in 18 ways and the third would be on
either semicircle in a non adjacent portion in 36 − 6 = 30 ways. Thus required number is
 
36
− 36 − (36 × 32) − (18 × 30) = 5412.
3

5. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle Γ and incentre I. Let the internal angle bisectors
of ∠A, ∠B and ∠C meet Γ in A0 , B 0 and C 0 respectively. Let B 0 C 0 intersect AA0 in P and
AC in Q, and let BB 0 intersect AC in R. Suppose the quadrilateral P IRQ is a kite; that is,
IP = IR and QP = QR. Prove that ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Solution: We first show that AA0 is perpendicular to B 0 C 0 . Observe ∠C 0 A0 A = ∠C 0 CA =
∠C/2; ∠A0 C 0 C = ∠A0 AC = ∠A/2; and ∠CC 0 B 0 = ∠CBB 0 = ∠B/2. Hence

∠C ∠A ∠B
∠C 0 AP + ∠AC 0 P = ∠C 0 AB + ∠BAP + ∠AC 0 P = + + = 90◦ .
2 2 2
It follows that ∠AP C 0 = ∠A0 P C 0 = 90◦ . Thus ∠IP Q = 90◦ . Since P IRQ is a kite, we
observe that ∠IP R = ∠IRP and ∠QP R = ∠QRP . This implies that ∠IRQ = 90◦ . Hence
the kite IRQP is also a cyclic quadrilateral. Since ∠IRQ = 90◦ , we see that BB 0 ⊥ AC.
Since BB 0 is the bisector of ∠B, we conclude that ∠A = ∠C.

We also observe that the triangles IRC and IP B 0 are congruent triangles: they are similar,
since ∠IRC = ∠IP B 0 = 90◦ and ∠ICR = ∠C/2 = ∠IB 0 P (= ∠BCC 0 ); besides IR = IP .
Therefore IC = IB 0 . But B 0 I = B 0 C. Thus IB 0 C is an equilateral triangle. This means
∠B 0 IC = 60◦ and hence ∠ICR = 30◦ . Therefore ∠C/2 = 30◦ . Hence ∠A = ∠C = 60◦ . It
follows that ABC is equilateral.
6. Show that there are infinitely many positive real numbers a which are not integers such that
a(a − 3{a}) is an integer. (Here {a} denotes the fractional part of a. For example {1.5} =
0.5; {−3.4} = 0.6.)

2
Solution: We show that for each integer n ≥ 0, the interval (n, n + 1) contains a such that
a(a − 3{a}) is an integer. Put a = n + f , where 0 < f < 1. Then (n + f )(n − 2f ) must
be an integer. This means 2f 2 + nf must be an integer. Since 0 < f < 1, we must have
0 < 2f 2 + nf < 2 + n. Hence 2f 2 + nf ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , n + 1}. Taking 2f 2 + nf = 1, we get a
quadratic equation:
2f 2 + nf − 1 = 0.
Hence √ √
−n + n2 + 8 −n + n2 + 8
f= , and a = n + .
4 4
Thus we see that each a in the set
( √ )
−n + n2 + 8
n+ : n∈N
4

is a real number, which is not an integer, such that a(a − 3{a}) is an integer.

Remark: Each interval (n, n + 1) contains n + 1 such numbers, for n ≥ 0, n an integer.

———-000———-

3
 CRMO-2015 questions and solutions
1. Let ABC be a triangle. Let B 0 denote the reflection of B in the internal angle bisector `
of ∠A. Show that the circumcentre of the triangle CB 0 I lies on the line `, where I is the
incentre of ABC.
Solution: Let the line ` meet the circumcircle of
ABC in E. Then E is the midpoint of the minor
arc BC. Hence EB = EC.
Note that ∠EBC = ∠EAC = A/2 and ∠IBC =
B/2. Hence

∠BIE = ∠ABI + ∠BAI = B/2 + A/2.

We also have

∠IBE = ∠IBC + ∠CBE = B/2 + A/2.

Therefore ∠BIE = ∠IBE, so that EB = EI. Since AE is the perpendicular bisector of
BB 0 , we also have EB = EB 0 . Thus we get

EB 0 = EC = EI.

This implies that E is the circumcentre of 4CB 0 I

2. Let P (x) = x2 + ax + b be a quadratic polynomial where a is real and b 6= 2 is rational.
Suppose P (0)2 , P (1)2 , P (2)2 are integers. Prove that a and b are integers.

Solution: We have P (0) = b. Since b is rational and b2 = P (0)2 is an integer, we conclude

that b is an integer. Observe that

P (1)2 = (1 + a + b)2 = a2 + 2a(1 + b) + (1 + b)2 ∈ Z

P (2)2 = (4 + 2a + b)2 = 4a2 + 4a(4 + b) + (4 + b)2 ∈ Z

Eliminating a2 , we see that 4a(b − 2) + 4(1 + b)2 − (4 + b)2 ∈ Z. Since b 6= 2, it follows
that

a is rational. Hence the equation x2 + 2x(1 + b) + (1 + b)2 − a2 + 2a(1 + b) + (1 + b)2 = 0
is a quadratic equation with integer coefficients and has rational solution a. It follows that
a is an integer.
3. Find all integers a, b, c such that

a2 = bc + 4, b2 = ca + 4.

Solution: Suppose a = b. Then we get one equation: a2 = ac + 4. This reduces to

a(a − c) = 4. Therefore a = 1, a − c = 4; a = −1, a − c = −4; a = 4, a − c = 1;
a = −4, a − c = −1; a = 2, a − c = 2; a = −2, a − c = −2. Thus we get (a, b, c) = (1, 1, −3),
(−1, −1, 3), (4, 4, 3), (−4, −4, −3); (2, 2, 0), (−2, −2, 0).
If a 6= b, subtracting the second relation from the first we get

a2 − b2 = c(b − a).

This gives a + b = −c. Substituting this in the first equation, we get

a2 = b(−a − b) + 4.
 Thus a2 + b2 + ab = 4. Multiplication by 2 gives

(a + b)2 + a2 + b2 = 8.

Thus (a, b) = (2, −2), (−2, 2), (2, 0), (−2, 0), (0, 2), (0, −2). We get respectively c =
0, 0, −2, 2, −2, 2. Thus we get the triples:

(a, b, c) = (1, 1, −3), (−1, −1, 3), (4, 4, 3), (−4, −4, −3), (2, 2, 0), (−2, −2, 0),
(2, −2, 0), (−2, 2, 0), (2, 0, −2), (−2, 0, 2), (0, 2, −2), (0, −2, 2).

4. Suppose 40 objects are placed along a circle at equal distances. In how many ways can 3
objects be chosen from among them so that no two of the three chosen objects are adjacent
nor diametrically opposite?

Solution: One can choose 3 objects out of 40 objects in 40

3 ways. Among theese choices
all would be together in 40 cases; exactly two will be
together in 40 × 36 cases. Thus three
objects can be chosen such that no two adjacent in 40 3 − 40 − (40 × 36) ways. Among these,
furthrer, two objects will be diametrically opposite in 20 ways and the third would be on
either semicircle in a non adjacent portion in 40 − 6 = 34 ways. Thus required number is
 
40
− 40 − (40 × 36) − (20 × 34) = 7720.
3

5. Two circles Γ and Σ intersect at two distinct points A and B. A line through B intersects Γ
and Σ again at C and D, respectively. Suppose that CA = CD. Show that the centre of Σ
lies on Γ.

Solution: Let the perpendicular from C to AD

intersect Γ at O. Since CA = CD we have that
CO is the perpendicular bisector of AD and also
the angular bisector of ∠ACD. From the for-
mer, it follows that OA = OD, and from the
latter it follows that ∠OCB = ∠OCA and hence
OA = OB. Thus we get OA = OB = OD. This
means O is the circumcentre of triangle ADB.
This shows that O is the centre of Σ.

6. How many integers m satisfy both the following properties:

√  √ 
(i) 1 ≤ m ≤ 5000; (ii) m = m + 125 ?
(Here [x] denotes the largest integer not exceeding x, for any real number x.)
√  √ 
Solution: Let m = m + 125 = k. Then we know that

k 2 ≤ m < m + 125 < (k + 1)2 .

Thus
m + 125 < k 2 + 2k + 1 ≤ m + 2k + 1.
This shows that 2k + 1 > 125 or k > 62. Using k 2 ≤ 5000, we get k ≤ 70. Thus k ∈
{63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70}. We observe that 632 = 3969 and 642 = 632 + 127. Hence
p  p 
632 + 125 = 632 + 1 + 125 = 63,

2
 √  √  √ 
but 632 + 2 + 125 = 64. Thus we get two values of m such that m = m + 125 for
k = 63. Similarly, 652 = 642 + 129 so that
p  p  p  p 
642 + 125 = 642 + 1 + 125 = 642 + 2 + 125 = 642 + 3 + 125 = 64,
√  √  √ 
but 642 + 4 + 125 = 65. Thus we get four values of m such that m = m + 125
for k = 64. Continuing, we see that there are 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 values of m respectively for
k = 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70. Together we get
8×9
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 = 2 × = 72
2
values of m satisfying the given requirement.

———-0000———-

3
Regional Mathematical Olympiad 2015 (Mumbai region)
06 December, 2015
Hints and Solutions

1. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral with AB = a, BC = b, CD = c and DA = d. Suppose

a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = ab + bc + cd + da,

and the area of ABCD is 60 square units. If the length of one of the diagonals is 30 units,
determine the length of the other diagonal.

Solution

a2 +b2 +c2 +d2 = ab+bc+cd+da ⇒ (a−b)2 +(b−c)2 +(c−d)2 +(d−a)2 = 0 ⇒ a = b = c = d.

Thus ABCD is a rhombus and

[ABCD] = (1/2)(d1 d2 ) (1)

2[ABCD]
where d1 and d2 are the lengths of the diagonals. Hence d2 = = 4 units.
d1
2. Determine the number of 3-digit numbers in base 10 having at least one 5 and at most one
3.

Solution

We count the number of 3-digit numbers with (i) at least one 5 and having no 3 and (ii) at
least one 5 and having exactly one 3 separately.

(i) Here we first count the whole set and subtract the number of 3-digit numbers having
no 5 from it. Since 3 is not there and 0 cannot be the first digit, we can fill the first digit
in 8 ways. But we can fill the second and third digits in 9 ways(as 0 can be included).
Thus we get 8 × 9 × 9 such numbers. If no 5 is there, then the number of such numbers is
7 × 8 × 8. Thus the number of 3-digit numbers not containing 3 and having at least one 5 is
(8 × 9 × 9) − (7 × 8 × 8) = 8(81 − 56) = 200.

(ii) If 3 is there as a digit, then it can be the first digit or may be the second or third digit.
Consider those numbers in which 3 is the first digit. The number of such numbers having at
least one 5 is (9 × 9) − (8 × 8) = 81 − 64 = 17. The number of 3-digit numbers in which the
second digit is 3 and having at least one 5 is (8 × 9) − (7 × 8) = 16. Similarly, the number of
3-digit numbers in which the third digit is 3 and having at least one 5 is (8 × 9) − (7 × 8) = 16.
Thus we get 17 + 16 + 16 = 49 such numbers.
Therefore the number of 3-digit numbers having at most one 3 and at least one 5 is 200+49 =
249.
3. Let P (x) be a non-constatnt polynomial whose coefficients are positive integers. If P (n)
divides P (P (n) − 2015) for every natural number n, prove that P (−2015) = 0.

Solution

Note that P (n) − 2015 − (−2015) = P (n) divides P (P (n) − 2015) − P (−2015) for every
positive integer n. But P (n) divides P (P (n) − 2015) for every positive integer n. Therefore
P (n) divides P (−2015) for every positive integer n. Hence P (−2015) = 0.

1
 Note

In the original version of the problem the word ‘non-constant’ was missing. The
falsity of the statement was brought to the attention of the examiners by a
contestant who mentioned it in a remark at the end of a perfect solution to the
problem assuming that the polynomial is non-constant. Many students assumed
that the polynomial is non-constant and completed the solution. They deserved
full credit for doing so.

4. Find all three digit natural numbers of the form (abc)10 such that (abc)10 , (bca)10 and (cab)10
are in geometric progression. (Here (abc)10 is representation in base 10.)

Solution

Let us write

x = (a × 102 ) + (b × 10) + c, y = (b × 102 ) + (c × 10) + a, z = (c × 102 ) + (a × 10) + b.

We are given that y 2 = xz. This means

2
(b × 102 ) + (c × 10) + a = (a × 102 ) + (b × 10) + c (c × 102 ) + (a × 10) + b .

We can solve for c and get

10b2 − a2
c= .
10a − b
If a, b, c are digits leading to a solution, and if d = gcd(a, b) then d|c. Consequently, we may
assume that gcd(a, b) = 1. Now

999a2
c= − (10b + 100a),
10a − b
showing that 10a − b divides 999a2 . Since a, b are relatively prime, this is possible only if
10a − b is a factor of 999. It follows that 10a − b takes the values 1,3,9,27,37. These values
lead to the pairs
(a, b) = (1, 9), (1, 7), (1, 1), (4, 3).
We can discard the first two pairs as they lead to a value of c > 10. The third gives the
trivial solution (111, 111, 111). Taking d = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, we get 9 solution:

(abc)10 = 111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, 999.

The last pair gives c = 2 and hence the solution (432, 324, 243). Another solution is obtained
on multiplying by 2: (864, 648, 486).
Thus we have

(abc)10 = 111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, 999, 432, 864.

5. Let ABC be a right-angled triangle with ∠B = 90◦ and let BD be the altitude from B on
to AC. Draw DE ⊥ AB and DF ⊥ BC. Let P , Q, R and S be respectively the incentres of
triangle DF C, DBF , DEB and DAE. Suppose S, R, Q are collinear. Prove that P , Q, R,
D lie on a circle.

Solution

2
 We first show that SR is perpendicular to QP . Consider triangles P F Q and RES. Observe
that AE k DF and ED k F C. Since ES bisects ∠AED and F P bisects ∠DF C, it follows
that ES k F P . Since ER ⊥ ES and F Q ⊥ F P , we also have ER k F Q.

If r1 and r2 are inradii of triangles DEA and DEB, and if r0 is the inradius of 4DAB, we
know that
AD BD
r1 = r0 , r2 = r0 .
AB AB
Hence
ES r1 AD
= = .
ER r2 BD
Similarly, we can prove that
FQ BD
= .
FP DC
But we know that AD/BD = BD/DC. Hence we conclude that ES/ER = F Q/F P .
Therefore 4ESR ∼ 4QF P . But SE ⊥ ER and ER k QF imply SE ⊥ QF . It follows that
SR ⊥ QP .
Since S, R, Q are collinear, we get SQ ⊥ QP . Thus ∠RQP = 90◦ . Consider the circumcircle
of 4P RQ. Since ∠RDP = 90◦ , we conclude that D lies on this circle. Hence P, Q, R, D are
concyclic.
6. Let S = {1, 2, . . . , n} and let T be the set of all ordered triples of subsets of S, say (A1 , A2 , A3 ),
such that A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 = S. Determine, in terms of n,
P
|A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 |
(A1 ,A2 ,A3 )∈T

where |X| denotes the number of elements in the set X. (For example, if S = {1, 2, 3} and
A1 = {1, 2}, A2 = {2, 3}, A3 = {3} then one of the elements of T is ({1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3}).)

Solution 1

Let X = (A1 , A2 , A3 ) ∈ T and let i ∈ A1 ∩A2 ∩A3 . The number of times the element i occurs
in the required sum is equal to the number of ordered tuples (A1 − {i}, A2 − {i}, A3 − {i})
such that

A1 − {i} ∪ A2 − {i} ∪ A3 − {i} = S − {i} (∗)

3
 For every element of S − {i}, there are eight possibilities - whether the element belongs to or
does not belong to Ai for i = 1, 2, 3. Out of these the case when the element does not belong
to any of the three subsets violates (∗). Therefore, each element can satisfy the requirement
in 7 ways. The number of tuples is, therefore, 7n−1 and the sum is n.7n−1 .

Solution 2

Consider all tuples (A1 , A2 , A3 ) such that A1 ∩A2 ∩A3 = B (∗) and A1 ∪A2 ∪A3 = S (∗∗).
Let |B| = r. (*) and (**) lead to

A1 − B ∩ A2 − B ∩ A3 − B = Φ (∗ ∗ ∗) and A1 − B ∪ A2 − B ∪ A3 − B = S − B (∗ ∗ ∗∗)

As before, for every element of S − B, there are eight possibilities. Out of these two cases -i.
the element belongs to each of the three subsets A1 , A2 , A3 violates (***) and ii. the element
does not belong to any of the three subsets violates (****). Therefore, there are 6 possibilities
for each element. Also, |S − B| = n − r, therefore, the number of
tuples satisfying (*) and
(**) is 6n−r . The number of ways we can select r elements is nr , therefore the required
number is
n  
X n
r6n−r = n7n−1
r=0
r

Solution 3

This solution was given by a contestant of standard IX. We provide a sketch of

the same.
Write Sn and Tn in place of S and T respectively. Also, let
P
|A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 | = an .
(A1 ,A2 ,A3 )∈Tn

We shall show that an = n.7n−1 using recurrence and induction. Let an = n.7n−1 for some
positive integer n. Then, the elements of Tn+1 are made by adding n + 1 to either A1 or A2
or A3 or A1 ∩ A2 or A2 ∩ A3 or A3 ∩ A1 or A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 in Tn . Further, it is easily established
that |Tn | = 7n . Now, if n + 1 is added to A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 then |A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 | increases by 1.
Otherwise it remains the same. So, as there are seven choices of where to put n + 1,

an+1 = 7an + |Tn |

Thus an+1 = (n + 1).7n , which completes the inductive step, as the base case n = 1 is trivial.
Therefore

|A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 | = n.7n−1
P
(A1 ,A2 ,A3 )∈T

7. Let x, y, z be real numbers such that x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2xyz = 1. Prove that

(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) ≤ 4 + 4xyz.

Solution

4
 Write 1 + 2xyz = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ⇔ 3 + 3xyz = 32 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 23
⇒ 3 + 3xyz = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 12 [(x2 + 1) + (y 2 + 1) + (z 2 + 1)] ≥ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x + y + z
(Use x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ xy + yz + zx and AM-GM: x2 + 1 ≥ 2x etc.)
⇒ 3 + 3xyz ≥ xy + yz + zx + x + y + z.
By adding 1 + xyz in both sides,
we get 4 + 4xyz ≥ 1 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx + xyz = (1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z).
Equality holds when x = y = z = 1.
8. The length of each side of a convex quadrilateral ABCD is a positive integer. If the sum of
the lengths of any three sides is divisible by the length of the remaining side then prove that
some two sides of the quadrilateral have the same length.

Solution

Let us take ABCD to be a quadrilateral with AB = a, BC = b, CD = c and DA = d where

a, b, c, d are integers. We know AC < AB + BC and AD < AC + CD < AB + BC + CD.
Thus we get d < a + b + c. Similarly we can write down three more inequalities: a < b + c + d,
b < c + d + a and c < d + a + b. We can also take d to be the largest side. Using the given
conditions, we can write

a + b + c + d = la, b + c + d + a = mb, c + d + a + b = nc, a + b + c + d = kd,

for some positive integers l, m, n, k.

Suppose no two sides are equal. Then a < d, b < d, c < d. Hence a + b + c < 3d. Since d
divides a + b + c and d < a + b + c < 3d, we must have a + b + c = 2d. Thus we obtain

a + b + c + d = 3d = la = mb = nc.

Write this as
3d 3d 3d
a= , b= , c= .
l m n
Using 2d = a + b + c, we get the equation
3 3 3
+ + = 2.
l m n
Here l, m, n are necessarily distinct. Suppose l = m. Then la = 3d = lb. This implies a = b,
a contradiction. Similarly m = n and l = n can be discarded. We may assume l < m < n.
This means, we have to solve the equation for distinct positive integers.
If l ≥ 4, then m ≥ 5 and n ≥ 6. Hence
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 37 2
= + + ≤ + + = <
3 l m n 4 5 6 60 3
which is impossible. This means l = 1, l = 2 or l = 3. For l = 1, we get b + c + d = 0, Which
is impossible. If l = 2, we get b + c + d = a, which contradicts a < b + c + d. If l = 3, then
a = d and this contradicts again a < d. Therefore some two of a, b, c, d are equal.

THE END

NOTE

We do not claim that the solutions presented here are the most elegant solutions but
we thought they would be instructive. For some problems we found that solutions by
contestants were different and we have included them in this document.

5
1. Let ABC be a right-angled triangle with ∠B = 90◦ . Let I be the incentre of ABC. Draw a line
perpendicular to AI atpI. Let it intersect the line CB at D. Prove that CI is perpendicular to AD
and prove that ID = b(b − a) where BC = a and CA = b.

Solution: First observe that ADBI is a cyclic

quadrilateral since ∠AID = ∠ABD = 90◦ . Hence
∠ADI = ∠ABI = 45◦ . Hence ∠DAI = 45◦ . But
we also have

∠ADB = ∠ADI + ∠IDB = 45◦ + ∠IAB

= ∠DAI + ∠IAC = ∠DAC.

Therefore CDA is an isosceles triangle with CD =

CA. Since CI bisects ∠C it follows that CI ⊥ AD.

This shows that DB = CA − CB = b − a. Therefore

AD2 = c2 + (b − a)2 = c2 + b2 + a2 − 2ba = 2b(b − a).

p
But then 2ID2 = AD2 = 2b(b − a) and this gives ID = b(b − a).
2. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that
a b c
+ + = 1.
1+a 1+b 1+c
Prove that abc ≤ 1/8.

Solution: This is equivalent to

X
a(1 + b)(1 + c) = (1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c).

This simplifies to
ab + bc + ca + 2abc = 1
Using AM-GM inequality, we have

1 = ab + bc + ca + 2abc ≥ 4(ab · bc · ca · 2abc)1/4 .

Simplificaton gives
1
abc ≤ .
8
3. For any natural number n, expressed in base 10, let S(n) denote the sum of all digits of n. Find
all natural numbers n such that n = 2S(n)2 .

Solution: We use the fact that 9 divides n−S(n) for every natural number n. Hence S(n)(2S(n)−1)
is divisible by 9. Since S(n) and 2S(n) − 1 are relatively prime, it follows that 9 divides either S(n)
or 2S(n) − 1, but not both. We also observe that the number of digits of n cannot exceed 4. If n
has k digits, then n ≥ 10k−1 and 2S(n)2 ≤ 2 × (9k)2 = 162k 2 . If k ≥ 6, we see that

2S(n)2 ≤ 162k 2 < 54 k 2 < 10k−1 ≤ n.

If k = 5, we have
2S(n)2 ≤ 162 × 25 = 4150 < 104 ≤ n.
 Therefore n ≤ 4 and S(n) ≤ 36.
If 9|S(n), then S(n) = 9, 18, 27, 36. We see that 2S(n)2 is respectively equal to 162, 648, 1458,
2592. Only 162 and 648 satisfy n = 2S(n)2 .
If 9|(2S(n) − 1), then 2S(n) = 9k + 1. Only k = 1, 3, 5, 7 give integer values for S(n). In these cases
2S(n)2 = 50, 392, 1058, 2048. Here again 50 and 392 give n = 2S(n)2 .
Thus the only natural numbers wth the property n = 2S(n)2 are 50, 162, 392, 648.

4. Find the number of all 6-digit natural numbers having exactly three odd digits and three even
digits.

Solution: First we choose 3 places for even digits. This can be done in 63 = 20 ways. Observe

that the other places for odd digits get automatically fixed. There are 5 even digits and 5 odd digits.
Any of these can occur in their proper places. Hence there are 56 ways of selecting 3 even and 3
odd digits for a particular selection of place for even digits. Hence we get 20 × 56 such numbers.
But this includes all those numbers having the first digit equal to 0. Since we are looking for 6-digit
numbers, these numbers have to be removed from our counting. If we fix 0 as the first digit, we
have, 2 places
for even numbers and 3 places for odd numbers. We can choose 2 places for even
numbers in 52 = 10 ways. As earlier, for any such choice of places for even digits, we can choose
even digits in 52 ways and odd digits in 53 ways. Hence the number of ways of choosing 3 even and
3 odd digits with 0 as the first digit is 10 × 55 . Therfore the number of 6-digit numbers with 3 even
digits and 3 odd digits is

20 × 56 − 10 × 55 = 10 × 55 (10 − 1) = 281250.

5. Let ABC be a triangle with centroid G. Let the circumcircles of 4AGB and 4AGC intersect the
line BC in X and Y respectively, which are distinct from B, C. Prove that G is the centroid of
4AXY .

Solution: Let D be the midpoint of AB. Ob-

serve that DX · DB = DG · DA = DY · DC.
But DB = DC. Hence DX = DY . This
means that D is the midpoint of XY as well.
Hence AD is also a median of 4AXY . Now
we know that AG : GD = 2 : 1. If G0 is the
median of 4AXY , then G0 must lie on AD
and AG0 : G0 D = 2 : 1. We conclude that
G = G0 .

6. Let ha1 , a2 , a3 , . . .i be a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers in an arithmetic progression.

Prove that there is an infinite subsequence of the given sequence whose terms are in a geometric
progression.

Solution: Let ha1 , a2 , . . . , an+1 . . .i = ha, a + d, . . . , a + nd, . . .i be a strictly increasing sequence of

positive integers in arithmetic progression. Here a and d are both positive integers. Consider the
following subsequence:
ha, a(1 + d), a(1 + d)2 , . . . , a(1 + d)n , . . .i.
This is a geometric progression. Here a > 0 and the common ratio 1 + d > 1. Hence the sequence is
strictly increasing. The first term is a which is in the given AP. The second term is a(1+d) = a+ad
which is the (a + 1)-th term of the AP. In general, we see that
      
n n n
a(1 + d)n = a + d a+ ad + · · · + adn−1 .
1 2 n

2
Here the coefficient of d in the braces is also a positive integer. Hence a(1 + d)n is also a term of
the given AP.

3
1. Let ABC be a right-angled triangle with ∠B = 90◦ . Let I be the incentre of ABC. Let AI extended
intersect BC in F . Draw a line perpendicular to AI at I. Let it intersect AC in E. Prove that
IE = IF .

Solution: Extend EI to meet CB extended in D.

First observe that ADBI is a cyclic quadrilateral
since ∠AID = ∠ABD. Hence ∠ADI = ∠ABI =
45◦ . Hence ∠DAI = 45◦ . Therefore IA = ID.
Consider the triangles AIE and DIF . Both are
right triangles. Moreover ∠IAE = ∠IAB = ∠IDB.
Since IA = ID, the triangles are congruent. This
means IE = IF .

2. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that

a b c
+ + = 1.
1+b 1+c 1+a
Prove that abc ≤ 1/8.

Solution: This is equivalent to

X
a(1 + c)(1 + a) = (1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c).

This simplifies to X X
a2 + a2 c = 1 + abc
Using AM-GM inequality, we have
X X
1 + abc = a2 + a2 c ≥ 3(abc)2/3 + 3abc.

Let x = (abc)1/3 . Then

3x2 + 2x3 ≤ 1.
This can be written as (x + 1)2 (2x − 1) ≤ 0. Hence x ≤ 1/2. Thus
1
abc ≤ .
8
3. For any natural number n, expressed in base 10, let S(n) denote the sum of all digits of n. Find
all natural numbers n such that n3 = 8S(n)3 + 6nS(n) + 1.

Solution: We write the given condition as

n3 + (−2S(n))3 + (−1)3 = 3 × n × (−2S(n)) × (−1).
This is in the form x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz. We know that this can happen if and only if x + y + z = 0.
Thus we obtain a simpler condition
n − 2S(n) − 1 = 0.
Again we know that n − S(n) is divisible by 9. Hence 9 should divide S(n) + 1. It is easy to see
that the number of digits in n cannot be more than 2. For a three digit number maximum value
of S(n) can be 27 and 2S(n) + 1 ≤ 55.. Hence n is either a 1-digit number or a two digit number.
Hence S(n) ≤ 18. Since 9 divides S(n) + 1, we can have S(n) = 8 or S(n) = 17. But then n = 17
or n = 35. Among these n = 17 works but not 35. (S(35) = 8 and 2S(n) + 1 = 17 6= 35.) Hence
the only solution is n = 17.
4. How many 6-digit natural numbers containing only the digits 1, 2, 3 are there in which 3 occurs
exactly twice and the number is divisible by 9?

Solution:
Let S(n) be the sum of the digits of n. Then n ≡ S(n) (mod 9). For any admissible n we observe
that 10 ≤ S(n) ≤ 14 and hence there is no value of S(n) that is a multiple of 9. Thus no such n
exists.
5. Let ABC be a right-angled triangle with ∠B = 90◦ . Let AD be the bisector of ∠A with D on BC.
Let the circumcircle of triangle ACD intersect AB again in E; and let the circumcircle of triangle
ABD intersect AC again in F . Let K be the reflection of E in the line BC. Prove that F K = BC.

Solution: First we show that EB = F C. Con-

sider the triangles EBD and CF D. Observe that
∠CF D = 90◦ since ∠AF D = 90◦ (angle in a semi-
circle). Hence ∠CF D = ∠EBD. Since ACDE is a
cyclic quadrilateral, we have ∠CDE = 180◦ − ∠A.
Similarly, we see that AF DB is a cyclic quadrilateral
and therefore ∠F DB = 180◦ − ∠A. Thus we obtain
∠CDE = ∠F DB. This gives ∠F DC = ∠BDE. It
follows 4EBD ∼ 4CF D.

Since AD bisects ∠A, we have DB = DF . Hence 4EBD ∼ = 4CF D. Hence F C = EB = BK. We

also observe that AF = AB since 4ABD ∼ = 4AF D. It follows that F B k CK. Since F C = BK,
we conclude that CKDF is an siosceles trapezium. This gives F K = BC.

Alternate solution: First we show that K, D, F are collinear. Observe that ∠F DB = 180◦ − ∠A
by the concyclicity of AF DB. Moreover ∠BDK = ∠BDE = ∠A. Therefore ∠KDF = 180◦ . This
proves that KDF is a line segment.
Consider the triangles AKF and ABC. Since both are right-angled triangles and ∠A is common,
they are similar. We also see that 4AF D ∼= 4ABD since ∠AF D = ∠ABD = 90◦ , ∠F AD =
∠BAD = ∠A/2 and AD common. Hence AF = AB. This implies now that 4AF K ∼ = 4ABC.
Hence KF = BC.
6. Show that the infinite arithmetic progression h1, 4, 7, 10, . . .i has infinitely many 3-term subsequences
in harmonic progression such that for any two such triples ha1 , a2 , a3 i and hb1 , b2 , b3 i in harmonic
progression, one has  
a1 a2 a2 a3
6= 6= .
b1 b2 b2 b3

Solution: Consider h4, 7, 28i. We observe that

1 1 2
+ = .
4 28 7
Thus we look for the terms of the form a, b, ab which give a HP. The condition is
1 1 2
+ = .
a ab b
This reduces to b(1 + b) = 2ab or 2a = 1 + b. The terms of the given AP are of the form 3k + 1. If
we take a = 3k + 1, then b = 2a − 1 = 6k + 1. We observe that b is also a term of the gven AP.

2
Besides, ab = (3k + 1)(6k + 1) = 3(6k 2 + 3k) + 1 is again a term of the given AP. Thus the triple
of the form h3k + 1, 6k + 1, (3k + 1)(6k + 1)i form a HP. We observe that

3k + 1 6k + 1 (3k + 1)(6k + 1)
6= 6= .
3l + 1 6l + 1 (3l + 1)(6l + 1)

———-0———-

3
1. Let ABC be a triangle and D be the mid-point of BC. Suppose the angle bisector of ∠ADC is
tangent to the circumcircle of triangle ABD at D. Prove that ∠A = 90◦ .
Solution: Let P be the center of the circumcircle Γ
of 4ABC. Let the tangent at D to Γ intersect AC
in E. Then P D ⊥ DE. Since DE bisects ∠ADC,
this implies that DP bisects ∠ADB. Hence the cir-
cumcenter and the incenter of 4ABD lies on the
same line DP . This implies that DA = DB. Thus
DA = DB = DC and hence D is the circumcenter
of 4ABC. This gives ∠A = 90◦ .
2. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that abc = 1 Prove that

a3 b3 c3
+ + ≥ 3.
(a − b)(a − c) (b − c)(b − a) (c − a)(c − b)

Solution: Observe that

1 (b − c)
=
(a − b)(a − c) (a − b)(b − c)(a − c)
(a − c) − (a − b) 1 1
= = − .
(a − b)(b − c)(a − c) (a − b)(b − c) (b − c)(a − c)
Hence
a3 b3 c3 a3 − b3 c3 − a3
+ + = +
(a − b)(a − c) (b − c)(b − a) (c − a)(c − b) (a − b)(b − c) (c − a)(c − b)
a2 + ab + b2 c2 + ca + a2
= −
b−c b−c
ab + b2 − c2 − ca
=
b−c
(a + b + c)(b − c)
= = a + b + c.
b−c
Therefore
a3 b3 c3
+ + = a + b + c ≥ 3(abc)1/3 = 3.
(a − b)(a − c) (b − c)(b − a) (c − a)(c − b)

3. Let a, b, c, d, e, f be positive integers such that

a c e
< < .
b d f
Suppose af − be = −1. Show that d ≥ b + f .

Solution: Since bc − ad > 0, we have bc − ad ≥ 1. Similarly, we obtain de − f c ≥ 1. Therefore

d = d(be − af ) = dbe − daf = dbe − bf c + bf c − adf = b(de − f c) + f (bc − ad) ≥ b + f.

4. There are 100 countries participating in an olympiad. Suppose n is a positive integer such that each
of the 100 countries is willing to communicate in exactly n languages. If each set of 20 countries can
communicate in at least one common language, and no language is common to all 100 countries,
what is the minimum possible value of n?
 Solution: We show that n = 20. We first show that n = 20 is possible. Call the countries
C1 , · · · , C100 . Let 1, 2, · · · , 21 be languages and suppose, the country Ci (1 ≤ i ≤ 20) communicates
exactly in the languages {j : 1 ≤ j ≤ 20, j 6= i}. Suppose each of the countries C21 , · · · , C100
communicates in the languages 1, 2, · · · , 20. Then, clearly every set of 20 countries have a common
language of communication.
Now, we show that n ≥ 20. If n < 20, look at any country A communicating in the languages
L1 , · · · , Ln . As no language is common to all 100 countries, for each Li , there is a country Ai not
communicating in Li . Then, the n + 1 ≤ 20 countries A, A1 , A2 , · · · , An have no common language
of communication. This contradiction shows n ≥ 20.
5. Let ABC be a right-angled triangle with ∠B = 90◦ . Let I be the incentre of ABC. Extend AI
and CI; let them intersect BC in D and AB in E respectively. Draw a line perpendicular to AI at
I to meet AC in J; draw a line perpendicular to CI at I to meet AC in K. Suppose DJ = EK.
Prove that BA = BC.
Solution: Extend JI to meet CB extended
at L. Then ALBI is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Therefore ∠BLI = ∠BAI = ∠IAC. There-
fore ∠LAD = ∠IBD = 45◦ . Since ∠AIL =
90◦ , it follows that ∠ALI = 45◦ . Therefore
AI = IL. This shows that the triangles AIJ
and LID are congruent giving IJ = ID. Simi-
larly, IK = IE. Since IJ ⊥ ID and IK ⊥ IE
and since DJ = EK, we see that IJ = ID =
IK = IE. Thus E, D, J, K are concyclic.
This implies together with DJ = EK that
EDJK is an isosceles trapezium. Therefore
DE k JK. Hence ∠EDA = ∠DAC = ∠A/2
and ∠DEC = ∠ECA = ∠C/2. Since IE =
ID, it follows that ∠A/2 = ∠C/2. This means
BA = BC.
6. (a) Given any natural number N ≥ 3, prove that there exists a strictly increasing sequence of N
positive integers in harmonic progression.
(b) Prove that there cannot exist a strictly increasing infinite sequence of positive integers which is
in harmonic progression.

Solution: (a) Let N ≥ 3 be a given positive integer. Consider the HP

1 1 1 1
1, , , , . . . , .
2 3 4 N
If we multiply this by N !, we get the HP
N! N! N! N!
N !, , , ,..., .
2 3 4 N
This is decreasing. We write this in reverse order to get a strictly increasing HP:
N! N! N! N! N!
, , ,..., , , N !.
N N −1 N −2 3 2

(b) Assume the contrary that there is an infinite strictly increasing sequence ha1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , i of pos-
itive integers which forms a harmonic progression. Define bk = 1/ak , for k ≥ 1. Then hb1 , b2 , b3 , . . .i
is a strictly decreasing sequence of positive rational numbers which is in an arithmetic progression.

2
Let d = b2 − b1 < 0 be its common difference. Then b1 − b2 > 0. Choose a positive integer n such
that
b1
n> .
b1 − b2
Then  
b1
bn+1 = b1 + (b2 − b1 )n = b1 − (b1 − b2 )n < b1 − × (b1 − b2 ) = 0.
b1 − b2
Thus for all large n, we see that bn is negative contradicting bn is positive for all n.

———-0———-

3
1. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. Let Γ be its circumcircle and let O be the centre
of Γ. Let CO meet Γ in D. Draw a line parallel to AC through D. Let it intersect AB at E.
Suppose AE : EB = 2 : 1. Prove that ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Solution: Extend DE to meet BC at F . Join
BD and DA. Since CD is a diameter, we
see that ∠DBC = 90◦ . Since DF is paral-
lel to AC, it follows that 4EBF ∼ 4ABC.
Hence EB = EF . Now ∠EBF = ∠EF B =
90◦ − ∠EDB. But ∠EBF + ∠EBD = 90◦ .
Hence we obtain ∠EBD = ∠EDB, which
gives EB = ED. Since AE : EB = 2 : 1
and EB = ED, we obtain AE = 2ED. Hence
∠DAB = 30◦ . This implies ∠DCB = 30◦
and hence ∠BDC = 60◦ . But then ∠BAC =
∠BDC = 60◦ and hence 4ABC is equilateral
2. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that
ab bc ca
+ + = 1.
1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
1 1 1 √
Prove that 3
+ 3 + 3 ≥ 6 2.
a b c
Solution: The given condition is equivalent to
X
ab(1 + ca)(1 + ab) = (1 + ab)(1 + bc)(1 + ca).

This gives
X X X X X X
ab + a2 b2 + abc a + abc a2 b = 1 + ab + abc a + a2 b2 c2 .

Hence X X
a2 b2 c2 + 1 = a2 b2 + abc a2 b.
Using X X
a2 b2 ≥ 3(abc)4/3 , a2 b ≥ 3abc,
we get
a2 b2 c2 + 1 ≥ 3(abc)4/3 + 3(abc)2 .
Taking x = (abc)2/3 , this reduces 3 2 2
√ to 2x + 3x − 1 ≤ 0. This gives (x + 1) (2x − 1) ≤ 0. Hence
x ≤ 1/2. Therefore abc ≤ 1/2 2. Finally
1 1 1 3 √
+ + ≥ ≥ 6 2.
a3 b3 c3 abc

3. The present ages in years of two brothers A and B, and their father C are three distinct positive
b−1 b+1 c−1
integers a, b, and c respectively. Suppose and are two consecutive integers, and
a−1 a+1 b−1
c+1
and are two consecutive integers. If a + b + c ≤ 150 determine a, b and c.
b+1
Solution: We have
b−1 b+1 c−1 c+1
= l, = l − 1, = m, =m−1
a−1 a+1 b−1 b+1
 b−1 b+1
(If we take a ≤ b, we see that a−1 ≥ a+1 .)
Consider the first two relations: b − 1 = l(a − 1), b + 1 = (l − 1)(a + 1). Solving for a, we get
a = 2l − 3 and hence b = 2l2 − 4l + 1. Using the second set of relations, we obtain b = 2m − 3 and
c = 2m2 − 4m + 1. Thius we have 2m − 3 = 2l2 − 4l + 1 or m = (l − 1)2 + 1. Obviously l > 1. If
l = 2, we get a = 1 which forces b = 1 and c = 1, which is impossible. If l = 3, we get a = 3, b = 7
and c = 31. If l ≥ 4, then m ≥ 10 and c ≥ 161. But then a + b + c > 150. Thus the only choice is
a = 3, b = 7 and c = 31.
4. A box contains answer 4032 scripts out of which exactly half have odd number of marks. We choose
2 scripts randomly and, if the scores on both of them are odd number, we add one mark to one of
them, put the script back in the box and keep the other script outside. If both scripts have even
scores, we put back one of the scripts and keep the other outside. If there is one script with even
score and the other with odd score, we put back the script with the odd score and keep the other
script outside. After following this procedure a number of times, there are 3 scripts left among
which there is at least one script each with odd and even scores. Find, with proof, the number of
scripts with odd scores among the three left.

Solution: There are three types of processes. In the first type, the scripts with odd scores decreases
by 2. In the second and third types, there is no change in the number of scripts with odd scores.
Hence at each step, the number of scripts with odd score decreases by 0 or 2. Since there are 2016
scripts with odd scores, the number of scripts with odd scores at the end is either 0 or 2. Since it
is given that there is at least one script with odd scores, two of the three must have odd scores.
5. Let ABC be a triangle, AD an altitude and AE a median. Assume B, D, E, C lie in that order on
the line BC. Suppose the incentre of triangle ABE lies on AD and the incentre of ADC lies on
AE. Find the angles of triangle ABC.

Solution: Since AD ⊥ BE and the incentre of 4ABE

lies on AD, it follows that ABE is isosceles. In particu-
lar ∠BAD = ∠DAE = α, say. Since AE is the bisector
of∠DAC, it follows that ∠EAC = ∠DAE = α. Moreover,
we have
AD DE
= .
AC CE
Since BE = EC = a2 , we also have DE = 12 BE = a4 . Thus
we get

AD DE a/4 1
= = = .
AC EC a/2 2
Since 4ADE is a right-angled triangle and AD = AC/2, it follows that ∠ACD = 30◦ . Hence
∠DAC = 60◦ . Since ∠DAC = 2α, we get α = 30◦ . Now ∠A = 3α and hence ∠A = 90◦ . This gives
∠B = 60◦ .
6. i) Prove that if an infinite sequence of strictly increasing positive integers in arithmetic progression
has one cube then it has infinitely many cubes.
(ii) Find, with justification, an infinite sequence of strictly increasing positive integers in arithmetic
progression which does not have any cube.

Solution:
i) Let a be the first term of the AP and d be the common difference. (Here a, d are positive integers.)
We can find an integer b such that b3 = a + (n − 1)d for some n ∈ N. Consider (b + d)3 . We observe
that
(b + d)3 = b3 + d(3b2 + 3bd + d2 ) = a + (n − 1 + 3b2 + 3bd + d2 )d = a + (m − 1)d,

2
where m = n + 3b2 + 3bd + d2 is a positive integer. Hence (b + d)3 is also in the given AP. More
generally, the same method shows that (b + kd)3 is in the AP for every k ∈ N. Hence the given AP
contains infinitely many cubes.
ii) Consider the AP h2, 6, 10, 14, . . .i. Here a = 2 and d = 4. The general term is 2 + 4k, where
k ≥ 0 is an integer. Suppose 2 + 4k = b3 for some integer b. Then 2 divides b. Hence b = 2c for
some c. Therefore 8c3 = 2 + 4k or 4c3 = 2k + 1. But this is impossible since LHS is even and RHS
is odd. We conclude that the AP h2, 6, 10, 14, . . .i does not contain any cube.

———-0———-

3
 Regional Mathematical Olympiad-2017

Solutions
1. Let AOB be a given angle less than 180◦ and let P be an interior point of the
angular region determined by ∠AOB. Show, with proof, how to construct,
using only ruler and compasses, a line segment CD passing through P such
that C lies on the ray OA and D lies on the ray OB, and CP : P D = 1 : 2.

Solution: Draw a line parallel to OA through P . Let it intersect OB in

M . Using compasses, draw an arc of a circle with centre M and radius M O
to cut OB in L, L 6= O. Again with L as centre and with the same radius
OM draw one more arc of a circle to cut OB in D, D 6= M . Join DP and
extend it to meet OA in C. Then CD is the required line segment such that
CP : P D = 1 : 2. This follows from similar triangles OCD and M P D.

2. Show that the equation

a3 + (a + 1)3 + (a + 2)3 + (a + 3)3 + (a + 4)3 + (a + 5)3 + (a + 6)3 = b4 + (b + 1)4

has no solutions in integers a, b.

Solution: We use divisibility argument by 7. Observe that the remainders of

seven consecutive cubes modulo 7 are 0, 1, 1, 6, 1, 6, 6 in some (cyclic) order.
Hence the sum of seven consecutive cubes is 0 modulo 7. On the other hand
the remainders of two consecutive fourth powers modulo 7 is one of the sets
{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 4}, {4, 4}. Hence the sum of two fourth powers is never
divisible by 7. It follows that the given equation has no solution in integers.
3. Let P (x) = x2 + 21 x + b and Q(x) = x2 + cx +
d be two polynomials with
real coefficients such
that P (x)Q(x) = Q P (x) for all real x. Find all the
real roots of P Q(x) = 0.

Solution: Observe that

   
4 1 3
 c 
2 d
P (x)Q(x) = x + c + x + b+ +d x + + bc x + bd.
2 2 2

Similarly,
 2  

2 1 2 1
Q P (x) = x + x+b +c x + x+b +d
2 2
 
1  c
= x4 + x3 + 2b + + c x2 + b + x + b2 + bc + d.
4 2

Equating coefficients of corresponding powers of x, we obtain

1 c 1 d c
c+ = 1, b+ + d = 2b + + c, + bc = b + , b2 + bc + d = bd.
2 2 4 2 2
Solving these, we obtain
1 −1
c= , d = 0, b = .
2 2
Thus the polynomials are
1 1 1
P (x) = x2 + x − , Q(x) = x2 + x.
2 2 2
Therefore,
 2 

2 1 11 1 2
P Q(x) = x + x x + x −
+
2 22 2
3 1 1
= x4 + x3 + x2 + x − .
4 4 2
It is easy to see that

P (Q(−1)) = 0, P (Q(1/2)) = 0.

Thus (x + 1) and (x − 1/2) are factors of P (Q(x)). The remaining factor is

1
h(x) = x2 + x + 1.
2
The discriminant of h(x) is D = (1/4) − 4 < 0. Hence h(x) = 0 has no real
roots. Therefore the only real roots of P (Q(x)) = 0 are −1 and 1/2.

2
4. Consider n2 unit squares in the xy-plane centred at point (i, j) with integer
coordinates, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ n. It is required to colour each unit square
in such a way that whenever 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n and 1 ≤ k < l ≤ n, the three
squares with centres at (i, k), (j, k), (j, l) have distinct colours. What is the
least possible number of colours needed?

Solution: We first show that at least 2n − 1 colours are needed. Observe

that squares with centres (i, 1) must all have diffrent colours for 1 ≤ i ≤ n;
let us call them C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn . Besides, the squares with centres (n, j), for
2 ≤ j ≤ n must have different colours and these must be different from
C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn . Thus we need at least n + (n − 1) = 2n − 1 colours. The
following diagram shows that 2n − 1 colours will suffice.

5. Let Ω be a circle with a chord AB which is not a diameter. Let Γ1 be a

circle on one side of AB such that it is tangent to AB at C and internally
tangent to Ω at D. Likewise, let Γ2 be a circle on the other side of AB such
that it is tangent to AB at E and internally tangent to Ω at F . Suppose
the line DC intersects Ω at X 6= D and the line F E intersects Ω at Y 6= F .
Prove that XY is a diameter of Ω.

Solution: Draw the tangent P Q at D such that D is between P and Q.

Join D to A, B and C. Let L = DA ∩ Γ1 and M = DB ∩ Γ1 . Join C to L
and M . Observe that

∠ADP = ∠LM D = ∠ABD. (1)

Therefore LM is parallel to AB and hence ∠LM C = ∠M CB (alternate

angles). Again observe that

∠ADC = ∠LDC = ∠LM C = ∠M CB = ∠M DC = ∠BDC. (2)

3
 Thus CD bisects ∠ADB. Hence X is the midpoint of the arc AB not
containing D. Similarly Y is the midpoint of the arc AB not containing F .
Thus the arc XY is half of the sum of two arcs that together constitute the
circumference of Ω and hence it is a diameter.

6. Let x, y, z be real numbers, each greater than 1. Prove that

x+1 y+1 z+1 x−1 y−1 z−1
+ + ≤ + + .
y+1 z+1 x+1 y−1 z−1 x−1

Solution: We may assume that x = max{x, y, z}. There are two cases: x ≥ y ≥ z
and x ≥ z ≥ y. We consider both these cases. The inequality is equivalent to
     
x−1 x+1 y−1 y+1 z−1 z+1
− + − + − ≥ 0.
y−1 y+1 z−1 z+1 x−1 x+1
This is further equivalent to
x−y y−z z−x
2
+ 2 + 2 ≥ 0.
y −1 z −1 x −1

Suppose x ≥ y ≥ z. We write
x−y y−z z−x x−y y−z z−y+y−x
+ + = 2 + + .
y 2 − 1 z 2 − 1 x2 − 1 y − 1 z2 − 1 x2 − 1
This reduces to
(x2 − y 2 ) (x2 − z 2 )
(x − y) + (y − z) 2 .
(x2 2
− 1)(y − 1) (x − 1)(z 2 − 1)

4
Since x ≥ y and x ≥ z, this sum is nonnegative.
Suppose x ≥ z ≥ y. We write
x−y y−z z−x x−z+z−y y−z z−x
+ + = + 2 + .
y 2 − 1 z 2 − 1 x2 − 1 y2 − 1 z − 1 x2 − 1
This reduces to
(x2 − y 2 ) (z 2 − y 2 )
(x − z) + (z − y) .
(x2 − 1)(y 2 − 1) (y 2 − 1)(z 2 − 1)

Since x ≥ z and z ≥ y, this sum is nonnegative.

Thus
x−y y−z z−x
+ + ≥0
y 2 − 1 z 2 − 1 x2 − 1
in both the cases. This completes the proof.

———-0———-

5
 Regional Mathematical Olympiad-2018

Solutions
1. Let ABC be a triangle with integer sides in which AB < AC. Let the tangent to the circumcircle
of triangle ABC at A intersect the line BC at D. Suppose AD is also an integer. Prove that
gcd(AB, AC) > 1.

Solution: We may assume that B lies between C and D. Let AB = c, BC = a and CA = b. Then
b > c. Let BD = x and AD = y. Observe thast ∠DAB = ∠DCA. Hence 4DAB ∼ 4DCA. We
get
x c y
= = .
y b x+a
Therefore xb = yc and by = c(x + a). Eliminating x, we get y = abc/(b2 − c2 ).
Suppose gcd(b, c) = 1. Then gcd(b, b2 − c2 ) = 1 = gcd(c, b2 − c2 ). Since y is an integer, b2 − c2
divides a. Therefore b + c divides a. Hence

a ≥ b + c.

This contradicts triangle inequality. We conclude that gcd(b, c) > 1.

2. Let n be a natural number. Find all real numbers x satsfying the equation
n
X kxk n(n + 1)
2k
= .
1+x 4
k=1

Solution: Observe that x 6= 0. We also have

n n
n(n + 1) X kxk X k|x|k
= ≤ .
4 1 + x2k 1 + x2k
k=1 k=1
n
X k
= 1
k=1 |x|k
+ |x|k
n
X k n(n + 1)
≤ = .
2 4
k=1

Hence equality holds every where. It follows that x = |x| and |x| = 1/|x|. We conclude that x = 1
is the unique solution to the equation.
3. For a rational number r, its period is the length of the smallest repeating block in its decimal
expansion. For example, the number r = 0.123123123 · · · has period 3. If S denotes the set of all
rational numbers r of the form r = 0.abcdef gh having period 8, find the sum of all the elements of
S.

Solution: Let us first count the number of elements in S. There are 108 ways of choosing a block
of length 8. Of these, we shoud not count the blocks of the form abcdabcd, abababab, and aaaaaaaa.
There are 104 blocks of the form abcdabcd. They include blocks of the form abababab and aaaaaaaa.
Hence the blocks of length exactly 8 is 108 − 104 = 99990000.
 For each block abcdef gh consider the block a0 b0 c0 d0 e0 f 0 g 0 h0 where x0 = 9−x. Observe that whenever
0.abcdef gh is in S, the rational number 0.a0 b0 c0 d0 e0 f 0 g 0 h0 is also in S. Thus every element 0.abcdef gh
of S can be uniquely paired with a distinct element 0.a0 b0 c0 d0 e0 f 0 g 0 h0 of S. We also observe that

0.abcdef gh + 0.a0 b0 c0 d0 e0 f 0 g 0 h0 = 0.99999999 = 1.

Hence the sum of elements in S is

99990000
= 49995000.
2

4. Let E denote the set of 25 points (m, n) in the xy-plane, where m, n are natural numbers, 1 ≤ m ≤ 5,
1 ≤ n ≤ 5. Suppose the points of E are arbitrarily coloured using two colours, red and blue. Show
that there always exist four points in the set E of the form (a, b), (a + k, b), (a + k, b + k), (a, b + k)
for some positive integer k such that at least three of these four points have the same colour. (That
is, there always exist four points in the set E which form the vertices of a square and having at
least three points of the same colour.)

Solution: Name the points from bottom row to top (and from left to right) as Aj , Bj , Cj , Dj , Ej ,
1 ≤ j ≤ 5.

Note that among 5 points A1 , B1 , C1 , D1 , E1 ,

there are at least 3 points of the same colour,
say, red. (This folllows from pigeonhole prin-
ciple.) We consider several cases: (the argu-
ment holds irrespective of the colour assigned
to the other two points.)
(I) Take three adjacent points having the same
colour. (e.g. A1 , B1 , C1 or B1 , C1 , D1 .) The
argument is similar in both the cases. If
A1 , B1 , C1 are red then A2 , B2 , C2 are all blue;
otherwise we get a square having three red
vertices. The same reasoning shows that A3 , B3 , C3 are all red. Now A1 , C1 , A3 , C3 have all red
vertices.
(II) Three alternate points A1 , C1 , E1 which are red: Then A3 , C3 , E3 have to be blue; otherwise,
we get a square with three red vertices. Same reasoning shows that A5 , C5 , E5 are red. Therefore
we have A1 , E1 , A5 , E5 have red colour.
(III) Only two adjacent points having red colour: There are three sub cases.
(a) A1 , B1 , D1 red: In this case A2 , B2 are blue and therefore A3 , B3 are red. But then B1 , D1 , B3
are red vertices of a square.
(b) B1 , C1 , E1 are red. This is similar to case (a).
(c) A1 , B1 , E1 are red. We successively have A2 , B2 blue; A3 , B3 red; A4 , B4 blue; A5 , B5 red. Now
A1 , E1 , A5 are the red vertices of a square.
These are the only essential cases and all other reduce to one of these cases.
√
5. Find all natural numbers n such that 1 + [ 2n] divides 2n. (For any real number x, [x] denotes the
largest integer not exceeding x.)
√
Solution: Let [ 2n] = k. We observe that x − 1 < [x] ≤ x. Hence
√ √
2n < 1 + k ≤ 1 + 2n.

2
 Divisibility gives (1 + k)d = 2n for some positive integer d. Therefore we obtain
√ 2n √
2n < ≤ 1 + 2n.
d
√
The first inequality gives d <
2n < 1 + k. But then
√
2n ( 2n)2 k2 1
d= = ≥ = (k − 1) + > k − 1.
1+k 1+k 1+k k+1
We thus obtain k − 1 < d < k + 1. Since d is an integer, it follows that d = k. This implies that
n = k(k + 1)/2. Thus n is a triangular number. It is easy to check that every triangular number is
a solution.

6. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with AB < AC. Let I be the incentre of triangle ABC, and
let D, E, F be the points at which its incircle touches the sides BC, CA, AB, respectively. Let BI,
CI meet the line EF at Y, X, respectively. Further assume that both X and Y are outside the
triangle ABC. Prove that
(i) B, C, Y, X are concyclic; and
(ii) I is also the incentre of triangle DY X.

Solution:
(a) We first show that BIF X is a cyclic quadrilateral. Since ∠BIC = 90◦ + (A/2), we see that
∠BIX = 90◦ −(A/2). On the otherhand F AE is an isosceles triangle so that ∠AF E = 90◦ −(A/2).
But ∠AF E = ∠BF X as they are vertically opposite angles. Therefore ∠BF X = 90◦ − (A/2) =
∠BIX. It follows that BIF X is a cyclic quadrilateral. Therefore ∠BXI = ∠BF I. But ∠BF I =
90◦ since IF ⊥ AB. We obtain ∠BXC = ∠BXI = 90◦ .
A similar consideration shows that ∠BY C = 90◦ . Therefore ∠BXC = ∠BY C which implies that
BCY X is a cyclic quadrilateral.

(b) We also observe that BDIX is a cyclic

quadrilateral as ∠BXI = 90◦ = ∠BDI and
therefore ∠BXI + ∠BDI = 180◦ . This gives
∠DXI = ∠DBI = B/2. Now the concyclic-
ity of B, I, F, X shows that ∠IXF = ∠IBF =
B/2. Hence ∠DXI = ∠IXF . Hence XI bi-
sects ∠DXY . Similarly, we can show that Y I
bisects ∠DY X. It follows that I is the incen-
tre of 4DY X as well.

———-0———-

3
 Solutions to Regional Mathematical Olympiad-2018
(Kerala Region and Tamil Nadu Region)
1. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and let D be an interior point of the line segment BC. Let
the circumcircle of triangle ACD intersect AB at E (E between A and B) and let the circumcircle
of triangle ABD intersect AC at F (F between A and C). Let O be the circumcentre of triangle
AEF . Prove that OD bisects ∠EDF .

Solution: Observe that ACDE is a cyclic quadrilateral. Hence ∠BDE = ∠EAC = ∠A.
Similarly, the cyclicity of ABDF gives ∠CDF = ∠F AB = ∠A. We also have

∠EDF = 180◦ − ∠BDE − ∠CDF = 180◦ − 2∠A.

Since ∠A is acute, O and D lie on the opposite sides of EF . Hence ∠EOF = 2∠A. Therefore

∠EDF + ∠EOF = 180◦ ,

so that EOF D is a cyclic quadrilateral. Since OE = OF , we have ∠OEF = ∠OF E. Finally,

the cyclicity of EOF D gives

∠ODE = ∠OF E = ∠OEF = ∠ODF.

This shows that OD bisects ∠EDF .

2. Find the set of all real values of a for which the real polynomial equation P (x) = x2 −2ax+b = 0
has real roots given that P (0)·P (1)·P (2) 6= 0 and P (0), P (1), P (2) form a geometric progression.

Solution: Since none of P (0), P (1), P (2) is zero, we have P (1)2 = P (0)P (2). Observe that
P (0) = b, P (1) = 1−2a+b and P (2) = 4−4a+b. Therefore we obtain (1−2a+b)2 = b(4−4a+b).
This simplifies to (2a − 1)2 = 2b. Now P (x) = 0 has real roots if and only if 4a2 ≥ 4b. Hence
2a2 ≥ 2b = (2a − 1)2 . This reduces to 2a2 − 4a + 1 ≤ 0. Consider the quadratic equation
2X 2 − 4X + 1 = 0. This has two roots
√ √
2+ 2 2− 2
α= , β= .
2 2
h √ √ i
Hence 2a2 − 4a + 1 ≤ 0 if and only if a lies in the interval 2−2 2 , 2+2 2 .

3. Show that there are infinitely many 4-tuples (a, b, c, d) of natural numbers such that a3 +b4 +c5 =
d7 .

Solution: Observe that lcm(3, 4, 5) = 60. We look for a solution in the form a3 = b4 = c5 = l60k .
We choose l, k such that the condition is satisfied. The given equation gives

3l60k = d7 .

This suggests choosing l = 3 so that 360k+1 = d7 . Now we take care of k by choosing k such
that 7 divides 60k + 1. For example we can take k = 5 so that 301 = 7 × 43. Thus we get

3300 + 3300 + 3300 = 3301 .

Choose a = 3100 , b = 375 , c = 360 and d = 343 . Then we get

a3 + b4 + c5 = d7 .
 This gives one solution. This suggests choosing a = 3100 · m140 , b = 375 · m105 , c = 360 · m84 and
d = 343 · m60 . We see that

a3 + b4 + c5 = 3300 · m420 + 3300 · m420 + 3300 · m420 = m420 3301 = (343 · m60 )7 = d7 .

We can give different values for m and get infinitely many solutions of the equation.
4. Suppose 100 points in the plane are coloured using two colours, red and white, such that each
red point is the centre of a circle passing through at least three white points. What is the least
possible number of white points?

Solution: Let n be the number of white points. Then we can
draw at most n3 circles. Thus

the number of white and red points together is at most n + n3 . We observe that
   
9 10
9+ = 93, 10 + = 130.
3 3

Thus n ≥ 10. We show that n = 10 works.

Take

any 10 points such that no three are collinear and no four are concyclic. Then we get
10
3 = 120 points as centre of distinct circles. Among these, there may be some points from the
original 10 points. Even if we leave out these 10 points, we have at least 110 points which are
centres of circles formed by the ten points we have chosen. Choose any 90 points from them
and colour them red and colour the original 10 points white. We get 100 points of which 10 are
white and remaining 90 are red. Each of these 90 red points is the centre of a circle passing
through some three white points.
5. n a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD with circumcentre O, the diagonals AC and BD intersect at
X. Let the circumcircles of triangles AXD and BXC intersect at Y . Let the circumcircles of
triangles AXB and CXD intersect at Z. If O lies inside ABCD and if the points O, X, Y , Z
are all distinct, prove that O, X, Y , Z lie on a circle.

Solution: Observe that

∠AY B = 360◦ − ∠AY X − ∠XY B

= (180◦ − ∠AY X) + (180◦ − XY B)
= ∠XDA + ∠XCB = 2∠ACB = ∠AOB.

It follows that A, B, O, Y are concyclic. Similarly,

∠CZB = 360◦ − ∠CZX − ∠XZB

= (180◦ − ∠CZX) + (180 − ∠XZB)
= ∠CDX + ∠XAB = ∠COB,

so that C, Z, O, B are concyclic. We have

∠XY O = 360◦ − ∠XY A − ∠AY O

= (180◦ − ∠XY A) + (180◦ − ∠AY O)
 
∠AOB ∠AOB
= + 90◦ − = 90◦ .
2 2

Similarly, we can show that ∠XZO = 90◦ . It follows that X, Y, O, Z are concyclic.

2
6. Define a sequence han in≥1 of real numbers by

a2n + 1
a1 = 2, an+1 = , for n ≥ 1.
2
Prove that
N
X 1
<1
j=1
aj + 1

for every natural number N .

Solution: If N = 1, then the sum is just 1/(a1 + 1) = 1/3 < 1. Hence we may assume that
N > 1. It is easy to see recursively (that is using induction) that aj > 1 for all j. We observe
that
a2j + 1 (aj − 1)2
aj+1 − aj = − aj = ;
2 2
a2j + 1 a2j − 1 (aj − 1)(aj + 1)
aj+1 − 1 = −1= = .
2 2 2
Hence  
1 1 aj − 1
= ,
aj + 1 2 aj+1 − 1
for all j ≥ 1. Therefore
N N N
X 1 1 X aj − 1 1X (aj − 1)2
= =
j=1
aj + 1 2 j=1 aj+1 − 1 2 j=1 (aj+1 − 1)(aj − 1)
N
X aj+1 − aj
=
j=1
(aj+1 − 1)(aj − 1)
N  
X 1 1
= −
j=1
aj − 1 aj+1 − 1
1 1 1
= − < = 1.
a1 − 1 aN +1 − 1 a1 − 1

———-0———-

3
Regional Mathematical Olympiad-2019 problems and solutions
19
1. Suppose x is a nonzero real number such that both x5 and 20x + are rational numbers. Prove
x
that x is a rational number.

Solution:Since x5 is rational, we see that (20x)5 and (x/19)5 are rational numbers. But
 5 
194
 
19 19 1
(20x)5 − = 20x − (20x)4 + (203 · 19)x2 + 202 · 192 + (20 · 193 ) 2 + 4 .
x x x x
Consider
194
 
1
T = (20x)4 + (203 · 19)x2 + 202 · 192 + (20 · 193 ) 2 + 4
x x
4 2
   
19 19
= (20x)4 + 4 + 20 · 19 (20x)2 + 2 + (202 · 192 ).
x x
Using 20x + (19)/x is rational, we get
2
192

19
(20x)2 + = 20x + − 2 · 20 · 19
x2 x
is rational. This leads to
2
194 192

(20x)4 + = (20x)2 + 2 − 2 · 202 · 192
x4 x
6 0. We conclude that 20x−(19/x) is a rational
is also rational. Thus T is a rational number and T =
number. This combined with the given condition that 20x + (19/x) is rational shows 2 · 20 · x is
rational. Therefore x is rational.
2. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle Ω and let G be the centroid of triangle ABC. Extend AG,
BG and CG to meet the circle Ω again in A1 , B1 and C1 , respectively. Suppose ∠BAC = ∠A1 B1 C1 ,
∠ABC = ∠A1 C1 B1 and ∠ACB = ∠B1 A1 C1 . Prove that ABC and A1 B1 C1 are equilateral
triangles.

Solution:
 Let ∠BAA1 = α and ∠A1 AC = β. Then ∠BB1 A1 = α. Using that angles at A and B1 are same,
we get ∠BB1 C1 = β. Then ∠C1 CB = β. If ∠ACC1 = γ, we see that ∠C1 A1 A = γ. Therefore
∠AA1 B1 = β. Similarly, we see that ∠B1 BA = ∠A1 C1 C = β and ∠B1 BC = ∠B1 C1 C = δ.
Since ∠F BG = ∠BCG = β, it follows that F B is tangent to the circumcircle of 4BGC at B.
Therefore F B 2 = F G · F C. Since F A = F B, we get F A2 = F G · F C. This implies that F A is
tangent to the circumcircle of of 4AGC at A. Therefore α = ∠GAF = ∠GCA = γ. A similar
analysis gives α = δ.
It follows that all the angles of 4ABC are equal and all the angles of 4A1 B1 C1 are equal. Hence
ABC and A1 B1 C1 are equilateral triangles.
3. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 1. Prove that
a b c 1
+ 2 + 2 ≤ .
a2 + b3 + c3 b + c3 + a3 c + a3 + b3 5abc

Solution:Observe that

a2 + b3 + c3 = a2 (a + b + c) + b3 + c3 = (a3 + b3 + c3 ) + a2 (b + c) ≥ 3abc + a2 b + a2 c.

Hence
a 1
≤ .
a2 + b3 + c3 3bc + ab + ac
Using AM-HM inequality, we also have
3 1 1 25
+ + ≥ .
bc ca ab 3bc + ca + ab
Thus we get  
a 1 1 3 1 1
≤ ≤ + + .
a2 + b3 + c3 3bc + ab + ac 25 bc ca ab
Similarly, we get  
b 1 3 1 1
≤ + +
b2 + c3 + a3 25 ca ab bc
and  
c 1 3 1 1
≤ + +
c2 + a3 + b3 25 ab bc ca
Adding, we get
 
a b c 5 1 1 1
2 3 3
+ 2 3 3
+ 2 ≤ + +
a +b +c b +c +a c + a3 + b3 25 ab bc ca
1
= .
5abc

4. Consider the following 3 × 2 array formed by using the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6:

   
a11 a12 1 6
a21 a22  = 2 5 .
a31 a32 3 4

2
 Observe that all row sums are equal, but the sum of the squares is not the same for each row.
Extend the above array to a 3 × k array (aij )3×k for a suitable k, adding more columns, using the
numbers 7, 8, 9, . . . , 3k such that

k
X k
X k
X k
X k
X k
X
2 2
a1j = a2j = a3j and (a1j ) = (a2j ) = (a3j )2 .
j=1 j=1 j=1 j=1 j=1 j=1

Solution:Consider the following extension:

 
1 6 3 + 6 4 + 6 2 + (2 · 6) 5 + (2 · 6)
2 5 1 + 6 6 + 6 3 + (2 · 6) 4 + (2 · 6)
3 4 2 + 6 5 + 6 1 + (2 · 6) 6 + (2 · 6)
of  
1 6
2 5 .
3 4
This reduces to  
1 6 9 10 14 17
2 5 7 12 15 16 .
3 4 8 11 13 18
Observe

1 + 6 + 9 + 10 + 14 + 17 = 57; 12 + 62 + 92 + 102 + 142 + 172 = 703;

2 + 5 + 7 + 12 + 15 + 16 = 57; 22 + 52 + 72 + 122 + 152 + 162 = 703;
3 + 4 + 8 + 11 + 13 + 18 = 57; 32 + 42 + 82 + 112 + 132 + 182 = 703.

Thus, in the new array, all row sums are equal and the sum of the squares of entries in each row
are the same. Here k = 6 and we have added numbers from 7 to 18.
5. In a triangle ABC, let H be the orthocenter, and let D, E, F be the feet of altitudes from A, B, C to
the opposite sides, respectively. Let L, M, N be midpoints of segments AH, EF, BC, respectively.
Let X, Y be feet of altitudes from L, N on to the line DF . Prove that XM is perpendicular to
MY .

Solution:Observe that AF H and HEA are right-angled triangles and L is the mid-point of AH.
Hence LF = LA = LE. Similarly, considering the right triangles BF C and BEC, we get N F =
N E. Since M is the mid-point of F E it follows that ∠LM F = ∠N M F = 90◦ and L, M, N are
collinear. Since LY and N X are perpendiculars to XY , we conclude that Y F M L and F XN M are
cyclic quadrilaterals. Thus

∠F LM = ∠F Y M, and ∠F XM = ∠F N M.

3
 We also observe that CF B is a right triangle and N is the mid-point of BC. Hence N F = N C.
We get
∠N F C = ∠N CF = 90◦ − ∠B.
Similarly, LF = LA gives
∠LF A = ∠LAF = 90◦ − ∠B.
We obtain

∠LF N = ∠LF C + ∠N F C = ∠LF C + 90 − ∠B = ∠LF C + ∠LF A = ∠AF C = 90◦ .

In triangles Y M X and LF N , we have

∠XY M = ∠F Y M = ∠F LM = ∠F LN,

and
∠Y XM = ∠F XM = ∠F N M = ∠F N L.
It follows that ∠Y M X = ∠LF N = 90◦ . Therefore Y M ⊥ M X.

6. Suppose 91 distinct positive integers greater than 1 are given such that there are at least 456 pairs
among them which are relatively prime. Show that one can find four integers a, b, c, d among them
such that gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, c) = gcd(c, d) = gcd(d, a) = 1.

Solution:Let the given integers be a1 , a2 , . . . , a91 . Take a 91 × 91 grid and color the cell at (i, j)
black if gcd(ai , aj ) = 1. Then at least 2 × 456 = 912 cells are colored black. If di is the number of

4
 P
black cells in the ith column, then di ≥ 912. Now,
 !2 
91   91 91
X di 1 1 X X
≥  di − di 
1
2 2 91 i=1 i=1
91
! 91 !
1 X X
= di di − 91
2 × 91 i=1 i=1
1
≥ × 2 × 456 × (2 × 456 − 91)
2 × 91
 
91
>
2
 
91
Since there are only distinct pairs of columns, there must be at least one pair of rows (u, v)
2
that occur with two distinct columns s, t. Thus (u, s), (u, t), (v, s) and (v, t) are all black. Thus if the
integers corresponding to the columns u, v, s, t are a, c, b, d respectively, then gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, c) =
gcd(c, d) = gcd(d, a) = 1.

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